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C
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A
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Facu
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Per
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d
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[2
]
,
[
3]
.
T
h
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s
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d
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r
d
ev
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at
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p
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p
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p
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to
-
f
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d
ef
f
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t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
FET
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[
4
]
.
Per
o
v
s
k
ite
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
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n
tiu
m
s
tan
n
ate
(
SrSn
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3
)
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
p
h
o
to
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m
in
escen
ce
an
d
p
h
o
to
ca
ta
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s
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
its
v
alen
ce
b
an
d
an
d
c
o
n
d
u
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n
b
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
SrSn
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3
th
in
f
ilm
s
h
as
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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to
s
p
lit
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[
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o
r
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wav
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g
th
[
6
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.
I
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
o
r
g
an
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-
in
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n
ic
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
b
ased
o
n
SrSn
O
3
,
th
e
s
y
n
th
esizatio
n
o
f
SrSn
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3
as
n
-
ty
p
e
p
air
ed
with
o
r
g
an
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p
-
p
o
ly
an
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(
p
-
PANI
)
b
y
Fais
al
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t
a
l.
an
d
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
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p
-
ty
p
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
g
r
a
p
h
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e
o
x
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(
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GO)
with
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3
b
y
Ven
k
atesh
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l.
as
a
n
an
o
co
m
p
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ite
u
s
ed
to
e
n
h
an
c
e
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
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ac
tiv
ity
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tan
n
ate
b
ased
p
er
o
v
s
k
it
e
-
ty
p
e
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ater
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h
av
e
a
g
en
er
al
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
ASn
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3
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
alk
alin
e
-
ea
r
th
s
tan
n
ate
f
o
r
A
m
o
lec
u
le
th
at
ar
e
B
a,
Sr,
o
r
C
a
with
th
e
io
n
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r
ad
iu
s
o
f
1
3
5
p
m
,
1
1
8
pm
an
d
1
0
0
p
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
5
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A
Sn
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3
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as
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ap
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ch
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n
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f
lat
p
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el
d
is
p
lay
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d
h
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m
id
ity
s
en
s
o
r
[
9
]
.
As
s
tated
in
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th
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p
ap
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r
s
,
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tr
o
n
tiu
m
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d
o
p
in
g
u
s
in
g
p
u
ls
ed
laser
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
(
PLD)
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
0
]
.
Stro
n
tiu
m
s
ta
n
n
ate
is
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
ty
p
e
m
ater
ial
wh
ich
is
class
if
ied
as
n
-
t
y
p
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
u
e
to
o
x
y
g
e
n
v
a
ca
n
cy
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Sy
n
th
esis
o
f
SrSn
O
3
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
b
y
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
in
f
ilm
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
d
er
u
s
in
g
a
ch
em
ical
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al,
s
o
l
-
g
el
an
d
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
r
atio
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
a
wet
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
th
in
f
ilm
s
s
h
o
w
a
th
ick
n
ess
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
.
As
a
th
ic
k
f
i
lm
,
it
ex
h
ib
its
lo
w
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
v
alu
es
o
f
o
r
d
e
r
1
0
-
8
S/cm
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ew
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
SrSn
O
3
u
s
in
g
d
r
y
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
a
s
p
u
tter
in
g
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
W
ak
an
a
et
a
l
.
h
av
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
s
tr
o
n
tiu
m
m
ater
ial
to
m
ag
n
esiu
m
o
x
i
d
e
(
Mg
O)
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
y
an
5
0
-
W
R
F
s
p
u
tter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
at
a
g
as p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
8
0
m
T
o
r
r
wit
h
a
g
as
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
5
0
%
o
f
p
u
r
e
ar
g
o
n
an
d
5
0
%
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
s
itio
n
was
s
et
p
er
p
en
d
icu
la
r
(
9
0
o
)
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
[
1
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
PLD
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
ep
o
s
it
d
o
p
ed
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
o
n
to
a
s
tr
o
n
tiu
m
titan
ate
cr
y
s
t
al
(
ST
O)
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
[
1
0
]
,
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
a
s
p
u
tter
in
g
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
n
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ates.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
we
r
e
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
an
d
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
an
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
b
y
an
R
F
m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tter
in
g
o
n
to
an
I
T
O
co
ated
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
an
d
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
wer
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
r
ev
ea
l its
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
o
p
to
ele
ctr
o
n
ics ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fig
u
re
1
s
h
o
ws
a
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
f
ab
r
icatio
n
an
d
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
S
r
Sn
O
3
f
ilm
o
n
I
T
O
co
ated
g
las
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
u
s
in
g
an
R
F
m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tte
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
s
am
p
le
s
tar
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
clea
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
u
ltra
-
b
ath
,
th
e
n
lo
ad
it
in
to
s
p
u
tter
in
g
ch
am
b
e
r
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
s
tep
s
,
th
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
will b
e
ac
tiv
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
f
a
b
r
ica
tio
n
an
d
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
2
.
