TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.2, June 20
14
, pp. 419~4
2
8
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i2.2089
419
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 7, 2
014;
Re
vised Ap
ril
28, 2014; Accepte
d
May 1
4
, 2014
Planar Finger-Shaped Antenna Used in Ultra-Wideband
Wireless Systems
Rashid A. Fa
y
a
dh
1
, Mohd Fareq A. Malek
2
, Hilal A. Fadhil
1
, Fw
e
n
Ho
on Wee
1
1
School of Co
mputer an
d Co
mmunicati
on E
ngi
neer
in
g,
Uni
v
ersiti Mala
ys
i
a
Perlis (U
niM
AP), 02000 Ar
au,
Pe
rl
i
s
, Ma
lay
s
ia
2
School of Ele
c
trical S
y
stems
Engin
eeri
ng,
Univer
s
i
ti Mal
a
ysi
a
Perlis (U
ni
MAP), 02600 A
r
au, Perlis,
Malay
s
ia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: r_rashi
d47
@
y
a
h
o
o
.com
1
, mfareq@
unim
a
p
.
edu.m
y
2
,
hila
la
dna
n@
un
imap.e
du.com
3
, w
e
e
f
w
e
nh
oo
n@
g
m
a
i
l
.
co
m
4
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Rece
ntly, exte
nsive re
qu
ire
m
e
n
ts hav
e d
e
vel
ope
d for
ultra-w
i
de
ban
d
(UW
B
) technolo
g
y that
provi
des hi
gh
activity and s
m
all si
z
e
for us
e
in sma
ll co
mmu
n
ic
ation sys
tems, re
mote s
ensi
ng, an
d ra
dar
app
licati
ons.
T
hus, w
e
concentrate
d w
i
th hig
h
-res
o
luti
on rad
a
r UW
B anten
na to
cover F
eder
al
Co
mmun
icati
o
n Co
mmissio
n
’
s (F
CC) stan
d
a
rd UW
B r
ang
e (3.1-
10.6 GH
z
)
. T
h
e
pro
pos
ed i
d
e
a
l-si
z
e
a
n
d
low
-
cost fing
er
-shap
ed
patch
anten
na
of 2
4
mm x
1
9
mm
p
r
inted
on
4
0
mm x
3
5
mm r
e
c
t
angu
lar T
a
c
o
n
i
c
T
L
Y-5 materi
al
w
a
s
desi
gne
d and estab
lish
e
d
throu
gh
exp
e
r
iments a
nd s
i
mu
lati
ons. R
e
s
u
lts show
that t
he
tw
o cut notch
e
s
of 1.
5
mm x
2
mm at th
e
botto
m cor
ners
of th
e p
a
tch c
an
incre
a
se
th
e b
a
n
d
w
i
dth. T
o
incre
a
se the ra
diati
on are
a
an
d achi
eve
mor
e
reson
anc
e frequ
enci
e
s, tw
o cut slots at th
e top ed
ge of th
e
patch w
e
re d
e
s
ign
ed i
n
de
pth of 10
mm. F
our para
m
eter
s
w
e
re consi
dere
d
in the
ana
lysi
s of the prop
os
ed
anten
na
desi
g
n, na
me
ly the f
eed
er w
i
dth, n
u
mber of
sl
ots, nu
mb
er of not
ches
, an
d feed
gap sp
ace. T
h
e
simulat
ed a
nd
me
asur
ed res
u
lts of the
mai
n
anten
na
par
a
m
eters make th
e
desi
gn s
u
itab
l
e
in
ap
plic
ation
s
of UWB wireless system
s.
Ke
y
w
ords
: two notches fin
g
e
r-sha
ped p
a
t
c
h anten
na, re
flecti
on co
effici
ents, omni-d
ir
ection
al patter
n
s,
anten
na p
a
ra
meters
1. Introduc
tion
There a
r
e m
any appli
c
ati
ons fo
r
UWB
techn
o
l
ogy
at the presen
t time, such
as m
obile
radio
an
d wirele
ss com
m
unication
with pul
se
s
that are
le
ss tha
n
a
n
ano
se
con
d
. UWB
te
c
h
n0
lo
go
y
is
us
ed
e
x
ten
s
ive
l
y be
cau
s
e it pr
o
v
ide
s
s
e
ver
a
l ad
va
n
t
a
g
e
s
,
in
c
l
ud
in
g 1
)
lo
w
compl
e
xity and lo
w
co
st, 2) hi
gh q
ualit
y servi
c
e,
3
)
high tran
smission
rate
s, a
nd 4
)
op
erational
flexibility [1]. To m
eet th
e requi
reme
n
t
s of a
ppl
i
c
at
ions
in wirel
e
ss comm
uni
cation
sy
ste
m
s,
small micro
s
t
r
ip anten
na
s can be d
e
si
g
ned that
have ultra-wide
band
width
s
o
f
frequen
cy that
allows them
to achi
eve hi
gh-cap
a
city
bit rate
s of
several hu
nd
red M
b
p
s
o
r
even Gb
ps
for
distan
ce
s u
p
to 10 mete
rs. The
UWB f
r
e
quen
cie
s
a
r
e
allocated by t
he Fe
deral Communi
catio
n
s
Commi
ssion
(FCC) in the
United State
s
, and the
fr
e
quen
cy spe
c
trum
ran
g
e
s
from 3.1
to 1
0
.6
GHz
with a l
o
w-po
we
r sp
ectral
de
nsity
of -4
1.3 dB
m/MHz [2]. Thus,
we
pro
p
o
se
d a
se
nsi
t
ive
microstri
p
-pat
ch anten
na with
a
refle
c
t
i
on coeffici
en
t of less th
a
n
-1
0 dB
tha
t
has hig
h
g
a
in,
good
directivi
t
y, small
size
, and t
r
an
smi
ssi
on-li
ne
fe
e
d
ing
but
whi
c
h is al
so li
gh
tweight. M
any
sha
p
e
s
have
been
de
signe
d to achieve
the de
sire
d
UWB characte
ristics, su
ch
a
s
the di
amon
d
antenn
a [3] for the ope
rat
i
onal ban
d 3.38 to 14 GH
z; the T-sl
otted, grou
nd
-pl
ane ante
nna
[4]
with a fre
que
ncy ra
nge of
3.1 to 11.5
G
Hz; the ‘sm
a
rt anten
