TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2016, pp. 13
51~135
5
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i4.4164
1351
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
6, 2016; Re
vised Septem
ber
16, 20
16;
Accept
ed Se
ptem
ber 30, 2016
Optically Switched Frequency for Reconfigurable
Dipole Antenna Using Photodiode Switches
Erna Risfaul
a
Kusuma
w
a
ti
1
, Yono Hadi Pramono
2
, Agus Rubiy
a
nto
3
Ph
y
s
ics De
part
m
ent, F
a
cult
y
of Mathematic
s and Natur
a
l
Scienc
e,
Sepu
luh N
o
p
e
m
ber Institute of
T
e
c
hnol
og
y,
Suraba
ya (IT
S
), Indonesi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: risfaula@
gm
ail.com
1
, y
o
no
h
adi
pramo
no@
gmail.c
o
.id
2
,
agus.ru
b
i@
ya
h
oo.co.id
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he des
ig
n, fabricati
on,
a
nd me
asur
e
m
ent of
reconfi
gur
ab
le
a
n
ten
na
usi
ng p
hoto
d
io
de
sw
itches
have b
e
e
n
inv
e
stigate
d
. T
he anten
na h
ad di
me
nsi
on
10
4 mm x 41 mm x
1.6 mm and F
R
4 substrate w
i
th
relativ
e
p
e
r
m
ittivity 4.8. It stru
cture w
a
s Co
pl
anar
Stripl
ine
(
C
PS) di
po
le. T
w
o photo
d
i
ode
s ha
d ass
e
mbl
e
d
on g
a
p
in
both
dip
o
l
e
ar
ms,
w
h
ich w
a
s acti
vated
by
6
50
nm red
las
e
r.
T
here w
a
s sh
ifting fre
que
ncy
an
d
return loss at und
er
i
llu
min
a
ted by
l
a
ser.
T
he exper
i
m
e
n
tally
an
d th
eor
etically
res
u
lt f
o
r the
pro
pos
ed
reconfi
gura
b
l
e
anten
na ar
e ha
ving a g
o
o
d
ag
ree
m
e
n
t w
i
th large frequ
ency
shifting. T
he fa
bricate
d
ante
n
n
a
w
a
s easi
l
y fa
br
icated, s
i
mpl
e
structure, an
d
possi
ble
to
r
eal
i
z
e
i
n
many
ap
plicati
o
n
of W
i
-
f
i co
mmu
n
icati
o
n
w
h
ich usin
g op
tical sw
itching.
Ke
y
w
ords
: CP
S, dipol
e, frequ
ency shiftin
g
, o
p
tica
l sw
itchin
g
,
photodi
od
e, reconfi
gura
b
l
e
anten
na
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Antenna i
s
a
ba
sic
co
mp
onent in
co
mmuni
cation
system. It i
s
very im
po
rtant and
need
ed
i
n
co
mmuni
cation
system, sp
eci
f
ically
wi
rele
ss comm
uni
ca
tion
sy
stem whi
c
h ha
s
b
e
en
runni
ng rema
rka
b
ly and dy
namic. It ca
u
s
e
s
the in
cre
a
se d
e
ma
nd
of antenna
s.
Comm
uni
cati
on
system
whi
c
h
is gene
rally
compl
e
x nee
ds ante
nna
s
whi
c
h have a
d
vance ca
pa
bilities an
d g
ood
perfo
rman
ce
s. So, many
resea
r
chers
have co
ndu
cted experim
e
n
ts attemptin
g
to improv
e
cap
abilities
a
nd pe
rform
a
n
c
e
s
of anten
na in or
de
r to meet the n
eed of comm
unication sy
stem
whi
c
h grows
contin
uou
sly.
One type
of antenn
a
wh
ich i
s
a
b
le t
o
a
c
commod
a
te the
cha
n
ge of
comm
unicatio
n
system ne
ce
ssity is re
co
nfigura
b
le an
tenna [1
]. Such an ante
n
na is able to
adjust with the
necessity of
the co
mmuni
cation
syste
m
. In som
e
ways it
can
conve
r
t op
erating fre
quen
cy,
radiatio
n p
a
ttern, im
ped
an
ce, b
and
widt
h via
sho
r
ting
/reactive l
oad
ing to
req
u
ire
re
son
ant m
o
de
swit
chin
g, by moving pa
rt (me
c
ha
nical reco
nfigur
atio
n), optical switching,
ele
c
tronic
swit
chin
g,
and fee
d
n
e
twork
switchi
n
g. Due
to the
fact t
hat
reco
nfigura
b
le ant
enna adju
s
ta
ble,
this ante
nna
can elimi
nate
the need of multiple ante
nna for
comm
unication sy
stems.