1
.
Su
bs
t
ra
t
e
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n
I
n
d
iu
m
tin
o
x
id
e
(
I
n
2
O
3
:Sn
)
k
n
o
wn
as
I
T
O
co
ated
g
lass
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
2
2
cm
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
clea
n
ed
u
s
in
g
ac
eto
n
e,
m
eth
a
n
o
l
,
an
d
d
e
-
i
o
n
ized
wate
r
with
s
o
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
1
5
m
in
ea
ch
[
1
5
]
.
Af
ter
th
e
s
o
n
ic
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
w
er
e
d
r
ie
d
i
n
a
o
v
en
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
at
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
R
F
ma
g
n
etro
n
s
p
u
tter
ed
...
(
Yu
s
ma
r
P
a
la
p
a
Wij
a
ya
)
1351
70
o
C
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
esen
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
f
r
o
m
an
y
im
p
u
r
ities
th
at
co
r
r
elate
d
to
its
co
n
tact
q
u
ality
.
2
.
2
.
Depo
s
it
io
n o
f
t
hin
f
ilm
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
s
p
u
tter
in
g
ch
am
b
er
an
d
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
re
-
s
p
u
tter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
was
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
an
y
o
x
i
d
e
lay
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
1
5
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
s
p
u
tter
in
g
in
co
m
m
o
n
,
n
am
ely
as
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
an
d
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
R
F).
R
F
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ten
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
g
r
o
win
g
r
esu
lt
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
a
th
in
f
ilm
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
was
s
et
u
p
u
s
in
g
a
1
0
0
-
W
R
F
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
3
6
5
Hz,
a
ch
am
b
e
r
b
ase
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
7
.
7
10
-
6
T
o
r
r
an
d
g
as
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
5
m
T
o
r
r
.
Pu
r
e
ar
g
o
n
was
u
s
ed
as
s
p
u
tter
g
as
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
as
r
ea
ctiv
e
g
as
b
y
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
7
5
%
an
d
2
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
7
]
.
Dis
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
tar
g
et
an
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
is
ab
o
u
t
1
2
0
m
m
n
o
n
-
p
er
p
en
d
icu
la
r
an
d
a
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
tim
e
o
f
6
0
m
in
.
Stro
n
tiu
m
s
tan
n
ate
d
is
c
with
p
u
r
ity
9
9
.
9
%,
3
-
in
c
h
in
d
iam
eter
an
d
0
.
1
2
5
-
in
ch
in
t
h
ick
n
ess
(
Plas
m
ater
ials
)
is
u
s
e
d
as
a
s
p
u
tter
tar
g
et.
Fr
o
m
two
ca
th
o
d
es
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
s
p
u
tter
in
g
ch
am
b
er
,
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ca
th
o
d
e
was c
h
o
s
en
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t w
ith
R
F p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
its
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
to
th
e
b
ase
is
4
5
o
as d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
F m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tte
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
in
f
ilm
Fo
r
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
alu
m
in
iu
m
(
Al)
was
u
s
ed
as
a
m
etal
co
n
tact
f
o
r
th
e
SrSn
O3
th
in
f
ilm
s
u
s
in
g
th
er
m
al
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Al
wir
e
was
p
lace
d
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
an
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
ch
am
b
er
i
n
a
tu
n
g
s
ten
b
o
at.
T
h
e
b
o
at
in
itially
was h
ea
ted
u
p
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t u
n
til Al
in
s
id
e
r
ea
ch
th
e
m
eltin
g
p
o
in
t
at
a
lar
g
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
3
9
A
with
a
s
m
all
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
ev
ap
o
r
ati
o
n
tim
e
was
s
et
f
o
r
2
5
m
in
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
a
nd
cha
r
a
ct
er
iza
t
io
n
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t w
as d
ep
lo
y
e
d
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
i
al.
XR
D
i
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
u
s
ed
wid
ely
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
q
u
an
titi
es
s
u
ch
as
lattice
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
cr
y
s
t
als,
s
tr
ain
s
tate,
cr
y
s
tallin
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
l
ay
er
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
allo
y
[
1
8
]
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
ato
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
AFM)
,
an
d
th
e
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
a
f
ield
-
em
is
s
io
n
s
ca
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
FESE
M)
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
n
n
in
g
e
lectr
o
n
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
ato
m
s
o
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
s
ig
n
als
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
y
.
B
esid
es,
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
X
-
r
ay
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
DX)
w
as
s
et
u
p
to
o
b
tain
m
ater
ial
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
[
2
0
]
.
L
a
s
t
ly
,
th
e
co
n
tact
a
n
g
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
wettab
ilit
y
,
h
o
r
izo
n
tal,
s
m
o
o
th
,
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
an
d
m
as
s
iv
e
s
o
lid
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3.
1
.
T
hin
f
ilm
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
i
cs
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
SEM
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
.