na’
for sp
atial ra
ke receivers
[5];
UWB
slotted
microstri
p
p
a
tch a
n
tenn
a
usin
g FR
4
material
of 4.4 diele
c
tri
c
con
s
tant a
n
d
dimen
s
ion
s
a
r
e 30mm x 55mm [6]; the
dual-ban
d,
notche
d
anten
na with cu
rve
d
was propo
sed
by [7] to operate from 2.5 to 12 GHz; th
e two-por
t, ci
rcula
r
-patch a
n
tenna for
divers
appli
c
atio
ns
[8]; the bow-tie, planar, wi
deba
nd dipol
e with a freq
uen
cy rang
e betwe
en 4 a
nd 9 GHz [9]; a
four-eleme
nt, micro
s
tri
p
, antenna a
r
ray that was
pre
s
ented in [10]
to attract the
radiate
d
data
in
the FCC f
r
eq
uen
cy ra
nge;
a pla
nar
mon
opole
anten
n
a
with
an
o
c
tagon
al-sha
pe
d pat
ch th
at
wa
s
prod
uced by [11] and multi
-
ban
d and
wi
deba
nd ante
nna was d
e
si
gned by [12] to operat
e in the
allocated ba
ndwi
d
th
for UWB
wi
rele
ss comm
uni
cations; fo
rk-shape
d radiat
ing p
a
tch
was
prop
osed by
[13] to cover Bluetooth a
nd UW
B fre
q
uen
cy band
s and the fab
r
icated
su
bstrate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 2, June 20
14: 419 – 42
8
420
wa
s mad
e
of FR4 mate
ria
l
; a four-filter
antenn
a
with
three
split re
son
a
tors that
was
su
gge
st
ed
to offer
dual
ban
d
WiMA
X and
WLAN a
ppli
c
ation
s
[14,
15,
1
6
], while
a
CPU-fed, pl
a
nar,
inverted
-cone
antenn
a was fabri
c
ated to
cover the b
a
n
d
width f
r
om 1
.
3 to 11 G
H
z
with maximu
m
gain [1
7]. In
orde
r to
redu
ce th
e
co
st o
f
antenn
as a
nd al
so
for re
duci
ng th
e
co
st, anten
na
was
desi
gne
d in [18] with su
bstrate made of
textile
mate
rial that use
d
to produ
ce j
ean
s, in addition
the patch a
n
d
the grou
nd
plane were
made of cop
per to be
sui
t
able for UWB bandwi
d
th. A
tuning fork type was
pro
p
o
s
ed
and
simu
lated by
[19]
for ope
ratin
g
freque
ncy
ra
nge of 3.7
G
H
z
to 13.8 GHz with printe
d p
a
tch ante
nna
on a FR4
sub
s
trate.
In this pap
er,
we con
c
ent
rated on the
d
e
sig
n
of ultra
wideb
and
re
ctang
ular
pat
ch
with
two n
o
tch
e
s
on e
a
ch b
o
ttom
side
of th
e pat
ch to
a
c
hieve the
ba
ndwi
d
th a
r
ou
nd 3
G
H
z to
12
GHz. Th
e a
n
tenna
ha
d th
ree
slots to
extend the
radia
t
ing ele
m
ent
reasona
bly ov
er th
e o
p
e
r
ati
ng
band
3
- 1
2
GHz, which i
s
suffici
ent fo
r
UWB
ope
ra
ti
on. Th
e p
r
op
ose
d
a
n
tenn
a
is
sm
aller in
size
comp
ared
with the p
r
evio
u
s
d
e
sig
n
s to
be
suit
able
for small UWB
comm
uni
cation system
s.
In
Section
2, d
e
tailed d
e
si
g
n
and th
e di
mensi
o
n
s
a
r
e presented
and follo
we
d
by Section
3 of
fabricated ant
enna de
sig
n
. After that simulated and
m
easure
d
re
sul
t
s with their d
i
scussio
n
s an
d
con
c
lu
sio
n
s a
r
e presented i
n
Section
s
4 and 5, re
spe
c
tively.
2. Configur
a
t
ion of th
e Propose
d
An
tenna
The
small
si
ze
and
ea
sy to fabri
c
ate
antenn
as are
two fe
ature
s
stro
ngly d
e
sired fo
r
mode
rn UWB
co
mmuni
cati
on system
s. Another
con
s
i
deratio
n h
a
s
to be ta
ke
n in
to acco
unt i
s
to
provide
go
od
matchi
ng b
e
t
ween fe
ed
section
and
ra
diator
part. T
he ge
ometry
of the p
r
opo
sed
antenn
a con
s
ists of the followin
g
part
s
, whi
c
h are
sui
t
able for inte
gration
with a printed
circuit
board (PCB
).
2.1. The sub
s
tra
t
e
The le
ngth
of re
ctang
ular
micr
ostri
p
a
n
tenna i
s
one
-half wavel
e
n
g
th if the
sub
s
trate i
s
air gap a
nd the length de
cre
a
ses
whe
n
usin
g sub
s
t
r
ate materi
al of valuable di
electri
c
con
s
tant
[23]. Taconi
c TLY-5 ma
terial was u
s
ed in th
e
fabrication o
f
the anten
na whi
c
h
was
manufa
c
tured
with very li
ghtwei
ght wo
ven fiber
gl
ass an
d ha
d the follo
wing
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics:
dimen
s
ion
a
l
stability; a l
o
w
diele
c
tri
c
co
nsta
nt ra
nge
(
r
=
2.2), a l
o
w di
ssi
pation
factor
(app
roximatel
y
0.0009 at freque
ncy of 1
0
GHz); m
a
d
e
of high-sp
e
ed digital mat
e
rial; and
a wide
rang
e of ban
dwidth
s. The width, length,
and hei
ght are denoted by W, L, and h resp
ectively, and
the prop
osed
rectan
gula
r
dimen
s
ion
s
were:
W = 40
mm, and L = 35 mm, an
d h = 1.575
mm.
