T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
, V
ol
.
17
,
No.
4,
A
ug
us
t
20
1
9,
p
p.1
99
2
~
2
00
0
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
,
accr
ed
ited
F
irst
Gr
ad
e b
y K
em
en
r
istekdikti,
Decr
ee
No: 2
1/E/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
.v
1
7
i
4
.
12768
19
92
Rec
ei
v
ed
A
ug
us
t
29
,
20
1
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;
Rev
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s
ed
F
eb
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ua
r
y
1
9
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01
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; A
c
c
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r
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1
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9
Minimizin
g h
armon
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to
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tio
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pact
c
ause
b
y
CS
usin
g m
e
ta h
eu
ristic tec
hn
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qu
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S
.
N
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ye
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sir
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, J
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i
s
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t
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p
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s
u
s
a
g
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o
f
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e
c
tr
i
c
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h
i
c
l
e
(EV).
Th
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
i
s
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
l
a
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e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
i
z
i
n
g
o
f
m
u
l
ti
p
l
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
to
m
i
ti
g
a
t
e
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
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rt
i
o
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d
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e
to
CS
u
s
a
g
e
a
t
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
6
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
CS
wh
i
c
h
b
e
i
n
g
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
l
o
w
v
o
l
ta
g
e
b
u
s
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
wil
l
i
n
j
e
c
t
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
u
ri
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
Po
wer
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
fl
o
w,
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
te
r
,
CS,
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
wil
l
b
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
M
ATL
AB.
M
u
l
ti
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o
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
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n
c
ti
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n
whi
c
h
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g
h
t
s
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m
m
a
ti
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n
a
p
p
ro
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c
h
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SA)
a
n
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r
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to
Fro
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t
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s
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o
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e
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a
r
c
h
Al
g
o
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m
(M
L
SA)
to
i
d
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n
ti
fy
o
p
ti
m
u
m
l
o
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ti
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n
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s
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n
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p
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l
te
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m
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t
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p
ro
p
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s
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f
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v
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p
a
ra
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r
s
.
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o
m
t
h
e
re
s
u
l
t,
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
s
i
z
i
n
g
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r a
b
l
e
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
To
ta
l
Harm
o
n
i
c
Dis
to
rt
i
o
n
(THD)
fo
r
v
o
l
ta
g
e
,
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
a
p
p
a
re
n
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
re
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
Th
e
re
f
o
re
,
th
e
p
ro
p
o
s
e
m
e
th
o
d
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
to
rt
i
o
n
a
s
wel
l
a
s
a
p
p
a
re
n
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
t
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
wi
t
h
p
re
s
e
n
t
o
f
CS.
Key
w
ords
:
a
p
p
a
re
n
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
to
rti
o
n
,
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
,
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
ri
s
ti
c
,
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
te
r
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
9
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
Uns
tab
l
e
pric
e
f
or
c
r
ud
e
oi
l
an
d
v
i
s
i
on
to
r
e
du
c
e
c
ar
b
on
d
i
ox
i
de
em
i
s
s
i
on
ha
s
c
au
s
ed
m
an
y
c
ou
n
tr
i
es
s
tart
to
c
h
an
ge
the
i
r
di
r
ec
t
i
on
to
E
V
whi
c
h
m
ore
en
v
i
r
on
m
en
t
al
f
r
i
en
d
l
y
an
d
m
ore
s
tab
l
e
i
n
pric
e.
T
hi
s
i
nd
i
r
ec
t
l
y
h
as
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
the
n
um
be
r
o
f
CS
i
ns
tal
l
a
ti
on
i
n
the
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
ne
t
w
ork
[1]
.
B
as
ed
on
[
2,
3],
th
e
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
be
ha
v
i
o
ur
f
r
o
m
a
l
arge
nu
m
be
r
of
c
us
tom
ers
w
i
l
l
c
au
s
e
ba
d
ef
f
ec
ts
to
the
di
s
tr
i
b
ut
i
on
s
y
s
tem
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
on
h
arm
on
i
c
di
s
tort
i
on
i
s
s
u
es
.
