TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.16, No
.4, August 20
18, pp. 1515
~15
2
1
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited First Grade by
Kemenristekdikt
i
, Decree No: 21/
E/KPT/2018
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i4.9057
1515
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 23, 20
18; Re
vised
Ma
rch 28, 20
18; Accepted
Jun
e
10, 201
8
Bi-directional Beams W
aveguid
e
Slotted Antenna at
Millimeter Wave
Muataz
W.
Sabri*
1
, Noor
A. Murad
2
, Mohammed K.
A. Rahim
3
Dep
a
rtment of Commun
i
cati
o
n
s Engi
ne
erin
g
,
F
a
cult
y
of Ele
c
trical Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing,
Univers
i
t
y
T
e
chno
log
y
Ma
la
ysia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
:
wssm
uata
z
2@live.utm.m
y
, asniza
@fke.utm.my
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pa
per foc
u
sed
on
desi
g
nin
g
a
bi-d
irect
i
on
al
be
am
s w
a
ve
gu
i
d
e
slo
tte
d
a
n
t
en
na
a
t
m
i
l
l
i
me
tre
w
a
ve spectru
m
. W
a
ve
gu
ide
slotted
a
n
ten
na
is k
now
n f
o
r its
hig
h
ly
d
i
rectio
nal
p
a
ttern. By h
a
vi
ng
bi
-
directional patt
e
rn, the ca
pacity of system
coverage
can be expanded.
The
design
is implemented by us
ing
anten
na s
l
ot theory
on
a w
a
veg
u
id
e
struc
t
ure. T
he slott
ed ar
e
ma
de
on tw
o w
a
ll s
u
rfaces a
nd t
h
e
perfor
m
a
n
ce
i
s
co
mpar
ed
to
the sl
otted
o
n
sin
g
l
e
w
a
ll.
T
he tw
o mod
e
l
s des
ig
ns ar
e
si
mul
a
ted
usi
ng
Co
mp
uter Simulati
on T
e
chn
o
lo
gy (CST
) micr
ow
ave so
ftw
are. T
he si
mu
lati
on resu
lts show
that b
o
t
h
mo
de
ls o
per
ate at
30
GH
z
w
i
th
mi
ni
mu
m re
flection
c
oeffici
ent of -
24.6
3
a
nd -
25.0
1
dB
r
e
spectiv
e
ly. T
h
e
tw
o mo
dels
ac
hiev
ed
a fa
ir
h
i
gh
ga
in
at
15.
5 dB
a
nd
13.3
dB w
i
th
dir
e
ction
a
l
b
e
a
m
w
i
dth
of 8.9 de
gre
e
.
T
he pro
pose
d
bi-dir
ection
al
bea
ms struct
ure ach
i
ev
ed
a co
mpar
ab
le
gain
in b
o
th
directio
ns w
hen
compar
ed to th
e sing
le dir
e
cti
on.
Ke
y
w
ords
: W
a
veg
u
id
e slotte
d anten
na, Bi-d
irectio
nal b
e
a
m
s, Mm-w
ave, 5G
Copy
right
©
2018 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Millimeter
wa
ve (Mm
wave
) technol
ogy
has be
en p
r
e
s
ente
d
in th
e
last d
e
cade
a
s
a
ne
w
innovative sol
u
tion to allow searchi
ng for an optim
al answe
r to the incre
a
si
ng d
e
mand of traf
fic
cap
a
city users, highe
r g
a
in, highe
r dat
a rate
s,
and
power effici
e
n
cy e
s
pe
ciall
y
in the prop
ose
d
fifth generation (5G
)
[1].
The b
a
ckb
o
n
e
of the
prop
ose
d
5
G
te
chnolo
g
y will
be
cha
nged
from
usin
g optical fiber to mm-wave wi
rele
ss co
nne
cti
on,
allowe
d a m
o
re u
s
in
g of greate
r
spe
c
tru
m
at mm-wave frequ
en
cie
s
[2
], another a
d
venturo
u
s
of
m
m
-wave tech
nology ove
r
5
G
is all
o
win
g
a
rapid d
e
velop
m
ent and con
nectio
n
with coope
ration b
e
tween the b
a
s
e statio
ns [3
-5].
