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cb
.
p
t
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
w
o
r
ld
’
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
its
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
ev
er
y
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
o
u
r
liv
es,
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
r
elatin
g
to
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
[
1
]
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t.
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
[
2
]
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
p
atie
n
t
s
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
i
n
s
id
e
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
[
3
]
,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
4
]
,
co
n
tr
o
l
lig
h
ti
n
g
in
u
r
b
an
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
5
]
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
elec
t
r
ic
g
r
id
s
,
an
d
m
a
n
y
o
t
h
er
s
[6
]
,
[
7]
.
A
W
SN
is
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
r
is
e
d
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
th
at
u
s
e
r
ad
i
o
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
co
m
m
u
n
icat
e
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
g
at
h
er
d
ata
[
8
]
.
Su
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
allo
w
th
e
co
llecti
o
n
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
p
ati
all
y
s
ep
ar
ated
p
o
in
t
s
at
o
n
ce
an
d
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ap
ted
t
o
ea
ch
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
itu
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
it
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
clu
d
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
s
o
u
n
d
,
p
o
llu
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
.
Mo
s
t
W
S
N
n
o
d
es
ar
e
m
ad
e
to
b
e
c
h
ea
p
an
d
s
m
a
ll,
co
n
tain
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
les.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
w
ill
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
a
f
f
e
ct
th
e
n
o
d
e’
s
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
r
estrictio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
ice.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
a
W
SN
f
a
c
es
m
an
y
ch
a
ll
en
g
e
s
[9
]
–
[
14]
,
h
o
w
ev
e
r
,
in
g
en
e
r
a
l
,
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
is
t
h
e
g
r
e
a
t
es
t
o
n
e
[
1
5
]
.
S
o
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
al
l
o
w
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
g
en
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
-
s
i
t
e
w
ith
s
o
l
ar
p
a
n
el
s
an
d
al
ik
e
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
l
im
it
e
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
ll
s
i
tu
a
ti
o
n
s
.
O
th
e
r
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
n
o
d
es
t
o
b
e
f
u
l
ly
b
a
t
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y
-
o
p
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,
w
it
h
s
o
m
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k
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d
s
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o
d
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b
ein
g
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
o
n
ce
th
e
b
atter
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is
d
ep
leted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
a
p
r
io
r
it
y
i
n
W
SNs
.
Data
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eq
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ir
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v
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y
l
ittl
e
p
o
w
er
in
g
e
n
er
al,
b
u
t
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
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K
A
T
elec
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m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l
C
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n
tr
o
l
P
o
w
er sa
vin
g
MAC p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
ks:
a
s
u
r
ve
y
(
R
a
fa
el
S
o
u
z
a
C
o
tr
im
)
1779
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
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o
f
t
h
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ata
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q
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ir
ed
,
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d
esp
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id
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ten
in
g
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m
e
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a
m
u
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h
g
r
ea
ter
s
h
ar
e
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
an
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
r
ed
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ce
p
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s
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th
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u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
Du
t
y
c
y
cli
n
g
[
1
7
]
,
s
ep
ar
ate
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
to
w
a
k
e
u
p
n
o
d
es
i
n
lo
w
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
e
[
1
8
]
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
,
r
ew
o
r
k
i
n
g
th
e
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
m
an
y
o
t
h
er
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
f
o
r
w
a
y
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to
ex
ten
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et
w
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k
life
ti
m
e
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h
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f
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s
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T
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e
r
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f
th
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p
ap
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s
tr
u
ctu
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as
f
o
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s
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tio
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2
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y
o
f
t
h
e
M
A
C
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
atio
n
s
av
a
ilab
le
an
d
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Sectio
n
4
an
al
y
ze
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
t
h
at
r
e
m
ain
u
n
s
o
lv
ed
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
p
ath
s
.
F
in
al
l
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
I
NCR
E
AS
I
N
G
NE
T
WO
RK
L
I
F
E
T
I
M
E
I
N
WSNS
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
w
h
en
tr
y
i
n
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
l
if
e
ti
m
e
o
f
a
W
SN
[
2
4
]
,
b
u
t
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
as
it
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
.
T
r
an
s
m
itt
in
g
a
s
in
g
l
e
b
it
o
f
d
ata
ca
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
as
m
u
ch
en
er
g
y
a
s
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
2
5
]
w
h
i
le
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
d
id
le
lis
ten
in
g
ar
e
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e;
t
h
u
s
,
s
u
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
av
o
id
ed
w
h
e
n
ev
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
o
th
at
en
d
,
m
a
n
y
n
o
v
el
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
MA
C
s
u
b
la
y
er
i
s
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
Op
en
S
y
s
te
m
s
I
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
Mo
d
el
(
OSI
)
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
el.
I
t
co
n
tr
o
ls
h
o
w
d
e
v
ices
h
a
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
w
h
ic
h
,
i
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
is
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
all
d
ev
ices,
t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
r
u
les
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
et
to
av
o
id
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
OSI
m
o
d
el
i
s
n
o
t
id
ea
l
f
o
r
W
SNs
,
w
h
er
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
te
n
s
u
p
er
s
ed
es
m
o
d
u
lar
it
y
.
As
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
ad
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
la
y
er
s
to
th
e
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
at,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
h
er
e
m
a
y
b
r
ea
k
OSI
g
u
id
eli
n
es.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
llen
g
es
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
b
atter
y
li
f
e:
Du
t
y
c
y
cli
n
g
T
o
av
o
id
w
a
s
ti
n
g
en
er
g
y
wh
ile
th
er
e
is
n
o
d
ata
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
m
itted
,
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
m
o
d
u
le’
s
ac
t
iv
e
ti
m
e.
Us
u
all
y
,
th
i
s
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
p
u
tti
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
in
s
leep
(
lo
w
p
o
w
er
)
m
o
d
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
W
SNs
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
ter
-
n
o
d
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
lo
s
i
n
g
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
w
h
en
k
e
y
n
o
d
es
ar
e
in
ac
tiv
e.
I
t
is
al
s
o
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
tr
a
n
s
i
tio
n
s
b
et
wee
n
s
tate
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
es
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Du
t
y
c
y
c
lin
g
ca
n
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
late
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
e
x
tr
a
ad
d
ed
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
to
av
o
id
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
.
C
o
llis
io
n
av
o
id
an
ce
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
is
a
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
all
s
h
ar
ed
m
ed
iu
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
ca
r
r
y
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
en
alt
y
i
n
W
SNs
.