O
the
r
tha
n
tha
t,
v
ar
i
ou
s
ex
i
s
ti
ng
s
tu
di
e
s
r
ep
orted
th
at
th
e
C
S
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
T
HD
v
ol
t
ag
e
an
d
c
urr
en
t
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
when
th
e
nu
m
be
r
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
to
the
grid
s
i
m
ul
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
i
s
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
d
[4]
.
M
oreo
v
er,
the
s
u
dd
e
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
of
l
o
ad
du
e
to
th
e
E
V
us
ag
e
m
a
y
c
r
ea
t
e
c
ha
o
ti
c
s
i
tu
ati
on
es
pe
c
i
al
l
y
o
n
p
o
w
er
l
os
s
es
i
n
di
s
tr
i
b
uti
on
ne
t
wor
k
.
G
en
eral
l
y
,
whe
n
m
an
y
CS
are
i
ns
ta
l
l
ed
i
n
t
he
di
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
s
y
s
tem
,
tot
a
l
l
oa
d
wi
l
l
be
i
nc
r
ea
s
ed
,
c
au
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
er
to
tr
a
ns
f
er
ex
tr
a
am
ou
nt
of
po
w
er
t
o
E
V
c
us
tom
er
w
hi
c
h
i
nd
i
r
ec
tl
y
c
au
s
es
ov
er
he
at
o
n
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
ers
[5]
.
Nex
t,
the
un
p
l
a
nn
e
d
CS
i
ns
t
al
l
at
i
on
m
a
y
c
au
s
e
hi
gh
po
wer
l
os
s
es
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
h
en
a
l
l
E
V
are
op
erat
ed
s
i
m
ul
tan
eo
us
l
y
an
d
c
a
us
i
n
g
uti
l
i
t
y
l
os
s
i
n
pr
o
f
i
t.
O
the
r
tha
n
t
ha
t,
s
om
e
r
es
ea
r
c
he
r
s
’
w
ork
s
ha
v
e
s
ho
w
n
tha
t
the
un
c
o
ordi
n
ate
d
E
V
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
c
an
i
ntr
od
uc
e
h
i
gh
er
pe
ak
de
m
a
nd
w
hi
c
h
i
s
a
dra
w
ba
c
k
to
the
ov
er
a
l
l
p
o
w
er
l
os
s
es
of
the
grid
[5,
6].
S
i
nc
e
th
e
CS
i
nv
ol
v
e
c
on
v
ert
i
n
g
A
C
s
ou
r
c
e
to
DC
s
ou
r
c
e,
t
hi
s
i
nd
i
r
ec
t
l
y
c
r
ea
te
p
o
w
er
qu
al
i
t
y
i
s
s
ue
s
uc
h
as
ha
r
m
on
i
c
di
s
torti
on
[
7].
T
he
r
e
are
three
c
ate
go
r
i
es
of
CS
,
whi
c
h
are
CS
Le
v
e
l
1,
Le
v
e
l
2
a
nd
L
ev
el
3
.
T
he
Le
v
el
1
an
d
2
CS
s
are
c
o
ns
i
d
ered
as
ha
v
i
ng
a
s
l
o
w
c
h
argi
n
g
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
w
h
i
c
h
are
n
orm
al
l
y
i
ns
tal
l
ed
at
l
o
w
v
o
l
tag
e
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
.
CS
L
ev
el
3
ha
s
a
f
as
t
c
ha
r
gi
ng
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
whi
c
h
ha
s
h
i
gh
er
po
w
er
c
on
s
um
pti
o
n
an
d
no
r
m
al
l
y
i
ns
ta
l
l
e
d
at
m
ed
i
um
v
ol
ta
ge
ne
t
wor
k
.
T
h
ere
are
m
an
y
ap
pro
ac
he
s
i
n
t
r
od
uc
e
d
to
ov
erc
om
e
the
s
e
pro
bl
e
m
s
i
n
i
m
prov
i
ng
t
he
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e.
