T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
,
pp.
1968
~
1975
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i4.
14828
1968
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
In
c
id
e
n
t
an
d
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
t
w
o w
a
ve
s c
or
r
e
la
t
io
n
w
ith
c
a
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c
e
ll
ou
s b
o
n
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s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
M
u
h
am
ad
Am
in
Ab
d
Wah
ab
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R
u
b
it
a
S
u
d
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m
a
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oh
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ar
Abd
u
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ak
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au
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a
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m
aim
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ah
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ood
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o
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eeri
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Facu
l
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y
o
f
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n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
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U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
,
Mal
ay
s
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Aug
27
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
F
e
b
25,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
Apr
7,
2020
T
h
e
c
o
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
in
b
o
n
e
m
i
cro
s
t
r
u
ct
u
re
fo
r
u
l
t
ra
s
o
u
n
d
p
u
l
s
e
ec
h
o
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
l
e
s
s
a
ccu
ra
t
e
co
m
p
ared
t
o
t
h
ro
u
g
h
t
ra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
d
em
o
n
s
t
ra
t
ed
,
refl
ect
e
d
t
w
o
mo
d
e
s
w
av
e
h
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
fi
ca
n
t
as
s
o
c
i
at
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
b
o
n
e
p
o
ro
s
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
a
i
ms
i
s
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
ech
o
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
ex
am
i
n
e
t
h
e
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
een
fa
s
t
a
n
d
s
l
o
w
w
a
v
es
w
i
t
h
p
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
o
f
2
-
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
al
ca
n
cel
l
o
u
s
b
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
b
y
co
mp
ari
n
g
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
t
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
an
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e.
T
h
e
“
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
”
a
n
d
“r
efl
ect
e
d
”
w
a
v
es
w
ere
s
ep
ara
t
ed
u
s
i
n
g
b
an
d
l
i
mi
t
ed
d
ec
o
n
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o
l
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t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
b
y
es
t
i
ma
t
i
n
g
t
i
me
t
h
re
s
h
o
l
d
o
f
fas
t
an
d
s
l
o
w
w
a
v
es
'
t
ra
n
s
fer
fu
n
ct
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
arame
t
ers
o
f
t
h
e
w
av
e
s
w
ere
c
o
mp
u
t
e
d
,
p
l
o
t
t
e
d
v
er
s
u
s
p
o
ro
s
i
t
y
fo
r
s
i
x
d
i
fferen
t
t
h
i
ck
n
es
s
es
an
d
t
h
e
co
rre
l
at
i
o
n
co
eff
i
ci
e
n
t
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
w
ere
co
m
p
ared
.
T
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
an
d
refl
ect
e
d
fas
t
w
a
v
e
at
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
marg
i
n
al
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
fi
ca
n
t
co
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
p
o
ro
s
i
t
y
fo
r
b
o
t
h
b
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
o
ri
en
t
at
i
o
n
s
.
W
a
v
e
p
ro
p
ag
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
ara
l
l
e
l
o
r
i
en
t
at
i
o
n
d
o
mi
n
at
e
d
b
y
i
n
c
i
d
en
t
a
n
d
ref
l
ect
e
d
fas
t
w
av
e,
mean
w
h
i
l
e,
p
er
p
en
d
i
c
u
l
ar
o
r
i
en
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
o
mi
n
at
ed
b
y
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
l
o
w
w
av
e.
T
h
e
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
fac
t
o
r
affect
e
d
w
a
v
e
amp
l
i
t
u
d
e
b
u
t
l
e
s
s
affec
t
ed
t
h
e
at
t
en
u
at
i
o
n
.
Beca
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
a
g
at
i
o
n
l
o
s
s
,
refl
ect
e
d
w
av
e
s
h
o
w
s
l
o
w
er
co
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
o
ro
s
i
t
y
co
m
p
ared
t
o
i
n
ci
d
en
t
w
av
e.
H
en
ce,
an
al
y
zi
n
g
fas
t
an
d
s
l
o
w
w
a
v
es
mi
g
h
t
i
mp
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
meas
u
reme
n
t
accu
racy
o
f
p
u
l
s
e
ech
o
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
co
m
p
ared
t
o
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
n
g
l
e
mo
d
e
w
av
e
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e
b
o
n
e
q
u
al
i
t
y
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
a
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
F
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
P
uls
e
e
c
ho
T
hr
ough
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
U
lt
r
a
s
ound
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
R
ubit
a
S
udir
man
,
De
pa
r
t
ment
S
c
hool
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
nginee
r
ing
,
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knologi
M
a
lays
ia,
81310
UT
M
J
ohor
B
a
hr
u
,
M
a
lays
ia.
E
mail:
r
ubit
a
@f
ke
.
utm
.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
M
a
ny
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
e
nginee
r
ing
,
medic
ine
[
1
]
,
bi
ology,
a
nd
s
o
on
[
2]
us
ing
ult
r
a
s
ound
tec
hnology
i
n
their
s
ys
tem
f
or
c
e
r
tain
pur
pos
e
s
.
P
r
e
vious
s
tudy
indi
c
a
te
that,
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
o
f
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
w
a
ve
s
wa
s
a
s
s
oc
iate
mor
e
with
the
int
e
r
na
l
s
tr
uc
tur
e
(
mi
c
r
o
s
tr
uc
tur
e
)
of
the
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
[
3
-
9]
a
nd
a
na
lys
is
thes
e
wa
ve
s
c
ould
im
pr
ove
bone
qua
li
ty
e
s
ti
mation
via
ult
r
a
s
ound.
T
he
a
nis
otr
opy
of
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
c
a
n
a
f
f
e
c
t
ti
me
domain
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
of
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
a
nd
mos
t
of
the
ti
me
,
thes
e
wa
ve
s
ove
r
lappe
d
with
e
a
c
h
other
[
10
]
.
Nume
r
ous
tec
hniques
to
de
c
ompos
e
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
by
W
e
a
r
a
nd
a
mo
ng
them
wa
s
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
method.
T
h
is
method
wa
s
s
im
ple
to
im
pleme
nt
c
ompar
e
to
other
c
ompl
e
x
methods
s
uc
h
a
s
B
a
ye
s
ian
method
[
8
,
11,
12]
.
T
hi
s
method
a
ls
o
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
de
c
ompos
e
s
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
lo
w
wa
ve
s
,
ye
t
only
im
pleme
nted
in
th
r
ough
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
(
T
T
)
e
va
luation
tec
hnique.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
I
nc
ident
and
r
e
fl
e
c
ted
tw
o
w
av
e
s
c
or
r
e
lat
ion…
.
(
M
uhamad
A
min
A
bd
W
ahab
)
1969
None
thele
s
s
,
the
T
T
tec
hnique
wa
s
the
only
te
c
hnique
whic
h
wide
ly
us
e
d
to
inves
ti
ga
te
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
.
How
e
ve
r
,
it
is
dif
f
icult
to
pe
r
f
or
m
bone
he
a
lt
h
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
a
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
k
e
leta
l
pa
r
t
s
uc
h
a
s
hip
a
nd
ba
c
kbone
,
due
to
the
T
T
tec
hnique
r
e
quir
e
d
a
pa
ir
(
two)
o
f
tr
a
ns
duc
e
r
s
to
f
unc
ti
on
[
3,
13]
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
of
that,
the
puls
e
e
c
ho
(
P
E
)
e
va
luation
tec
hnique
is
s
ugge
s
ted
to
r
e
s
olve
the
s
e
c
ompl
ica
ti
o
ns
,
s
ince
the
tec
hnique
s
im
ply
us
e
s
s
ingl
e
tr
a
ns
duc
e
r
,
whe
r
e
it
much
e
a
s
ier
to
e
va
luate
bone
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
a
t
the
hip
a
nd
ba
c
kbone
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
P
E
te
c
hnique
is
s
ti
ll
not
powe
r
f
ul
c
ompar
e
d
to
T
T
t
e
c
hnique
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
c
om
plex
be
ha
vior
o
f
r
e
f
lec
ted
a
nd
ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
wa
ve
r
e
lation
with
inhom
oge
ne
it
y
of
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
us
ing
the
f
ini
te
d
if
f
e
r
e
nc
e
ti
me
domain
s
im
ulation
(
F
DT
D
)
,
H
os
oka
wa
de
mons
tr
a
te
that,
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
c
a
n
be
is
olate
d
f
r
om
r
e
f
lec
ted/ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
wa
ve
a
nd
r
e
late
d
mor
e
with
bone
por
os
it
y
a
nd
thi
s
f
indi
ng
mi
ght
im
p
r
ove
the
P
E
tec
hnique
f
or
bone
qua
li
ty
e
s
ti
mation
[
3
,
13
-
15]
.