As
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
SrSn
O
3
th
ick
n
ess
at
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
len
g
th
im
ag
e
ar
ea
h
as
ev
e
n
d
e
p
th
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
3
1
0
n
m
.
Fo
r
6
0
m
in
u
tes
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
atio
n
,
it
r
esu
lts
in
3
1
1
-
n
m
o
f
th
ick
n
ess
o
v
er
2
0
3
-
n
m
th
ick
o
f
I
T
O
f
ilm
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
SEM
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
an
d
its
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
r
ate
r
ea
ch
es
+
5
.
1
8
n
m
p
er
m
in
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
tim
e
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ato
m
ic
n
u
m
b
er
d
ep
o
s
ited
in
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
in
b
u
lk
ty
p
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
1
:
13
49
–
13
5
6
1352
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e
:
(
a
)
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
SrSn
O
3
t
h
in
f
ilm
,
(
b
)
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
SEM
i
m
ag
e
f
o
r
th
ick
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t (
5
0
0
0
0
x
,
5
k
V)
o
n
a
I
T
O
-
c
o
ated
g
las
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
XR
D
p
atter
n
s
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
u
s
in
g
C
u
Kα
r
ad
iatio
n
(
λ
=
0
.
1
5
4
6
n
m
)
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
two
s
am
p
les
in
d
i
ca
ted
a
s
im
iliar
s
tr
o
n
g
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
in
th
e
(
0
0
2
)
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
SrSn
O
3
is
th
e
o
r
th
o
r
h
o
m
b
ic
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
cr
y
s
t
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
its
i
n
ter
p
lan
a
r
s
p
ac
in
g
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
1
2
=
ℎ
2
2
+
2
2
+
2
2
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
XR
D
p
atter
n
o
f
an
R
F m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tter
ed
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
et
s
h
o
ws th
e
SEM
-
E
DX
r
esu
lt
s
wh
er
e
d
is
in
ter
p
lan
ar
s
p
ac
in
g
,
h
kl
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
lan
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
abc
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
la
ttice
len
g
th
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
d
=
0
.
2
9
4
n
m
was
o
b
t
ain
ed
.
T
o
in
s
p
ec
t
t
h
e
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
u
ll
-
wid
th
h
alf
m
ax
im
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
FW
HM
o
f
(
0
0
2
)
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
ten
s
ity
is
0
.
4
7
2
,
an
d
its
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
h
o
wed
a
d
elta
o
f
2
<
1
o
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
p
ea
k
s
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
cr
y
s
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Peak
s
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
its
cr
y
s
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
P
e
a
k
N
o
.
P
o
s
o
[2
]
F
W
H
M
(
h
k
l
)
C
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
S
i
z
e
(
Ǻ
)
1
3
0
.
3
5
7
0
.
4
7
2
0
0
2
1
7
7
2
3
5
.
2
5
0
.
2
8
9
1
0
2
2
9
7
3
5
2
.
4
1
1
0
.
4
7
2
3
1
1
1
9
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
R
F
ma
g
n
etro
n
s
p
u
tter
ed
...
(
Yu
s
ma
r
P
a
la
p
a
Wij
a
ya
)
1353
R
esid
u
al
s
tr
es
s
h
as
s
h
if
ted
p
ea
k
s
in
o
n
e
an
d
o
th
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
b
ala
n
ce
s
tr
ess
at
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
an
d
s
atis
f
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
th
e
s
tr
ain
ten
s
o
r
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
o
r
th
o
r
h
o
m
b
ic
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
lattice
p
ar
am
eter
a
=
5
.
7
0
4
0
Ǻ,
b
=
8
.
0
6
Ǻ
an
d
c
=
5
.
7
0
8
0
Ǻ
(
a
≠
b
≠
c)
.
T
h
e
a
n
g
les
b
etwe
en
th
e
lattice
α
=
β
=
γ
=
9
0
o
,
p
er
p
e
n
d
icu
lar
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
lattice
alm
o
s
t
s
im
ilar
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ma
r
y
C
.
F.
Alv
es
et
a
l
.
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
lat
tice
d
ata
f
o
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
to
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
with
a
=
8
.
0
7
2
7
4
Ǻ,
b
=
5
.
7
1
1
2
2
Ǻ
a
n
d
c
=
5
.
7
1
2
5
1
Ǻ
b
ased
o
n
R
ietv
eld
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
is
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
cr
y
s
tal
lattice
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
led
to
an
in
ter
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
lattice
d
ata
v
alu
e.
C
r
y
s
ta
llit
e
s
ize
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
e
Sch
er
er
’
s
eq
u
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
in
g
B
r
ag
g
a
n
g
le
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
E
DX
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
elem
en
ts
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
with
co
n
tain
s
of
O
(
3
0
.
9
6
%),
Sr
(
1
8
.
6
9
%),
Sn
(
5
0
.