R
etr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
co
s
ts
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
to
tal
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
et
i
m
e,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
it m
u
s
t b
e
av
o
id
ed
as m
u
ch
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
is
u
s
u
all
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
a
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
,
b
u
t th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
c
ar
r
ier
s
en
s
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
ac
ce
s
s
/co
llis
io
n
av
o
id
an
ce
(
C
SM
A
/
C
A
)
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
id
le
lis
te
n
in
g
.
A
l
ter
n
ati
v
e
co
n
ten
ti
o
n
-
b
ased
M
AC
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
li
s
te
n
i
n
g
ti
m
e
s
w
h
i
le
k
ee
p
i
n
g
co
lli
s
io
n
s
to
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
.
So
m
e
M
A
C
s
ch
e
m
e
s
u
ti
lize
ti
m
e
-
d
iv
i
s
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
to
eli
m
in
a
te
co
llis
io
n
b
y
g
iv
in
g
d
ev
ices
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
ti
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
m
it
d
ata.
T
h
is
is
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
i
n
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
s
in
ce
th
e
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
r
eg
u
lar
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
c
h
ed
u
le
s
f
r
o
m
d
r
if
ti
n
g
an
d
it
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
laten
c
y
[
1
6
]
,
b
u
t
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
an
d
o
f
ten
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
in
clu
d
e
a
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
le.
Ot
h
e
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
e
s
p
ec
ialized
p
r
ea
m
b
les
[
2
7
]
o
r
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
to
t
h
e
u
s
u
al
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
8
]
.
B
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es e
li
m
in
a
te
th
e
n
ec
e
s
s
i
t
y
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es b
u
t c
o
m
e
w
it
h
th
eir
o
w
n
s
et
o
f
ch
al
len
g
es.
P
o
w
er
b
alan
ci
n
g
An
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
to
co
n
s
id
er
wh
en
d
es
ig
n
i
n
g
a
W
S
N
is
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
n
o
d
es
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
eir
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
d
u
tie
s
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
r
o
u
te
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ca
u
s
e
s
tr
af
f
ic
to
b
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
ce
r
tain
p
ath
s
.
I
f
th
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
i
s
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
,
n
o
d
es
in
cr
itical
p
ath
s
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
f
ail
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
th
er
s
,
lead
in
g
t
o
l
o
s
s
o
f
co
n
n
ec
t
iv
it
y
i
n
e
n
tire
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
d
ea
lly
,
n
o
d
es
w
o
u
ld
o
n
l
y
f
ail
w
h
en
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
u
n
s
o
u
t o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
ch
a
co
n
ce
r
n
th
at
s
o
m
e
W
SN a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
u
s
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
n
o
d
e
lif
et
i
m
e
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
eir
m
ai
n
s
ta
tis
tic
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
av
a
ilab
le
f
o
r
a
n
o
d
e
(
also
ca
lled
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
)
w
h
e
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
ca
n
s
lo
w
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
to
p
it.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
etter
b
alan
ce
,
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
s
h
i
f
t
th
e
ir
o
v
er
h
ea
d
b
et
w
ee
n
s
en
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
,
lead
in
g
o
n
e
to
s
p
e
n
d
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
.
Mo
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Mo
s
t n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ch
a
n
g
e
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
I
n
a
W
SN
n
o
d
es c
an
b
e
a
d
d
ed
,
r
em
o
v
ed
d
elib
er
atel
y
,
r
em
o
v
ed
d
u
e
to
f
ailu
r
e
o
r
b
atter
y
d
ep
letio
n
.
T
h
ese
ev
en
t
s
ar
e
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
w
h
a
t
is
ca
lled
wea
k
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
Mo
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
177
8
-
178
6
1780
w
ir
ele
s
s
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
b
u
ilt
to
h
a
n
d
le
s
u
ch
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ar
e
a
n
o
r
m
al
p
ar
t
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
lif
ec
y
cle
[
3
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
at
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
in
m
a
n
y
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
So
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
d
elib
e
r
ate
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
m
o
v
in
g
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
al
lo
s
s
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
o
r
d
ela
y
.
T
h
is
is
ca
lled
s
t
r
o
n
g
m
o
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ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
it
n
o
t
o
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l
y
co
n
s
id
er
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n
o
d
e'
s
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
b
u
t
also
its
p
o
s
itio
n
,
v
elo
cit
y
,
an
d
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
ap
p
lied
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
3.
M
AC
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
S F
O
R
WSNS
B
elo
w
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
b
r
ief
l
y
d
escr
ib
ed
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
in
g
t
h
eir
b
en
ef
its
a
n
d
f
la
w
s
:
3
.
1
.
Sens
o
r
M
AC
(
S
-
M
AC)
S
-
MA
C
is
a
MA
C
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
p
e
c
if
i
ca
l
ly
d
es
ig
n
e
d
f
o
r
W
S
Ns
th
a
t
in
c
lu
d
es
a
s
l
e
e
p
s
ch
e
d
u
le
.
S
-
MA
C
d
i
v
i
d
es
t
im
e
in
t
o
f
ix
e
d
-
s
i
z
e
f
r
am
es
,
e
ac
h
h
av
in
g
an
ac
t
iv
e
a
n
d
a
s
l
e
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p
in
g
p
a
r
t
.
N
o
d
es
a
r
e
f
r
ee
t
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h
o
o
s
e
t
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e
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r
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s
ch
e
d
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l
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,
b
u
t
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n
ew
n
o
d
e
w
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ll
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t
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t
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o
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ts
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h
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t
o
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o
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d
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o
n
t
r
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l
o
v
e
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h
e
a
d
.
I
f
i
t
c
a
n
’
t
f
in
d
an
y
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
e
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,
i
t
w
il
l
ch
o
o
s
e
an
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y
t
im
et
ab
l
e
a
n
d
b
r
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a
d
c
a
s
t
i
t
.
E
a
ch
n
o
d
e
k
e
e
p
s
a
t
a
b
l
e
o
f
i
ts
n
e
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h
b
o
r
s
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s
ch
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d
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l
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d
,
w
h
en
it
w
an
ts
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o
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en
d
d
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ta
,
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t
s
im
p
ly
w
ai
ts
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o
r
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ts
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o
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o
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e
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n
t
h
e
a
c
tiv
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p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
am
e
.
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o
av
o
i
d
c
o
ll
is
i
o
n
s
S
-
MA
C
u
s
e
s
th
e
s
am
e
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
t
o
s
en
d
/
cl
e
a
r
t
o
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d
(
R
T
S
/C
T
S
)
m
es
s
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p
r
es
en
t
i
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
s
p
e
c
if
i
ca
t
io
n
,
f
o
r
ci
n
g
n
o
d
e
s
t
o
c
o
m
p
e
te
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
e
d
iu
m
.