T
hus
,
the
objec
ti
ve
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
is
to
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
2
-
d
im
e
nti
ona
l
(
2
-
D)
s
im
ulation
us
ing
P
E
tec
hnique
to
e
xa
mi
ne
the
r
e
lations
hip
of
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
with
s
tr
uc
tur
e
or
ienta
ti
on,
po
r
os
it
y,
a
nd
thi
c
kne
s
s
e
s
of
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
models
a
nd
the
r
e
s
ult
is
c
ompar
e
d
with
T
T
tec
hnique.
T
he
c
or
r
e
lation
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
(
R
2
)
wi
ll
be
us
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
d
the
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
c
or
r
e
lati
on
be
twe
e
n
wa
ve
’
s
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
nd
por
os
it
y.
F
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
will
be
pr
e
dicte
d
f
or
both
mea
s
ur
e
ment
tec
h
niques
via
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
method.
P
r
e
vious
ly,
no
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
us
e
d
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
method
to
de
c
ompos
e
r
e
f
lec
ted
mi
x
wa
ve
s
i
nto
two
indi
vidual
r
e
f
lec
ted
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
s
.
Af
ter
w
a
r
ds
,
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
of
s
ingl
e
modes
(
mi
x
)
,
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
s
f
or
both
tec
hniques
will
be
c
ompar
e
d
in
t
e
r
m
of
their
c
or
r
e
lation
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
in
or
de
r
to
d
e
ter
mi
ne
whic
h
wa
ve
s
wa
s
c
or
r
e
late
mor
e
with
mi
c
r
os
tr
uc
tu
r
e
of
bon
e
models
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1.
S
im
u
la
t
ion
s
e
t
u
p
an
d
wave
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
T
h
e
s
of
tw
a
r
e
S
i
mN
D
T
ve
r
s
i
on
0
.
43
wa
s
us
e
d
f
or
t
h
is
a
na
lys
is
[
16
]
.
T
he
s
in
g
le
Ga
us
s
ia
n
s
in
e
w
a
ve
w
i
th
1
M
Hz
o
f
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
wa
s
s
e
t
a
s
o
ut
pu
t
pu
ls
e
f
o
r
t
he
t
r
a
ns
duc
e
r
a
nd
s
i
mu
l
a
t
io
n
s
e
tu
p
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
T
T
a
nd
P
E
tec
hn
i
que
.
R
e
f
e
r
to
t
he
F
i
g
u
r
e
1,
th
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
p
lan
a
r
-
t
ype
t
r
a
ns
d
uc
e
r
wa
s
(
le
ng
th
)
5
.
5
m
m
.
T
he
s
e
c
on
d
t
r
a
ns
du
c
e
r
f
o
r
the
T
T
te
c
h
ni
qu
e
wa
s
lo
c
a
ted
be
l
o
w
t
he
c
a
nc
e
l
lo
us
b
on
e
m
od
e
ls
.
F
or
t
he
P
E
tec
hn
iq
ue
,
b
e
l
ow
t
he
c
a
nc
e
l
lo
us
bo
ne
m
ode
ls
wa
s
a
ir
-
wa
te
r
bo
u
nda
r
y
th
a
t
a
c
ts
a
s
r
e
f
lec
t
or
e
le
men
t
.
T
he
s
i
m
ula
ti
o
n
ti
me
f
o
r
T
T
a
n
d
P
E
wa
s
s
e
t
to
2
5
a
n
d
40
µ
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
ive
ly
.
T
he
20
Vo
l
t
pe
a
k
-
to
-
pe
a
ks
(
V
pp
)
wa
s
s
e
t
f
o
r
th
e
in
pu
t
v
o
lt
a
ge
s
o
u
r
c
e
.
T
he
dis
tanc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
bone
mo
de
ls
a
nd
tr
a
ns
duc
e
r
wa
s
8
mm
a
nd
the
a
bs
or
bing
l
a
ye
r
with
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
of
5
mm
wa
s
c
ove
r
e
d
the
s
im
ulatio
n
a
r
e
a
.
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
the
a
c
ous
ti
c
a
nd
mate
r
ial
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
bone
a
nd
wa
ter
ba
s
e
d
on
pa
pe
r
f
r
om
Na
ga
tani
e
t
a
l.
[
17]
.
F
igur
e
1.
S
im
ulation
s
e
tup
diagr
a
m
(
the
blue
a
r
r
ow
c
or
r
e
s
ponds
to
incide
nt
wa
ve
a
nd
r
e
d
a
r
r
ow
c
or
r
e
s
ponds
to
r
e
f
lec
ted
wa
ve
)
T
a
ble
1.
Ac
ous
ti
c
a
nd
mate
r
ial
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
M
a
te
r
ia
l
D
e
ns
it
y (
g/
c
m
3
)
V
e
lo
c
it
y (
m/
s
)
B
one
2000
L
ongi
tu
di
na
l:
3500
S
he
a
r
:
2400
W
a
te
r
1000
L
ongi
tu
di
na
l:
1497
S
he
a
r
:
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1968
-
1975
1970
2.
2.
2
-
D
b
o
n
e
m
od
e
ls
T
h
e
2
-
D
c
a
n
c
e
ll
ous
b
on
e
m
od
e
ls
us
e
d
in
th
is
s
i
mu
la
t
io
n
wa
s
o
r
ig
in
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
a
pe
r
G
i
lbe
r
t
e
t
a
l
.
[
18
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
9
mo
de
ls
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
pa
r
a
l
lel
a
nd
pe
r
pe
nd
ic
u
la
r
or
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
.
F
or
e
a
c
h
m
ode
l
,
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
6
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
h
ic
kne
s
s
e
s
,
r
a
n
gi
ng
f
r
o
m
5
t
o
1
0
mm
.
T
he
g
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
s
c
e
na
r
i
o's
s
ize
o
f
th
e
2
-
D
b
on
e
mo
de
l's
im
a
ge
wa
s
s
e
t
to
1
7
0×
1
25
p
ix
e
l
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
,
2
5
pi
xe
l
/m
m
wa
s
s
e
t
f
o
r
th
e
wh
ol
e
s
im
ul
a
t
io
n
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
p
o
r
os
it
y
le
ve
l
o
f
bo
ne
m
od
e
ls
w
a
s
r
a
ng
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
%
to
75
%
a
n
d
w
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
b
y
us
in
g
I
m
a
ge
J
s
o
f
twa
r
e
ba
s
e
d
o
n
i
ma
ge
c
o
lo
r
th
r
e
s
h
ol
d
.
R
e
f
e
r
t
o
F
ig
ur
e
2
,
t
he
pa
r
a
l
le
l
mo
de
l
w
a
s
r
e
f
e
r
to
t
he
t
r
a
be
c
u
la
r
s
ha
p
e
tha
t
wa
s
pa
r
a
l
le
l
w
i
th
th
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
wa
ve
p
r
op
a
ga
t
io
n
(
a
r
r
ow
)
a
nd
v
ice
ve
r
s
a
f
or
pe
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
m
ode
ls
.
2.
3
.
B
an
d
li
m
i
t
e
d
d
e
c
on
volu
t
ion
m
e
t
h
od
an
d
wa
ve
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
no
a
tt
e
mpt
s
ye
t
to
im
pleme
nt
thi
s
met
hod
towa
r
d
the
r
e
f
lec
ted
wa
ve
.
He
nc
e
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
c
a
n
s
how
the
f
e
a
s
ibi
li
ty
o
f
thi
s
method
to
de
c
ompos
e
r
e
f
lec
ted
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
.