An innovative approa
ch to
the
synthe
si
s of pha
se
-o
nly rec
onfigu
r
able, iso
pho
ri
c linea
r
sparse arrays has been i
n
vestigat
ed i
n
previous
research [2].
T
he result shows the
abililit
y to
comm
ute the
i
r pattern
within an a
r
bitrary numb
e
r
of radiation
modalitie
s which le
ad
s to an
effective p
r
o
c
ed
ure
for th
e fast
anten
nas de
sig
n
with hi
gh
pe
rforma
nce. In
othe
r resea
r
ch,
pre
s
entin
g at [3-5], mentioned that re
config
ura
b
le
antenn
a we
re fabri
c
ated
on high
-resi
s
tivity
silicon
and equipped with tw
o
silicons as material
switches. Th
en t
he laser
was
used to
cont
rol
the photo
c
o
n
ductive
swit
ching mate
rial.
The techni
q
ue is
con
d
u
c
ted to prove
that cha
nge
s of
effective leng
th of antenna
, it can chan
g
e
antenn
a re
son
a
n
c
e freq
uen
cy. Howe
ver, using
sili
con
as ph
otocond
uctive switch
es will requi
re comp
li
cate
d techni
que
durin
g it inse
rtion process on
antenn
a su
bstrate and sili
con ha
s high
co
st. Other
tech
niqu
es, is done previo
usly by Kiriazi
et
al
. in [6]. In this work, op
en
and
sho
r
t of
RF-M
EMS switch
es
we
re
assembl
ed o
n
anten
na
wh
ich
has a
high-resi
s
tivity silicon
subs
trate. In [7], varactor di
ode is
used
as switches.
T
he other
swit
chin
g ele
m
ents which
are PIN diode
s [8-13],
an air gap
[14-15], sol
a
r cell [16], and
photodi
ode [
17] have al
so bee
n u
s
e
d
at previo
u
s
re
se
arch.
Therefore, in
this pa
per
we
introdu
ce
a n
e
w opti
c
al
switche
s
geo
me
try and techn
i
que of recon
f
igurabl
e ant
enna
s by u
s
i
ng
photodi
ode a
s
optical switchin
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1351 – 135
5
1352
2. Optical Sw
i
t
che
s
The switchin
g device i
s
u
s
ed o
n
this p
aper
i
s
photo
d
iode. Photo
d
iode i
s
one
of kind of
s
e
mic
o
nduc
tor devic
e
whic
h has
ability to c
h
ange p
hoton (light) into elec
tric
current [18]. When
the
light ha
s certai
n wavel
ength on
th
e photodi
ode,
it
is
ab
so
rbe
d
. The
n
, the
p
hoton
ene
rgy
is
distrib
u
ted to
valence ele
c
tron a
nd en
ha
nce
s
them
to
the con
d
u
c
tio
n
gap. Thi
s
p
r
ocess a
w
a
k
es
electron
-hole
pairs whi
c
h
called ph
oto carri
er. Phot
o
carrie
r is p
r
o
duced in de
pletion regi
on. The
high
ele
c
tric field a
r
ise o
n
depletio
n regi
on
will
devel
o
p
ph
otocurre
nt on
photo
d
i
ode. Th
e u
s
e
of
photodi
ode a
s
optical switchin
g in tran
smissio
n
line
is based on
the cha
r
a
c
te
ristic
differen
c
e
betwe
en ph
otodiod
e that is illuminated b
y
light and
un
illuminated.
