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T
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t
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
Nig
er
ia
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
liv
e
i
n
d
ar
k
n
ess
s
in
ce
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Fro
m
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
,
it
wa
s
g
ath
er
ed
th
at
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
at
io
n
lev
el
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
y
n
atio
n
[
1
7
-
20]
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
way
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
t
o
c
o
m
p
en
s
at
e
an
d
au
g
m
e
n
t
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
i.e
.
n
o
n
-
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
)
[
2
1
]
.
So
lu
tio
n
s
to
e
n
er
g
y
d
ef
icien
cies
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ea
r
n
in
g
s
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
o
f
r
esid
en
ts
in
r
u
r
al
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
will
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
wh
elm
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
u
r
al
u
r
b
a
n
m
ig
r
an
ts
[
2
1
]
.
I
t is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
k
n
o
w
th
at
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
is
o
n
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ev
e
r
y
s
ec
to
r
[
2
2
-
2
7
]
in
clu
d
i
n
g
r
esid
en
ti
al
b
u
ild
in
g
s
wh
ich
d
o
m
in
ate
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
Nig
er
ia,
t
h
u
s
p
u
ttin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
[
4
,
2
8
]
.
I
f
a
p
o
r
tab
le
clea
n
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
p
o
wer
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
s
in
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
th
is
will
g
o
a
lo
n
g
way
t
o
r
eliev
e
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
an
d
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
er
d
ay
[
2
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
co
s
t
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
t
r
icity
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
ed
s
y
s
te
m
to
a
r
g
u
m
en
t
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
h
all
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
an
aly
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
e
u
p
with
a
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
wi
ll
aid
p
r
o
p
er
p
lan
n
in
g
as st
ated
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
7
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
f
r
o
m
Po
wer
H
o
ld
in
g
C
o
m
p
an
y
o
f
Nig
er
ia
(
PHC
N)
an
d
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
Nig
er
ian
to
p
o
wer
h
is
/h
er
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
g
i
v
es
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
PHC
N
an
d
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
wo
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
(
s
elf
-
co
n
tain
ed
a
p
ar
tm
e
n
t
an
d
3
-
b
ed
r
o
o
m
f
lat)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
a
ty
p
ical
av
er
a
g
e
Nig
er
ian
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
PHC
N,
s
o
lar
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
PHC
N
an
d
s
o
lar
)
.
All
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
y
s
ical
lo
a
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
v
er
a
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
an
d
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
les 2
an
d
3
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
ca
s
e,
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as sh
o
wn
b
elo
w.
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
ne
l
C
ha
r
ge
C
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
P
H
C
N
S
u
ppl
y
P
r
e
pa
i
d
m
e
t
e
r
I
nv
e
r
t
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
oa
ds
Fig
u
r
e
1
. B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
2
.
1
.
CASE
1
:
Self
-
co
nta
ined
a
pa
rt
m
ent
2
.
1
.
1
.
Scena
rio
1
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
as
e
s
t
u
d
y
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
es
a
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
ai
n
e
d
a
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
n
c
i
ti
z
e
n
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
l
o
a
d
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u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
is
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as
e
s
t
u
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y
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r
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s
i
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il
a
r
t
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t
h
e
o
n
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u
s
e
d
b
y
a
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
ai
n
e
d
h
o
m
e
u
s
e
r
i
n
N
ig
e
r
i
a
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
al
l
o
a
d
s
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
r
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
in
t
h
e
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
i
n
a
d
a
y
i
s
1
7
0
1
.
4
2
W
h
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
a
r
i
f
f
f
o
r
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
ti
a
l
u
s
e
r
s
(
R
2
)
i
n
Ni
g
e
r
ia
i
s
2
5
N
ai
r
a
/
k
W
h
as
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
C
o
u
n
c
il
(
N
E
R
C
)
f
o
r
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K
O
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
u
s
e
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
i
t
c
o
s
t
o
f
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
it
y
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
i
s
c
al
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
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n
C
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m
p
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t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
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b
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r
2
0
2
0
:
3
2
58
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32
65
3260
T
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w
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k
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3
5
0
0
1
1
3
5
0
50
11
Le
d
b
u
l
b
(
t
y
p
e
1
)
1
13
13
10
4
14
1
8
2
26
12
R
e
f
r
i
g
e
r
a
t
o
r
1
5
0
0
5
0
0
15
6
21
1
0
,
5
0
0
1
,
5
0
0
13
F
r
e
e
z
e
r
1
2
5
0
2
5
0
15
6
21
5
,
2
5
0
7
5
0
O
t
h
e
r
a
r
e
a
s
14
Le
d
b
u
l
b
(
t
y
p
e
1
)
6
13
78
10
4
14
1
,
0
9
2
1
5
6
15
W
a
sh
i
n
g
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
1
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
0
7
1
.