In
the
c
as
e
o
f
po
wer
l
os
s
es
prob
l
em
,
th
e
m
os
t
po
pu
l
ar
ap
pro
ac
he
s
no
wada
y
s
ar
e
b
y
pl
ac
i
n
g
a
c
ap
ac
i
t
or
ba
nk
[8]
,
f
i
l
ter
pl
ac
em
en
t
[9]
an
d
c
oo
r
di
na
t
i
n
g
E
V
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
s
c
he
du
l
e
[
10
].
Nex
t,
f
i
l
ter
p
l
ac
em
en
t
[9]
a
n
d
i
m
prov
i
n
g
CS
t
op
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
1]
are
th
e
ex
am
pl
es
of
ap
pr
oa
c
he
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
an
be
us
e
d
i
n
m
i
ni
m
i
z
i
n
g
ha
r
m
on
i
c
d
i
s
torti
on
i
m
pa
c
t
i
n
d
i
s
tr
i
b
uti
on
s
y
s
tem
c
au
s
ed
b
y
CS
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
Mi
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g h
ar
mo
n
i
c
d
i
s
tort
i
on
i
m
pa
c
t c
au
s
e
by
… (
S
.
N. S
y
ed
Nas
i
r
)
1993
Nex
t,
d
ue
t
o
th
e
c
om
pl
e
x
i
t
y
of
the
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
no
wada
y
s
e
s
p
ec
i
a
l
l
y
af
ter
r
ap
i
d
de
v
el
op
m
en
t
of
E
V
an
d
pr
es
en
c
e
of
di
s
tr
i
bu
ti
o
n
ge
ne
r
ati
on
,
the
m
eth
od
to
s
o
l
v
e
the
prob
l
em
s
ha
s
be
c
om
e
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
un
i
qu
e
f
or
e
v
er
y
pro
bl
em
[12
].
A
l
tho
ug
h
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ter
i
s
a
bl
e
to
s
i
nk
the
ha
r
m
on
i
c
ba
s
ed
on
de
s
i
g
n,
i
t
s
ho
ul
d
no
t
be
r
a
nd
o
m
l
y
l
oc
a
ted
at
an
y
p
l
ac
e
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
be
c
au
s
e
i
t
al
s
o
c
a
n
c
au
s
e
l
os
s
es
an
d
h
arm
on
i
c
di
s
torti
on
t
o
be
c
om
e
m
ore
s
ev
ere.
P
r
op
er
r
es
ea
r
c
h
ne
e
ds
to
be
c
o
nd
uc
ted
t
o
i
de
nt
i
f
y
t
he
b
es
t
p
l
ac
em
en
t
an
d
s
i
z
i
ng
t
o
m
ax
i
m
i
z
e
b
en
ef
i
t
to
the
d
i
s
tr
i
b
uti
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
2
. Re
se
a
r
ch M
eth
o
d
In
ge
ne
r
al
,
th
ere
wi
l
l
be
t
wo
t
y
pe
s
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
tha
t
n
ee
d
to
be
m
i
ti
ga
t
ed
i
n
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
ork
,
w
h
i
c
h
are
v
o
l
ta
g
e
an
d
c
urr
en
t
ha
r
m
on
i
c
.
V
ol
ta
ge
ha
r
m
on
i
c
i
s
m
ea
s
ured
at
the
bu
s
whi
l
e
c
urr
en
t
ha
r
m
on
i
c
i
s
m
ea
s
ured
at
the
l
i
n
es
an
d
c
ab
l
es
.
In
order
to
m
od
el
the
v
a
l
ue
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
i
n
the
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
s
y
s
tem
,
i
t
i
s
i
m
po
r
tan
t
to
i
de
nt
i
f
y
the
s
o
urc
e
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
d
i
s
torti
on
c
on
ne
c
te
d
to
th
e
ne
t
wor
k
.
In
thi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h,
C
S
i
s
the
m
ai
n
s
ou
r
c
e
of
ha
r
m
o
ni
c
di
s
tort
i
on
i
nj
ec
ti
o
n
to
the
ne
t
w
ork
.