T
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
-
de
pe
nde
nt
of
wa
ve
r
e
a
c
ti
on
f
or
the
bone
c
a
n
be
de
f
ined
by
,
(
)
=
(
)
[
(
)
+
(
)
]
(
1)
whe
r
e
the
(
)
is
the
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
the
wa
ve
pr
opa
ga
te
thr
ough
a
bone
models
(
mi
x
wa
ve
)
a
nd
(
)
is
the
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
the
wa
ve
pr
opa
ga
te
thr
ough
wa
ter
only
(
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wa
ve
)
.
T
he
is
the
ult
r
a
s
ound
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
T
he
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
f
unc
ti
on,
(
)
a
nd
(
)
f
o
r
po
r
o
us
s
tr
uc
tur
e
we
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
s
two
wa
ve
s
pr
opa
ga
ti
ng
a
t
the
s
a
me
ti
me
th
r
ough
a
n
a
tt
e
nua
ti
ng
medium
[
19]
a
nd
the
de
tail
of
the
metho
d
c
a
n
be
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
in
[
11,
12]
.
I
n
s
umm
a
r
y
(
F
ig
u
r
e
3)
,
the
ti
me
d
omain
mi
x
(
incide
nt/
r
e
f
lec
ted)
,
(
)
a
nd
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wa
ve
(
incide
nt/
r
e
f
lec
ted)
,
(
)
wa
s
c
onve
r
ted
to
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
s
ignal,
(
)
a
nd
(
)
via
f
a
s
t
F
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
(
F
F
T
)
.
T
he
n,
(
)
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
by
divi
d
e
d
(
)
by
(
)
.
T
he
bone
im
puls
e
r
e
s
pons
e
,
ℎ
(
)
wa
s
c
onve
r
ted
f
r
om
(
)
by
us
ing
inve
r
s
e
F
F
T
(
I
F
F
T
)
.
T
he
n,
ba
s
e
d
on
a
ti
me
thr
e
s
hold
o
f
loca
l
mi
nim
um
(
wa
ve
e
nve
lope)
de
ter
m
ined
by
the
ti
me
s
hif
ts
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
to
ve
lociti
e
s
a
bove
1
479
m/
s
(
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wa
ve
)
,
a
r
e
c
tangula
r
time
-
domain
wind
ows
will
be
c
r
e
a
ted.
T
he
ti
me
thr
e
s
hold
a
bove
ve
l
oc
it
ies
of
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wa
ve
wa
s
c
hos
e
n
be
c
a
us
e
the
ve
locity
of
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
wa
s
e
xpe
c
ted
to
be
f
a
s
ter
c
ompar
e
d
to
wa
ve
thr
ough
wa
ter
only
.
T
o
e
s
ti
mate
the
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
im
puls
e
r
e
s
pons
e
,
ℎ
(
)
,
the
ℎ
(
)
wa
s
mul
ti
plyi
n
g
with
ti
me
do
main
window
with
a
va
lue
e
qua
l
to
one
f
or
ti
mes
be
f
or
e
the
thr
e
s
hold
a
nd
z
e
r
o
f
o
r
ti
mes
a
f
ter
the
thr
e
s
hold.
T
o
obtaine
d
s
low
wa
ve
im
pu
ls
e
r
e
s
pons
e
,
ℎ
(
)
,
ℎ
(
)
wa
s
s
ubtr
a
c
ted
by
ℎ
(
)
due
to
r
e
lation
in
(
1
)
.
Af
te
r
that
,
the
s
low
wa
ve
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
f
unc
ti
on,
(
)
wa
s
c
onve
r
ted
f
r
om
ℎ
(
)
via
F
F
T
a
nd
mul
ti
ply
with
(
)
in
or
de
r
to
obtaine
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain’
s
p
r
e
dicte
d
s
low
wa
ve
,
(
)
.
T
o
ge
t
(
)
(
s
low
wa
ve
s
in
ti
me
domain)
,
the
I
F
F
T
c
o
mput
a
ti
on
will
us
e
d
a
ga
ins
t
the
(
)
a
nd
to
obtain
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
in
ti
me
domain
,
(
)
,
s
im
ply
s
ubtr
a
c
t
(
)
with
(
)
.
F
igur
e
2.
E
xa
mpl
e
s
o
f
(
a
)
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
model
a
nd
(
b)
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
model
(
blac
k
=
s
oli
d
tr
a
be
c
ular
)
.
Ar
r
ow
is
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
o
f
wa
ve
F
igur
e
3.
T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
low
of
the
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
method
[
11
,
12
]
W
a
ve
a
mpl
it
ude
(
A
)
(
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
pe
a
k
va
l
ue
of
s
ignal
a
mpl
it
ude
)
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
de
pe
nde
nt
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
(
β
)
we
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
in
the
s
im
ulation
wor
k,
whe
r
e
β
is
given
by,
(
)
=
1
[
20
log
(
)
−
20
log
(
)
]
(
2)
whe
r
e
(
)
a
nd
(
)
is
the
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
wa
ve
p
r
opa
ga
te
t
hr
ough
wa
ter
a
nd
bone
models
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
ly.
T
he
is
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
of
bone
models
in
c
m.
T
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
f
or
the
s
lope
(
)
wa
s
f
r
om
0.
2
M
Hz
to
0.
6
M
Hz
a
nd
the
un
it
wa
s
dB
/cm/M
Hz
.
(
a
)
(
b)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
I
nc
ident
and
r
e
fl
e
c
ted
tw
o
w
av
e
s
c
or
r
e
lat
ion…
.
(
M
uhamad
A
min
A
bd
W
ahab
)
1971
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
3.
1.
S
e
p
ar
at
ion
of
f
as
t
an
d
s
low
wave
T
he
typi
c
a
l
incide
nt
wa
ve
obtaine
d
f
r
om
T
T
mea
s
ur
e
ment
tec
hnique
wa
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
4
.
F
or
the
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
bone
models
,
a
t
the
ti
me
of
14
µ
s
,
ther
e
a
r
e
two
modes
of
wa
ve
s
,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
.
How
e
ve
r
,
only
s
ingl
e
mode
wa
ve
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
f
or
the
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
bone
model.
T
he
s
low
w
a
ve
a
ls
o
ha
s
bigger
a
mpl
i
tude
than
the
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
.
T
his
i
s
due
to
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
of
the
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
thr
ou
gh
s
oli
d
tr
a
be
c
ular
of
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
,
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
d
a
higher
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
a
f
f
e
c
t
c
ompar
e
d
to
s
low
wa
ve
,
whe
r
e
thes
e
wa
ve
s
(
s
low
wa
ve
)
pr
opa
ga
te
th
r
ough
of
por
e
pa
r
t
o
f
c
a
nc
e
ll
ous
bone
(
les
s
e
r
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
e
f
f
e
c
t
media
)
[
10
]
.
T
he
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
of
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
in
the
t
im
e
domain
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
4
f
o
r
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
or
ienta
ti
ons
wa
s
in
good
a
g
r
e
e
ment
with
p
r
e
vio
us
inves
t
igations
by
Hos
oka
wa
[
10,
20
]
.
F
or
the
incide
nt
wa
ve
with
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
or
ienta
ti
on,
the
incide
nt
f
a
s
t
a
n
d
s
low
wa
ve
we
r
e
e
s
ti
mate
d
ba
s
e
d
on
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
in
ti
me
domain,
not
us
ing
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
.
F
igur
e
5
(
a
)
s
hows
a
n
e
xa
mpl
e
of
the
bone
i
mpul
s
e
r
e
s
pons
e
,
ℎ
(
)
or
ℎ
(
)
of
the
T
T
mea
s
ur
e
ment
tec
hnique
f
or
the
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
or
i
e
ntation
of
bone
models
.
T
he
|
ℎ
(
)
|
wa
s
the
e
nve
lope
of
ℎ
(
)
.
T
he
ti
me
thr
e
s
hold
that
s
pli
t
the
bone
im
puls
e
r
e
s
pons
e
int
o
ℎ
(
)
(
lef
t)
a
nd
ℎ
(
)
(
r
ight
)
wa
s
s
pe
c
if
ied
by
the
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
da
s
he
d
li
ne
(
r
e
d)
.