The
small
si
ze of thi
s
a
n
tenna
provi
des th
e flexibility requi
re
d for u
s
e i
n
small,
wirel
e
ss
comm
uni
cat
i
on sy
st
e
m
s,
suc
h
as m
obile sy
st
em
s,
lapt
op de
v
i
ces,
ind
oor
receiv
e
r
s a
nd
transmitters, and n
a
rrow
b
and radio
systems.
The
effective diele
c
tric con
s
tant (
r
e
ff
) of the pat
ch
wa
s determin
ed to be 2.1 from the follo
wing e
quatio
n [20]:
11
2
12
21
(
)
rr
ref
f
h
W
(1)
2.2. Ground
plane
The re
ctan
gu
lar groun
d pl
ane was m
a
d
e
of copp
er t
hat had a thi
c
kne
ss of 0.0
35 mm,
and it
wa
s p
r
inted on
the
back
of the
substrate. Th
e
gro
und
pla
n
e
ha
s a
len
g
th (L
gp
)
of 1
1
.6
mm and
a
wi
dth (W
gp
)
of 40 mm,
whi
c
h we
re
optimi
z
ed to
obtai
n
the be
st retu
rn loss
(S
11
) (l
es
s
than
-10
dB)
and i
m
ped
an
ce
ban
dwi
d
th
. The va
rio
u
s dime
nsi
ons
were
ch
osen
to incre
a
se t
he
effective leng
th bellow the
4 GHz freq
ue
ncy ban
d.
2.3. Feed ga
p
The ban
dwi
d
th of the antenna was in
depe
ndent
of
the feed gap of the grou
nd plane
sin
c
e the
gro
und pl
ane,
served a
s
a
n
impeda
nce-
m
a
tchin
g
ci
rcui
t .The si
ze o
f
the feed ga
p
allowed u
s
to
obtain a
wid
e
r imp
edan
ce
band
width a
nd omni
-di
r
e
c
tional ra
diatio
n pattern
s .T
he
optimal valu
e
of the thi
c
kn
ess of th
e fe
ed g
ap
(L
gap
) wa
s
determi
ned to
be
0.4
mm in
orde
r to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Planar Finger-Shaped Antenna Used in Ul
tra-Wi
deband .... (Rashi
d A. Fayadh)
421
prod
uce nea
rly-pu
re resi
stive input impeda
nce to cover the
UWB ra
ng
e in wirel
e
ss
comm
uni
cat
i
on sy
st
e
m
s.
2.4. Microstr
ip feed
Four po
pula
r
co
nfiguratio
ns
are
u
s
ed
to f
eed
micro
s
trip
anten
na
, i.e., micro
s
t
r
ip lin
e,
coaxial p
r
ob
e, apertu
re
couplin
g, and
proximit
y co
upling. Th
e config
uratio
n
we u
s
ed in
the
prop
osed a
n
tenna
wa
s the
microstri
p
lin
e feed ma
de
of
cop
per
wit
h
t = 0.03
5 m
m
(thickn
e
ss), L
f
= 12 mm (l
en
gth), and W
f
= 4.7 mm (wi
d
th).
2.5. Microstr
ip patch ele
m
ent
Many sha
p
e
s
of the microst
r
ip pat
ch
have been
desig
ned a
s
radi
ators for UWB
radiatio
n. Th
ere a
r
e two
degree
s of freedom
(l
en
gth and wi
dth) for cont
rollin
g a re
ctang
u
l
ar
microstri
p
a
n
tenna,
so
that
the o
r
d
e
r
of
cha
ngi
n
g
the
mode
ca
n b
e
don
e by va
rying the
relati
ve
dimen
s
ion
s
o
f
the width
a
nd len
g
th of
t
he pat
ch b
a
se
d on
re
sonant frequ
e
n
cy. The
pat
ch
d
i
me
ns
io
ns
o
f
W
p
x L
p
can
be d
e
termined a
c
co
rding to the
followin
g
p
r
o
c
edure when
the
resona
nt freq
uen
cy (f
r
) is 5
GHz [21].
2
21
p
rr
c
W
f
(2)
whe
r
e, c i
s
the sp
eed of t
he light in fre
e
spa
c
e
(3
1
0
m/s), and the
width (W
p
) of
the patch
wa
s determin
ed to be 24 m
m
. The extended len
g
th of the patch
(
L) can b
e
cal
c
ul
ated as:
(
0
.3
)
(
0.264)
0.412
(
0
.
258
)
(
0.8
)
p
W
re
ff
h
p
ref
f
Lh
w
h
(3)
The a
c
tual l
e
ngth of the
p
a
tch
(L
p
)
ca
n
be calculated
by applyin
g
equatio
ns
(4
) and
(5
) to g
e
t
19
mm:
r
ref
f
reff
(4)
2
2
re
ff
p
LL
(5)
whe
r
e
r
is the reso
nant wavelength (
r
= c/
f
r
) .
Fig. 1 illust
rat
e
s that each
radiating edge of
the pat
ch is
represen
ted by the admittance
(Y) of real p
a
rt denote
d
b
y
condu
ctan
ce (G
) an
d the imagina
ry part den
oted
by suscepta
n
c
e
(B),
so th
at Y
= G
+ jB.