H
arm
on
i
c
l
oa
d
f
l
ow
m
eth
od
us
ed
i
n
th
i
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
w
i
l
l
be
pres
en
t
ed
.
Nex
t,
CS
an
d
ba
tt
er
y
m
od
el
l
i
ng
wi
l
l
be
di
s
c
us
s
ed
i
n
de
tai
l
.
T
he
n,
de
s
i
g
n
of
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ter,
whi
c
h
i
s
s
i
ng
l
e
tu
ne
d
f
i
l
ter
w
i
l
l
be
de
r
i
v
e
d.
Cons
tr
a
i
nt
f
or
thi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
w
i
l
l
i
de
n
ti
f
y
i
n
de
ta
i
l
.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
m
eta
he
uris
ti
c
tec
hn
i
q
ue
,
ML
S
A
wi
t
h
W
ei
gh
t
S
um
m
ati
o
n
A
pp
r
oa
c
h
(
W
S
A
)
as
s
i
s
tan
c
e
an
d
ML
S
A
w
i
t
h
P
are
to
as
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
wi
l
l
be
pres
en
ted
i
n
f
i
nd
i
ng
o
pti
m
al
pl
ac
em
en
t
an
d
s
i
z
i
n
g
of
pa
s
s
i
v
e f
i
l
ters
.
2
.1.
H
ar
mo
n
i
c Lo
ad F
low
Ma
n
y
t
ec
hn
i
qu
es
ha
v
e
be
en
us
e
d
t
o
p
erf
or
m
ha
r
m
on
i
c
l
oa
d
f
l
o
w
an
al
y
s
i
s
[1
3,
1
4].
G
en
eral
l
y
,
th
ere
are
t
w
o
m
eth
od
s
us
ed
to
r
un
ha
r
m
on
i
c
l
oa
d
f
l
o
w
,
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
an
d
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
d
o
m
ai
n
an
al
y
s
i
s
[14
].
In
th
i
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h,
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
do
m
ai
n
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
as
s
el
ec
ted
du
e
to
t
he
c
a
pa
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
the
m
eth
od
to
s
a
v
e
c
o
m
pu
tat
i
on
a
l
t
i
m
e
w
he
n
d
ea
l
i
ng
wi
t
h
l
arge
s
c
al
e p
o
w
er s
y
s
t
em
an
al
y
s
i
s
[14
].
In
ad
d
i
ti
on
,
th
e
c
urr
e
nt
i
nj
ec
ti
o
n a
na
l
y
s
i
s
m
eth
o
d
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
al
s
o
k
no
w
n
as
c
urr
en
t
pe
n
etrat
i
on
m
eth
od
w
as
us
ed
to
de
term
i
ne
v
ol
tag
e
a
nd
c
ur
r
en
t
h
arm
on
i
c
.
B
as
i
c
pr
i
nc
i
p
l
e
of
thi
s
m
eth
od
i
s
b
y
i
nj
ec
t
i
ng
i
d
ea
l
c
urr
en
t
s
ou
r
c
es
b
as
ed
on
r
e
l
at
ed
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
t
o
r
ep
r
es
en
t
h
arm
on
i
c
c
urr
en
t
s
pe
c
tr
um
.
T
he
i
nj
ec
ted
c
urr
en
t
wi
l
l
f
l
o
w
thro
ug
h
s
y
s
t
em
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
whi
c
h
i
nd
i
r
ec
tl
y
c
a
us
es
v
o
l
t
ag
e
di
s
tort
i
on
an
d c
urr
en
t
d
i
s
torti
o
n [
1
5].
T
he
r
ef
ore,
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
aff
ec
ti
ng
the
f
or
m
i
ng
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
ad
m
i
tta
nc
e
bu
s
are
t
he
l
i
n
e
i
m
pe
da
nc
es
,
l
oa
d
i
m
pe
da
n
c
es
an
d
f
i
l
ter
i
m
pe
da
nc
es
v
a
l
ue
s
.