4
3
4
,
0
7
0
3
7
,
5
0
4
5
,
3
5
7
.
7
1
2
.
1
.
2
.
Scena
rio
2
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
s
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
s
elf
-
co
n
tain
ed
b
u
ild
in
g
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
in
a
d
ay
is
1
7
0
1
.
4
2
W
h
r
,
if
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
wer
e
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
s
u
ch
as
c
h
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
b
atter
y
an
d
in
v
er
ter
h
av
e
to
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
as f
o
llo
ws:
So
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
-
B
atter
y
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
=
0
.
9
Dep
th
o
f
Dis
ch
ar
g
e
=
5
0
% o
r
0
.
5
No
m
in
al
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
=
2
4
V
K
=
1
.
3
(
f
a
c
t
o
r
u
s
e
d
t
o
m
u
lt
i
p
ly
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
e
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e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
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f
l
o
a
d
s
t
o
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e
r
f
o
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e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
)
[
2
8
]
.
P
a
n
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
at
o
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
=
3
.
4
1
(
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
u
s
e
d
t
o
d
i
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
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n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
n
e
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
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o
d
u
l
es
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
u
p
o
n
t
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e
c
l
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m
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te
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it
e
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c
a
t
i
o
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n
d
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
)
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
k
W
h
)
=
1701
.
42
1000
=
1
.
70
ℎ
/
T
o
tal
wattag
e
o
f
lo
a
d
(
k
W
)
=
1240
1000
=
1
.
24
Actu
al
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
n
e
ed
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
les
=
1
.
3
=
1
.
7
1
.
3
=
2
.
21
ℎ
/
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
o
s
t imp
lica
tio
n
s
a
n
a
lysi
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o
f g
r
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p
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lied
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icity
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n
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la
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r
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.
.
(
To
b
ilo
b
a
S
o
mefu
n
)
3261
T
o
tal
wattag
e
o
f
PV p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
n
ee
d
ed
=
En
er
g
y
co
n
s
ump
t
i
o
n
n
eed
f
r
o
m
t
he
PV
m
o
d
ul
es
Pan
e
l
G
en
er
a
t
o
r
F
act
o
r
(
N
IGERIA
)
=
2
.
21
3
.
41
kW
=
0
.
6481
≈
648
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
PV p
an
els
=
T
o
t
al
w
at
t
ag
e
of
PV
p
an
el
cap
acit
y
n
eed
ed
(
)
ℎ
=
648
325
=
1
.
99
≈
2
-
I
n
v
er
ter
Sizin
g
T
o
tal
wattag
e
o
f
lo
a
d
=
1
.
2
4
k
W
I
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
etwe
en
2
5
an
d
3
0
%
b
ig
g
e
r
th
an
t
h
e
to
tal
watt
o
f
ap
p
lian
ce
s
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
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y
s
lig
h
t in
cr
em
en
t in
lo
a
d
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
I
n
v
er
ter
s
ize
=
1
.
24
+
(
1
.
24
25
100
)
=
1
.
24
+
0
.
31
=
1
.
55
-
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
am
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
B
atter
y
B
an
k
C
ap
ac
ity
=
En
er
g
y
co
n
s
ump
t
i
o
n
n
eed
f
r
o
m
t
he
PV
m
o
d
ul
es
x
D
ay
s
of
A
ut
o
n
o
m
y
ℎ
ℎ
B
atter
y
B
an
k
C
ap
ac
ity
=
2
.
21
x
1
0
.
9
0
.
5
24
=
2
0
4
.