W
h
i
l
e
th
is
s
ch
em
e
g
r
e
a
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
n
o
d
e
aw
ak
e
t
im
e
,
th
e
a
c
ti
v
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
am
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
i
g
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
c
o
p
e
w
i
th
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
th
r
o
u
g
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p
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t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
.
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h
i
s
m
e
an
s
th
a
t
S
-
MA
C
w
as
t
es
en
e
r
g
y
w
h
e
n
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
in
g
at
f
u
l
l
c
a
p
a
c
ity
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
p
r
o
b
l
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a
r
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s
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w
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s
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w
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n
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e
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o
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it
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e
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u
s
in
g
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th
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r
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ch
e
d
u
l
e
s
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
i
m
eo
ut
M
AC
(
T
-
M
AC
)
T
-
MA
C
ai
m
s
to
r
ed
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ce
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-
M
AC
’
s
en
er
g
y
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e
w
h
en
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
at
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
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t
d
o
es
s
o
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
icall
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o
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if
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n
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AC
’
s
ac
ti
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e
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o
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h
e
f
r
a
m
e.
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h
e
n
a
n
o
d
e
b
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o
m
e
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ac
ti
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e,
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t
w
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d
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to
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ata
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a
n
d
w
ait
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r
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o
r
t
p
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i
o
d
(
T
A
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.
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f
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v
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o
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e
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o
r
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e,
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e
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o
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e
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o
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ac
k
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p
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ase.
T
h
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ed
p
r
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r
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d
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ce
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o
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ac
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e
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w
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t
w
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k
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p
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n
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Ho
w
e
v
er
,
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r
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A
p
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d
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e
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d
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n
o
t
r
ec
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e
m
e
s
s
a
g
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i
s
s
till
w
as
ted
[
3
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
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M
AC
an
d
S
-
M
AC
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
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et
w
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n
S
-
M
A
C
a
n
d
T
-
MA
C
,
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
[
3
7
]
3
.
3
.
B
er
k
eley
M
AC
(
B
-
M
A
C)
T
h
e
B
-
MA
C
p
r
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to
co
l
allo
w
s
n
o
d
es
to
h
av
e
co
m
p
lete
l
y
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n
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ep
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d
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t
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leep
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p
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le
s
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ased
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te
m
to
tr
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s
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i
t
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ata
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et
w
ee
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h
e
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s
el
v
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h
en
a
n
o
d
e
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ts
to
s
en
d
d
ata,
it
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r
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th
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[
3
8
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.
3
.
4
.
X
-
M
AC
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o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
.
P
r
ea
m
b
le
s
tr
o
b
in
g
,
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
ic
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
s
m
all
p
au
s
es
in
th
e
p
r
ea
m
b
le,
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
h
a
v
in
g
to
w
ait
u
n
t
il
th
e
en
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ea
m
b
le
to
s
en
d
/r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata.
Su
ch
p
au
s
es
allo
w
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
t
o
s
en
d
an
ea
r
l
y
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
(
AC
K)
m
es
s
ag
e
to
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
a
y
b
e
i
n
itiated
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t th
a
n
B
-
M
AC
an
d
h
as lo
w
er
laten
c
y
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
co
m
p
ar
es X
-
M
AC
t
o
L
P
L
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
b
y
B
-
M
AC
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
L
P
L
an
d
X
-
M
A
C
,
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
[
2
7
]
3
.
5
.
B
o
X
-
M
AC
B
o
X
-
MA
C
-
1
an
d
B
o
X
-
MA
C
-
2
ar
e
a
p
air
o
f
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
b
u
ild
u
p
o
n
B
-
MA
C
an
d
X
-
M
AC
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
ey
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
b
y
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
et
wo
r
k
lay
er
s
in
to
th
eir
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
u
s
e
s
a
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
tl
y
la
y
er
1
(
p
h
y
s
ical)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
I
t
p
ac
k
etize
s
B
-
M
AC
’
s
lo
n
g
p
r
ea
m
b
le
an
d
ad
d
s
lin
k
-
la
y
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
allo
w
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
i
n
te
n
d
ed
r
ec
eiv
er
o
f
t
h
e
m
ess
a
g
e
to
r
etu
r
n
to
th
eir
s
leep
m
o
d
e
ea
r
lier
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
u
s
es
a
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
tl
y
la
y
er
2
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
t
h
at
is
v
er
y
s
i
m
ilar
to
X
-
M
A
C
,
b
u
t
it
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
-
b
ased
r
ec
eiv
e
ch
ec
k
w
it
h
a
la
y
er
1
en
er
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
r
ec
eiv
e
c
h
ec
k
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
th
a
n
t
h
e
ir
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
,
b
u
t
ea
ch
is
b
etter
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
B
o
X
-
MA
C
-
1
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
in
h
i
g
h
v
o
latilit
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
litt
le
tr
af
f
ic
w
h
ile
B
o
X
-
MA
C
-
2
is
b
etter
a
t
h
an
d
li
n
g
h
i
g
h
tr
af
f
ic
w
it
h
lo
wer
v
o
latilit
y
[
2
6
]
.
3
.
6
.
Dem
a
n
d w
a
k
eup M
AC
pro
t
o
co
l (
DW
-
M
AC)
T
h
e
DW
-
MA
C
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
o
n
t
h
e
S
-
M
AC
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
b
y
f
u
ll
y
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
m
ed
iu
m
ac
c
ess
co
n
tr
o
l
to
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
.
No
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
DW
-
M
A
C
t
h
at
w
an
t
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
co
n
te
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
i
u
m
n
o
r
m
all
y
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
r
ep
lace
th
e
R
T
S/C
T
S
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
w
it
h
a
s
c
h
ed
u
lin
g
f
r
a
m
e
(
SC
H)
th
at
i
s
u
s
ed
to
s
c
h
ed
u
le
a
ti
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
leep
p
er
io
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
ca
n
s
e
n
d
th
eir
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
led
p
er
io
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
h
o
w
f
ar
in
to
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
er
io
d
th
e
SC
H
w
a
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
cr
ea
tes a
o
n
e
-
to
-
o
n
e
m
ap
p
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
(
d
ata)
p
e
r
io
d
an
d
th
e
s
leep
p
er
io
d
.