In
(
1)
an
d
(
2)
r
ep
r
es
en
t
t
he
l
i
ne
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
f
orm
ul
ati
on
an
d
the
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
f
or
s
i
ng
l
e
tun
ed
f
i
l
t
er
at
h
arm
on
i
c
h
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
whi
c
h
i
nd
i
r
ec
tl
y
c
at
er f
or r
es
on
an
c
e
i
m
pa
c
t.
i
i
h
i
L
jh
R
Z
,
(1
)
F
i
l
t
e
r
F
i
l
t
e
r
F
i
l
t
e
r
h
F
i
l
t
e
r
C
h
j
L
jh
R
Z
1
,
(
2)
where:
h
i
Z
,
-
Li
ne
i
m
pe
da
nc
e f
or
i
th
l
i
ne
at
h
th
ha
r
m
on
i
c
order
i
R
-
Li
ne
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
f
or
i
th
l
i
n
e
i
L
-
L
i
ne
i
n
du
c
ta
nc
e f
or
i
th
l
i
ne
h
F
i
l
t
e
r
Z
,
-
F
i
l
ter
i
m
pe
da
nc
e a
t
h
th
ha
r
m
on
i
c
order
F
i
l
t
e
r
R
-
F
i
l
t
er r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
F
i
l
t
e
r
L
-
F
i
l
ter
i
nd
uc
tan
c
e
F
i
l
t
e
r
C
-
F
i
l
ter c
a
pa
c
i
t
an
c
e
T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
w
h
en
a
l
l
ord
ers
are
ad
de
d
up
tog
eth
e
r
wi
th
f
un
da
m
en
tal
ord
er.
In
(
3),
(
4)
an
d
(
5)
s
ho
w
the
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
f
orm
ul
ati
o
n
f
or
the
l
oa
d
us
ed
i
n
s
ett
i
n
g
up
t
he
ha
r
m
on
i
c
ad
m
i
tta
nc
e
m
atri
x
.
B
as
ed
on
t
he
eq
ua
t
i
o
ns
,
the
l
oa
d
wi
l
l
be
c
ha
n
ge
d
to
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
f
orm
w
hi
c
h
wi
l
l
l
ate
r
be
tr
an
s
l
a
ted
i
n
ha
r
m
on
i
c
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
or
de
r
.
T
he
ha
r
m
on
i
c
f
l
ow
i
s
c
al
c
ul
ate
d
us
i
ng
i
n
(
6),
whi
c
h
c
o
ns
i
s
ts
of
ha
r
m
on
i
c
ad
m
i
tta
nc
e
m
atri
x
an
d
ha
r
m
on
i
c
c
ur
r
en
t
i
nj
ec
ti
o
n a
s
(
7)
a
nd
(
8).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
19
9
2
-
20
00
1994
h
L
L
h
L
jX
R
Z
,
,
(
3)
L
L
L
P
V
R
2
(
4)
L
L
h
L
hQ
V
X
2
,
(
5)
where:
h
L
Z
,
-
Lo
ad
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
at
h
th
ha
r
m
on
i
c
order
L
V
-
Lo
ad
V
o
l
ta
ge
L
R
-
Lo
a
d res
i
s
ta
nc
e
L
P
-
Lo
ad
A
c
ti
v
e
P
o
wer
h
L
X
,
-
Lo
ad
i
n
du
c
ta
nc
e a
t
h
th
h
ar
m
on
i
c
order
L
Q
-
Lo
ad
Reac
t
i
v
e P
o
w
er
h
h
h
h
h
V
Y
Z
V
I
.
(
6)
(
7)
(
8)
2.2.
10
-
Bu
s
R
adial
Distrib
u
t
ion
S
y
stem
and
C
S
Lo
c
atio
n
A
t
y
p
i
c
al
1
0
-
B
us
Rad
i
a
l
Di
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
S
y
s
t
em
w
as
us
ed
t
o
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
e
t
he
o
pti
m
al
pl
ac
em
en
t
an
d
s
i
z
i
n
g
of
v
aria
bl
e
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ter.