Whe
n
it is illu
minated by li
ght,
photodiode that is
loc
a
ted
on gap of trans
m
is
s
i
on line will ac
ts
as s
h
ort c
i
rcuit. The photodiode
act as
a brid
g
e
is co
nne
cti
ng one of the
transmi
ss
ion
line part
s
to others. This
condition
cau
s
es
an in
cre
a
se
of electri
c
al l
ength of tra
n
s
missio
n line
,
loweri
ng th
e imped
an
ce
of transmission
line. On the
other ha
nd
, on unillum
i
nated ph
ot
o
d
iode, it act
s
as
open
circuit an
d the
transmissio
n
line imp
eda
n
c
e i
s
high [1
9
]. The chan
g
e
in el
ect
r
ical
length
is
clo
s
ely related
with
the ope
rating
freque
ncy o
f
transmi
ssi
o
n
line as i
s
given by Equation (1) an
d (2) [2
0]. For
operating fre
quen
cy in
u
n
illuminate
d
state (OFF
-state) is give
n by [21
-
23]
, mean
while
in
illuminated
state (O
N-state
)
is
given by Equation (4).
0
g
eff
(
1
)
2
g
l
(
2
)
of
f
g
ef
f
c
f
(
3
)
on
g
ef
f
c
f
(
4
)
From Equ
a
tio
n
(3) a
nd (4
), we can defin
e shifting of freque
ncy a
s
:
off
o
n
f
ff
(
5
)
1
of
f
ff
(6)
Whe
r
e,
g
=
wavele
ngth in
antenna
0
=
wavele
ngth in
free sp
ace
ef
f
=
effective diele
c
tri
c
co
nstant
f
= freque
ncy
shi
fting
=
electri
c
al le
ng
th of transmi
ssion lin
e
l
=
physi
cal lengt
h of transmi
ssion lin
e
off
f
=
antenn
a freq
uen
cy on unill
uminated
(off-state)
on
f
=
antenna frequency on
illuminated (on-state)
c
=
veloc
i
ty in free s
p
ac
e
=
the ratio of ph
otocu
r
rent to dark cu
rrent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Opticall
y Swit
che
d
Fre
que
ncy for Reco
nfigura
b
le Di
pole Antenn
a
…
(Ern
a Risf
aula Kusum
a
wati)
1353
3. Rese
arch
Metho
d
Antenna d
e
si
gn is
a bala
n
ce
d dipol
e i
n
CPS (Copl
anar Stri
pline
)
fabri
c
ate
d
on fibe
r
sub
s
trate
wit
h
permittivity of 4.8 and 1.
6 mm thick.
The dime
nsio
n
of the sub
s
trate is 10
4 m
m
×
41 mm
×1.6
mm. The
an
tenna
wa
s
equip
ped
wit
h
two
p
hoto
d
iode
s P
D
-1
and
PD-2
as
photo
c
on
du
ctive switching
.
The input matchin
g
im
peda
nce (Z
0
) is 50 Ohm
according t
o
impeda
nce from con
n
e
c
to
r. Figure 1
sho
w
s
the p
hotodio
de G
a
As type SLD61
6
2
R
LI. The
photodi
ode chara
c
te
risti
c
s are prese
n
te
d by [24]. Th
e antenn
a is desi
g
ne
d in the form of pl
ana
r
stru
ctures. T
he fabri
c
ated
antenna
de
si
gn is given b
y
Figure 2 wit
h
the fixed param
eter si
ze
on
Table 1.
Table 1. Dim
ensi
on of Fab
r
icate
d
Anten
n
a
Parameter Size
(mm)
L 104
L
1
17.48
L
2
39.59
L
3
18.27
w 41
w
1
2.2
w
2
3.54
w
3
3.54
s
1
2.7
s
2
2.4
(a) Typ
e
SLD6162
RLI
(b) Pin
config
uration
1. Red la
ser;
2. Photodiod
e; 3. Infrared;
4. Groun
d
Figure 1. Laser diod
e
Figure 2. Fab
r
icate
d
anten
na de
sign
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1351 – 135
5
1354
3. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
The characte
ristic
re
sult of antenna i
s
meas
ured by
using a
Net
w
ork Analy
z
e
r
in “OF
F
-
state” and “ON-st
ate”. OF
F-state i
s
dark or unill
uminat
ed condition. ON-state i
s
illuminated by
red la
ser
with 650 nm wavelength.Th
e measur
e
m
ents are also cond
ucte
d
in chamb
e
r to
eliminate noi
se. Figure 3
sh
ows the retu
rn loss re
spo
n
d
s to freq
uen
cie
s
.