Traditio
nally, mm-wave
spe
c
tru
m
ha
s be
en a
d
d
r
essed fo
r o
u
tdoor point
to point
backh
aul lin
k due to high
path loss at h
i
gher frequ
en
cie
s
, co
st effective co
mpo
nents, an
d ot
her
related factors. However,
a promi
s
ed utilization
for t
h
is
spect
r
um
in
m
obile sy
stem
has been
introdu
ce
d in
[6-7]. Mm
-wave te
ch
no
logy on
oth
e
r
hand
suffers fro
m
se
vere
chall
e
n
ges,
inclu
d
ing l
a
rg
e propag
atio
n loss,
signal
absorbing,
l
o
w g
a
in of th
e propo
sed
a
n
tenna, a
nd l
o
w
transmitted p
o
we
r. Lo
w
g
a
in for ante
n
na at
ba
se
station (BS) in
mm-wave
can b
e
solved
by
desi
gning
a suitabl
e ante
nna u
s
ing
o
ne of the av
ailable tran
smissi
on line
s
theory su
ch
as
waveg
u
ide, sl
otted antenn
a
,
and microst
r
ip antenn
a.
In mm-wave
BS infrast
r
ucture, a
high-densi
ty base station w
ill
be used. Connecting
these
BS via
wire
d
stru
ctu
r
e will
be
costl
y
, one
so
lutio
n
is to
co
nne
ct mm
-wave base station with
backh
aul lin
k
[8] and u
s
e a
type of ante
nna a
r
ray wit
h
high
er g
a
in
and tran
smitting the p
o
wer in
two di
re
ction
s
, to redu
ce
the cost of th
e compo
nent
s, an
d in
crea
se th
e capa
city of the traf
fic
use
r
s. At Ba
se Station si
de
, an array of
antenn
a o
r
b
eamformi
ng t
e
ch
niqu
e whi
c
h
com
b
ined
the
power tra
n
smitted and i
n
crea
se the
gain of
the
antenn
as in
a dire
ctional
beam ha
s
been
pres
ented in [8-9].
Antenna
s wit
h
outstan
din
g
desi
gn ca
n improve th
e perfo
rman
ce of co
mm
unication
system,
whi
c
h is on
e of
some
chall
eng
es i
n
5
G
syst
ems. Va
rio
u
s types
of a
n
tenna
de
sig
n
s are
con
s
id
ere
d
suitable for 2
8
and 38
GHz re
spe
c
t
i
vely, in which ap
plicatio
ns du
e to the
requi
rem
ent for small si
ze,
light weig
ht, and lo
w cost
has b
een
de
mande
d. [10]. Recently, the
techn
o
logy
of wavegui
d
e
slotted a
n
tenna
[11
-
13] ha
s be
en develo
p
e
d
for mm-wave
appli
c
ation
s
[13] due
to
the trad
eoff
integrat
io
n in
radi
o frequ
ency front-e
nd
circuits a
nd
system
s. A
s
t
he d
e
man
d
o
f
mm-wave i
n
cre
a
ses,
the delivery
of
gi
gabits
pe
r se
con
d
se
rvice
for
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 151
5-1521
1516
con
s
um
er d
e
v
ices in
crea
ses. The
r
efore
,
an in
cre
a
si
n
g
deman
d of highe
r gain a
n
tenna a
nd the
desi
r
ed a
n
ten
na ha
s to be
comp
atible wi
th integrate
d
circuits, a
nd
own hi
gh gai
n and small side
lobe.
Hen
c
e, thi
s
p
aper is focusi
ng on
de
sig
n
i
ng
the wave
g
u
ide slotted a
n
tenna
ope
ra
ting
at
30 GHz, p
r
o
v
iding a hig
h
gain, lo
w side lo
be
s, and bi
-directi
onal be
am
s. Two type
s of
waveg
u
ide
sl
otted ante
nna
s a
r
e
inve
stig
ated in
this
work.
The
first
desi
gn im
ple
m
ents 8
slot
s on
one si
de of the wave
guid
e
stru
cture, named a
s
Antenna 1. The
se
con
d
de
sig
n
applie
s 8 sl
ots
each on two
of the waveg
u
ide walls, m
a
ke it 16
slot
s in overall, named
as A
n
tenna 2. T
he
perfo
rman
ce
of the two types p
r
op
ose
d
antenn
as
are si
mulate
d usin
g Com
puter Simulat
i
on
Tech
nolo
g
y (CST)
softwa
r
e.
