TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommunication,
Computing,
Electr
onics
and
Contr
ol
V
ol.
19,
No.
1,
February
2021,
pp.
192
198
ISSN:
1693-6930,
accredited
First
Grade
by
K
emenristekdikti,
No:
21/E/KPT/2018
DOI:
10.12928/TELK
OMNIKA.v19i1.16245
r
192
Enabling
full-duplex
in
multiple
access
technique
f
or
5G
wir
eless
netw
orks
o
v
er
Rician
fading
channels
Chi-Bao
Le
1
,
Dinh-Thuan
Do
2
1
F
aculty
of
Electronics
T
echnology
,
Industrial
Uni
v
ersity
of
Ho
Chi
Minh
City
(IUH),
V
ietnam
2
W
ireless
Communications
Research
Group,
F
aculty
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering,
T
on
Duc
Thang
Uni
v
ersity
,
Ho
Chi
Minh
City
,
V
ietnam
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Apr
4,
2020
Re
vised
Jul
6,
2020
Accepted
Sep
24,
2020
K
eyw
ords:
Full-duple
x
Non-orthogonal
multiple
access
Outage
probability
Unmanned
aerial
v
ehicle
ABSTRA
CT
No
w
adays,
unmanned
aerial
v
ehicle
(U
A
V)
relays’
assisted
internet
of
things
(IoT)
systems
pro
vide
f
acility
in
order
to
o
v
ercome
the
lar
ge
scale
f
ading
between
source
and
sink.
The
full-duple
x
scheme
enables
wireless
netw
ork
to
pro
vide
higher
spectrum
ef
ficient
technology
.
This
paper
analyses
performance
of
tw
o
users
which
are
serv
ed
by
ne
w
emer
ging
non-orthogonal
multiple
access
(NOMA)
technique.
Exact
outage
probability
of
such
tw
o
users
are
deri
v
ed
and
check
ed
via
Monte-Carlo
simulation.
These
analytical
res
ults
pro
vide
guideline
to
design
U
A
V
in
real
application.
This
paper
pro
vides
a
comprehensi
v
e
study
to
e
xamine
impact
of
interference,
fix
ed
po
wer
allocation
f
actors
to
system
performance.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Dinh-Thuan
Do
W
ireless
Communications
Research
Group
F
aculty
of
Electrical
&
Electronics
Engineering
T
on
Duc
Thang
Uni
v
ersity
Ho
Chi
Minh
City
,
V
ietnam
Email:
dodinhthuan@tdtu.edu.vn
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
State
of
the
art,
wireless
netw
ork
pro
vides
ability
to
serv
e
massi
v
e
connections
and
such
require-
ment
satisfied
by
the
application
of
non-orthogonal
multiple
access
(NOMA)
in
fifth
generation
(5G)
netw
orks.
NOMA
has
dra
wn
wide
attention
due
to
its
potential
to
impro
v
e
spectral
ef
ficienc
y
[1]
and
more
reliable
im-
pro
v
ement
with
relaying
sc
h
e
me
[2].
Dif
ferent
from
con
v
entional
orthogonal
mult
iple
access
(OMA),
NOMA
benefits
from
relaying
design,
f
ar
user
can
be
serv
ed
by
the
base
station
under
help
of
the
relay
.
NOMA
enables
v
arious
applications
to
serv
e
mult
iple
users
to
be
serv
ed
at
the
same
time
and
frequenc
y
by
superimposing
mul-
tiple
users
in
the
po
wer
domain
at
the
transmitter
and
using
successi
v
e
interference
cancellation
(SIC)
at
the
recei
v
er
[3,
4].
In
NOMA
system,
de
vice-to-de
vice
transmission
mode
is
acti
v
ated
based
on
the
users
di
vided
into
dif
ferent
kinds
of
cate
gories
according
to
their
channel
conditions,
i.e.,
the
near
user
and
the
f
ar
user
[5].
In
the
conte
xt
of
NOMA,
cooperati
v
e
mode
is
mainly
di
vided
into
tw
o
cases.
These
cases
e
xhibit
implementation
of
NOMA
to
imrpo
v
e
performance
of
users
locat
ed
edge
of
cell
[6–9].
In
cooperati
v
e
NOMA,
the
near
users
with
strong
channel
conditions
needs
to
act
as
relays.