3
5
%)
in
weig
h
t
an
d
7
5
.
2
2
%
,
8
.
2
9
%,
1
6
.
4
9
%
in
ato
m
ic
n
u
m
b
er
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
u
s
in
g
E
DX
ap
p
ar
atu
s
with
5
-
k
eV
p
o
wer
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
with
its
d
atab
ase
with
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
o
r
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
O
(
1
8
.
0
7
3
%
)
,
Sr
(
3
4
.
4
5
%
)
,
Sn
(
4
6
.
6
7
%
)
an
d
its
ato
m
ic
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
5
7
.
1
4
%,
3
0
.
1
5
%,
1
2
.
6
9
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
h
a
v
e
a
lar
g
e
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
o
x
y
g
e
n
(
O)
an
d
tin
(
Sn
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
d
ata
b
ase,
wh
ich
it
co
u
l
d
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
E
DX
b
ea
m
r
ea
c
h
in
g
I
T
O
lay
er
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
two
elem
en
ts
ab
o
v
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
r
ee
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
(
3
D)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
i
es
o
f
th
e
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
ITO
co
ated
g
lass
u
s
in
g
a
1
0
0
-
W
R
F
m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tter
in
g
.
T
h
ese
im
ag
es
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
ato
m
s
was
ac
h
iev
ed
.
As
a
s
o
lid
m
ater
ial
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
it
also
in
d
icate
s
m
a
s
s
iv
e
b
o
m
b
ar
d
m
en
t
o
f
io
n
f
r
o
m
tar
g
et
to
th
e
r
o
tatin
g
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
R
a
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
ai
n
s
iz
e
o
f
S
r
S
n
O
3
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
b
as
e
d
o
n
a
n
a
r
e
a
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
t
o
5
0
0
0
n
m
2
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
,
l
i
n
ea
r
t
r
e
n
d
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
a
i
n
s
i
z
e
.
A
t
a
r
e
a
5
0
0
0
n
m
2
,
i
t
r
e
s
u
l
ts
i
n
a
R
a
=
2
.
2
5
8
n
m
a
n
d
a
g
r
a
i
n
s
i
z
e
=
1
9
7
.
2
n
m
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
R
a
m
a
y
be
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
1
0
0
-
W
R
F
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
x
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
u
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
t
a
r
g
e
t
o
f
4
5
o
a
s
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
d
e
p
o
s
it
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
la
r
a
x
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
s
m
o
o
t
h
e
r
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
(
<
1
n
m
)
[
1
4
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
AFM
im
ag
es o
f
:
(
a)
ar
ea
1
x
1
µm
2
,
(
b
)
ar
ea
5
x
5
µm
2
with
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
SEM
im
ag
es o
f
,
(
c)
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
x
m
a
g
n
if
icatio
n
,
(
d
)
5
0
.
0
0
0
x
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
1
:
13
49
–
13
5
6
1354
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
o
u
g
h
n
ess
a
v
er
a
g
e
(
R
a
)
an
d
g
r
ain
s
ize
o
f
SrSn
O
3
t
h
in
f
ilm
Sm
o
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
by
ad
ju
s
t
in
g
p
o
wer
lo
we
r
th
an
1
0
0
W
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
c
h
em
ical
s
y
n
th
esis
g
r
o
wth
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
u
n
if
o
r
m
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lar
s
h
ap
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
an
o
r
o
d
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
[
1
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
R
F
m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tter
in
g
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
W
ak
an
a
et
a
l
.
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
s
m
o
o
th
er
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
is
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
b
y
lo
wer
p
o
wer
(
5
0
W
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
tact
an
g
le
b
etwe
en
a
liq
u
id
a
n
d
th
e
th
i
n
f
ilm
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
tact
a
n
g
le
o
f
ten
co
r
r
e
l
ates
with
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
ch
as
ad
h
esio
n
,
s
u
r
f
a
ce
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
wettin
g
o
f
m
ater
ial.
Sm
all
wate
r
d
r
o
p
let
was
lo
ca
l
ized
to
a
v
o
id
wate
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
latten
in
g
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
g
r
av
itatio
n
al
f
o
r
ce
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
th
in
f
ilm
s
s
h
o
w
an
g
le
v
alu
e
=
5
7
.
5
0
o
(
<
9
0
o
)
th
at
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
am
p
le
h
as h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
en
er
g
y
(
m
etal
-
lik
e
)
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
n
tact
a
n
g
le
o
f
SrSn
O
3
f
ilm
s
u
r
f
ac
e
3
.
2
.
E
lect
rica
l c
o
nd
uct
iv
it
y
E
lectr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
p
lay
s
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
th
i
n
f
ilm
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
b
e
a
n
d
r
esu
lted
in
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
1
2
.
4
10
-
3
-
c
m
,
wh
ich
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
8
.