To
enh
an
ce th
e
conv
e
n
tional
recta
ngul
ar
UWB
a
n
tenn
a, we divided
th
e
uppe
r pat
ch
edge i
n
to three sub
-
edg
e
s
(fin
gers)
b
y
makin
g
two slot
s of e
q
ual dime
nsi
o
ns
throug
h the
u
pper pat
ch e
d
ge. The
s
e th
ree finge
rs
we
re p
r
op
osed t
o
incre
a
se th
e ra
diation
area
and to get three resona
nt freque
nci
e
s t
hat use
d
to expand the b
and
width. Fo
r re
son
ant in
put
resi
stan
ce
an
alysis, the
ad
mittance
s
of t
he finge
rs are Y
21
, Y
22
, an
d Y
23
, where
Y
21
= G
21
+ jB
21
,
Y
22
= G
22
+ jB
22
, and Y
23
= G
23
+ jB
23
. Y
2
is the
pa
rallel
equivale
nt a
d
mittance
of
Y
21
, Y
22
, and
Y
23,
and it is
equa
l to G
2
+ jB
2
. Since the fin
g
e
rs
are ide
n
tical, G
2
= G
21
= G
22
= G
23,
and B
2
= B
21
= B
22
= B
23
, therefore G
1
= G
2
a
nd B
2
= -B
1
.
As the total reso
nant inp
u
t admittance i
s
re
al, the total
input re
sista
n
c
e al
so is real
, and it is given by [22]:
12
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
()
3
4
in
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
G
G
G
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 2, June 20
14: 419 – 42
8
422
1
11
4
in
in
R
YG
(7)
Whe
n
the
m
u
tual effe
cts are ta
ken
i
n
to a
c
count
to cal
c
ul
ate
the exa
c
t va
lue of th
e in
put
impeda
nce, mutual cond
u
c
tan
c
e exi
s
ts
betwe
en t
he edge
s
of
the patch, so
the input
re
si
stan
ce
can b
e
expre
s
sed a
s
:
11
2
1
(0
)
(
)
4(
)
in
s
RL
GG
(8)
whe
r
e G
1
is the
cond
ucta
n
c
e
of the
b
o
ttom ed
ge
of the pat
ch a
nd
G
12
is the
mut
ual
cond
ucta
nce
betwe
en upp
er and lo
wer
edge
s of the patch. The si
gns (+) a
nd (-) are use
d
for mode
s by odd
and even resonant voltage
distributio
n, resp
ectively.
2
()
(
0
)
c
o
s
(
)
in
s
i
n
s
s
p
R
Lv
a
l
u
e
R
L
L
L
(9)
whe
r
e R
in
(L
s
= value
)
is th
e input impe
dan
ce at L
s
i
n
set feed
poi
nt and can b
e
taken
as 5
0
Ω
.
R
in
(L
s
= 0) is t
he input impe
dan
ce at the
top edg
e of the patch, an
d, whe
n
W
p
<
:
1
1
()
90
p
W
G
(10
)
The
mutu
al con
d
u
c
tan
c
e (G
12
)
can b
e
determi
ned
by equation
(11
)
, wh
ere
J
0
is the
Bessel fun
c
ti
on of th
e
cu
rrent de
nsity at
ze
ro
or
der.
By equation
s
(9
-11
)
, the
d
epth of
ea
ch
slot
(L
s
) was
cal
c
ulated to be 1
0
mm throug
h the antenn
a
patch [20].
0
22
12
0
0
2
0
sin(
c
o
s(
)
)
1
2
[
]
(
s
in(
)
)
s
in
(
)
120
c
o
s(
)
p
p
k
W
GJ
k
L
d
(11)
Figure 1. Equivalent circui
t of the transmissi
on mo
d
e
l
The schemati
c
si
mulated d
i
agra
m
was d
e
riv
ed from t
he refe
re
nce
recta
ngul
ar
a
n
tenna
with recta
ngu
lar p
r
inte
d p
a
tch
on th
e f
r
ont
side
of t
he Ta
co
nic T
L
Y-5
su
bstrate of thi
c
kne
s
s
1.575 mm
a
nd diel
ectri
c
con
s
tant of
2
.
2. This
g
e
o
m
etrical dia
g
r
am of front
and b
a
ck vie
w
is
sho
w
n in Fi
g. 2 with all dim
ensi
o
n
s
are d
e
fined in Ta
ble 1. In this de
sign, the
r
e fo
ur pa
ramete
rs:
feeder
width, feed gap spa
c
e, numb
e
r o
f
cut slots,
an
d numbe
r of cut notches
were modifie
d
to
achi
eve a wid
e
r impe
dan
ce
band
width a
nd a better im
peda
nce matchin
g
.
G
23
1
s
t
ed
g
e
2
n
d
edge
G
B
1
G
2
1
B
21
B
2
G
22
B
23
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Planar Finger-Shaped Antenna Used in Ul
tra-Wi
deband .... (Rashi
d A. Fayadh)
423
Table 1. Dim
ensi
o
n
s
of the prop
osed a
n
tenna
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Dim
ensi
o
n
s
of the prop
osed
a
n
tenna (a) fro
n
t view, (b) b
a
ck view
3. Geometry
of the F
a
bric
ated a
nd Printed
Antenn
a
The overall structu
r
e of th
e antenn
a was succ
e
s
sful
ly fabricate
d
usin
g Ta
coni
c TLY-5
material
for substrate
and
cop
per of
0.0
35 mm
th
i
c
kn
ess to
pri
n
t ra
diator an
d g
r
ound
pla
ne to
be
integrate
d
with
othe
r syste
m
el
em
ents.