2. Design of
Wav
e
guide Slotted
Ante
nna
In this work,
our main
g
o
a
l
is to d
e
si
gn
and
d
e
velop
a
wave
guid
e
sl
otted
ant
enna
at
mm-wave fre
quen
cy an
d t
o
achieve
a
high g
a
in,
lo
w
si
de
l
obe, and
d
ual dire
ctional bea
m at
9
degree
s at t
he
same
level of the
one
dire
ction
a
l b
eam g
a
in. A
re
ctang
ular
sha
pe of
slot
ted
antenn
a and
waveg
u
ide h
a
s be
en sele
cted for this d
e
sig
n
, applie
d on top of the first waveg
u
ide,
and top
-
botto
m of the se
co
nd one. T
he
slot type of
linear
ape
rture
distrib
u
tion h
a
s be
en u
s
e
d
in
this
work
[10]
.
The po
sition
of the cutting
slot is dete
r
mi
ned fro
m
the natu
r
e of curre
n
t flow and field
prop
agatio
n in the wave
gu
ide. Hen
c
e, t
he po
siti
on
wi
ll determin
e
the impe
dan
ce of the slot, the
amount
of ra
diating p
o
wer from
slot, an
d the am
ount
of the po
we
r cou
p
led to
th
e slot
whi
c
h
can
be
controlled
by the
po
sition of
cutting
slot. Fig
u
r
e
1 [
12]
sho
w
s
a
cro
s
s
se
ct
ion v
i
e
w
in t
h
e
waveg
u
ide fo
r a singl
e slo
t. A slot in the ce
ntre
po
sition a
s
se
e
n
in Figure 1, of broad wal
l
of
waveg
u
ide
wi
ll not ra
diate,
and
whe
n
the
slot i
s
a
w
ay from
cent
re m
o
re
cu
rrent crosse
s throug
h
slot edg
es, th
en more ene
rgy coupl
ed in
the slot
and
that will incre
a
se the
radiat
ing po
wer. Th
e
slot
in
the waveguid
e
is con
s
id
er as a
shunt
im
pe
dan
ce
acro
ss the
tran
smi
ssi
on li
ne o
r
an
equivalent ad
mittance loa
d
i
ng the tran
smissi
on line
[
12,14]. There
f
ore, whe
n
the admittance
o
f
the waveg
u
id
e equal
s the
admittance of the slo
t, a match
ed transmi
ssion li
ne co
ndition
is
applie
d
Figure 1. The
Slot Cross-Section Vie
w
o
f
Waveguid
e
[12]
Slotted wave
guide
exhibit
s
hi
gh g
a
in
antenn
a with
highly di
re
ct
ional o
n
the
antenn
a
plane. Thi
s
can be achiev
ed by feedin
g
all t
he slots in pha
se [16-1
8
]. Figure 2 sho
w
s t
he
schemati
c
of waveguid
e
slot antenna, whe
r
e a
half-wavele
ngth o
f
transmi
ssi
o
n
line has b
e
en
cho
s
e
n
of re
peating a
d
mittance. As a
result, the
ad
mittance of a
ll the slots
wi
ll be in parall
e
l,
whe
r
e ea
ch p
a
rallel
re
sisto
r
rep
r
e
s
ent
s one sl
ot.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Bi-dire
c
tion
al Beam
s Wa
ve
guide Slotted
An
tenna at M
illim
eter… (M
uataz
W. Sab
r
i)
1517
Figure 3 sho
w
s the p
r
op
ose
d
stru
ctu
r
e of
the slots in the wav
eguid
e
. Total 8 slots
impleme
n
ted
on Antenn
a 1
and 1
6
slot
s on Antenn
a
2. The sl
ots
are in
pha
se
by shifting th
eir
cente
r
s
at h
a
lf guided
wavelength al
ong t
he wav
eguid
e
.
The
guided wav
e
length can be
determi
ned from [13]:
λ
g
=
1
˳
²
²
(1)
whe
r
e,
λ
c
is t
he cutoff wav
e
length, a
nd i
t
s two time
s t
he dim
ensi
o
n
of the waveg
u
ide. Th
e gai
n
of the
slotted
antenn
a
can
be
con
s
id
ere
d
a
s
a
gai
n o
f
an a
n
tenn
a
array, so
whe
n
it do
uble
s
t
h
e
numbe
r of el
ement, the g
a
in do
ubled.
Therefore,
to
find the gai
n and th
e be
am width
of th
e
slotted ante
n
na the followi
ng equ
ation
s
are ap
plied [1
4-15]:
Gain = 1
0
×
log
.
˳
dB
(2)
Beamwi
dth =
50.7 ×
˳
.
Degrees
(3)
whe
r
e N i
s
the total numbe
r of slots.