3
3
10
2
S
/cm
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
an
R
F
s
p
u
tt
er
ed
SrSn
O3
th
in
f
ilm
is
th
e
s
im
ilar
o
r
d
er
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
with
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
m
etal
-
d
o
p
ed
SrSn
O3
t
h
in
f
il
m
s
o
f
s
tib
iu
m
-
,
n
e
o
d
y
m
iu
m
-
,
an
d
tan
talu
m
-
d
o
p
ed
SrSn
O
3
,
wh
ich
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
0
.
1
10
-
5
-
cm
,
2
3
10
-
3
-
c
m
,
21
10
-
3
-
cm
an
d
3
.
3
3
10
-
3
-
cm
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
o
f
g
r
ain
s
ize
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
th
in
f
ilm
s
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
th
u
s
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
ilm
s
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
R
F
m
ag
n
etr
o
n
s
p
u
tter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
3
1
1
n
m
a
n
d
ev
en
th
ick
n
ess
s
p
r
ea
d
s
all
o
v
er
I
T
O
co
ated
g
lass
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
XR
D
p
atter
n
s
s
h
o
wed
th
e
s
h
ar
p
cu
r
v
e
o
f
(
0
0
2
)
r
ef
lectio
n
p
ea
k
d
ep
icts
s
m
all
FW
HM
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
7
o
.
I
ts
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
o
r
t
h
o
r
h
o
m
b
ic
b
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
th
eir
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lattice
v
alu
es
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
a=
5
.
7
0
4
0
Ǻ,
b
=8
.
0
6
Ǻ,
c=
5
.
7
0
8
0
Ǻ
o
r
a
≠
b
≠
c
a
n
d
α
=
β
=
γ
=
9
0
o
,
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
ea
c
h
o
th
e
r
.
B
ased
o
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
it
w
as
class
if
ied
as
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
an
d
its
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
(R
a
)
v
al
u
e
is
2
.
2
5
n
m
.
T
h
e
R
a
c
o
u
ld
ac
h
iev
e
s
m
o
o
th
er
v
alu
e
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
R
F
p
o
wer
in
th
e
s
p
u
tter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tact
an
g
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
e
n
er
g
y
was
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
th
e
th
i
n
f
ilm
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
an
g
le
is
less
th
an
9
0
o
,
wh
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
SrSn
O
3
f
ilm
is
a
m
etal
-
lik
e
ty
p
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
d
with
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ater
ial
in
a
h
eter
ju
n
ctio
n
t
y
p
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
1
2
.
4
10
-
3
-
cm
f
o
r
th
e
t
h
in
f
i
lm
o
f
SrSn
O
3
th
at
o
b
tain
ed
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
at
o
f
lu
s
tr
o
u
s
m
etal
-
d
o
p
ed
SrSn
O
3
th
in
f
ilm
s
with
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
8
.
3
3
10
2
S/cm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
R
F
ma
g
n
etro
n
s
p
u
tter
ed
...
(
Yu
s
ma
r
P
a
la
p
a
Wij
a
ya
)
1355
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
f
in
an
cially
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
u
n
d
er
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
em
e
(
FR
GS/1
/2
0
1
8
/TK
1
0
/UT
HM
/0
3
/7
)
f
u
n
d
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
Sab
ah
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t Sch
em
e
(
SB
K0
345
-
2
0
1
7
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
[1
]
M
.
Ah
m
a
d
i,
T.
W
u
,
a
n
d
B.
Hu
,
“
A
re
v
iew
o
n
o
r
g
a
n
ic
–
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
ic
h
a
li
d
e
p
e
ro
v
s
k
it
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
tec
to
rs:
d
e
v
ice
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
fu
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
p
h
y
sic
s,”
Ad
v
.
M
a
ter
.
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
4
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/a
d
m
a
.
2
0
1
6
0
5
2
4
2
.
[2
]
H.
Wan
g
a
n
d
D.
H.
Kim
,
“
P
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
to
d
e
tec
to
rs:
m
a
ter
ials
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
s,”
Ch
e
m.
S
o
c
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
,
p
p
.
5
2
0
4
-
5
2
3
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C6
CS
0
0
8
9
6
H.
[3
]
F
.
Di
G
iac
o
m
o
,
A.
F
a
k
h
a
ru
d
d
in
,
R.
Jo
se
,
a
n
d
T.
M
.
Br
o
wn
,
“
P
r
o
g
re
ss
,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
in
flex
ib
le
p
e
ro
v
s
k
it
e
so
lar ce
ll
s,”
R.
S
o
c
.
Ch
e
m.
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C
6
EE
0
1
1
3
7
C
.
[4
]
Y.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
T.
Da
i,
F
e
n
g
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
Ya
ti
n
g
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
All
-
P
e
r
o
v
sk
it
e
P
h
o
t
o
d
e
tec
to
r
with
F
a
st
Re
sp
o
n
se
,
”
Na
n
o
sc
a
le
Res
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/s1
1
6
7
1
-
0
1
9
-
3
0
8
2
-
z.