The
relay
pro
vides
impro
v
ed
performance
of
the
f
ar
users
who
ha
v
e
poor
channel
conditions
[9,
10].
Ho
we
v
er
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
half-duple
x
(HD)
mode
is
studied
in
the
coop
e
rati
v
e
NOMA
relay
in
the
early
w
orks
[7–11].
The
authors
in
[6]
considered
full-duple
x
(FD)
relay
into
cooperati
v
e
NOMA.
The
main
adv
antages
are
reducing
delay
caused
by
the
dedicated
relay
J
ournal
homepage:
http://journal.uad.ac.id/inde
x.php/TELK
OMNIKA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommun
Comput
El
Control
r
193
and
enhancing
end
to
end
transmission
quality
.
The
authors
in
[12]
in
v
estig
ated
adv
antage
achie
v
ed
by
FD
mode,
which
pro
v
ed
enhancing
performance
g
ain.
While
the
authors
in
[13]
maximized
ener
gy
ef
ficienc
y
for
full-duple
x
cooperati
v
e
NOMA
with
po
wer
allocation.
Ho
we
v
er
,
open
problem
still
e
xists
related
to
f
ading
model.
This
paper
fulfills
a
g
ap
in
[13–22],
in
which
U
A
V
-based
relay
is
not
considered.
2.
SYSTEM
MODEL
This
paper
considers
a
tw
o-user
NOMA
architecture,
where
UE-1
directly
e
xchanges
data
with
the
base
station
(BS)
as
depicted
in
Figure
1,
while
UE-2
recei
v
es
signals
from
the
BS
via
unmanned
aerial
v
ehicle
(U
A
V)
relay
.
The
link
BS
to
UE-2
is
supported
by
a
dedicated
relay
.
Note
that
each
node
is
equipped
single
antenna
e
xcept
for
relay
which
requires
tw
o
antenna
to
pro
vide
ability
of
FD.
The
probabilistic
LoS
and
non-
LoS
(NLoS)
model
for
U
A
V
is
adopted
to
indicate
the
lar
ge
scale
f
ading.
W
e
use
such
model
for
the
channel
between
the
U
A
V
and
terrestrial
user
due
to
impact
of
the
density
of
b
uildings
and
the
distance
between
the
U
A
V
and
users.
The
probability
of
user
which
has
benefit
of
a
LoS
link
is
e
xpressed
as
[24]
P
LoS
;k
=
1
1+
pe
q
(
k
p
)
;
k
2
f
1
;
2
g
(1)
in
which
we
denote
p
and
q
are
constant
v
alues
depending
on
the
surrounding
en
vironment
(sub-urban,
urban,
dense-urban).
Therefore,
k
in
(1)
can
be
e
xpressed
as
k
=
arcsin
H
d
k
;
(2)
in
which
H
denotes
the
height
of
U
A
V
,
d
k
=
p
r
2
k
+
H
2
is
the
dis
tance
between
user
k
and
the
U
A
V
,
and
r
k
is
the
distance
between
users
and
U
A
V
.
Ob
viously
,
the
probability
of
NLoS
is
P
N
LoS
;k
=
1
P
LoS
;k
.
S
i
g
n
a
l
l
i
n
k
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
l
i
n
k
0
h
1
h
2
h
1
g
B
S
B
S
U
E
-
2
U
E
-
1
R
0
g
Figure
1.
Enabling
FD
mode
in
relaying
netw
ork
The
recei
v
ed
signal
at
the
relay
is
e
xpressed
by
y
R
=
h
0
2
X
k
=1
q
d
S
'
k
P
S
s
k
+
p
P
R
g
0
s
LI
0
+
n
R
;
(3)
where
,
0
1
denotes
as
le
v
el
of
self-interference
(LI),
'
k
;
k
=
1
;
2
are
po
wer
allocation
f
actors
to
tw
o
NOMA
users
who
need
recei
v
e
signal
s
k
,
P
S
is
transmit
po
wer
of
the
BS,
s
LI
is
self-interference
signal
due
to
FD
mode,
d
S
=
p
r
2
S
+
H
2
is
the
distance
between
B
S
and
U
A
V
,
and
is
the
path
loss
e
xponent
from
the
B
S
to
U
A
V
.