T
he
a
r
r
ival
ti
me
of
incide
nt
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
wa
s
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
0.
38
µ
s
(
tF
as
t
)
e
a
r
li
e
r
,
whe
r
e
a
s
the
a
r
r
ival
ti
me
o
f
incide
nt
s
low
wa
ve
(
e
s
ti
mate
d
by
y
s
lo
w
(
t)
)
wa
s
0.
66
µ
s
(
tSl
ow
)
late
c
ompar
e
to
incide
nt
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wa
ve
a
d
jus
tm
e
nt
mea
s
ur
e
ment
a
r
r
ival
ti
me
(
i
.
e
.
,
ti
me
,
t
R
e
f
=
0
µ
s
)
.
F
igur
e
5
(
b)
s
hows
(
)
,
incide
nt
mi
x
(
r
e
d
+
blue)
,
f
ir
s
t
a
nd
s
e
c
ond
wa
ve
s
e
s
ti
mate
d
us
ing
ba
ndli
mi
ted
de
c
onvolut
ion
method
.
T
he
(
)
wa
s
us
e
d
to
e
s
ti
mate
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
ti
me
-
domain
loca
ti
on
of
s
low
wa
ve
f
r
om
m
ix
wa
ve
.
T
he
n
,
the
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
wa
s
obtaine
d
by
s
ubtr
a
c
ted
the
s
low
wa
ve
f
r
om
the
mi
x
wa
ve
.
R
e
f
e
r
r
ing
to
F
igu
r
e
6
(
a
)
a
nd
T
a
ble
2
f
or
the
po
r
os
it
y
va
lue
o
f
67%
,
the
a
mpl
it
ude
o
f
i
nc
ident
mi
x
wa
ve
wa
s
0
.
82
V
.
T
he
a
mp
li
tude
o
f
incide
nt
s
low
wa
ve
wa
s
higher
(
0.
64
V)
than
the
incide
nt
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
(
0.
22
V
)
.
P
r
e
vious
wor
k
by
Na
ga
s
a
ki
e
t
a
l.
[
4]
,
Ka
wa
s
a
ki
e
t
a
l.
[
5]
,
Ota
ni
[
6]
,
C
a
r
dos
o
e
t
a
l.
[
7]
a
nd
Ne
ls
on
e
t
a
l.
[
8]
a
ls
o
r
e
por
t
the
s
a
me
f
ind
ings
i
n
ter
ms
of
a
mpl
it
ude
r
a
ti
o
o
f
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
ℎ
(
)
(
ba
s
e
d
on
|
ℎ
(
)
|
)
wa
s
higher
than
that
f
or
ℎ
(
)
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5
(
a
)
a
nd
the
s
lope
of
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
f
or
the
incide
nt
s
low
wa
ve
(
91
dB
/cm/M
Hz
)
wa
s
lowe
r
than
that
f
or
the
incide
nt
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
(
118
dB
/cm/M
Hz
)
whic
h
a
ls
o
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
6
(
b)
a
nd
T
a
ble
2.
T
he
s
a
me
be
ha
vior
s
o
f
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
low
wa
ve
s
we
r
e
a
ls
o
r
e
por
ted
f
r
om
the
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
11]
.
T
he
r
e
lation
of
the
lowe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
highe
r
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
of
the
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
is
due
to
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponent
of
wa
ve
a
f
f
e
c
ted
mor
e
by
a
tt
e
nua
ti
o
n,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
a
bs
or
pti
on
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
low
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ompon
e
nt
[
21]
.
None
thele
s
s
,
s
ome
s
it
ua
ti
on
e
xhibi
ts
a
mpl
it
ude
of
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
bigger
or
s
im
il
a
r
wi
th
s
low
wa
ve
de
pe
nds
on
de
ns
it
y
a
nd
the
a
c
ous
ti
c
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
bone
pha
ntom
or
mate
r
ial
us
e
d
[
22
,
23
]
.
F
igur
e
4.
E
xa
mpl
e
of
incide
nt
wa
ve
pr
opa
ga
tes
thr
o
ugh
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
a
nd
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
or
ienta
ti
on
(
a
)
(
b)
F
igur
e
5.
E
xa
mpl
e
s
o
f
(
a
)
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
f
unc
ti
on
a
nd
(
b
)
incide
nt
f
i
r
s
t
a
nd
s
e
c
ond
wa
ve
f
o
r
the
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
or
ienta
ti
on
bone
models
(
por
os
it
y
=
67%
,
thi
c
kne
s
s
=
5
mm
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1968
-
1975
1972
T
a
ble
2.
Da
ta
r
e
late
d
to
F
igu
r
e
6
P
(
%
)
A
(
V
)
β
(
dB
/c
m/
M
H
z
)
M
ix
F
a
s
t
S
lo
w
M
ix
F
a
s
t
S
lo
w
33
0.32
0.25
0.09
56
95
124
36
0.48
0.26
0.23
70
95
115
37
0.41
0.43
0.03
69
57
124
49
0.38
0.22
0.17
63
80
79
53
0.77
0.17
0.62
57
101
88
54
0.80
0.16
0.64
52
113
87
67
0.82
0.22
0.64
42
118
91
71
1.30
0.29
1.08
49
118
85
74
1.77
0.33
1.47
51
116
82
P
=
P
or
os
it
y, A
=
A
mpl
it
ude
a
nd β
=
A
tt
e
nua
ti
on
F
igur
e
6.
E
xa
mpl
e
of
(
a
)
a
mpl
it
ude
a
nd
(
b)
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
ve
r
s
us
por
os
it
y
of
incide
nt
wa
ve
3.
2.
Cor
r
e
lat
io
n
of
t
h
e
wave
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
wit
h
va
r
iou
s
p
or
os
it
ies
an
d
t
h
ickn
e
s
s
e
s
R
e
f
e
r
r
in
g
to
T
a
bl
e
3
–
TT
–
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
s
e
c
t
io
ns
,
th
e
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
o
f
the
i
nc
id
e
n
t
s
lo
w
wa
v
e
a
nd
mi
x
(
A
I
s
low
a
n
d
A
I
m
ix
)
inc
r
e
a
s
e
d
wh
e
n
p
o
r
os
it
y
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
o
r
a
ll
th
ic
kne
s
s
.
T
he
c
or
r
e
la
t
io
n
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
f
o
r
b
o
th
w
a
v
e
s
a
l
s
o
s
e
e
ms
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
whe
n
t
h
ick
ne
s
s
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
.
H
owe
ve
r
,
the
r
e
is
no
or
l
ow
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
o
f
th
e
i
nc
id
e
n
t
m
i
x
a
nd
s
lo
w
w
a
v
e
s
(
β
I
m
ix
a
n
d
βI
s
l
ow
)
a
nd
po
r
os
i
ty
.
T
he
a
mp
li
tu
de
o
f
inci
de
n
t
f
a
s
t
w
a
v
e
s
,
A
I
f
as
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
wh
e
n
po
r
os
i
t
y
inc
r
e
a
s
e
a
nd
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
in
c
i
de
n
t
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
,
β
I
f
as
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
wi
th
po
r
os
i
ty
wi
th
c
o
ns
is
te
nt
a
nd
s
l
ig
ht
ly
s
ig
ni
f
ica
nt
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
f
or
a
l
l
t
h
ick
ne
s
s
e
s
.
I
n
th
e
T
a
b
le
3
–
TT
–
pe
r
pe
nd
icu
la
r
o
r
ie
n
tat
i
on
,
the
A
I
m
ix
a
nd
A
I
s
low
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
wh
e
n
po
r
os
i
ty
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
h
il
e
β
I
m
ix
a
n
d
β
I
s
lo
w
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
p
or
os
it
y
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
.
B
o
th
in
c
i
de
n
t
mi
x
a
nd
s
l
ow
wa
v
e
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
ho
w
h
i
gh
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
ns
is
te
n
t
f
o
r
a
l
l
t
h
ick
ne
s
s
e
s
.