[5
]
A.
B.
A.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
S
.
S
a
rjad
i,
A.
Alias
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Ib
ra
h
im3
,
“
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
S
tan
n
a
te
P
e
r
o
v
sk
it
e
S
tru
c
t
u
re
a
s
Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ics
M
a
teria
l :
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
S
ta
n
n
a
te
P
e
ro
v
sk
i
te Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ics
M
a
teria
l
:
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
S
tru
c
tu
re
a
s,”
J
.
P
h
y
s.
Co
n
f.
S
e
r.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
5
8
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/1
3
5
8
/1
/0
1
2
0
4
3
.
[6
]
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
N.
Um
e
z
a
wa
,
“
S
e
n
siti
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
e
ro
v
sk
i
te
S
tr
o
n
ti
u
m
S
ta
n
n
a
te S
rS
n
O
3
t
o
wa
rd
s
Visi
b
le
-
Li
g
h
t
Ab
so
r
p
ti
o
n
b
y
D
o
p
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
Ph
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
p
.
3
-
6
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
1
4
/
6
4
3
5
3
2
.
[7
]
M
.
F
a
isa
l,
F
.
A.
Ha
rra
z
,
A.
A.
Is
m
a
il
,
M
.
A.
Alsa
iari,
a
n
d
S
.
A.
Al
-
sa
y
a
ri,
“
No
v
e
l
sy
n
t
h
e
sis
o
f
P
o
l
y
a
n
il
in
e
/S
r
S
n
O
3
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
wit
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
c
a
taly
ti
c
a
c
ti
v
it
y
,
”
Ce
ra
m.
I
n
t.
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
8
4
-
2
0
4
9
2
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
e
ra
m
in
t.
2
0
1
9
.
0
7
.
0
2
7
.
[8
]
G
.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
h
,
M
.
G
e
e
rth
a
n
a
,
S
.
P
ra
b
h
u
,
R.
Ra
m
e
sh
,
a
n
d
K.
M
.
P
ra
b
u
,
“
Op
ti
k
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
c
a
taly
ti
c
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
re
d
u
c
e
d
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
o
x
i
d
e
/S
rS
n
O
3
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
fo
r
a
q
u
e
o
u
s
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
o
ll
u
tan
t
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Op
t.
-
In
t.
J
.
L
ig
h
t
El
e
c
tro
n
Op
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
6
,
n
o
.
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
0
5
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
E.
M
o
re
ira,
J.
M
.
He
n
ri
q
u
e
s,
D.
L.
Az
e
v
e
d
o
,
E.
W.
S
.
Ca
e
tan
o
,
V.
N.
F
re
ire,
a
n
d
E.
L
.
Alb
u
q
u
e
rq
u
e
,
“
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
,
o
p
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
,
in
f
ra
re
d
a
n
d
Ra
m
a
n
sp
e
c
tra
o
f
o
rth
o
r
h
o
m
b
ic
S
rS
n
O
3
fro
m
DFT
c
a
lcu
latio
n
s,”
J
.
S
o
li
d
S
ta
te
Ch
e
m.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
2
1
–
9
2
8
,
Ap
r.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
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1
6
/j
.
jssc
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
2
.
0
0
9
.
[1
0
]
Q.
Li
u
,
J.
Da
i,
X.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
G
.
Zh
u
,
Z.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
G
.
Din
g
,
“
P
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
-
ty
p
e
tran
s
p
a
re
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
o
x
i
d
e
fi
lms
:
Sb
-
a
n
d
Nd
-
d
o
p
e
d
S
rS
n
O
3
,
”
T
h
i
n
S
o
l
id
Fi
lms
,
v
o
l.
5
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
0
5
9
-
6
0
6
3
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
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.
tsf.
2
0
1
1
.
0
3
.
0
3
8
.
[1
1
]
M
.
A.
G
re
e
n
,
K.
P
ra
ss
id
e
s,
P
.
Da
y
,
a
n
d
D.
A.
Ne
u
m
a
n
n
,
“
S
tru
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
=
2
a
n
d
n
=
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
Ru
d
d
les
d
e
n
-
P
o
p
p
e
r
S
rS
n
On
1
1
n
3
n
1
1
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
In
o
r
g
.
M
a
ter
.
2
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
1
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
2
]
K.
P
.
On
g
,
X.
F
a
n
,
A.
S
u
b
e
d
i,
M
.
B.
S
u
ll
iv
a
n
,
D.
J.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
D.
J.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
Tran
sp
a
re
n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
rt
ies
o
f
S
rS
n
O3
a
n
d
Zn
S
n
O3
,
”
AP
L
M
a
ter
.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
0
6
2
5
0
5
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
6
,
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
tsf
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
3
.
0
3
8
.
[1
3
]
M
.
A.
Riza
,
S
.
S
e
p
e
a
i,
N.
A.