The g
eom
etry of the fab
r
i
c
ated d
e
si
gn i
s
sho
w
n
in Fi
g. 3
of prototype
mounte
d
o
n
the m
enti
oned
ma
te
ri
al
sub
s
trate with con
n
e
c
tor
of 50
Ω
input
impeda
nce.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. The fabricated a
n
tenna b
e
ing
test
ed on a
n
e
c
hoi
c chamb
e
r and n
e
two
r
k analy
z
er: (a
)
front view; (b
) back view
4. Simulated and Practi
cal Resul
t
s a
nd Discu
ssi
on for th
e Proposed
Ante
nna
The p
e
rfo
r
m
ance of a
n
antenn
a
can
be m
e
a
s
ured b
a
sed o
n
its redu
ctio
n of the
reflectio
n
po
wer requi
rem
ent on the transmi
ssion li
ne to the source, whi
c
h depe
nd
s on the
voltage reflection coefficie
n
t at the i
npu
t terminal
s
of the a
n
tenn
a. The
practi
ca
l and
sim
u
lati
on
freque
ncy b
a
nd wa
s 3
-
12
GHz (ratio ba
ndwi
d
th wa
s
4:1) for the d
e
sig
ned a
n
te
nna to dete
r
mine
its stabl
e ra
di
ation ch
aract
e
risti
cs. Fi
g. 4 illustrates t
he expe
rime
ntal and
simu
lated retu
rn l
o
ss
Para
m
e
ters
Value (
m
m
)
W
L
L
p
L
gp
W
p
W
fi
n
g
L
ga
p
W
f
L
f
W
s
L
s
R
W
n1
L
n1
L
n2
40
35
24
19
11.
6
45
0.
4
4.
7
12
3
10
6
3
4
1.
5
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 2, June 20
14: 419 – 42
8
424
(|S
11
|dB) agai
nst the freq
u
ency ba
nd of the parti
ally-g
roun
ded
sub
s
trate antenn
a
through
out the
UWB f
r
equ
e
n
cy. The
me
asu
r
ed
an
d
simulate
d reflection
co
efficient
s (S
11
<
-10 dB) of
the
antenn
a are
displ
a
yed, an
d they
match
ed the b
r
oa
d
band im
ped
a
n
ce
ch
ara
c
te
ristics. Th
e |S
11
|
less than -10
dB band
widt
h that from the netwo
rk
an
alyzer te
st an
d the CST so
ftware
wa
s 3 to
12 G
H
z withi
n
little tolera
nce
variatio
n
s
to
give a
g
ood
estimatio
n
of the
pe
rforma
nce of t
he
antenn
a. The
s
e little losse
s
in the fabri
c
ation tolera
nce and 50
Ω
conne
ctor
ca
u
s
ed the va
riat
ion
betwe
en the
simulate
d an
d meas
ured
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of S
11
. From s
i
mulated S
11,
resona
n
c
e
freque
nci
e
s
of 4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 7.6GHz empl
o
y
at -34 dB,
-44dB, and
-24dB re
spe
c
t
i
vely
while
in fa
bri
c
ated
S
11
, re
son
a
n
c
e freq
uen
cie
s
of
3.5 G
H
z, 4.5 GHz,
5 GHz,
and
8.1 GHz
employ at
-3
5
dB, -33dB,
-44dB, a
nd
-3
8dB respe
c
ti
vely. Fig. 5
sh
ows the
gai
n
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of
the prop
ose
d
antenna v
e
rsus frequ
e
n
cy for t
he UWB ba
nd
wi
dth. The gai
n increa
sed
as
freque
ncy in
crea
sed
and t
he maximum
value occu
rred at the en
d of the ope
rating freq
uen
cy
band.
F
r
equency
(GHz)
0
2
4
6
8
1
01
21
4
Ga
i
n
(
d
B
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gain Charact
e
r
i
sti
c
Figure 4. Simulated an
d measure
d
S
11
of
Fig
u
re
5. Ch
aracteristics of an
tenna gai
n wi
th
the proposed
antenna
increasi
ng ba
nd
width for the
prop
osed de
sign
To do
ante
n
n
a
de
sig
n
o
p
timization,
pa
rametri
c
studi
es fo
r
co
nsid
ered
fou
r
p
a
rameters
are
sh
own in
Figure 6
wh
en CS
T Mi
crowave Stu
d
io
Software wa
s
carried
out
in sim
u
lation.
In
para
m
etri
c st
udy of ea
ch
para
m
eter, th
e CST
so
ftware
wa
s run
at variou
s pa
ramete
rs
wh
en
other param
e
ters
were kept invariant. From Fig.
6
(a), the effect of notch cut is illustrated to
improve
the
para
m
eter of
usin
g two n
o
tche
s
cut
at
e
a
ch
lo
wer
corner of the
pa
tch. Th
e
retu
rn
loss
curve
of
two n
o
tch
e
s i
s
coveri
ng th
e UWB fr
equ
ency
whil
e th
at of on
e n
o
tch covers u
p
t
o
8
GHz. Se
con
d
pa
ramete
r
was
propo
sed
i
s
the
nu
mbe
r
of sl
ots at th
e top
edg
e of
the p
a
tch.
T
h
e
return lo
ss
cu
rves a
r
e
sh
o
w
n in Fi
g. 6 (b) with
no
slo
t, one slot, an
d two
slots. O
ne can
con
c
l
ude
that, a wide
r i
m
peda
nce ba
ndwi
d
th can
be obtai
ned
wi
th a p
a
tch
of two sl
ots a
t
the uppe
r e
dge
in o
r
de
r to
cover th
e
UWB ban
dwi
d
th
whi
c
h i
s
fro
m
3.1 to
1
0
.6 G
H
z.
The
other con
s
id
ere
d
para
m
eter is
feed g
ap
size
(L
gap
) p
a
ram
e
ter that
wa
s
use
d
to
optim
ize th
e
wide
st ban
dwidth; t
he
CST software wa
s run at
various valu
es of L
gap
. Fig. 6 (c) sho
w
s the
calcul
ated retu
rn loss
curve
s
with t
h
ree valu
es
of L
gap
.
It can be se
en that at increa
sing fee
d
ga
p size re
sult
s
redu
ction
s
i
n
band
width
an
d retu
rn
lo
ss.
He
nce,
we concl
ude
that
wide
r imp
eda
nce
ba
ndwi
d
th
can b
e
obtai
ned by tunin
g
the feed gap si
ze. Afte
r that the software also wa
s run at vari
ous
feeder wi
dth
(W
f
) valu
es.