Ne
ve
r
t
he
les
s
,
th
e
A
I
fas
t
a
ls
o
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
whe
n
p
o
r
os
i
ty
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
o
r
a
ll
th
ic
kne
s
s
e
s
e
x
c
e
pt
a
t
t
he
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
o
f
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
l
s
o
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
.
I
n
t
e
r
ms
of
β
I
f
as
t
,
th
is
p
a
r
a
met
e
r
s
ho
ws
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
t
r
e
nd
ve
r
s
us
po
r
os
it
y
w
it
h
s
li
gh
tl
y
s
ig
ni
f
ica
nt
a
n
d
c
ons
is
t
e
n
t
c
or
r
e
la
t
io
n
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
f
o
r
a
l
l
th
ic
kne
s
s
e
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
s
6
(
a
)
a
nd
(
b
)
s
ho
w
e
xa
mp
les
of
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
be
tw
e
e
n
th
e
t
wo
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
(
a
m
p
li
tu
de
a
nd
a
t
te
nua
t
io
n
o
f
i
nc
id
e
n
t
wa
ve
)
a
nd
po
r
os
it
y
f
or
p
a
r
a
ll
e
l
or
ie
nt
a
t
i
on
of
bo
ne
mo
de
ls
w
it
h
p
o
r
os
it
y
v
a
l
ue
o
f
6
7
%
a
n
d
th
ick
ne
s
s
o
f
5
mm
.
As
s
h
ow
n
in
T
a
b
le
3
–
P
E
–
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
ns
,
t
h
e
a
mp
l
it
ud
e
o
f
t
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
mi
x
w
a
v
e
,
A
R
m
ix
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
p
o
r
os
i
ty
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
H
owe
ve
r
,
the
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ici
e
n
t
is
s
l
i
gh
tl
y
low
f
o
r
a
ll
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
t
ten
ua
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
m
ix
wa
ve
,
β
R
mix
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
po
r
o
s
i
ty
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
he
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
w
a
s
s
l
ig
ht
ly
s
ig
ni
f
ica
nt
a
t
t
he
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
o
f
5
m
m
,
bu
t
l
ow
t
o
t
he
r
e
s
t
o
f
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
e
s
.
I
n
a
dd
i
ti
on
,
t
he
a
m
p
li
tu
de
o
f
t
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
f
a
s
t
wa
v
e
,
A
R
f
as
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
po
r
os
it
y
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
wa
s
s
li
gh
t
ly
s
ig
ni
f
ica
nt
.
T
he
A
R
fas
t
a
ls
o
s
e
e
ms
n
ot
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
b
y
c
ha
nge
s
o
f
t
h
ick
ne
s
s
.
I
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
lec
ted
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
,
βR
f
as
t
inc
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
p
or
os
it
y
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
w
it
h
l
ow
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
a
t
t
he
t
hi
c
ke
r
bo
ne
m
od
e
ls
,
b
u
t
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
ici
e
n
t
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
wh
e
n
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
O
n
t
he
o
th
e
r
ha
nd
,
b
ot
h
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
of
t
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
s
l
ow
w
a
v
e
(
A
R
s
low
a
n
d
β
R
s
low
)
s
ho
w
n
o
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
wi
th
po
r
os
i
ty
.
R
e
f
e
r
t
o
T
a
b
le
3
–
P
E
–
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
or
ie
nt
a
t
io
ns
,
a
l
l
wa
v
e
a
mp
l
it
ud
e
s
s
ho
w
lo
w
c
o
r
r
e
lat
i
on
ve
r
s
us
p
o
r
os
i
ty
.
T
he
β
R
mix
a
nd
β
R
s
l
o
w
a
ls
o
s
h
ow
lo
w
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
ve
r
s
us
p
o
r
os
i
ty
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
t
he
β
R
f
as
t
s
h
ows
ne
g
a
t
iv
e
t
r
e
n
ds
v
e
r
s
us
po
r
os
it
y
w
it
h
s
li
gh
tl
y
s
ig
ni
f
ica
nt
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
ve
r
s
us
po
r
o
s
i
ty
f
or
a
l
l
th
ic
kne
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
de
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
t
r
e
nd
o
f
A
I
fas
t
a
nd
A
R
f
as
t
f
o
r
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
ve
r
s
us
po
r
os
i
ty
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
nds
to
t
he
be
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
wa
s
r
e
po
r
ted
b
y
H
os
o
ka
w
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
10
]
,
K
a
wa
s
a
k
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
]
a
n
d
Ot
a
n
i
[
6
]
.
As
m
e
n
ti
on
p
r
e
v
io
us
l
y
,
t
he
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
p
r
opa
ga
tes
m
a
i
nl
y
t
h
r
o
u
gh
s
o
l
id
t
r
a
be
c
u
la
r
.
W
h
e
n
po
r
os
i
ty
inc
r
e
a
s
e
,
th
e
s
o
li
d
t
r
a
b
e
c
u
la
r
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
,
t
he
r
e
by
,
r
e
du
c
e
s
the
me
di
um
f
or
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
t
o
p
r
opa
ga
te
w
h
ich
c
o
nt
r
ib
ut
e
t
o
l
ow
a
m
p
li
tu
de
.
T
h
e
o
p
pos
i
te
ha
pp
e
ns
to
t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
tr
e
n
d
o
f
A
I
s
low
f
o
r
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
v
e
r
s
us
p
o
r
os
it
y
w
hich
due
to
t
he
s
lo
w
wa
v
e
p
r
o
pa
ga
t
e
s
t
hr
ou
gh
po
r
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
p
o
r
ou
s
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.
W
h
e
n
t
r
a
be
c
u
la
r
s
pa
c
i
ng
a
nd
p
o
r
e
s
i
z
e
g
r
o
wt
h
,
i
t
bo
os
ts
t
he
f
low
o
f
t
he
f
lu
id
,
wh
ic
h
r
e
duc
e
s
t
he
op
pos
i
ti
on
o
f
wa
ve
p
r
o
pa
g
a
t
i
on
,
r
e
s
ul
t
in
g
i
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
o
f
t
he
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
e
f
f
e
c
t
[
2
4]
.
P
r
e
vi
ou
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
H
os
o
ka
wa
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
,
K
a
wa
s
a
k
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
]
a
nd
Ot
a
n
i
[
6
]
a
ls
o
r
e
po
r
ted
t
he
s
a
me
ou
tc
ome
f
o
r
t
he
s
lo
w
wa
ve
.
F
o
r
t
he
p
a
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
ien
ta
ti
on
,
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
t
r
e
nd
o
f
β
I
f
as
t
a
nd
B
R
fas
t
wa
s
c
or
r
e
s
p
on
de
d
wi
th
t
he
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
r
e
nd
o
f
A
I
f
as
t
a
nd
A
R
f
as
t
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
a
m
pl
i
tu
de
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
t
he
a
tt
e
n
ua
t
i
on
wa
s
e
xp
e
c
te
d
to
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
.
Ne
v
e
r
t
he
les
s
,
H
o
f
f
ma
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
5]
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
t
ha
t
,
du
e
t
o
b
on
e
s
o
no
me
t
r
y
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
th
e
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
s
lo
pe
o
f
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
po
r
os
i
ty
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
M
o
r
e
o
ve
r
,
C
a
r
dos
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
7
]
s
pe
c
i
f
ies
t
ha
t
,
t
he
t
he
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
s
l
ope
o
f
a
t
te
nua
t
io
n
wa
s
di
s
p
lay
i
ng
pa
r
a
b
o
li
c
ma
nn
e
r
s
ve
r
s
us
po
r
os
i
t
y
,
wh
ic
h
d
ue
to
do
mi
na
ti
on
o
f
s
l
ow
wa
v
e
s
l
op
e
o
f
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
a
ga
i
ns
t
m
os
t
o
f
t
he
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
,
m
a
in
ly
f
or
t
he
c
a
nc
e
l
lo
us
b
on
e
w
it
h
h
ig
he
r
po
r
o
s
it
y
le
ve
l
.