Lu
d
i
n
,
M
.
A.
M
.
Teri
d
i,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Ib
ra
h
im,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
z
a
ti
o
n
Of
S
rS
n
O3
Us
in
g
Diffe
re
n
t
S
y
n
th
e
sis M
e
t
h
o
d
s,”
M
a
l
a
y
sia
n
J
.
A
n
a
l.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
7
5
7
6
/mja
s
-
2
0
1
9
-
2
3
0
1
-
12.
[1
4
]
H.
Wak
a
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
e
p
o
sit
io
n
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
S
rS
n
O3
in
s
u
latin
g
la
y
e
r
fo
r
sin
g
l
e
flu
x
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
c
ircu
it
s,”
Ph
y
s.
C
,
v
o
l.
4
3
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
5
–
1
5
0
1
,
Oc
t.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
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.
p
h
y
sc
.
2
0
0
5
.
0
1
.
0
7
4
.
[1
5
]
W.
G
a
o
a
n
d
Z.
Li
,
“
Zn
O
th
in
fil
m
s
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
m
a
g
n
e
tro
n
sp
u
tt
e
rin
g
,
”
Ce
ra
m.
In
t.
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
5
-
1
1
5
9
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
c
e
ra
m
in
t.
2
0
0
3
.
1
2
.
1
9
7
.
[1
6
]
M
.
P
a
rk
,
W.
Lee
,
J.
G
.
Lee
,
a
n
d
C.
Lee
,
“
A
Co
m
p
a
ris
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
R
F
-
a
n
d
DC
-
sp
u
tt
e
r
-
d
e
p
o
site
d
Cr
T
h
in
F
il
m
s,
”
M
a
ter
.
S
c
i.
F
o
ru
m
,
v
o
l.
5
4
6
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
5
-
1
6
9
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
0
2
8
/www
.
sc
ien
ti
fic.
n
e
t/
M
S
F
.
5
4
6
-
5
4
9
.
1
6
9
5
.
[1
7
]
A.
I.
Jo
u
rn
a
l,
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
a
n
d
Y.
S
h
e
n
,
“
G
ro
wth
a
n
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
z
i
n
c
sta
n
n
a
te
t
h
in
fil
m
s
d
e
p
o
site
d
b
y
R
F
m
a
g
n
e
tr
o
n
sp
u
tt
e
ri
n
g
,
”
I
n
teg
r.
Fer
ro
e
lec
tr.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
80
–
8
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
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0
5
8
4
5
8
7
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
5
2
2
2
1
2
.
[1
8
]
B.
Alsh
e
h
r
i,
“
De
sig
n
,
fa
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
III
-
n
it
ri
d
e
s
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
s :
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
t
o
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
e
e
d
d
e
v
ice
s
,
”
HAL
a
rc
h
ive
s
-
o
u
v
e
rte
s
,
”
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
A.
Rit
a
,
F
.
Alv
e
s,
A.
De
M
e
irele
s,
a
n
d
E.
L
o
n
g
o
,
“
Ch
e
m
istry
S
rS
n
O 3
p
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
i
fi
e
d
P
e
c
h
in
i
m
e
th
o
d
-
I
n
sig
h
ts ab
o
u
t
it
s p
h
o
t
o
c
a
taly
ti
c
a
c
ti
v
it
y
,
”
J
.
P
h
o
to
c
h
e
m.
P
h
o
t
o
b
i
o
l.
A
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
-
1
8
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
A.
Ah
m
e
d
,
M
.
N.
S
id
d
iq
u
e
,
U.
Ala
m
,
T.
Ali,
a
n
d
P
.
Tr
ip
a
th
i,
“
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
u
rfa
c
e
S
c
ien
c
e
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
c
a
taly
ti
c
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
S
r
d
o
p
e
d
S
n
O
2
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
:
A r
o
le
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
v
a
c
a
n
c
y
,
”
Ap
p
l.
S
u
rf.
S
c
i
.
J
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
3
,
p
p
.
9
7
6
-
9
8
5
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
A.
P
e
rro
n
,
O
.
P
o
li
ta
n
o
,
a
n
d
V.
V
ig
n
a
l,
“
G
ra
in
siz
e
,
stre
ss
a
n
d
s
u
rfa
c
e
ro
u
g
h
n
e
ss
,
”
S
u
rf.
In
ter
fa
c
e
An
a
l
.
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
-
5
2
1
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/sia.2
8
4
9
.
[2
2
]
A.
Alg
h
u
n
a
im,
S
.
Kir
d
p
o
n
p
a
tt
a
ra
,
a
n
d
B.
Z.
Ne
wb
y
,
“
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
d
e
term
in
i
n
g
c
o
n
tac
t
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
we
tt
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
p
o
wd
e
rs,”
P
o
wd
e
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
1
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
p
o
wte
c
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
0
.
0
0
2
.
[2
3
]
A.
Ism
a
il
,
G
.