6
Ah
-
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
at
in
g
p
er
s
tr
in
g
=
I
SC
×
1
.
3
I
SC
=
T
o
tal
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
PV a
r
r
a
y
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
P
m
=
3
2
5
W
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
v
o
lta
g
e
V
m
=
3
7
.
6
V
(
DC
)
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
cu
r
r
en
t I
m
=
8
.
6
6
A
Op
en
-
cir
cu
it v
o
ltag
e
V
oc
=
4
6
.
7
V
Sh
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t I
sc
=
9
.
1
0
A
Min
im
u
m
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
=
9
.
10
×
1
.
3
=
11
.
83
No
te
th
at
an
y
r
atin
g
th
at
is
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
ata
b
o
o
k
will
b
e
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ted
with
th
e
n
ex
t
av
ailab
le
o
n
e
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
r
atin
g
.
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ailab
le
r
atin
g
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
u
s
in
g
s
o
la
r
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
b
ill
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
(
f
o
r
ca
s
e
1
s
ce
n
a
r
io
2
)
ar
e
g
i
v
en
in
T
ab
les 4
an
d
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
So
lar
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
r
atin
g
(
ca
s
e
1
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
2
)
S
/
N
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
a
t
i
n
g
1
To
t
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
r
/
d
a
y
)
1
.
7
0
2
To
t
a
l
W
a
t
t
a
g
e
o
f
L
o
a
d
(
k
W
)
1
.
2
4
3
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
e
l
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
d
a
y
2
.
2
1
k
W
h
r
4
To
t
a
l
W
a
t
t
a
g
e
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
e
l
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
N
e
e
d
e
d
6
4
8
W
5
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
e
l
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
2
6
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
i
z
e
2
.
0
kW
7
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
a
n
k
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
2
5
0
Ah
8
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
R
a
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
S
o
l
a
r
C
h
a
r
g
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
30
A
9
N
o
mi
n
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
24
V
T
ab
le
5
.
B
ill o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
(
c
ase
1
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
)
S
/
N
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
r
a
t
e
(
N
)
A
mo
u
n
t
1
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
2
5
0
A
h
,
2
4
V
1
8
0
,
0
0
0
8
0
,
0
0
0
2
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
3
2
5
W
,
2
4
V
2
3
5
,
0
0
0
7
0
,
0
0
0
3
C
h
a
r
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
3
0
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,
2
4
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1
1
8
,
0
0
0
1
8
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0
0
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4
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
2
,
0
0
0
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1
9
0
,
0
0
0
9
0
,
0
0
0
5
C
a
b
l
e
s a
n
d
a
c
c
e
sso
r
i
e
s
1
7
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
0
T
OTA
L
2
6
5
,
0
0
0
2
.
1
.
3
.
Scena
rio
3
Scen
ar
io
es
1
an
d
2
u
n
d
er
ca
s
e
1
co
n
s
id
er
ed
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
s
elf
-
co
n
tain
e
d
an
d
3
-
b
ed
r
o
o
m
f
lat
f
r
o
m
PHC
N
an
d
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Un
d
er
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
b
o
t
h
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
elec
tr
i
c
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
3
2
58
-
32
65
3262
co
m
b
in
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
-
s
h
a
r
in
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ca
s
e
1
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Ho
w
th
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
s
h
ar
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
T
ab
le
7
.
L
o
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
ca
s
e
1
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
)
S
/
N
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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KOM
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T
elec
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p
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.
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(
To
b
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b
a
S
o
mefu
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)
3263
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fro
m
th
e
d
esig
n
,
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
it
is
q
u
ite
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
f
o
r
an
in
d
iv
id
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al
to
g
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n
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ate
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tr
icity
f
o
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co
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m
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tio
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au
s
e
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ir
es h
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ca
p
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v
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s
in
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aj
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ay
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ased
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
two
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies we
r
e
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
:
th
e
s
elf
-
co
n
t
ain
ed
ap
ar
tm
en
t
an
d
th
r
ee
-
b
e
d
r
o
o
m
f
lat.