The
signal
to
interference
plus
noise
(SINR)
to
detect
signal
s
2
is
gi
v
en
by
s
2
R
=
'
2
d
S
j
h
0
j
2
'
1
d
S
j
h
0
j
2
+
j
g
0
j
2
+
1
;
(4)
Enabling
full-duple
x
in
multiple
access
tec
hnique
for
5G
wir
eless
networks...
(Chi-Bao
Le)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
194
r
ISSN:
1693-6930
where
=
P
S
/
N
0
=
P
R
/
N
0
is
the
transmit
signal-to-noise
radio
(SNR).
Emplo
ying
SIC,
interference
s
2
is
deleted
to
detect
s
1
corresponding
SINR
as
s
1
R
=
'
1
d
S
j
h
0
j
2
j
g
0
j
2
+
1
:
(5)
Then,
the
recei
v
ed
signal
at
user
UE-1
is
gi
v
en
as
y
U
E
1
=
h
1
2
X
k
=1
q
d
1
'
k
P
S
s
k
+
q
P
L
1
d
1
P
R
g
1
s
LI
1
+
n
U
E
1
(6)
where
d
1
is
the
distance
between
BS
to
UE-1,
P
L
k
=
(
P
LoS
;k
+
P
N
LoS
;k
)
,
k
2
f
1
;
2
g
and
denotes
the
additional
attenuation
f
actor
of
NLoS
transmission.
The
SINR
to
detect
s
2
and
then
s
1
at
UE-1
are
respecti
v
ely
e
xpressed
by
s
2
U
E
1
=
d
1
'
2
j
h
1
j
2
d
1
'
1
j
h
1
j
2
+
P
L
1
d
1
j
g
1
j
2
+
1
;
(7a)
s
1
U
E
1
=
'
1
d
1
j
h
1
j
2
P
L
1
d
1
j
g
1
j
2
+
1
:
(7b)
The
recei
v
ed
signal
and
SNR
at
user
UE-2
is
formulated
respecti
v
ely
as
~
y
U
E
2
=
h
2
q
P
L
2
d
2
P
R
~
s
2
+
n
U
E
2
:
(8)
~
s
2
U
E
2
=
P
L
2
d
2
j
h
2
j
2
:
(9)
3.
OUT
A
GE
PR
OB
ABILITY
AN
AL
YSIS
Case
1:
0
<
<
1
,
the
outage
probability
without
interference
link
of
UE-1
is
gi
v
en
by
O
P
U
E
1
=1
Pr
s
2
U
E
1
>
"
2
\
s
1
U
E
1
>
"
1
=1
Pr
j
h
1
j
2
>
j
g
1
j
2
+
1
;
(10)
where
=
P
L
1
d
1
,
=
max
"
2
(
'
2
'
1
"
2
)
;
"
1
'
1
,
"
1
=
2
2
R
1
1
with
R
1
is
denoted
as
the
tar
get
rate
at
UE-1
to
detect
s
1
and
"
2
=
2
2
R
2
1
with
R
2
being
the
tar
get
rate
at
UE-2
to
detect
s
2
.
Thus,
the
probability
distrib
ution
function
(PDF
)
of
the
unordered
squared
channel
g
ain
X
,
X
2
f
h
0
;
h
1
;
h
2
;
g
0
;
g
1
g
,
is
formulated
by
a
non-central
chi-square
distrib
ution
with
tw
o
de
grees
of
freedom
as
[25]
f
j
X
j
2
(
x
)
=
(1
+
K
X
)
e
K
X
(
1+
K
X
)
x
X
X
I
0
0
@
2
s
K
X
(1
+
K
X
)
x
X
1
A
;
(11)
where
I
0
(
:
)
is
the
zeroth-order
modified
Bessel
function
of
the
first
kind,
K
X
=
j
X
j
2
2
2
is
the
Rician
f
actor
and
X
=
E
n
j
X
j
2
o
=
1
is
the
normalized
a
v
erage
f
ading
po
wer
.
The
corresponding
cumulati
v
e
distrib
ution
function
(CDF)
is
kno
wn
as
F
j
X
j
2
(
x
)
=
1
Q
0
@
p
2
K
X
;
s
2
(1
+
K
X
)
x
X
1
A
;
(12)
where
Q
(
;
)
=
R
1
xe
2
+
x
2
2
I
0
(
ax
)
denotes
the
MarcumQ-function
of
first
order
.