B.
Ku
m
a
r,
K.
A.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
,
M
.
S
h
a
h
r
il
Os
m
a
n
,
F
.
P
ien
Ch
e
e
,
Ism
a
il
S
a
a
d
,
“
Co
rr
e
latio
n
st
u
d
y
o
f
stru
c
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Zn
O
/
P
TAA
h
y
b
r
id
h
e
tero
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
lay
e
r
c
o
rre
latio
n
st
u
d
y
o
f
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
r
ti
e
s o
f
Z
n
O /
P
TAA h
y
b
ri
d
h
e
tero
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
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,
”
M
a
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r
.
R
e
s
.
,
vol
.
2
1
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
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1
5
9
0
/
1
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8
0
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5
3
7
3
-
mr
-
2017
-
0836.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
1
6
9
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6
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3
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T
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.
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sru
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rm
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B
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RAP
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Yusm
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o
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ra
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d
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g
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rtme
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a
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lt
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c
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l
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tro
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E
n
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
Un
i
v
e
rsity
Tu
n
H
u
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
K
h
a
irul
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a
r
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h
a
m
a
d
,
re
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e
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d
th
e
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n
g
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
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e
c
tro
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c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
s,
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o
k
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p
a
n
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
th
e
M
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ne
wc
a
stle
u
p
o
n
T
y
n
e
,
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in
2
0
0
4
.
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
Do
c
to
r
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Dr.E
n
g
)
fro
m
M
u
r
o
ra
n
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ho
k
k
a
id
o
,
Ja
p
a
n
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
He
j
o
in
e
d
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
g
sin
c
e
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
wa
s
p
ro
m
o
ted
t
o
S
e
n
i
o
r
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tu
re
r
p
o
siti
o
n
in
2
0
1
1
.
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a
lso
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
IET
a
n
d
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
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a
r
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o
f
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g
i
n
e
e
r
M
a
lay
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M
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si
n
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
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rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
wo
r
k
i
n
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
sta
rti
n
g
fro
m
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
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s
a
p
ri
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ip
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l
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se
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rc
h
e
r
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t
M
icro
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lec
tro
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ic
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n
d
N
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
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h
a
m
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Re
se
a
rc
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Ce
n
te
r
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iNT
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S
RC)
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
li
e
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
o
rg
a
n
i
c
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
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th
i
n
fi
lms
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
s a
n
d
g
re
e
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Abu
Ba
k
a
r
Abd
Ra
h
m
a
n
is
a
Lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
Re
so
u
rc
e
s
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
h
u
n
d
e
r
In
d
u
strial
P
h
y
sic
s
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
e
.
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h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
in
te
d
a
s
a
fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
sin
c
e
2
0
1
5
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
M
P
h
il
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
o
f
S
o
u
t
h
a
m
p
to
n
i
n
2
0
1
0
.
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o
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
i
t
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
s
ia
in
2
0
0
0
.
His
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
is
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r,
M
a
teria
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
S
o
lar en
e
rg
y
.
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h
Al
ia
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s)
i
n
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
-
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
T
o
k
y
o
,
Ja
p
a
n
i
n
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
M
S
c
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
h
(UMS
)
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
P
h
y
sic
s
in
2
0
0
8
.
In
2
0
1
1
,
sh
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Do
c
to
ra
te
fro
m
M
u
ro
ra
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ho
k
k
a
id
o
,
Ja
p
a
n
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
Tran
sp
a
r
e
n
t
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
O
x
id
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
f
u
ll
-
ti
m
e
lec
tu
re
r
in
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
h
(UM
S
)
sin
c
e
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
is
p
r
o
m
o
ted
a
s a
S
e
n
io
r
Lec
tu
re
r
in
2
0
1
1
.
S
h
e
is l
e
c
tu
rin
g
i
n
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is wo
rk
i
n
g
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
sta
rti
n
g
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
7
.
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h
a
m
m
a
d
S
y
a
h
m
i
No
r
d
in
,
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
S
c
(P
h
y
sic
s
wit
h
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e
c
t
ro
n
ics
)
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
(P
h
y
sic
s)
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
h
i
n
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
(Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s)
in
2
0
1
8
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
c
u
sin
g
o
n
d
il
u
te
n
it
rid
e
h
e
te
ro
stru
c
tu
re
d
e
v
ice
s
fo
r
th
e
o
p
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
d
e
v
ice
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
a
tt
e
r
n
e
d
a
s
th
e
first
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
c
a
v
it
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
tec
to
r
wit
h
i
n
ter
n
a
l
g
a
in
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s S
e
n
io
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
Offic
e
r
in
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
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m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
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e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Esse
x
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
(
b
u
t
n
o
t
li
m
it
e
d
to
)
i
n
th
e
field
o
f
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
m
a
teria
ls,
o
p
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
b
i
o
m
o
lec
u
la
r
d
e
v
ice
s,
e
lec
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.