L
astl
y
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
c
h
ed
u
led
ti
m
e
is
f
i
n
all
y
r
ea
c
h
ed
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
s
en
d
er
w
a
k
eu
p
an
d
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
b
ef
o
r
e
g
o
in
g
b
ac
k
to
s
leep
.
DW
-
MA
C
p
r
ev
en
t
s
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
co
llid
in
g
b
y
e
x
p
lo
iti
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
io
n
t
h
at
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
ea
ch
ac
t
iv
e
p
e
r
io
d
.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
ap
p
in
g
b
et
wee
n
th
e
p
er
io
d
s
is
o
n
e
-
to
-
o
n
e,
o
n
ce
a
n
o
d
e
g
ai
n
s
m
ed
iu
m
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
co
n
ten
tio
n
th
at
a
u
to
m
at
icall
y
g
e
n
er
ates
an
in
ter
v
a
l
d
u
r
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
177
8
-
178
6
1782
th
e
s
leep
p
er
io
d
w
h
er
e
s
en
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
ith
o
u
t
co
llis
io
n
s
b
et
wee
n
d
ata
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
h
ap
p
en
in
g
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
DW
-
MA
C
h
a
s
m
u
c
h
lo
w
er
laten
c
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
it to
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
s
ep
ar
atel
y
[
1
6
]
.
3
.
7
.
Rec
eiv
er
ini
t
ia
t
ed
M
AC
pro
t
o
co
l (
RI
-
M
AC)
T
h
e
RI
-
MA
C
f
l
ip
s
th
e
u
s
u
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
o
f
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l:
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
ch
ec
k
s
f
o
r
th
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
p
en
d
in
g
m
ess
a
g
e
s
b
y
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
b
e
m
ess
a
g
e
(
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
b
ea
co
n
)
.
Sen
d
er
s
w
i
th
d
ata
to
tr
an
s
m
it
li
s
ten
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
e,
w
ait
f
o
r
it
to
f
in
i
s
h
,
an
d
t
h
en
s
tar
ts
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
th
is
,
R
I
-
M
AC
av
o
id
s
h
av
i
n
g
to
s
en
d
len
g
t
h
y
p
r
ea
m
b
le
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
li
k
e
o
th
er
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
o
w
h
ile
u
s
i
n
g
L
P
L
.
I
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ti
m
e
a
p
air
o
f
n
o
d
es
o
cc
u
p
y
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
r
ea
c
h
r
en
d
ez
v
o
u
s
,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
n
ten
d
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
o
v
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
i
s
m
i
n
i
m
ized
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
n
l
y
ex
p
ec
t
s
to
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
i
th
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
w
in
d
o
w
af
ter
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
is
s
e
n
t
[
2
8
]
.
3
.
8
.
L
if
et
im
e
ba
la
nce
M
AC
(
L
B
-
M
AC)
L
B
-
M
AC
allo
w
s
p
air
s
o
f
n
o
d
es
to
ad
j
u
s
t
MA
C
b
eh
av
io
r
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
Neig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es
co
m
m
u
n
icate
an
d
s
h
i
f
t
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
to
th
e
o
n
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
lo
n
g
est
e
x
p
ec
ted
lif
eti
m
e.
T
h
e
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
's
ch
a
n
n
e
l
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
an
d
th
e
s
en
d
er
'
s
r
etr
y
in
ter
v
al.
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
h
as
a
lo
w
er
e
x
p
ec
ted
lif
eti
m
e,
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
it
s
m
ed
iu
m
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
to
allo
w
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
to
u
s
e
a
lo
n
g
er
r
e
tr
y
p
er
io
d
w
h
ile
s
till
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
in
g
r
en
d
ez
v
o
u
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
h
as
a
lo
w
er
lif
e
e
x
p
ec
tan
c
y
,
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
ap
p
en
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
lead
s
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
e
m
b
ed
s
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
es
it
m
a
k
es
to
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
’
s
attr
ib
u
tes
i
n
t
h
e
A
C
K
m
e
s
s
ag
e
s
it
s
e
n
d
s
to
t
h
e
s
en
d
er
,
av
o
id
in
g
t
h
e
n
ec
e
s
s
i
t
y
f
o
r
ex
tr
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
al
li
f
eti
m
e
a
m
o
n
g
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
s
is
ex
ten
d
ed
an
d
t
h
e
to
tal
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
[
3
9
]
.
3
.
9
.
A
-
M
AC
A
-
M
AC
is
a
r
ec
ei
v
er
-
i
n
it
iated
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l w
o
r
k
s
s
i
m
i
lar
l
y
to
R
I
-
M
AC
b
u
t
m
a
k
es
a
f
e
w
ch
an
g
es
th
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Firs
t,
it
o
p
tio
n
all
y
a
llo
w
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
w
h
er
e
o
n
e
is
r
eser
v
ed
f
o
r
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
a
g
e
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
tr
a
f
f
ic
is
d
is
p
er
s
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
it
u
s
es
b
ac
k
ca
s
ts
,
a
li
n
k
-
la
y
er
p
r
i
m
it
iv
e
t
h
at
allo
w
s
n
o
d
es
to
p
r
o
b
e
o
t
h
er
s
i
n
p
ar
allel
an
d
r
eliab
l
y
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ze
r
o
r
ep
la
y
s
(
i
n
d
icati
n
g
n
o
tr
a
f
f
ic)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
ep
la
y
s
(
in
d
icatin
g
p
e
n
d
in
g
tr
a
f
f
ic)
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
u
s
e
s
n
o
n
-
d
estru
cti
v
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
g
ain
s
t
co
llis
io
n
s
a
n
d
o
v
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
it
allo
w
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
w
h
et
h
er
to
g
o
b
ac
k
to
s
leep
o
r
r
em
a
in
a
w
a
k
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
r
ad
io
s
lac
k
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
A
-
M
AC
,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
ar
o
u
n
d
s
[
4
0
]
.
3
.
1
0
.
Asy
m
m
et
ric
M
AC
(
Asy
m
-
M
AC)
As
y
m
-
M
AC
w
as
cr
ea
ted
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
li
n
k
s
to
r
ec
eiv
er
-
in
i
tiated
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
u
ch
as
R
I
-
MA
C
an
d
A
-
M
AC
.
As
y
m
m
etr
ic
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ex
is
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
i
n
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
s
m
aller
th
a
n
in
t
h
e
o
th
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
A
t
m
an
a
g
ea
b
le
le
v
els,
as
y
m
m
etr
y
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
lo
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
e
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
lead
in
g
to
d
ela
y
s
an
d
a
lo
w
er
p
ac
k
a
g
e
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
A
t
its
ex
tr
e
m
e,
it
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
ch
a
n
n
e
l
ess
e
n
tiall
y
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
an
d
co
m
p
letel
y
p
r
ev
e
n
t
r
ec
ei
v
er
-
i
n
itia
ted
M
A
C
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
k
in
g
.