I
n
t
his
pa
pe
r
,
t
he
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
h
a
s
c
on
ti
nui
t
y
of
c
o
nn
e
c
ti
on
be
tw
e
e
n
s
o
l
id
t
r
a
be
c
ul
a
r
m
ig
h
t
e
n
ha
n
c
e
t
he
p
r
o
pa
ga
ti
on
of
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
a
nd
i
nc
i
de
nt
f
a
s
t
wa
v
e
a
nd
th
e
s
e
w
a
ve
s
us
ua
l
l
y
ha
s
l
owe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
on
te
nt
.
40
60
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
R
2
= 0
.61
R
2
= 0
.67
R
2
= 0
.55
R
2
= 0
.01
R
2
= 0
.83
Amplitu
de
(V)
Poro
si
ty
(%)
R
2
= 0
.77
40
60
80
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Atten
ua
tio
n (
dB/c
m/MHz)
Poro
si
ty
(%)
Mix wa
ve
Fa
st wav
e
Slow
wav
e
a)
b)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
I
nc
ident
and
r
e
fl
e
c
ted
tw
o
w
av
e
s
c
or
r
e
lat
ion…
.
(
M
uhamad
A
min
A
bd
W
ahab
)
1973
B
e
c
a
us
e
o
f
tha
t
,
the
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
o
f
r
a
nge
s
(
0
.
2
–
0
.
6
M
H
z
)
f
o
r
t
he
s
lo
pe
o
f
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
mi
gh
t
b
e
d
om
in
a
te
d
b
y
f
a
s
t
w
a
v
e
a
nd
c
a
u
s
i
ng
β
I
s
low
a
n
d
β
R
s
l
ow
to
s
h
ow
low
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
w
i
th
po
r
os
i
ty
.
F
u
r
t
he
r
mo
r
e
,
f
o
r
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
,
t
he
β
I
s
low
s
ho
ws
a
be
ha
vi
or
s
im
i
la
r
w
it
h
s
lo
w
wa
ve
a
s
f
o
un
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
b
y
Hof
f
m
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
25
]
a
nd
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
nd
e
d
w
it
h
t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
in
g
A
I
s
low
v
e
r
s
us
po
r
os
i
t
y
.
T
he
h
ig
h
c
o
r
r
e
lat
i
on
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
o
f
β
I
s
lo
w
a
ls
o
s
u
pp
or
ts
th
e
c
lai
m
th
a
t
s
lo
w
w
a
ve
ma
y
b
e
do
m
in
a
t
in
g
t
he
in
c
i
de
nt
wa
ve
p
r
op
a
ga
t
io
n
f
o
r
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
.
S
a
m
e
g
oe
s
t
o
A
R
f
as
t
f
o
r
pa
r
a
l
lel
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
,
w
hi
c
h
d
o
mi
na
te
t
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
wa
ve
p
r
op
a
g
a
t
io
n
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
o
f
th
a
t
,
th
e
A
R
f
as
t
a
n
d
A
R
m
ix
s
h
ow
s
i
mi
la
r
t
r
e
n
d
v
e
r
s
us
po
r
os
i
ty
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
to
A
R
s
low
.
T
a
ble
3.
Ove
r
a
ll
r
e
s
ult
of
c
o
r
r
e
lation
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
f
o
r
T
T
a
nd
P
E
mea
s
ur
e
ment
tec
hnique
P
D
BO
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
, R
2
BO
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
, R
2
T
T
(
I
)
P
E
(
R
)
T
T
(
I
)
P
E
(
R
)
M
F
S
M
F
S
M
F
S
M
F
S
A
10
∥
0.50
-
0.28
0.51
-
0.47
-
0.57
0.02
⊥
0.80
0.51
0.81
-
0.01
-
0.02
0.01
9
0.33
-
0.21
0.51
-
0.27
-
0.42
0.05
0.79
0.57
0.77
-
0.04
0.19
-
0.03
8
0.32
-
0.51
0.45
-
0.28
-
0.37
0.01
0.80
0.39
0.81
-
0.05
-
0.01
-
0.02
7
0.18
-
0.74
0.32
-
0.28
-
0.29
0.02
0.77
0.31
0.79
-
0.04
-
0.02
-
0.03
6
0.12
-
0.77
0.36
-
0.35
-
0.36
-
0.07
0.67
0.01
0.70
-
0.10
-
0.16
-
0.02
5
0.01
-
0.64
0.32
-
0.33
-
0.37
-
0.02
0.78
-
0.01
0.83
-
0.22
-
0.51
-
0.01
β
10
∥
-
0.08
0.57
0.02
0.33
0.37
-
0.06
⊥
-
0.92
0.41
-
0.76
-
0.01
0.45
0.02
9
-
0.01
0.58
-
0.20
0.09
0.44
-
0.13
-
0.45
0.48
-
0.50
0.05
0.47
0.20
8
-
0.01
0.40
-
0.20
0.07
0.43
-
0.01
-
0.64
0.49
-
0.76
0.11
0.40
0.17
7
-
0.01
0.68
-
0.26
0.13
0.71
0.01
-
0.63
0.41
-
0.79
0.15
0.60
0.10
6
-
0.18
0.45
0.02
0.28
0.71
0.01
-
0.69
0.65
-
0.55
0.10
0.46
-
0.01
5
-
0.01
0.51
-
0.06
0.58
0.57
0.08
-
0.61
0.55
-
0.67
0.36
0.32
-
0.02
•
B
O
=
B
one
or
ie
nt
a
ti
on,
∥
=
pa
r
a
ll
e
l,
⊥
=
pe
r
pe
ndi
c
ul
a
r
,
P
=
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
s
, D
=
T
hi
c
kne
s
s
(
mm
)
, A
=
A
mpl
it
ude
, β
=
A
tt
e
nua
ti
on,
M
=
M
ix
w
a
ve
, F
=
F
a
s
t
w
a
ve
,
a
nd S
=
S
lo
w
w
a
ve
.
•
S
ig
n (
±)
s
pe
c
if
y pos
it
iv
e
or
ne
ga
ti
ve
t
r
e
nd ve
r
s
us
por
os
it
y
•
n =
9;
V
e
r
y s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
:
R
2
≥ 0.
798
, p
≤ 0
.01
;
S
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
:
R
2
≥
0.666, p ≤ 0.
05;
S
li
ght
ly
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
:
R
2
≥ 0.
348
, p
≤ 0
.1
T
h
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
β
I
f
as
t
is
no
t
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
wi
t
h
t
he
t
r
e
nds
o
f
A
I
fas
t
f
or
pe
r
pe
nd
icu
la
r
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
.
Ho
we
ve
r
,
t
he
t
r
e
n
d
o
f
β
I
fas
t
f
o
r
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
wa
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
β
I
fas
t
f
o
r
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
.
T
h
is
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
,
th
e
s
lo
pe
o
f
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
n
ot
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
e
d
b
y
a
m
pl
i
tu
de
.
No
t
on
ly
t
ha
t
,
t
he
β
R
fas
t
f
or
p
a
r
a
l
lel
a
nd
pe
r
p
e
n
di
c
u
la
r
o
r
ie
nta
t
io
ns
a
ls
o
be
h
a
ve
s
t
he
s
a
m
e
a
s
β
I
f
as
t
.
T
his
be
ha
v
i
or
m
ig
ht
be
d
ue
to
s
c
a
t
te
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
us
t
ic
im
pe
da
nc
e
m
is
m
a
tc
h
a
nd
i
nh
om
oge
ne
it
y
o
f
t
r
a
be
c
ul
a
r
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
[
26
,
27
]
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
ly
a
t
hi
gh
p
o
r
os
i
ty
wa
s
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
,
t
he
r
e
by
,
s
h
ow
in
g
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
r
e
n
d
v
e
r
s
us
p
o
r
os
it
y
f
or
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
o
f
f
a
s
t
w
a
v
e
,
de
s
p
i
te
s
o
me
s
i
tu
a
t
i
on
,
w
he
r
e
t
he
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
t
he
a
m
p
li
tu
de
o
f
f
a
s
t
w
a
v
e
no
t
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
nd
w
i
th
t
he
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
.
M
e
a
n
wh
il
e
,
a
bs
o
r
p
ti
on
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
c
a
us
e
d
b
y
na
tu
r
a
l
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
in
th
e
s
ol
i
d
a
n
d
l
iq
ui
d
ph
a
s
e
(
b
one
m
a
r
r
o
w
o
r
wa
te
r
)
[
2
6
]
ma
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
low
wa
ve
.