The
re
sults o
f
this vari
atio
n are p
r
e
s
e
n
t
ed in Fi
g. 6
(d) to
sho
w
t
he
optimal W
f
was found to b
e
at 4.7 mm that kept
the input imped
an
ce equ
als to
50
Ω
, so that no
need to de
crease or in
cre
a
se
W
f
and t
h
is si
ze i
s
su
itable for tole
ran
c
e with th
e sold
ere
d
5
0
Ω
c
o
nn
ec
to
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Planar Finger-Shaped Antenna Used in Ul
tra-Wi
deband .... (Rashi
d A. Fayadh)
425
F
r
equ
en
c
y
(G
Hz
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
R
e
tu
r
n
L
o
s
s
/
d
B
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
S
i
m
u
lat
ed S
11 at
pat
ch of
t
w
o
not
c
h
es
S
i
m
u
lat
ed S
11 at
pat
ch of
one not
ch
F
r
equ
enc
y
(
G
Hz
)
2
4
6
8
10
1
2
14
16
R
e
tu
r
n
L
o
s
s
/
d
B
-4
0
-3
5
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
S
i
m
u
l
a
te
d
S
11 of
pa
tc
h w
i
t
h
no s
l
ot
S
i
m
u
l
a
te
d S
11
of
pa
tc
h
w
i
t
h
one
s
l
o
t
S
i
m
u
l
a
te
d S
11
of
pa
tc
h
w
i
t
h
tw
o
s
l
o
t
s
(a)
(b)
F
r
eq
uen
cy (G
H
z
)
2
4
6
8
10
1
2
14
16
R
e
tu
r
n
L
o
s
s
/
d
B
-4
0
-3
5
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
S
i
mu
la
t
e
d
S
1
1
a
t
f
e
ed w
i
dt
h of
4.
7 mm
S
i
mu
la
t
e
d
S
1
1
a
t
f
e
ed w
i
dt
h of
4.
5 mm
S
i
mu
la
t
e
d
S
1
1
a
t
f
e
ed w
i
dt
h of
4.
2 mm
Frequ
enc
y (GH
z
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
R
e
tu
rn
Lo
s
s
/ d
B
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
S
i
mulated S11 with 0.15
mm gap
S
i
mulated S11 with 0.25
mm gap
S
i
mulated S11 with 0.4
mm gap
(c)
(d)
Figure 6. Pro
posed pa
ram
e
tric
study; (a) num
ber of
notch, (b) nu
mber of sl
ot, (c) feed
er
widt
h,
(d) fee
d
gap
size
Fig. 7 sho
w
s the three-an
d two-di
men
s
ional, omni-di
r
ectio
nal patt
e
rn
s at frequ
ency of
7.5
G
H
z, whi
c
h
d
e
scribe antenn
a’s pe
rforma
nc
e ov
er the
entire
UWB ban
d
w
idth. Simula
ted
curre
n
t distri
bution
s
are il
lustrate
d in
Figure
8 at reso
nant fre
q
uen
cie
s
of 5
and 3.8 G
H
z to
facilitate the unde
rsta
ndin
g
of the ante
nna’
s perfo
rmance. For t
w
o set notch
es an
d two
slots,
the figure
sh
ows that the
surfa
c
e
cu
rre
n
t on the ra
di
ator surfa
c
e
of the antenn
a wa
s g
r
eate
r
at
resona
nt fre
q
uen
cy of 5
GHz tha
n
th
at at 3.8
GHz. Th
e p
e
a
k
values
of the
su
rfa
c
e
cu
rrent
distrib
u
tion of
the UWB
rad
i
ator at
the n
o
tche
s
and
th
e sl
otted e
d
g
e
was 63.7
A/m at 5
G
H
z a
n
d
23.1 A/m at
3.8 G
H
z; th
e
s
e val
u
e
s
we
re
gre
a
te
r th
an tho
s
e
pre
s
ente
d
in
[19
]
at the
stepp
ers
and
co
nvex
corne
r
s of th
e ra
diato
r
. From the
si
m
u
l
a
tion results,
the valu
es
of the p
r
op
o
s
ed
antenn
a de
si
gn pa
ramete
rs are present
ed in Tabl
e 2 antenn
a for the ch
ose frequ
en
cie
s
o
v
er
the coverage
UWB b
and
wi
dth.
Table 2. The
values of ant
enna p
a
ra
me
ters at spe
c
ified UWB freq
uen
cie
s
Para
m
e
ters
S
11
4 GHz
6 GHz
8 GHz
10
GHz
Gain
Directivit
y
Radiation ef
f
i
cienc
y
M
a
x power
patter
n
4.
516dB
-
32 dB
3.
062
dB
2.
194
92.
26
%
0.
1608
VA/m
2
-
18
dB
-
23
dB
-
17 dB
2.
736
dB
4.
529
dB
1.
933
2.
944
2.
963
97.
13
%
96.
38
%
95.
47
%
0.
1443 VA/m
2
0.
2198
VA/m
2
0.