By
using
result
included
in
[23,
Eq.
(8.445)]
with
I
0
(
z
)
=
P
1
r
=0
z
2
r
r
!(
r
+1)2
2
r
,
the
O
P
U
E
1
is
calculated
as
TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommun
Comput
El
Control,
V
ol.
19,
No.
1,
February
2021
:
192
–
198
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommun
Comput
El
Control
r
195
O
P
U
E
1
=1
Pr
j
h
1
j
2
>
j
g
1
j
2
+
1
=1
1
Z
0
f
j
g
1
j
2
(
x
)
1
Z
(
x
+1)
f
j
h
1
j
2
(
y
)
dxdy
=1
1
X
q
=0
1
X
b
=0
K
b
g
1
K
q
h
1
b
+1
g
1
q
+1
h
1
e
(
K
h
1
+
K
g
1
)
b
!
q
!
(
b
+
1)
(
q
+
1)
1
Z
0
x
b
e
(
1+
K
g
1
)
g
1
x
1
Z
(
x
+1)
y
q
e
(
1+
K
h
1
)
h
1
y
dxdy
;
(13)
where
g
1
=
(
1+
K
g
1
)
g
1
,
h
1
=
(
1+
K
h
1
)
h
1
and
(
)
is
the
Gamma
function
[23,
Eq.
(8.310)].
W
ith
the
help
of
[23,
Eq.
(3.324.1)],
[23,
Eq.
(1.111)],
[23,
Eq.
(3.324.3)]
we
can
further
simplify
the
abo
v
e
as
O
P
U
E
1
=
1
1
X
q
=0
1
X
b
=0
q
X
j
=0
j
X
p
=0
j
p
q
!
(
b
+
p
)!
p
j
K
b
g
1
K
q
h
1
b
+1
g
1
j
h
1
b
!
q
!
j
!
(
b
+
1)
(
q
+
1)
(
g
1
+
h
1
)
b
+
p
+1
e
h
1
(
K
h
1
+
K
g
1
)
+
(
1+
K
h
1
)
h
1
:
(14)
Case
2:
=
0
,
the
outage
probability
without
interference
link
of
UE-1
is
gi
v
en
by
O
P
U
E
1
=1
Pr
j
h
1
j
2
>
=
F
j
h
1
j
2
=1
Q
0
@
p
2
K
h
1
;
s
2
(1
+
K
h
1
)
h
1
1
A
:
(15)
In
particular
,
the
outage
probability
with
impact
of
interference
at
UE-2
is
gi
v
en
by
O
P
U
E
2
=1
Pr
(
s
2
R
>
"
2
\
s
1
R
>
"
1
)
Pr
~
s
2
U
E
2
>
"
2
=1
Pr
j
h
0
j
2
>
~
j
g
0
j
2
+
1
|
{z
}
1
Pr
j
h
2
j
2
>
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
|
{z
}
2
;
(16)
where
~
=
max
"
2
d
S
(
'
2
"
2
'
1
)
;
"
1
'
1
d
S
.
Similarly
with
solving
(13),
it
can
be
achie
v
ed
1
as
1
=
1
X
r
=0
1
X
a
=0
r
X
q
=0
q
X
w
=0
q
w
(
a
+
w
)!
w
w
~
q
K
a
g
0
K
r
h
0
a
+1
g
0
q
h
0
a
!
q
!
(
a
+
1)
(
r
+
1)
(
g
0
+
h
0
)
a
+
w
+1
e
h
0
(
K
h
0
+
K
g
0
)
+
~
(
1+
K
h
0
)
h
0
;
(17)
where
g
0
=
(
1+
K
g
0
)
g
0
and
h
0
=
(
1+
K
h
0
)
h
0
.
Ne
xt,
2
is
calculated
as
2
=
Pr
j
h
2
j
2
>
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
=
1
Z
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
f
j
h
2
j
2
(
x
)
dx
=
1
X
c
=0
K
c
h
2
c
h
2
(1
+
K
h
2
)
e
K
h
2
c
!
(
c
+
1)
h
2
1
Z
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
x
c
e
h
2
x
dx;
(18)
Enabling
full-duple
x
in
multiple
access
tec
hnique
for
5G
wir
eless
networks...