T
h
e
t
ot
a
l
a
t
te
nua
t
io
n
m
os
t
ly
c
o
nt
r
ib
u
t
e
s
b
y
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
c
om
pa
r
e
d
t
o
a
bs
o
r
pt
io
n
a
t
t
he
hi
gh
e
r
p
or
os
it
y
b
one
m
o
de
ls
.
I
n
te
r
ms
o
f
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
o
f
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
ove
r
a
l
l
r
e
s
ul
t
s
h
ows
th
a
t
t
he
inc
id
e
n
t
w
a
ve
ha
s
g
o
od
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
w
i
th
po
r
os
i
t
y
c
om
pa
r
e
d
t
o
r
e
f
lec
te
d
wa
v
e
.
T
his
m
i
gh
t
be
du
e
to
p
r
opa
ga
t
io
n
los
s
o
f
r
e
f
lec
te
d
w
a
v
e
s
u
f
f
e
r
e
d
.
T
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
wa
ve
s
p
r
op
a
ga
te
th
r
ou
g
h
bo
ne
,
r
e
f
lec
te
d
a
t
th
e
bo
un
da
r
y
be
tw
e
e
n
a
i
r
a
n
d
w
a
te
r
w
a
s
we
a
ke
n
e
d
t
he
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
wa
ve
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
ha
t
,
thes
e
w
a
v
e
s
pr
op
a
ga
te
a
ga
in
t
hr
ou
gh
b
on
e
be
f
o
r
e
r
e
a
c
h
in
g
t
r
a
ns
du
c
e
r
.
N
ot
o
nl
y
tha
t
,
th
e
r
e
f
lec
te
d
wa
ve
a
ls
o
m
a
y
be
m
ix
e
d
wi
t
h
s
c
a
t
te
r
e
d
wa
ve
i
ns
i
de
a
c
a
nc
e
l
lo
us
bo
ne
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
(
p
r
o
du
c
e
d
by
t
he
p
r
opa
ga
t
io
n
o
f
i
nc
id
e
n
t
w
a
v
e
)
a
n
d
de
te
r
io
r
a
te
t
he
r
e
f
l
e
c
ted
wa
ve
.
P
r
e
v
io
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
Na
ga
ta
ni
e
t
a
l
.
[
17
]
s
h
ows
t
ha
t
t
he
a
t
te
nua
t
io
n
of
f
a
s
t
wa
v
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
t
h
ic
kne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd
t
he
n
t
he
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
o
c
e
r
ta
in
va
lu
e
a
nd
be
c
o
me
c
o
ns
t
a
n
t
.
I
t
s
pe
c
i
f
ies
t
ha
t
f
a
s
t
w
a
v
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d
c
e
r
ta
i
n
th
ic
kne
s
s
to
g
e
ne
r
a
te
w
he
n
u
l
t
r
a
s
o
un
d
wa
ve
s
p
r
o
pa
ga
te
t
h
r
o
ug
h
c
a
nc
e
l
l
ous
b
on
e
[
17
]
.
N
e
ls
on
e
t
a
l
.
[
28
]
in
dic
a
t
e
t
ha
t
,
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
in
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
do
ma
in
(
s
lo
pe
of
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
)
o
f
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
lo
w
w
a
ve
w
a
s
c
o
ns
tan
t
f
o
r
c
a
n
c
e
l
l
ous
bo
ne
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
f
r
o
m
5
m
m
t
o
1
5
m
m
.
M
o
r
e
ov
e
r
,
i
n
t
im
e
d
om
a
i
n
a
n
a
l
ys
is
(
r
a
t
io
o
f
a
mp
li
tu
de
be
tw
e
e
n
s
a
mp
le
a
n
d
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
wa
v
e
)
,
t
h
e
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
o
f
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
y
wh
e
n
t
h
ic
kne
s
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
wh
i
le
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
of
s
lo
w
wa
ve
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
l
i
gh
tl
y
.
T
h
is
b
e
ha
vi
o
r
oc
c
u
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
a
t
te
nu
a
t
i
on
in
t
i
me
do
ma
in
be
c
a
us
e
o
f
t
he
na
tu
r
e
o
f
b
r
o
a
d
ba
n
d
p
u
ls
e
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
be
ha
vi
o
r
a
ls
o
mi
gh
t
b
e
t
he
r
e
a
s
on
w
hy
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ic
ien
t
o
f
A
I
f
as
t
f
o
r
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
t
io
n
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
th
ic
kne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
At
th
e
les
s
e
r
t
h
ic
kne
s
s
,
t
he
f
a
s
t
w
a
ve
s
ho
ws
a
c
l
e
a
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
o
f
a
m
pl
i
tu
de
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
p
o
r
os
it
y
v
a
l
ue
.
B
u
t
,
wh
e
n
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
mp
l
it
ud
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
va
lu
e
is
r
e
du
c
e
,
h
e
nc
e
,
c
a
us
i
ng
les
s
c
le
a
r
o
f
t
r
e
n
ds
a
s
we
l
l
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ici
e
n
t
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
.
S
a
me
go
e
s
to
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
ic
ien
t
o
f
A
I
f
as
t
f
o
r
p
e
r
pe
n
d
icu
la
r
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
w
hi
c
h
s
e
e
m
s
t
o
s
h
ow
t
r
e
n
d
c
ha
n
ge
s
f
r
om
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
o
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
he
n
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
t
he
β
I
f
as
t
a
n
d
β
R
fas
t
f
o
r
p
a
r
a
l
le
l
a
nd
pe
r
pe
n
d
icu
la
r
or
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
a
ls
o
s
ho
ws
c
o
ns
is
te
n
t
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
wh
e
n
th
e
t
hic
kn
e
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
ows
th
a
t
,
th
e
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
i
n
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
do
ma
in
(
s
lo
pe
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1968
-
1975
1974
o
f
a
tt
e
nu
a
t
io
n
)
no
t
r
e
a
l
ly
a
f
f
e
c
ted
b
y
the
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
N
e
x
t
,
the
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
o
f
the
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
of
A
I
s
low
f
o
r
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
w
he
n
th
ic
kne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
m
a
y
b
e
d
ue
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
o
f
s
ol
id
t
r
a
be
c
u
la
r
w
h
ich
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
a
mp
l
it
ud
e
o
f
s
l
ow
wa
ve
.
B
u
t
,
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
lat
i
on
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
o
f
β
I
s
low
f
o
r
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
a
nd
pe
r
pe
nd
icu
la
r
wa
s
a
s
s
u
med
c
ons
is
ten
t
de
s
pi
te
f
o
r
l
ow
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
o
n
f
o
r
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
o
r
i
e
n
ta
t
io
n
.
H
owe
ve
r
,
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ici
e
n
t
of
A
I
s
low
f
o
r
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
o
r
i
e
n
ta
ti
on
a
ppe
a
r
s
c
on
s
is
te
nt
w
he
n
th
ic
kn
e
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
his
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
m
a
y
be
due
to
s
lo
w
wa
ve
d
o
mi
na
ti
on
a
n
d
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
t
te
nu
a
t
io
n
in
the
t
im
e
d
o
mai
n
w
hi
c
h
no
t
a
f
f
e
c
ts
mu
c
h
s
lo
w
wa
ve
a
s
f
o
un
d
b
y
N
e
ls
on
e
t
a
l
[
28
]
.
F
or
t
he
pa
r
a
l
le
l
o
r
ie
n
tat
i
on
,
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
o
f
A
R
f
as
t
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
li
gh
t
ly
w
he
n
t
h
ic
kne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
be
ha
vi
o
r
wa
s
a
b
it
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
to
A
I
fas
t
.
T
h
e
d
om
i
na
t
i
on
of
A
R
f
as
t
a
s
m
e
n
t
io
n
p
r
e
vi
ous
l
y
ma
y
c
on
t
r
i
bu
te
s
uc
h
be
ha
vi
o
r
o
f
t
h
is
wa
ve
f
or
a
l
l
th
ic
kne
s
s
e
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
on
be
tw
e
e
n
r
e
f
le
c
t
io
n
w
a
ve
a
n
d
c
a
nc
e
l
lo
us
bo
ne
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
be
f
u
r
t
he
r
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ted
t
o
be
t
te
r
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
d
it
s
b
e
ha
vi
o
r
.