T
h
ese
two
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
with
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
n
am
ely
;
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
o
n
ly
PHC
N,
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
o
n
ly
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
an
d
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
PHC
N
an
d
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
wer
e
d
r
awn
:
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
PHC
N
is
s
t
ill
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
s
ettin
g
u
p
s
o
l
ar
s
y
s
tem
,
T
h
e
b
est
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
f
o
r
h
a
v
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
n
s
tan
t
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
lik
e
Ni
g
er
ia
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
is
to
ad
o
p
t
th
e
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
PHC
N
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
in
an
cial
s
tr
en
g
th
,
a
n
d
W
ith
th
e
l
o
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
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ay
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ac
k
p
e
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d
f
o
r
s
o
lar
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y
s
tem
is
with
in
1
0
y
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r
s
r
an
g
e
ACK
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M
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NT
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h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
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e
x
p
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ess
s
p
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ial
th
an
k
s
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d
g
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atitu
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to
C
o
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t
Un
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s
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ty
f
o
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f
in
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p
p
o
r
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
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S
[1
]
Y
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o
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a
m
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d
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M
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u
s
t
a
f
a
,
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a
s
h
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n
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M
o
k
h
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e
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r
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t
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g
e
r
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a
:
a
r
e
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f
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p
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t
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l
,
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n
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w
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n
a
b
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E
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v
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w
s
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v
o
l
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
-
268,
2013.
[2
]
F
.
O.
Ig
b
i
n
o
v
ia,
"
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
f
re
n
e
wa
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W.
Aro
w
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lo
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De
sig
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Nig
e
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o
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tricity J
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no
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.
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Ez
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,
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1
1
.
[5
]
A.
S
.
Ali
y
u
,
A.
T.
Ra
m
li
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
S
a
leh
,
"
Nig
e
ria
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
c
risis:
P
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
e
x
p
a
n
si
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
ra
m
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
-
3
6
7
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
W.
M
u
f
u
tau
,
R.
J
o
k
o
jeje
,
O.
I
d
o
w
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
o
d
u
n
k
e
,
"
Tec
h
n
ica
l
p
o
we
r
lo
ss
e
s
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
:
a
b
e
o
k
u
t
a
,
Og
u
n
S
ta
te,
Nig
e
ria
d
istr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
r
k
a
s
a
c
a
se
stu
d
y
,
"
IO
S
R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IOS
R
-
J
EE
E),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
E.
El
u
sa
k
i
n
Ju
li
u
s,
A.
O.
Olu
fe
m
i
,
a
n
d
D.
J.
Ch
u
k
s,
"
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
su
sta
in
in
g
o
ff
-
g
rid
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
Nig
e
ria
ru
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
,
"
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
5
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
A.
Iwa
y
e
m
i,
"
Nig
e
ria’s
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
ro
b
lem
s:
p
o
li
c
y
issu
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Asso
c
i
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
E
n
e
rg
y
Eco
n
o
mic
s,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
2
1
,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
M
.
O.
Os
e
n
i,
"
H
o
u
se
h
o
ld
s’
a
c
c
e
ss
to
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
i
n
Nig
e
ria,"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
9
0
-
9
9
5
,
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
2
.
[
10]
O.
F
a
m
u
y
i
d
e
,
S
.
An
a
m
a
y
i,
a
n
d
J.
Us
m
a
n
,
"
En
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s'
p
ricin
g
p
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
it
s
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
n
fo
re
stry
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
li
c
y
imp
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
Nig
e
ria,"
C
o
n
t
in
e
n
ta
l
J
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
le
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
A.
Ag
b
e
tu
y
i,
A.
A
.
Ad
e
wa
le,
J.
O.
Og
u
n
lu
y
i,
a
n
d
D.
S
.
Og
u
n
ley
e
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
tran
sfe
r
sw
it
c
h
fo
r
a
sin
g
le
p
h
a
se
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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3265
[1
2
]
A.
Olu
k
o
ju
,
"
‘Ne
v
e
r
Ex
p
e
c
t
P
o
w
e
r
Alwa
y
s’:
El
e
c
tri
c
it
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c
o
n
su
m
e
rs'
re
sp
o
n
se
to
m
o
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o
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ly
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o
rr
u
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
e
fficie
n
t
se
rv
ice
s in
Nig
e
ria
,
"
Af
ric
a
n
Af
f
a
i
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
,
n
o
.