2241VA/m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 2, June 20
14: 419 – 42
8
426
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. Simulated ra
diati
ons at 7.5 G
H
z: (a
) three-dimen
s
ion
a
l radiation p
a
ttern; (b
) two-
dimen
s
ion
a
l radiation p
a
ttern
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Simulated di
strib
u
tion of curre
n
t on t
he su
rface of the p
r
o
posed ante
n
n
a
at (a) 5 G
H
z
and (b
) 3.8 G
H
z
-3
0
-
2
5
-2
0
-
1
5
-
1
0
-
5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
30
0
330
S
i
mul
a
ted E-
pl
ane at P
h
i
=
0
S
i
mul
a
ted E-
pl
ane at P
h
i
=
90
-3
0
-
2
5
-2
0
-
1
5
-1
0
-
5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
24
0
27
0
300
330
S
i
mu
l
a
ted E
-
pl
a
ne at P
h
i
=
0
S
i
mu
l
a
ted E
-
pl
a
ne at P
h
i
=
90
-30
-
25
-20
-
15
-10
-
5
0
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
18
0
210
240
270
300
330
Sim
u
lat
ed
E-plane at
Phi=
0
Sim
u
lat
ed
E-plane at
Phi=
90
E-plan
e
E-plane
E-plane
-3
0
-
2
5
-2
0
-
1
5
-1
0
-
5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
270
300
33
0
Si
mu
l
a
ted
H
-
pl
a
ne a
t
T
h
eta
=
0
Si
mu
l
a
ted
H
-
pl
a
ne a
t
T
h
eta
=
90
-30
-
25
-20
-
15
-10
-
5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-30
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-10
-5
0
0
30
60
90
120
15
0
180
21
0
24
0
270
300
330
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
ed H-pl
ane
at
T
het
a=
0
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
ed H-pl
ane
at
T
het
a=
90
-3
0
-
2
5
-2
0
-
1
5
-1
0
-
5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
-3
0
-2
5
-2
0
-1
5
-1
0
-5
0
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
240
27
0
30
0
33
0
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
H-
p
l
an
e at
T
h
e
t
a=
0
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
H-
p
l
an
e at
T
h
e
t
a=
90
H-pl
ane
H-plane
H-plan
e
(a)
(b)
(c
)
Figure 9. Simulated ra
diati
on pattern
s fo
r E-
plan
e (Phi
) and H-pl
ane
(Theta
)
of de
sign
ed
antenn
a at (a
) 4.5 GHz, (b
) 7 GHz, an
d (c) 10
GHz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Planar Finger-Shaped Antenna Used in Ul
tra-Wi
deband .... (Rashi
d A. Fayadh)
427
Fig. 9 sh
ows
the simul
a
ted
radiatio
n pat
tern
s
of the f
a
r-fiel
d
ante
n
na at the x-y
H-pl
ane
(Theta =
0
o
, 90
o
) and at t
he y-z E-pl
a
ne (Phi = 0
o
, 9
0
o
). These pattern
s we
re comp
ared
with
different valu
es
of freq
ue
ncy, i.e., 4.5, 7,
and
10
GHz for the
H-pl
ane
an
d
the E-pl
ane.
The
radiatio
n patt
e
rn
s e
s
sentia
lly were o
m
ni
-directi
o
nal in
the E and H plane
s for th
e simul
a
tion
of
the prop
osed
antenn
a.
The fab
r
icate
d
anten
na
wa
s teste
d
u
s
in
g ane
ch
oic
chambe
r by fixing the a
n
ten
na on
a
stand usi
ng 50
Ω
con
n
e
c
tor which
is
sold
ere
d
at t
he lo
wer edg
e of the fee
d
line. So that
by
Anech
o
ic ch
ambe
r an
d
netwo
rk an
al
yzer, the
el
evation (E
-pl
ane) an
d a
z
imuth (H-pla
ne)
pattern
s were
measure
d
for the pro
p
o
s
e
d
antenn
a in a plane
s cont
aining fee
d
. These mea
s
u
r
ed
radiatio
n patt
e
rn
s a
r
e sho
w
n in Fi
g. 10
at thr
ee o
perating freq
uen
cie
s
: 4.5 G
H
z, 7 GHz, and
10
GHz in H-pl
ane (x
z-pl
an
e) an
d E-pla
ne (xy-pla
ne) and a little chan
ge in
pattern
s du
e
to
freque
ncy i
n
cre
a
se. Th
e
mea
s
u
r
ed
E-plan
es an
d H-pla
n
e
s
sho
w
mostly
omni
-directi
onal
radiatio
n p
a
ttern
s ove
r
th
e
sp
ecifie
d fre
quen
cie
s
.
In measured pa
tterns,
th
ere
are many rip
p
les
at the
radi
ation a
m
plitude
due
to i
n
to
the fi
eld
re
flection
s fro
m
ante
nna
holde
r,
cham
ber
scattering, a
n
d
from in
side
of the ane
ch
oic
cham
ber.
To the prop
ose
d
de
sign
with those of
[4]
and [7], the
prop
osed fin
ger-shap
ed a
n
tenna i
s
sm
a
ller i
n
dim
e
nsio
n si
ze,
hi
gher gai
n, using
lighter an
d ch
eape
r su
bst
r
a
t
e material, a
nd more stabl
e omni-dire
c
ti
onal ra
diation
pattern
s.