T
he
ha
r
m
on
i
c
di
s
torti
o
n
pa
tt
ern
f
or
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
l
E
V
c
ha
r
ge
r
was
m
od
el
l
ed
b
as
ed
on
ac
tu
a
l
s
i
ng
l
e
p
ha
s
e
c
ha
r
ge
r
i
m
pa
c
t
as
m
ea
s
ured
b
y
B
as
s
et.
a
l
[
16
].
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
ho
w
a
s
i
ng
l
e
l
i
ne
d
i
ag
r
am
for
IE
E
E
1
0
-
bu
s
r
a
di
al
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
l
o
w
v
ol
t
ag
e
41
5
V
bu
s
es
r
es
i
d
en
t
i
al
f
ee
de
r
t
ha
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
s
ev
era
l
C
S
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
c
on
ne
c
te
d
at
b
us
nu
m
be
r
10
.
T
ota
l
nu
m
be
r
s
of
bu
s
es
i
n
the
n
et
w
ork
(
m
ed
i
um
an
d
l
o
w
v
ol
tag
es
)
wer
e
28
-
b
us
es
.
T
he
r
e
wer
e
6
un
i
t
of
CS
i
ns
ta
l
l
ed
a
t
l
o
w
v
o
l
tag
e
area
i
n
t
hi
s
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
s
y
s
tem
.
Li
n
e d
a
ta
f
or 28
-
B
us
r
ad
i
a
l
di
s
tr
i
b
uti
on
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
s
ho
wn a
t T
ab
l
e 1
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
28
-
B
us
r
a
di
al
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
s
y
s
tem
w
i
t
h
E
V
l
oa
d
h
NN
h
N
h
h
h
N
h
h
h
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
Y
,
,
1
,
22
,
21
,
1
,
12
,
11
..
..
:
..
:
:
:
..
..
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
Mi
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g h
ar
mo
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… (
S
.
N. S
y
ed
Nas
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r
)
1995
T
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l
e
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or 28
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2.3.
C
S
and
Bat
t
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y M
o
d
el
ling
CS
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
d
i
v
i
d
ed
i
nto
three
c
ate
g
orie
s
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
l
e
v
e
l
1,
l
ev
el
2
a
nd
l
ev
el
3
as
pe
r
S
A
E
S
ta
nd
ar
d
[1
7].
T
he
l
e
v
e
l
of
the
CS
i
s
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
po
wer
c
on
s
um
ed
b
y
th
e
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
s
tat
i
o
n
an
d
t
y
p
es
of
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
ati
on
c
o
nn
ec
t
i
on
.
In
ad
d
i
ti
on
,
C
S
m
od
el
l
i
ng
i
n
thi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
ha
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
the
ha
r
m
on
i
c
di
s
torti
on
v
a
l
ue
ac
h
i
e
v
a
bl
e
b
y
i
nd
i
v
i
du
al
C
S
ba
s
e
d
on
the
ba
tt
er
y
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
an
d
S
O
C.
E
V
c
oo
r
d
i
n
ati
on
r
eq
u
i
r
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ac
c
urate
m
od
el
l
i
n
g
of
ba
tte
r
y
a
nd
C
S
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
.
A
t
l
o
w
er
S
O
C,
h
i
gh
er
c
urr
en
t
i
s
r
e
q
ui
r
ed
to
c
ha
r
g
e
t
he
ba
tt
er
y
wh
i
l
e
v
ol
t
ag
e
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
proport
i
o
na
l
l
y
wi
t
h
S
O
C.
S
tart
i
n
g
at
80
%
of
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v
o
l
ta
ge
l
ev
el
r
ea
c
h
es
i
ts
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
ue
a
nd
the
c
urr
en
t
s
tart
s
to
r
ed
uc
e
i
nv
ers
el
y
prop
orti
on
al
wi
th
S
O
C
u
nti
l
the
ba
tte
r
y
i
s
f
ul
l
y
c
ha
r
ge
d.