A
s
y
m
-
M
A
C
r
e
m
ed
iate
s
t
h
is
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
y
d
ef
a
u
lt,
all
lin
k
s
ar
e
in
R
-
m
o
d
e
(
r
ec
eiv
er
-
i
n
itia
ted
)
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
if
a
s
e
n
d
er
f
ails
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
m
u
l
tip
le
ti
m
e
s
,
it
w
i
ll
b
ec
o
m
e
T
-
m
o
d
e
(
s
en
d
er
-
i
n
it
iated
)
an
d
th
e
s
en
d
er
w
ill
tr
a
n
s
m
i
t
its
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
g
o
in
g
b
ac
k
to
R
-
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
n
o
ti
f
ied
o
f
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
m
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
a
clea
r
ch
a
n
n
el
ass
er
tio
n
(
C
C
A
)
p
er
io
d
ad
d
ed
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
ea
c
h
p
r
o
b
in
g
p
ac
k
ag
e.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
b
r
ief
l
y
c
h
ec
k
s
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
ea
m
b
le
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
s
ig
n
if
y
th
e
m
o
d
e
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
as
y
m
m
e
tr
ic
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
b
etter
As
y
m
-
M
AC
is
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
r
ec
eiv
er
-
in
itiated
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
p
ac
k
ag
e
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
As
y
m
-
M
AC
’
s
a
v
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
b
y
ar
o
u
n
d
2
.
6
%)
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
A
-
M
AC
o
n
lo
w
as
y
m
m
e
tr
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
b
u
t
it
g
r
ea
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
ili
t
y
an
d
d
ela
y
ti
m
es.
As
y
m
-
M
AC
is
also
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
t
h
an
s
e
n
d
er
-
i
n
i
tiated
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
B
o
X
-
MA
C
[
4
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
A
s
y
m
-
M
AC
’
s
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
3
.
1
1
.
CSM
A/CA
a
nd
T
DM
A
hy
brid M
AC
pro
t
o
co
l
(
CT
h
-
M
AC)
T
h
e
C
T
h
-
MA
C
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
in
3
D
m
o
b
ile
W
SNs
.
No
d
es
ar
e
allo
ca
ted
in
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
s
p
h
er
ical
s
u
b
s
e
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
g
a
te
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
allo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
ls
o
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
its
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
o
s
itio
n
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
et
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
S
u
b
s
ets
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
th
e
g
ate
w
a
y
ac
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r
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g
to
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T
DM
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s
ch
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u
le.
Ou
ter
s
u
b
s
et
s
g
o
f
ir
s
t
w
ith
in
n
er
s
o
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e
s
s
er
v
in
g
as
r
ela
y
s
to
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h
e
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e
t
w
o
r
k
s
in
k
.
W
h
en
it
is
th
e
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o
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e
n
s
u
b
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it
s
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o
d
es
co
n
te
n
t
w
it
h
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
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w
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it
h
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tr
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an
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e
o
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ase
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ta
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o
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it c
a
n
g
at
h
er
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
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n
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h
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o
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s
[
3
6
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.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
s
y
m
-
M
AC
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
it
io
n
,
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
[
4
1
]
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
s
th
e
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
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to
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ls
s
tu
d
ied
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B
elo
w
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th
e
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lu
m
n
s
o
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tab
le
ar
e
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
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ed
:
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R
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l'
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ess
it
y
to
u
s
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y
n
c
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r
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izatio
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h
a
n
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s
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r
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e
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lu
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ter
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l
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ter
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g
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p
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o
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es
h
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e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
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o
th
er
.
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n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es
t
h
at
ca
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o
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a
t
th
e
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ter
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e
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er
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u
t
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d
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er
atel
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u
s
e
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i
s
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n
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o
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i
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a
s
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ar
t o
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its
o
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er
atio
n
s
.
Sen
d
er
o
r
r
ec
eiv
er
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in
itia
ted
:
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n
s
en
d
er
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i
n
it
iated
MA
C
p
r
o
to
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ls
,
th
e
s
en
d
er
in
itia
tes
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
h
ap
p
en
s
in
r
ec
eiv
er
-
in
itiated
o
n
es.
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
as
y
m
m
etr
ic
li
n
k
s
:
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ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
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le
m
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
ar
i
s
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
is
as
y
m
m
etr
ic.
Sen
d
er
-
i
n
itia
ted
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
n
o
t a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
as
y
m
m
e
tr
ic
lin
k
s
.
Mo
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t:
Dete
r
m
i
n
ed
b
y
a
p
r
o
to
co
l’
s
g
e
n
er
al
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ea
l
w
ith
c
h
an
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
Y
e
a
r
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
c
i
t
y
C
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
P
o
w
e
r
-
B
a
l
a
n
c
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n
g
S
e
n
d
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o
r
r
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n
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t
i
a
t
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d
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
a
sy
mm
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t
r
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s
M
o
b
i
l
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y
su
p
p
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t
S
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
2
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Y
e
s
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
T
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
3
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Y
e
s
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
B
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
4
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
X
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
6
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
B
o
X
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
8
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
DW
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
8
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Y
e
s
No
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
RI
-
M
A
C
2
0
0
8
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
H
i
g
h
c
h
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
r
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b
e
l
o
ss
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
LB
-
M
A
C
2
0
1
2
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
Y
e
s
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
A
-
M
A
C
2
0
1
2
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
H
i
g
h
c
h
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
e
l
o
ss
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
A
s
y
m
-
M
A
C
2
0
1
4
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
No
No
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
C
h
a
n
g
e
s t
o
t
h
e
se
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
mo
d
e
W
e
a
k
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
T
h
-
M
A
C
2
0
1
8
H
y
b
r
i
d
Y
e
s
N
o
S
e
n
d
e
r
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
N
o
n
e
S
t
r
o
n
g
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
4.
O
P
E
N
I
SS
UE
S
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
t
u
d
ied
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
h
av
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
t
h
at
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
a
r
e
s
tr
icted
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
is
s
u
es
t
h
at
r
e
m
ai
n
u
n
s
o
l
v
ed
.