Figure 2. The
Schemati
c
of
Wavegui
de
Slotted Antenna [12]
Figure 3. The
Wavegui
de
Slo
tted Antenna Structu
r
e [
15]
Figure 4
sh
o
w
s the
pro
p
o
s
ed
wavegui
de
stru
ctur
e t
he first on
e h
a
s
8
slots on
the top
of
the waveg
u
id
e side, an
d the se
co
nd an
tenna ha
s
16
slots; 8 slot
s at each top
and bottom
si
de
of the waveg
u
ide. The in
crea
sing n
u
m
ber of
slot
s l
ead to incre
a
se the p
o
wer ra
diating
and
hen
ce, increa
sing of the ga
in, while ch
osen the 16
and
8 slots are b
a
se
d on two factors; the si
ze
of the antenn
a stru
cture,
and the high
er
gain which ca
n be achieve
d
.
The
wavegui
de dime
nsi
o
n
,
includi
ng
sl
ots di
m
ensi
o
ns
fo
r
both a
n
tenna
s can be
foun
d
in Tabl
e 1. T
he a
n
tenna
i
s
d
e
si
gned
to op
er
ate
at
30 G
H
z milli
meterwave freque
ncy. Ba
se
d
from
calculati
on, the h
a
lf p
o
we
r b
eam
wi
dth is
9 de
grees. T
he p
e
rf
orma
nce of t
he ante
nna
s
are
simulate
d usi
ng CST software.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 151
5-1521
1518
Figure 4. The
Propo
sed
Waveguid
e
Slotted Antenna f
o
r Thi
s
Wo
rk, (a) Antenn
a 1,
(b) Anten
na 2
Table 1. The
Dimen
s
io
ns o
f
the Propose
d
De
sign
Parameters
Specification of p
r
oposed
w
a
vegui
de
slotted antenna
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Freque
nc
y
(
GHz)
30
30
Waveguide
Dim(mm)
7.112×3.556
7.112×3.556
Min. Wavelength
(mm)
68.3 68.3
Slot Length (mm
)
4.88
4.88
Slot Width (mm)
0.85
0.7
Offset from
Centerline (mm
)
0.6 0.6
Spacing between
slots (
mm)
7.03 7.03
Number of slots
8
16
Waveguide side
Top onl
y
Top and Bott
om
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
Comp
uter Si
mulation T
e
chnolo
g
y (CS
T
) is
used to
simulate th
e
prop
osed
waveguid
e
slotted anten
na stru
cture. The softwa
r
e
used
Fi
nite
-Difference Ti
me Domai
n
(
F
DT
D)
for
3D
EM
field analysi
s
.
Simulation result
s sh
ow t
hat the pro
p
o
s
ed
waveg
u
i
de slotted
ant
enna
(Antenn
a 1
and A
n
tenna
2) i
s
ope
ratin
g
at
de
sire
d f
r
equ
en
cy
wit
h
minim
u
m
reflection
coef
ficient of
-2
4.63
and -2
5.01 d
B
resp
ectivel
y
, and the respon
se for bot
h antenn
as
can be seen in
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Simulation Results for Both Antenna 1 a
nd 2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Bi-dire
c
tion
al Beam
s Wa
ve
guide Slotted
An
tenna at M
illim
eter… (M
uataz
W. Sab
r
i)
1519
The mai
n
lob
e
gain
of the
Antenna 1
is
about 1
5
.5 d
B
, and for th
e Antenna
2 i
s
ab
out
13.3 dB. The beam wi
dth for both a
n
tenna
s sh
o
w
ed a go
od
value of 8.9 degree, with
the
dire
ction
of b
eam at
90 d
e
g
ree
s
. T
he
si
mulation
also
inclu
d
e
s
o
n
t
he a
rray
prob
ation to e
s
tim
a
te
the in
crease
in g
a
in. Fi
g
u
re
6
sh
ows the
radi
atio
n
patte
rn of Antenna
1 a
s
singl
e
el
e
m
en
t
antenn
a in p
a
rt (a
) and a
s
an array ele
m
ent anten
n
a
(4 ante
nna
s) in p
a
rt (b
), whe
r
e the g
a
i
n
is
increa
sed
to
be 2
0
.5 dB. Figure 7
sh
ows the
radi
ation patte
rn
of the Ante
nna 2
as sa
me
approa
che
d
mentione
d in Figure 6, whe
r
e the gain h
a
s
increa
se
d to 21.5 dB.