4
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
7
1
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
C.
O.
Aw
o
so
p
e
,
"
Nig
e
ria
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
i
n
d
u
stry
:
issu
e
s,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
so
lu
ti
o
n
s,
"
C
o
v
e
n
a
n
t
Un
ive
r
sity
3
8
t
h
P
u
b
li
c
L
e
c
tu
re
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
M
.
O.
Os
e
n
i,
"
Im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
h
o
u
se
h
o
ld
s’
a
c
c
e
ss
to
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
in
Ni
g
e
ria:
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
9
6
7
-
3
9
7
4
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
M
.
O.
Os
e
n
i,
"
An
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
se
c
to
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
Nig
e
r
ia,"
Ren
e
w
a
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
7
6
5
–
4
7
7
4
.
,
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2011.
[1
6
]
I.
A.
S
a
m
u
e
l,
J.
Ka
ten
d
e
,
C.
O.
A.
Aw
o
so
p
e
,
a
n
d
A.
A.
Aw
e
lew
a
,
"
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
ll
a
p
se
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
n
e
t
wo
rk
s
u
sin
g
a
n
e
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
i
li
ty
in
d
e
x
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
-
1
9
9
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
J.
By
rn
e
,
K.
H
u
g
h
e
s,
W.
Rick
e
rs
o
n
,
a
n
d
L.
Ku
r
d
g
e
las
h
v
il
i,
"
Am
e
rica
n
p
o
li
c
y
c
o
n
fli
c
t
in
t
h
e
g
re
e
n
h
o
u
se
:
Di
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
tren
d
s
i
n
fe
d
e
ra
l,
re
g
i
o
n
a
l,
sta
te,
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
g
re
e
n
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
c
li
m
a
te
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
l
icy
,
"
En
e
r
g
y
Po
l
icy
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
5
-
4
5
7
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
8
]
J.
M
.
P
e
a
rc
e
,
"
Ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
with
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
fro
m
h
y
b
ri
d
so
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic an
d
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
h
e
a
t
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,"
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
7
-
1
9
5
4
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
.
[1
9
]
L.
Ola
to
m
iwa
,
S
.
M
e
k
h
i
lef,
A.
Hu
d
a
,
a
n
d
O.
S
.
Oh
u
n
a
k
in
,
"
Eco
n
o
m
ic ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s fo
r
ru
ra
l
e
lec
tri
fica
ti
o
n
in
six
g
e
o
-
p
o
li
ti
c
a
l
z
o
n
e
s o
f
Ni
g
e
ria,"
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
-
4
4
6
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
G
.
S
o
rd
a
,
M
.
Ba
n
se
,
a
n
d
C.
Ke
m
fe
rt,
"
An
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
b
io
f
u
e
l
p
o
li
c
ies
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
p
o
l
icy
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
7
7
-
6
9
8
8
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
K.
O.
Law
a
l,
"
Hy
d
r
o
-
b
a
se
d
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
h
y
b
ri
d
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
tem
fo
r
ru
ra
l/
re
m
o
te
e
lec
tri
fica
ti
o
n
in
Ni
g
e
ria,"
in
2
0
1
5
Clem
so
n
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(PS
C)
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
M
.
S
a
n
tam
o
u
ris,
C.
Ca
rtalis,
A.
S
y
n
n
e
fa
,
a
n
d
D.
K
o
lo
k
o
tsa
,
"
On
th
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
h
e
a
t
islan
d
a
n
d
g
lo
b
a
l
wa
rm
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
s
—
A
re
v
iew
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l.
9
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
2
4
,
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
T.
S
h
o
m
e
fu
n
,
A.
A
d
e
m
o
la,
C
.
Aw
o
so
p
e
,
a
n
d
A.
I
.
A
d
e
k
it
a
n
,
"
Crit
ica
l
Re
v
iew
o
f
Diffe
re
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
s
fo
r
S
it
in
g
a
n
d
S
izin
g
Distrib
u
ted
-
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs,"
T
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
5
-
2
4
0
5
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
P
.
A.
S
tee
n
h
o
f,
"
De
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
Ch
i
n
a
'
s
in
d
u
strial
se
c
to
r,
"
En
e
rg
y
Eco
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