Mo
s
t
n
o
tab
l
y
,
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ci
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
ab
s
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
s
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
a
d
ap
ted
L
B
-
M
A
C
’
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
s
h
i
f
tin
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
e
n
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
to
o
th
er
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
r
ec
eiv
er
-
i
n
itiated
o
n
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
ad
ap
t
in
g
it
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
p
r
esen
ts
m
a
n
y
ch
al
len
g
es
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ig
id
s
c
h
ed
u
les
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
t
h
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
L
ik
e
w
i
s
e,
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
w
it
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
la
y
er
s
is
s
till
u
n
tes
ted
[
3
9
]
.
I
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
u
p
p
er
lay
er
s
ch
e
m
es
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
E
E
C
P
)
[
2
0
]
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
b
alan
ce
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
w
h
ile
L
B
-
M
A
C
b
ala
n
ce
s
p
o
w
er
o
n
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
p
air
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
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elec
o
m
m
u
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C
o
m
p
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
177
8
-
178
6
1784
W
h
ile
r
ec
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er
-
in
i
tiated
M
A
C
s
ar
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s
o
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e
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o
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f
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ie
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t
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also
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o
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ar
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ited
b
y
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h
e
h
ar
d
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ar
e
a
v
ailab
le.
A
-
M
AC
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
w
o
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
n
ati
v
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s
u
p
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o
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t o
f
th
e
b
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k
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s
t p
r
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m
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tiv
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s
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s
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it
h
m
e
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o
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y
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m
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p
ed
r
ad
io
s
.
T
h
e
cr
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to
r
s
o
f
A
-
M
AC
est
i
m
a
te
th
at
t
h
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f
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tu
r
e
s
co
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
id
le
lis
t
en
in
g
p
o
w
er
b
y
4
0
%
[
4
0
]
.
5.
CO
NC
L
U
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
ten
d
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
if
e
ti
m
e.
First,
w
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
o
u
tlin
ed
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
.
Stu
d
i
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
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n
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u
d
e
d
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t
y
c
y
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n
g
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co
llis
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n
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o
id
an
ce
,
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ci
n
g
,
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ca
n
h
ea
v
il
y
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m
p
ac
t
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
's
b
atter
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
en
n
o
v
el
M
AC
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
w
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e
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a
l
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co
m
p
ar
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to
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eter
m
in
e
th
eir
s
tr
en
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h
s
an
d
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k
n
e
s
s
es.
T
h
e
an
al
y
ze
d
p
r
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to
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ls
w
er
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
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th
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s
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n
ch
r
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p
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s
u
p
p
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t,
an
d
m
an
y
o
t
h
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Fin
a
ll
y
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t
h
e
b
i
g
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e
s
t r
e
m
ai
n
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p
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s
o
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f
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r
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r
esear
ch
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aised
.
ACK
NO
WL
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D
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M
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h
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w
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s
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b
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FC
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th
r
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g
h
n
at
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f
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n
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ap
p
licab
le
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f
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f
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n
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er
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t
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DB
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0
0
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0
2
0
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
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r
s
w
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k
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to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
e
co
m
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n
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I
n
s
p
ir
in
g
Sci,
L
d
a
f
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th
e
in
ter
est an
d
v
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le
c
o
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tr
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tio
n
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s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l d
ev
elo
p
m
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n
t o
f
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
Ro
u
th
a
n
d
T
.
P
a
l,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
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ica
l,
b
u
si
n
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a
n
d
s
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l
a
sp
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f
In
tern
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t
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f
T
h
in
g
s
b
y
Q3
,
2
0
1
7
,
”
2
0
1
8
3
rd
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
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a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s:
S
m
a
rt
I
n
n
o
v
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ti
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a
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d
Us
a
g
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s
(
Io
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-
S
IU)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
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T
-
S
IU.
2
0
1
8
.
8
5
1
9
8
9
8
.
[2
]
Z.
K.
F
a
re
j,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
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sis
o
f
th
e
IEE
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8
0
2
.
1
1
a
sta
n
d
a
rd
b
a
se
d
W
S
N
w
it
h
Qo
S
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
8
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
i
ts
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
(
ICAS
EA
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
4
3
-
4
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
A
S
E
A
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
7
0
9
5
3
.
[3
]
J.
M
.
L
.
P
.
Ca
l
d
e
ira,
J.
J
.
P
.
C.
R
o
d
rig
u
e
s
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
o
re
n
z
,
“
In
tra
-
M
o
b
il
it
y
S
u
p
p
o
rt
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
s f
o
r
He
a
lt
h
c
a
re
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
–
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
Iss
u
e
s,”
in
IEE
E
S
e
n
so
rs
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
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l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
3
9
-
4
3
4
8
,
N
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2
0
1
3
,
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o
i:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/JS
EN.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
6
7
7
2
9
.
[4
]
K.
L
o
rin
c
z
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
R
e
sp
o
n
se
:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
,
”
in
I
EE
E
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
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l
.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
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2
3
,
Oc
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De
c
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2
0
0
4
,
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:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
P
RV.2
0
0
4
.
1
8
.
[5
]
X
.
L
iu
,
P
.
H
u
,
a
n
d
F
.
L
i,
“
A
stre
e
t
lam
p
c
lu
ste
re
d
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
st
e
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
a
n
d
a
c
t
u
a
to
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
0
th
W
o
r
ld
C
o
n
g
re
ss
o
n
I
n
telli
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n
t
Co
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ro
l
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Au
to
ma
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n
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l.
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0
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2
,
p
p
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4
4
8
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–
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CICA
.
2
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9
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3
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.
[6
]
K.
Be
g
u
m
a
n
d
S
.
Dix
it
,
“
I
n
d
u
st
rial
W
S
N
u
sin
g
Io
T
:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
,
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e
c
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
Op
ti
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a
ti
o
n
T
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iq
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s (
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,
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0
1
6
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p
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4
9
9
-
5
0
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0
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9
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EE
OT
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
7
5
5
6
6
0
.
[7
]
R.
G
.
V
ie
ira,
A
.
M
.
d
a
C
u
n
h
a
,
L
.
B.
Ru
iz
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
De
Ca
m
a
r
g
o
,
“
On
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
lo
n
g
ra
n
g
e
W
S
N f
o
r
p
re
c
isio
n
irri
g
a
ti
o
n
,
”
in
I
EE
E
S
e
n
so
rs
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
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l.
1
8
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n
o
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2
,
p
p
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7
7
3
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8
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5
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0
9
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N.2
0
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7
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2
7
7
6
8
5
9
.
[8
]
O.
J.
P
a
n
d
e
y
a
n
d
R.
M
.