Figure 6. Simulation of Ra
diation Pattern for Antenna
1 (a) Single
Element, (b)
Array Elemen
ts
(a) Singl
e Ele
m
ent
(b) a
r
ray Elements
Figure 7. Simulation of Ra
diation Pattern for An
tenna
2, (a) Single
Element, (b)
Array Elemen
ts
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 151
5-1521
1520
Figure 8
sho
w
s the
gain
d
i
stributio
n ov
er the
fre
que
ncy
rang
e fro
m
26
-3
4 G
H
z fo
r b
o
th
antenn
as. Th
e gain at 30
GHz of Anten
na 2 is le
ss t
han Antenn
a 1 by 2 dB, th
e differen
c
e h
e
re
as sho
w
n in Figure 7 is Antenna 2 tra
n
smitting the
powe
r
in du
al dire
ction b
eams
with sa
me
beam wi
dth a
nd less gai
n compa
r
ed to Antenna 1.
A comp
ari
s
o
n
of the p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e fo
r b
o
th wave
guid
e
slotted
ante
nna
s a
r
e
sum
m
ari
z
e
d
in Tabl
e 2,
whe
r
e Ante
n
na 2
sh
owe
d
a p
r
omi
s
in
g pe
rform
a
n
c
e compa
r
ed
with Anten
n
a
1.
Whe
r
ea
s
with
bi-di
r
e
c
tional
beam
s
radiat
ion at 30
G
H
z, the respon
se
s were eq
u
a
l in both
si
d
e
s
with
sam
e
g
a
i
n of 1
3
.3 dB,
and
for Ante
nna
1 the
rad
i
ation p
e
rfo
r
mance i
s
i
n
o
ne di
re
ction
with
gain of 15.5
dB. Furthe
rm
ore, both
ant
enna
s
sho
w
e
d
a sati
sfact
o
ry pe
rform
a
nce
whe
n
a
r
ray
element
s of 4 were a
pplie
d
with gain of 20 and 2
1
dB resp
ectively.
Table 2. Co
m
pari
s
on of the
Performa
nce
fo
r the Two
Propo
se
d Wa
veguide Slotted Antenna
s
Parameters
Performance of
p
r
oposed
w
a
vegui
de slotted
antennas
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Number of Elem
ents
4
1
4
Reflection
Coefficient S11 (
d
B)
24.63
-24.6
-25.01
-25.01
Gain (dB
)
5.5
0.5
13.3
21.5
Side lobes (dB)
13
13
-13
-13
Beam w
i
dth
(degre
e
)
8 .9
8.9
6.4
Angel (degre
e
)
0
0
90
90
Freque
nc
y
(
G
Hz)
0
0
30
30
number of slots
8
2
16
64
Figure 8. Gai
n
vs Freq
uen
cy for Antenn
a 1 & Antenna 2
4. Conclusio
n
A waveguid
e
slotted ante
nna is di
scu
s
sed in
this
pape
r. Two
model of wa
veguide
slotted
anten
na
were p
r
e
s
ented, o
ne
wi
th one
di
recti
onal
beam
ra
diation
po
wer, and th
e
se
cond
one with
bi
-di
r
ectio
nal bea
ms radi
ation power.
T
he simulated re
su
lts
sho
w
a go
od
respon
se
at
30 G
H
z. Th
e
waveg
u
ide
a
n
tenna
with
8
slot
s
on to
p
side
ha
s
a fai
r
b
eam
width
up to
18
de
gree
s
and a hi
gh g
a
in as
array
with 15.5 dB.
The second
waveg
u
ide a
n
tenna
with 1
6
slot
s on top
and
bottom sid
e
has
high g
a
i
n
in two
dire
ction
s
with
1
3
.3 dB, and
a very goo
d
beam
width
of 8.9
degree. F
u
ture works
relat
ed to
this work
w
ill
b
e
deve
l
oped
an
ante
nna bea
mforming system
at
mm-wave
whi
c
h
ca
n
radi
ate at
± 9
0
d
e
g
r
ee,
whi
c
h
ca
n ea
sily b
e
a
dopted
to the
5G
cellul
a
r b
a
se
station
s
net
works, an
d an
exam
ination
of optimal fa
brication p
r
o
c
ess for the
s
e
model at m
m
-
wave technol
ogy.
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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930
Bi-dire
c
tion
al Beam
s Wa
ve
guide Slotted
An
tenna at M
illim
eter… (M
uataz
W. Sab
r
i)
1521
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