I
n
thi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h,
6
t
y
pe
s
of
ba
tt
er
y
th
at
ha
v
e
di
f
f
erent
c
ap
ac
i
t
y
an
d
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
ati
on
wi
l
l
be
us
ed
to
s
h
o
w
v
ari
et
y
an
d
prac
ti
c
al
l
i
t
y
of
E
V
i
n
t
he
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
ti
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
A
l
l
b
att
er
y
wi
l
l
be
pu
t
at
di
f
f
erent S
O
C
l
e
v
el
a
s
pe
r
T
ab
l
e 2
.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
E
V
B
att
er
y
S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
ati
on
Ty
p
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
C
a
p
a
c
it
y
(
k
W
)
C
h
a
r
g
ing
R
a
t
e
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
u
s
a
g
e
(
k
W
)
CS
E
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
S
OC
(
%
)
1
10
0
.
0
5
2
0
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5
2
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.
9
3
4
7
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9
2
2
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1
2
5
1
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8
7
5
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9
3
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2
3
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2
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3
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9
3
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2
4
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1
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2
.
2
5
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9
3
4
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3
7
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2
1
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9
2.4.
P
a
ss
iv
e Filt
e
r
M
o
d
ell
ing
T
he
m
ai
n
f
un
c
ti
on
of
a
p
as
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ter
i
s
to
s
i
nk
th
e
ha
r
m
on
i
c
c
urr
en
t
tha
t
f
l
o
w
i
n
the
s
y
s
tem
ba
s
ed
on
a
s
el
ec
ted
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
.
T
he
f
i
l
ter
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
w
i
l
l
be
c
om
e
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
to
a
l
l
o
w
the
h
arm
on
i
c
to
s
i
nk
.
A
m
on
g
s
e
v
era
l
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ter
t
y
pe
s
,
s
i
n
gl
e
tun
ed
f
i
l
ter
i
s
t
h
e
m
os
t
po
pu
l
ar
t
y
p
e
of
f
i
l
ter
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
us
ed
wi
de
l
y
i
n
d
ea
l
i
n
g
wi
t
h
ha
r
m
on
i
c
po
l
l
ut
i
on
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
the
i
n
du
s
tr
i
al
area
[1
8].
F
i
gu
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
t
y
p
i
c
al
de
s
i
gn
of
a
s
i
ng
l
e
tun
e
d
f
i
l
ter
.
In
th
i
s
pa
p
er
,
4
un
i
ts
of
s
i
ng
l
e
tun
e
d
f
i
l
ters
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
ed
as
1
s
et
of
f
i
l
ter
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
el
i
m
i
na
t
e
f
ou
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
i
es
.
I
n
[
19
]
i
s
us
ed
to
c
al
c
ul
ate
c
a
pa
c
i
t
or
,
i
nd
uc
tan
c
e
an
d
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
a
s
i
n
(
9),
(
10
)
an
d
(
1
1).
Ca
pa
c
i
t
or
i
s
c
al
c
ul
at
ed
ba
s
ed
on
i
nj
ec
ted
r
ea
c
ti
v
e
po
wer
(
Q
)
an
d
v
o
l
t
ag
e
(
V
)
at
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
19
9
2
-
20
00
1996
bu
s
,
m
ea
nwhi
l
e
i
n
du
c
tan
c
e
an
d
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
i
s
b
as
ed
o
n
the
c
ho
s
en
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
(
n
)
tha
t
ne
e
d
to
be
r
e
du
c
ed
.
T
hree
s
ets
of
f
i
l
ter
wi
l
l
b
e
us
ed
t
o
el
i
m
i
na
te
3
rd
,
5
th
,
7
th
an
d
9
th
h
arm
on
i
c
order
i
n
the
n
et
w
ork
.
(
9)
(
10
)
2
..
F
il
te
r
u
V
R
n
Q
Q
(
1
1)
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
1
S
e
t
of
pa
s
s
i
v
e f
i
l
ter
2.5.