He
g
d
e
,
“
Lo
w
-
Late
n
c
y
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
-
B
a
lan
c
e
d
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ta
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ra
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s
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o
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r
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it
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m
a
ll
W
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rld
W
S
N,”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
l
a
r
T
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c
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n
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y
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v
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l.
6
7
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.
8
,
p
p
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7
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0
9
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V
T
.
2
0
1
8
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2
8
3
9
5
6
2
.
[9
]
S
.
B
e
r
a
,
S
.
M
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s
r
a
,
S
.
K
.
R
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a
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d
M
.
S
.
O
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i
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a
t
,
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o
f
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s
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in
I
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2
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6
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.
[1
0
]
M
.
I
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n
,
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.
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.
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i
n
I
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E
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1
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2
0
1
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6
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5
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6
1
.
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1
]
H.
F
e
n
g
a
n
d
J.
D
o
n
g
,
“
Re
li
a
b
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li
ty
a
n
a
ly
sis
f
o
r
W
S
N
b
a
se
d
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m
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lar
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o
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t
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of
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ste
m
,
”
in
J
o
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n
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l
o
f
S
y
ste
ms
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g
i
n
e
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rin
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d
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lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
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l
.
2
8
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2
,
p
p
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4
0
7
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4
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2
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p
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2
0
1
7
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o
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1
0
.
2
1
6
2
9
/J
S
EE
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
2
.
2
1
.
[1
2
]
G
.
Yild
iri
m
a
n
d
Y.
T
a
tar,
“
S
i
m
p
li
f
ied
A
g
e
n
t
-
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se
d
Re
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u
rc
e
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h
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rin
g
A
p
p
ro
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c
h
f
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r
W
S
N
-
W
S
N
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
i
n
Io
T
/CP
S
P
ro
jec
ts,”
in
IE
EE
Acc
e
ss
,
v
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l.
6
,
p
p
.
7
8
0
7
7
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8
0
9
1
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0
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S
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2
0
1
8
.
2
8
8
4
7
4
1
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Ezd
ian
i,
I.
S
.
A
c
h
a
r
y
y
a
,
S
.
S
i
v
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k
u
m
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r
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
l
-
A
n
b
u
k
y
,
“
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
S
o
f
tw
a
riz
a
ti
o
n
:
T
o
w
a
rd
s
W
S
N
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Qo
S
,
”
in
IEE
E
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
J
o
u
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l
,
v
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l.
4
,
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5
,
p
p
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1
5
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7
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5
2
7
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t.
2
0
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7
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1
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0
9
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.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
4
0
4
2
3
.
[1
4
]
M
.
T
.
L
a
z
a
re
s
c
u
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
WS
N
P
latf
o
rm
f
o
r
L
o
n
g
-
T
e
r
m
En
v
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n
m
e
n
tal
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
f
o
r
Io
T
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
in
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
Eme
rg
in
g
a
n
d
S
e
lec
ted
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p
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n
Circ
u
i
ts
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n
d
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ms
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l.
3
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1
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4
,
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CA
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.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
4
3
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3
2
.
[1
5
]
M
.
A
b
o
-
Zah
h
a
d
,
M
.
F
a
rra
g
,
A
.
A
l
i
,
a
n
d
O.
Am
in
,
“
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
w
irele
s
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
5
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
En
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rg
y
Awa
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Co
mp
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g
S
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ms
&
Ap
p
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2
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5
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1
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A
C.
2
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5
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0
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.
[1
6
]
Y.
S
u
n
,
S
.
D
u
,
O.
G
u
re
w
it
z
,
a
n
d
D.
B.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
“
DW
-
M
A
C:
A
lo
w
late
n
c
y
,
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rg
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ff
icie
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m
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p
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w
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ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
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e
9
t
h
ACM
in
ter
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l
sy
mp
o
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m
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
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o
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[1
7
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J.
M
a
,
W
.
L
o
u
,
Y
.
W
u
,
X.
-
Y.
L
i
,
a
n
d
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
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E
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rg
y
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icie
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t
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lee
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d
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li
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n
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Ne
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n
IEE
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INFOCOM
2
0
0
9
,
2
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0
9
,
p
p
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6
3
0
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6
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8
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1
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0
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2
0
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0
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1
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7
0
.
[1
8
]
S
.
S
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
Ra
g
h
a
v
e
n
d
ra
,
“
P
A
M
A
S
-
P
o
w
e
r
a
w
a
re
m
u
lt
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-
a
c
c
e
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p
ro
to
c
o
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it
h
sig
n
a
ll
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g
f
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r
A
d
Ho
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Co
mp
u
t
.
Co
mm
u
n
.
Rev
.
,
v
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l.
2
8
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n
o
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3
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p
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5
–
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1
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1
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9
3
9
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7
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2
9
3
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2
8
.
[1
9
]
A
.
Ja
in
,
“
T
ra
ff
ic
Aw
a
re
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
A
c
c
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A
lg
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m
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r
Clu
ste
r
Ba
se
d
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
W
ire
l.
Per
s.
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
9
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
5
–
1
6
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
1
2
7
7
-
0
1
7
-
4
2
5
8
-
4.
[2
0
]
A
.
A
.
H.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
W
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
,
A
.
H.
H.
Ha
b
e
b
,
M
.
F
.
I
.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
N.
A
l
-
M
h
iq
a
n
i
,
“
A
n
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
En
e
rg
y
-
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ici
e
n
t
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ste
rin
g
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ro
t
o
c
o
l
t
o
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ro
lo
n
g
th
e
L
if
e
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
W
S
N
-
Ba
se
d
Io
T
,
”
in
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
5
0
0
-
2
0
0
5
1
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/A
CCES
S
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
3
5
6
2
4
.
[2
1
]
P
.
Na
y
a
k
a
n
d
A
.
De
v
u
lap
a
ll
i,
“
A
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
-
Ba
s
e
d
Clu
ste
rin
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
W
S
N
to
Ex
ten
d
th
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
,
”
in
IEE
E
S
e
n
s
o
rs
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
-
1
4
4
,
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n
.
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JS
EN
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
7
2
9
7
0
.
[2
2
]
W.
Ye
,
J.
He
id
e
m
a
n
n
,
a
n
d
D.
Estri
n
,
“
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
M
A
C
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
T
we
n
ty
-
Fi
rs
t
A
n
n
u
a
l
J
o
in
t
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
o
c
ieties
,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
7
-
1
5
7
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/INF
COM.
2
0
0
2
.
1
0
1
9
4
0
8
.
[2
3
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
H.