(Chi-Bao
Le)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
196
r
ISSN:
1693-6930
where
h
2
=
(
1+
K
h
2
)
h
2
.
Based
on
[[23],
Eq.
(3.351.2)],
2
is
gi
v
en
by
2
=
1
X
c
=0
K
c
h
2
c
h
2
(1
+
K
h
2
)
e
K
h
2
c
!
(
c
+
1)
h
2
c
+1
h
2
c
+
1
;
h
2
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
;
(19)
where
(
:;
:
)
is
the
upper
incomplete
Gamma
function
[[23],
Eq.
(8.350.2)].
Substituting
(18)
and
(16)
into
(15),
O
P
U
E
2
is
gi
v
en
by
O
P
U
E
2
=1
1
X
r
=0
1
X
a
=0
r
X
q
=0
q
X
w
=0
1
X
c
=0
q
w
(
a
+
w
)!
w
w
~
q
K
a
g
0
K
r
h
0
a
+1
g
0
q
h
0
a
!
q
!
(
a
+
1)
(
r
+
1)
(
g
0
+
h
0
)
a
+
w
+1
K
c
h
2
c
h
2
(1
+
K
h
2
)
e
K
h
2
c
!
(
c
+
1)
h
2
c
+1
h
2
c
+
1
;
h
2
"
2
P
L
2
d
2
e
h
0
(
K
h
0
+
K
g
0
)
+
~
(
1+
K
h
0
)
h
0
:
(20)
4.
NUMERICAL
RESUL
TS
T
o
perform
simulations,
we
set
K
=
K
h
0
=
K
h
1
=
K
h
2
=
K
g
0
=
K
g
1
=
2
and
=
h
0
=
h
1
=
h
2
=
g
0
=
g
1
=
1
;
po
wer
allocation
f
actors
are
'
1
=
0
:
2
and
'
2
=
0
:
8
;
tar
get
rates
are
R
1
=
1
and
R
2
=
0
:
5
;
coef
ficient
related
to
SI
from
FD
is
=
0
:
01
.
P
ath
loss
e
xponent
is
=
2
,
the
height
of
U
A
V
H
=
30
m
,
additional
attenuation
f
actor
is
=
20
(dB),
en
vironment
parameter
is
p
=
4
:
8860
,
en
vironment
parameter
is
q
=
0
:
4290
.
The
times
of
Monte
Carlo
simulation
10
6
,
d
1
=
0
:
7
.
In
Figure
2,
outage
performance
of
user
UE-2
is
better
than
that
of
UE-1
at
numerous
case
of
Rician
f
ading
parameters.
It
is
v
aluable
as
well-
matching
between
Monte-Carlo
and
analytical
simulations.
At
higher
SNR,
impro
v
ed
outage
performance
can
be
seen.
As
illustration
in
Figure
3,
it
is
e
xistence
of
optimal
outage
performance
of
user
UE-1
as
v
arying
a
2
from
0.5
to
1.
It
can
be
further
seen
that
lo
wer
SI
leads
to
better
outage
performance
at
tw
o
users.
While
Figure
4
indicates
that
im
pro
v
ement
outage
performance
happens
at
higher
v
alue
of
K
related
to
Rician
f
ading
channel.
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
K = 1
K = 4
Figure
2.
Outage
probability
v
ersus
SNR
TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommun
Comput
El
Control,
V
ol.
19,
No.
1,
February
2021
:
192
–
198
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMNIKA
T
elecommun
Comput
El
Control
r
197
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
= 15, 25 (dB)
= 25 (dB)
= 15 (dB)
Figure
3.
Impact
of
po
wer
allocation
f
actor
a
1
on
outage
performance,
with
K
=
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Figure
4.
Impact
of
K
on
outage
performance,
with
=
15
(dB)
5.
CONCLUSION
In
this
paper
,
we
ha
v
e
discussed
ho
w
impacts
of
Rician
f
ading
and
full-duple
x
mode
ha
v
e
been
im-
plemented
in
the
relaying
netw
ork.
W
e
ha
v
e
e
xplored
se
v
eral
e
xact
e
xpressions
of
outage
probability
to
sho
w
performance
of
each
us
er
.
This
findings
benefit
to
deplo
yment
of
full-duple
x
to
pro
vide
higher
spectrum
ef
fi-
cienc
y
for
cellular
netw
ork
in
practice.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.