-10
0
-90
-
8
0
-70
-
60
-50
-
40
-30
-10
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-3
0
-10
0
-90
-8
0
-70
-6
0
-50
-4
0
-3
0
-10
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-60
-50
-40
-30
0
30
60
90
120
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
270
30
0
330
M
eas
ur
ed E-
pl
ane at
Phi
=
0
M
eas
ur
ed E-
pl
ane at
Phi
=
90
-1
0
0
-9
0
-
8
0
-7
0
-
6
0
-5
0
-
4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
270
30
0
33
0
M
e
asu
r
ed
E
p
l
ane
a
t
P
h
i
=
0
M
e
asu
r
ed
H
-
pl
an
e
at
P
h
i
=
90
-1
0
0
-9
0
-
8
0
-7
0
-
6
0
-5
0
-
4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-1
0
0
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
240
27
0
30
0
33
0
Me
as
u
r
ed
E
-
pl
an
e at
P
h
i=
0
Me
as
u
r
ed
E
-
pl
an
e at
P
h
i=
90
E-plane
E-plane
E-plane
-100
-90
-
80
-
7
0
-
60
-50
-
40
-30
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-100
-90
-8
0
-70
-60
-50
-40
-3
0
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
M
eas
ured Hpl
ane at
T
h
et
a=
0
M
eas
ured H-pal
ne at
T
h
et
a=
90
-1
00
-90
-
80
-70
-
60
-50
-
40
-30
-1
00
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-3
0
-1
00
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-1
00
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-60
-50
-40
-30
0
30
60
90
120
15
0
180
21
0
24
0
270
300
330
M
e
as
u
r
ed H-p
l
a
ne at
T
h
e
t
a
=
0
M
e
as
u
r
ed H-p
l
a
ne at
T
h
e
t
a
=
90
-1
00
-
9
0
-
80
-70
-
60
-50
-
40
-1
00
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-6
0
-5
0
-4
0
-1
00
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-1
00
-9
0
-8
0
-7
0
-60
-50
-40
0
30
60
90
120
15
0
180
21
0
24
0
270
300
330
M
e
a
s
ur
ed H-pl
an
e
a
t
T
het
a=
0
M
e
a
s
ur
ed H-pl
an
e
a
t
T
het
a=
90
H-plan
e
H-pla
ne
H-plane
(a)
(b)
(c
)
Figure 10. Measure
d
ra
dia
t
ion pattern
s of the f
abricat
ed anten
na at
: (a) 4.5 GHz,
(b) 7 G
H
z, (c)
10 GHz
5. Conclusi
ons
For
UWB wi
reless a
ppli
c
at
ions
and
to re
duce cost
s, a
small
si
ze
of
plana
r fing
er-sha
ped
patch
anten
n
a
wa
s
de
sign
ed to
cover th
e wid
eba
nd freque
ncy
ran
g
e
(3
-
12 G
H
z) to b
e
suitabl
e
for ind
o
o
r
an
d outd
oor p
r
o
pagatio
n of
wirele
ss
UWB comm
uni
cati
on system
s. The cutting sl
ots
and not
che
s
at the top an
d bottom ed
g
e
s of the p
a
tch radiato
r
contribute
d
to
the extensio
n
of
the
radi
ation area and
the evaluati
on of
the cu
rre
nt di
stributio
n be
h
a
vior. The
s
e
cutting sl
ots a
n
d
notch
es e
nha
nce
d
the pe
rf
orma
nce of small ant
en
na
desig
n over
UWB frequ
en
cy ran
ge. Th
e
antenn
a wa
s fabricated a
nd teste
d
, an
d there
wa
s
a goo
d ag
ree
m
ent betwee
n
simul
a
ted
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 2, June 20
14: 419 – 42
8
428
measured
re
sults for the
most im
po
rta
n
t anten
na
p
a
ram
e
ters
su
ch
as return l
o
ss
(S
11
<-1
0
dB
)
and omni
-di
r
e
c
tional radiati
on pattern
s.
Refer
e
nce
s
[1]
Moham
ed NS .
Cha
p
ter 1
0
in
Antenn
a H
and
book
of Ultra
W
i
deb
and Co
mmu
n
icati
ons: Novel
T
r
en
d
s
Antenn
as an
d Propa
gati
o
n
. U
n
iversit
y
C
a
mp
us. Shang
ha
i, Chin
a. 20
11; 0
9
.
[2]
AF Molish, K
Balakris
hn
an,
D Ca
ssi
oli,
CC
Cho
ng, S Em
ami, J Kare
dal
.
IEEE 802.15.
4a C
han
ne
l
Mode
l-F
i
na
l re
port. T
a
sk grou
p 4a (T
G4a), T
e
ch. Rep
o
rt
, 2004.
[3]
Z
a
ini K
D
, Meri
ah SM. N
e
w
Diamo
nd
Ante
nna f
o
r Ultra
W
i
deb
and
App
licatio
ns.
IJCSI Internationa
l
Journ
a
l of Co
mputer Scie
nce I
ssues.
201
2; 9
(
4).
[4]
Yusnita
R, R
a
zali
N, T
harek
AR.
C
hapter
18
of Ultra
W
i
deb
an
d H
and
b
ook
. U
n
ivers
i
t
y
Camp
us.
Shan
gh
ai. Chi
na. 201
0.
[5]
Hans GS. Smart Antenn
a fo
r Spatial
Rak
e
UW
B S
y
stem
s.
IEEE conference
on u
l
tra
w
i
deba
nd
system
s and technologies.
20
04.
[6]
T
a
jes
w
it
a G, PK Sin
gha
l. Ultr
a
W
i
de
ba
nd S
l
otted Micr
ostrip Patch
Anten
na for
Do
w
n
l
i
n
k
an
d U
p
li
n
k
Satell
ite Appl
ic
ation i
n
C ba
n
d
.
Internatio
nal
Journa
l of Inn
o
vatio
n
an
d Appli
ed Stu
d
ies
.
2013; 3(3):
680-
684.
[7]
A Karmarkar, S Verma, M Pal, R Ghatak. An
Ultra W
i
deba
n
d
Mono
pol
e An
tenna
w
i
t
h
Mult
iple F
r
actal
Slots
w
i
t
h
Dua
l
Band Rej
e
ctio
n Charact
e
risti
cs.
Progress In Electrom
agnetics Research.
2012;
31:
185-
196.
[8]
E Antonino-Daviu, M Gallo
,
M Ca
bed
o-F
a
b
r
es, M F
e
rra
nd
o-Batal
l
er. N
o
v
e
l U
l
tra W
i
deb
and
Ante
n
n
a
for Diversit
y
A
p
plicati
ons.
IEEE Conference.
Bari. Italy
. 2010.
[9]
AD Cap
obi
anc
o, F
M
Pigozzo, A Locatel
li, D Modotto.
Ch
ap
ter 1 (Directive
Ultra-Wide
b
a
n
d
Anten
nas
)
in Micr
ow
ave a
nd Mi
lli
meter
W
a
ve T
e
chn
o
l
ogi
es Mod
e
rn
UW
B Antenn
a
s
and
Equ
i
p
m
e
n
t Han
d
b
ook
.
Univers
i
t
y
C
a
m
pus. Shan
gh
ai.
Chin
a. 201
0.
[10]
B Kasi, CK Chakra
bart
y
. U
l
tra-W
i
deb
an
d
Antenn
a Arra
y Desig
n
for T
a
rget Detectio
n.
Progress i
n
Electro
m
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