G
a
o
,
S
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
L
i,
“
A
n
Ef
f
icie
n
t
EH
-
W
S
N
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
,
”
in
T
sin
g
h
u
a
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
6
-
4
1
8
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
6
5
9
9
/T
S
T
.
2
0
1
8
.
9
0
1
0
0
3
4
.
[2
4
]
G
.
A
n
a
s
tas
i,
M
.
Co
n
ti
,
M
.
Di
F
r
a
n
c
e
sc
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
a
ss
a
re
ll
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
in
w
irele
ss
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
3
7
–
5
6
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
d
h
o
c
.
2
0
0
8
.
0
6
.
0
0
3
.
[2
5
]
G
.
J.
P
o
tt
ie
a
n
d
W
.
J.
Ka
ise
r,
“
W
irele
ss
in
teg
ra
ted
n
e
tw
o
rk
se
n
so
rs,”
Co
mm
u
n
.
ACM
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
5
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
3
2
8
3
3
.
3
3
2
8
3
8
.
[2
6
]
D.
M
o
ss
a
n
d
P
.
L
e
v
is,
“
Bo
X
-
M
A
Cs :
Ex
p
lo
it
in
g
P
h
y
sic
a
l
a
n
d
L
in
k
L
a
y
e
r
Bo
u
n
d
a
ries
in
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
”
T
e
c
h
.
Rep
.
S
ING
-
08
-
0
0
,
S
t
a
n
f
o
rd
Un
iv.
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
c
sl.stan
f
o
rd
.
e
d
u
/~
p
a
l/
sh
a
re
/
sp
o
ts0
8
.
p
d
f
[2
7
]
M
.
Bu
e
tt
n
e
r,
G
.
V
Ye
e
,
E.
A
n
d
e
rso
n
,
a
n
d
R.
Ha
n
,
“
X
-
M
A
C:
A
S
h
o
rt
P
re
a
m
b
le
M
A
C
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
Du
ty
-
C
y
c
led
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
4
t
h
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
n
e
two
rk
e
d
se
n
so
r
sy
ste
ms
-
S
e
n
S
y
s ’0
6
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
-
3
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/1
1
8
2
8
0
7
.
1
1
8
2
8
3
8
.
[2
8
]
Y.
S
u
n
,
O.
G
u
re
w
it
z
,
a
n
d
D.
B.
Jo
h
n
s
o
n
,
“
RI
-
M
A
C:
A
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
-
In
it
iate
d
A
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s Du
ty
C
y
c
l
e
M
A
C
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
D
y
n
a
m
ic
T
ra
ff
i
c
L
o
a
d
s in
W
i
re
les
s S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
6
th
ACM
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
n
e
two
rk
se
n
so
r sy
ste
ms
-
S
e
n
S
y
s ’0
8
,
v
o
l.
8
1
L
NICST
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
.
1
-
14
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/1
4
6
0
4
1
2
.
1
4
6
0
4
1
4
.
[2
9
]
G
.
W
.
Ch
a
ll
e
n
,
J.
W
a
term
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
e
lsh
,
“
IDEA
:
In
teg
ra
ted
Distrib
u
te
d
En
e
rg
y
Aw
a
r
e
n
e
ss
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
8
t
h
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
sy
ste
ms
,
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
se
rv
ice
s
-
M
o
b
iS
y
s ’1
0
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
48
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/1
8
1
4
4
3
3
.
1
8
1
4
4
3
9
.
[3
0
]
W
.
W
a
n
g
,
V
.
S
ri
n
iv
a
sa
n
,
a
n
d
K.
-
C.
Ch
u
a
,
“
Us
in
g
m
o
b
il
e
re
lay
s
to
p
ro
l
o
n
g
th
e
li
f
e
ti
m
e
o
f
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
1
t
h
a
n
n
u
a
l
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
n
e
two
rk
in
g
-
M
o
b
iCo
m
’0
5
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
2
7
0
-
2
8
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
1
0
8
0
8
2
9
.
1
0
8
0
8
5
8
.
[3
1
]
Q.
Do
n
g
a
n
d
W
.
Da
rg
ie,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
M
o
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
i
ty
-
Aw
a
r
e
M
A
C
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
r
v
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
1
0
0
,
F
irst
Qu
a
r
ter
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
URV
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
0
1
2
.
0
0
0
5
1
.
[3
2
]
H.
P
h
a
m
a
n
d
S
.
J
h
a
,
“
A
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
-
a
w
a
re
M
A
C
p
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
(M
S
-
M
A
C),
”
in
2
0
0
4
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
h
o
c
a
n
d
S
e
n
s
o
r
S
y
ste
ms
(
IEE
E
Ca
t
.
N
o
.
0
4
EX
9
7
5
)
,
2
0
0
4
,
n
o
.
F
ig
u
re
2
,
p
p
.
5
5
8
–
5
6
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
A
H
S
S
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
3
9
2
2
0
7
.
[3
3
]
L
.
Ch
o
i,
S
.
H.
L
e
e
,
a
n
d
H.
Ch
o
i
,
“
M
-
M
A
C:
M
o
b
il
it
y
-
b
a
se
d
li
n
k
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
0
0
9
S
o
ft
wa
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
fo
r
Fu
t
u
re
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
le
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
-
2
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/S
T
F
S
S
D.
2
0
0
9
.
4
7
.
[3
4
]
T
.
Zh
iy
o
n
g
a
n
d
W
.
Da
rg
ie,
“
A
m
o
b
il
i
ty
-
a
wa
re
m
e
d
iu
m
a
c
c
e
ss
c
o
n
tro
l
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
2
0
1
0
IEE
E
Glo
b
e
c
o
m W
o
rk
.
GC’1
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
–
1
1
4
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/G
L
OCO
M
W
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
7
0
0
1
0
5
.
[3
5
]
A
.
G
o
n
g
a
,
O.
L
a
n
d
sie
d
e
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
“
M
o
b
iS
e
n
se
:
P
o
w
e
r
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
m
icro
-
m
o
b
il
it
y
in
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
2
0
1
1
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Distrib
u
ted
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
in
S
e
n
so
r
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
,
DCO
S
S
’1
1
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
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in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ho
u
a
ri
Bo
u
m
e
d
ien
e
(UST
HB).
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
rs
d
e
g
re
e
in
S
o
f
tw
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
(F
EI)
o
f
UST
HB
in
2
0
1
5
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
o
n
b
i
o
-
in
s
p
ir
e
d
a
d
-
h
o
c
ro
u
ti
n
g
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
V
A
NET
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls.
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