T
he
p
r
o
pa
ga
t
i
on
lo
s
s
a
nd
m
ul
t
ip
le
s
c
a
tt
e
r
i
ng
ma
y
be
i
nv
ol
ve
d
a
nd
ne
e
d
to
b
e
s
ol
ve
d
be
f
o
r
e
br
oa
dba
nd
de
c
on
vo
lu
t
io
n
me
th
od
w
a
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
wa
ve
a
nd
pe
r
ha
ps
c
a
n
pr
od
uc
e
a
c
lea
r
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
be
twe
e
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
ted
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
l
ow
wa
ve
a
n
d
po
r
os
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
2D
s
i
mu
la
ti
on
e
n
v
ir
on
me
nt
m
a
y
n
o
t
be
a
s
po
w
e
r
f
u
l
a
s
3
D
s
i
m
ula
t
io
n
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
e
xp
e
r
i
me
nt
,
he
nc
e
,
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
mi
gh
t
b
e
a
b
i
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
w
i
th
ot
he
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
c
on
c
l
us
i
on
,
t
he
r
e
f
l
e
c
ted
f
a
s
t
a
n
d
s
lo
w
wa
ve
wa
s
p
os
s
ib
le
t
o
be
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
us
in
g
ba
nd
l
im
it
e
d
d
e
c
on
vo
lu
ti
on
,
wh
e
r
e
t
he
r
e
wa
s
n
o
a
tt
e
m
pt
be
f
o
r
e
b
y
o
t
he
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
to
de
c
o
mp
os
e
t
he
r
e
f
lec
te
d
w
a
v
e
us
ing
t
h
is
me
th
od
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
t
his
p
a
p
e
r
a
ls
o
s
ho
ws
a
be
ha
vi
o
r
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
lo
w
wa
v
e
s
,
wh
ic
h
m
i
gh
t
be
u
s
e
f
u
l
t
o
o
t
he
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
f
u
r
t
he
r
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
a
s
t
he
pu
r
pos
e
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
b
on
e
e
s
ti
ma
ti
o
n
us
i
ng
p
u
ls
e
e
c
h
o
tec
hn
iq
ue
.
M
o
r
e
ove
r
,
th
e
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
o
f
i
n
c
i
de
nt
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
te
d
f
a
s
t
wa
ve
f
o
r
b
ot
h
bo
ne
or
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
s
s
how
i
ng
a
s
i
mi
la
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
r
e
nd
ve
r
s
us
p
o
r
os
it
y
w
i
th
a
s
l
ig
ht
l
y
g
oo
d
c
or
r
e
la
t
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
.
T
h
is
wa
s
du
e
t
o
s
ol
id
s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e
o
f
bo
ne
w
a
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
f
a
s
t
w
a
ve
.
T
he
in
c
i
de
nt
s
lo
w
wa
ve
s
do
mi
na
te
d
t
he
w
a
ve
p
r
o
pa
ga
t
io
n
f
or
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ul
a
r
o
r
ie
n
tat
i
on
f
o
r
bo
th
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
nd
s
h
ow
i
ng
g
oo
d
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
wi
t
h
po
r
o
s
i
ty
.
T
h
e
be
h
a
v
ior
o
f
s
lo
w
w
a
v
e
i
nd
ica
tes
t
ha
t
,
po
r
e
p
a
r
t
of
t
h
e
b
on
e
wa
s
r
e
l
a
te
d
w
it
h
th
is
w
a
ve
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n
,
the
t
hic
kn
e
s
s
o
f
bo
ne
mo
de
ls
c
le
a
r
ly
a
f
f
e
c
ted
i
nc
i
de
nt
f
a
s
t
a
nd
s
lo
w
wa
ve
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
a
m
pl
i
tu
de
b
ut
les
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
a
t
ten
ua
ti
on
w
hi
c
h
is
g
o
od
a
g
r
e
e
me
nt
wi
th
p
r
e
v
io
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
wh
e
r
e
a
tt
e
n
ua
ti
on
be
ha
v
e
c
o
ns
tan
t
ly
w
he
n
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
.
T
h
e
or
ie
nt
a
t
io
n
o
f
b
on
e
mo
de
ls
a
ls
o
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
b
o
th
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
a
n
d
i
nc
id
e
n
t
f
a
s
t
a
n
d
s
l
ow
wa
ve
s
.
T
he
c
om
p
lex
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
of
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
d
wa
v
e
i
n
te
r
a
c
ts
w
i
th
in
ho
mo
ge
n
e
i
t
y
o
f
c
a
nc
e
l
ous
bo
ne
mo
de
ls
s
ti
ll
d
if
f
ic
ul
t
to
in
ter
p
r
e
t
du
e
t
o
p
r
o
pa
g
a
t
io
n
los
s
s
u
f
f
e
r
e
d
by
t
he
s
e
wa
ve
s
.
H
owe
ve
r
,
the
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
o
f
bo
ne
he
a
l
th
e
va
lu
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
pu
ls
e
e
c
ho
t
e
c
hn
iq
ue
mi
gh
t
im
p
r
o
ve
i
f
c
o
ns
i
de
r
in
g
t
wo
mo
de
s
w
a
v
e
i
ns
t
e
a
d
o
f
s
i
ng
le
mo
de
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
ly
f
a
s
t
wa
v
e
.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
w
ou
ld
li
ke
t
o
t
ha
nk
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
T
e
k
n
ol
og
i
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
(
U
T
M
)
a
nd
M
O
H
E
f
or
f
un
di
ng
t
he
s
t
ud
y
u
nde
r
g
r
a
n
t
V
o
t
Q
.
J
1
30
00
.
25
51
.
21
H4
9
a
nd
Q
.
J
1
30
00
.
30
01
.
01M
13
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C
h
i
j
i
n
d
u
V
.
,
U
d
ez
e
C
.
,
A
h
a
n
e
k
u
M
.
,
A
n
o
l
i
e
f
o
E
.
,
“
D
e
t
ec
t
i
o
n
o
f
Pr
o
s
t
a
t
e
C
a
n
c
er
U
s
i
n
g
Ra
d
i
a
l
/
A
x
i
a
l
S
ca
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
2
D
T
r
a
n
s
-
r
ec
t
a
l
U
l
t
r
a
s
o
u
n
d
Im
a
g
e
s
,”
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
222
-
22
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
T
o
u
fi
k
Merd
j
an
a
A
.
C.
,
“
St
u
d
y
an
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
V
H
D
L
-
A
MS
o
f
t
h
e
el
ect
r
i
cal
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
a
p
i
ezo
e
l
ect
ri
c
u
l
t
ras
o
n
i
c
t
ra
n
s
d
u
cer
,”
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
ve
S
y
s
t
e
m
(IJP
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
0
6
4
-
10
71
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
]
H
o
s
o
k
a
w
a
A
.
,
“
N
u
me
r
i
c
a
l
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
U
l
t
r
a
s
o
u
n
d
Ba
c
k
s
c
a
t
t
er
e
d
W
a
v
e
s
i
n
Ca
n
ce
l
l
o
u
s
B
o
n
e
U
s
i
n
g
a
F
i
n
i
t
e
-
D
i
f
fe
re
n
c
e
T
i
m
e
-
D
o
m
a
i
n
Me
t
h
o
d
:
I
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
B
ac
k
s
ca
t
t
er
ed
W
a
v
e
s
Fr
o
m
V
ar
i
o
u
s
R
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
B
o
n
e
D
e
p
t
h
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
U
l
t
r
a
s
o
n
i
c
s
,
F
e
r
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
,
a
n
d
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
62
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1201
-
12
10
,
2015
.
[4
]
N
ag
a
t
an
i
Y
.
,
N
g
u
y
e
n
V
.
H
.
,
N
ai
l
i
S
.
,
H
aï
a
t
G
.
,
“
T
h
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effect
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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.
(
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min
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bd
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)
1975
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