Figure 3. Gra
ph re
son
ant frequ
en
cy with
return loss
of fabricate
d
antenn
a
If RL value -1
7 dB set as t
h
re
shol
d (sim
ilar lo
w p
a
ss
filter), the re
sonan
ce fre
q
u
ency of
fabricated a
n
tenna
2720
M
H
z i
n
OFF
-
st
ate and 8
00
MHz i
n
O
N
-st
a
te. It shows
that resona
nce
freque
ncy of antenn
a shifts
1
920
MHz. Theo
riti
cally, 1942
MHz
f
r
e
quen
cy shifting cal
c
ulate
d
by
usin
g Equatio
n (6
) with
= 3
.
5 which
value obtain
ed f
r
om the g
r
a
p
h
ratio of ph
o
t
ocurre
nt to
dark
cu
rrent
for G
a
As ph
otodiod
e [24]
. If the fre
q
u
ency
shifting
from
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t result i
s
comp
ared wi
th theoreti
c
al
ly calcul
ation
,
it s
hows n
early eq
ual
value. Ho
we
ver, if freque
ncy
shifting i
s
compa
r
ed
wit
h
othe
r
re
se
arche
s
, it
shows
sig
n
ificant result. As the
research
c
o
nd
uc
te
d
by Kir
i
a
z
i
et a
l
.
[6], showe
d
that the antenna that
swit
che
d
by usin
g RF
-ME
M
S
operate in d
u
a
l frequ
en
cie
s
an
d have
shifting frequ
e
n
cie
s
2
0
MHz for first fre
quen
cy an
d
260
MHz for
se
cond frequ
en
cy. In anothe
r re
sea
r
ch [7]
,
whe
r
e th
e
antenn
a swit
che
d
by u
s
in
g
varacto
r
dio
d
e
, achieve d
u
a
l freque
ncy
shifting 35
7 a
nd 126 M
H
z.
4. Conclusio
n
The d
e
si
gn, f
abri
c
ation,
an
d mea
s
u
r
em
ent of
reconfi
gura
b
le CPS dipole anten
n
a
u
s
ing
photodi
ode
switch
es have
bee
n
pre
s
e
n
t
ed. The
exp
e
ri
me
ntally a
nd the
o
retical
l
y re
sult fo
r t
h
e
fabricated re
config
ura
b
le antenn
a
a
r
e having a
g
o
o
d
ag
ree
m
ent
with la
rge
fre
quen
cy
shifting
.
The p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ante
nna
woul
d ma
ke
it po
ssibl
e
to re
alize i
n
many
app
lication
of
Wi-fi
comm
uni
cati
on whi
c
h u
s
in
g optical
swit
chin
g.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This
wo
rk wa
s supp
orte
d b
y
Ministry of
Re
sea
r
ch, Te
chn
o
logy a
n
d
High
er E
ducation of
the Rep
ubli
c
of Indone
sia.
Referen
ces
[1]
Bernh
a
rd JT
. R
e
confi
gura
b
l
e
Antenn
a. Ur
ba
na–
Cham
pa
ign
:
Morgan & Cla
yp
oo
l. 200
7: 1-2.
[2]
Morabit
o
AF
, Iserni
a T
,
Di Donato L. Optima
l S
y
nt
hesis
of Phase-On
l
y
Re
c
onfig
urab
le L
i
near Sp
arse
Arra
y
s
H
a
vi
ng
Uniform-Amp
lit
ude E
x
cit
a
tion
s.
Progress in
Electro
m
a
gneti
cs Researc
h
(
P
IER)
. 2012;
124: 40
5-4
23.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Opticall
y Swit
che
d
Fre
que
ncy for Reco
nfigura
b
le Di
pole Antenn
a
…
(Ern
a Risf
aula Kusum
a
wati)
1355
[3]
Pana
gam
u
w
a
CJ, Ch
aura
y
a
A, Vard
a
x
o
g
l
ou J
C
. F
r
equ
enc
y
and
Be
a
m
Reco
nfig
ura
b
le
Ante
nna
Using
Ph
otoco
nducti
ng S
w
i
t
c
hes.
IEEE Transactions on
A
n
tenna and Pr
opagation
. 2
0
0
6
; 54(2):
449-
454.
[4]
T
a
w
k
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