M
o
d
if
ied L
igh
t
n
ing
S
ea
r
ch
A
lgo
r
it
h
m, W
S
A
,
P
ar
eto
and
Fu
z
z
y
Mo
d
i
f
i
ed
Li
gh
t
ni
n
g
S
e
arc
h
A
l
g
orit
hm
(
ML
S
A
)
,
whi
c
h
i
s
de
v
e
l
op
ed
ba
s
ed
o
n
the
i
m
prov
em
en
ts
m
ad
e
to
the
ex
i
s
t
i
ng
LS
A
[20
,
21
],
i
s
propos
e
d
i
n
thi
s
r
es
e
arc
h.
T
he
i
m
po
r
tan
t
eq
ua
ti
o
ns
us
ed
i
n
ML
S
A
a
r
e
ap
prox
i
m
ate
l
y
s
i
m
i
l
ar
to
LS
A
.
T
he
r
e
are
f
ou
r
i
m
prov
em
en
ts
tha
t
m
ad
e
at
ex
i
s
ti
ng
LS
A
to
pr
od
uc
e
M
LS
A
whi
c
h
de
t
ai
l
o
ut
at
[9
,
12
]
.
Lo
ad
f
l
o
w
t
ec
h
ni
q
ue
th
at
us
e
i
n
t
hi
s
r
es
e
arc
h
pres
en
ted
i
n
de
t
ai
l
e
d
at
[9,
12
,
22,
23
].
Mu
l
t
i
-
ob
j
ec
ti
v
e
tec
h
ni
qu
e
whi
c
h
ar
e
W
S
A
an
d
P
aret
o
al
s
o
be
e
n
p
r
es
en
te
d
i
n
de
t
ai
l
at
[
9,
12
].
T
h
e
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
tha
t
us
e
t
o
a
s
s
i
s
t
ML
S
A
are
pres
en
te
d
at
(
17
)
to
(
21
)
at
[12
].
F
u
z
z
y
tec
h
ni
qu
e
tha
t
us
e
i
n
th
i
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
us
e
s
a
m
e
m
eth
od
as
pe
r
m
en
ti
on
at
[9
,
12
,
24
,
2
5].
2.
6
.
A
s
sum
p
t
ion
and
Co
n
strai
n
t
S
i
nc
e
3
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ters
wi
l
l
be
p
l
ac
e
d
i
n
t
he
l
o
w
v
o
l
tag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
the
tot
a
l
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
w
i
l
l
be
c
om
e
6,
w
h
i
c
h
are
3
l
o
c
ati
on
s
a
nd
3
o
pti
m
al
s
i
z
e
s
.
A
l
l
the
s
e
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
w
i
l
l
ha
v
e
i
ts
o
w
n
c
on
s
tr
ai
nts
th
at
ne
ed
s
to
f
ul
f
i
l
l
.
In
g
en
era
l
,
th
e
pa
r
a
m
ete
r
s
c
an
be
f
r
ac
ti
on
i
nt
o
2
c
at
eg
orie
s
whi
c
h
are:
a.
F
i
l
ter
l
oc
at
i
o
n:
T
he
f
i
l
ter
wi
l
l
b
e p
l
ac
e
i
n
l
o
w v
ol
t
ag
e
bu
s
to
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
an
y
ha
r
m
on
i
c
i
nj
ec
ti
o
n t
o u
pp
er f
ee
d
er
.
T
he
r
e
are
3
l
oc
ati
on
s
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nj
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di
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F
i
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3.
be
f
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us
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wi
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p
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d Fu
z
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s
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e
4.
be
f
ore an
d a
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ter
us
i
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ML
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wi
t
h
p
areto
an
d Fu
z
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as
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s
s
ta
nc
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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:
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1998
T
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10
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L
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P
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d Fu
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s
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tan
c
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T
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P
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s
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v
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t
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ati
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n a
nd
S
i
z
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us
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th
P
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Fu
z
z
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s
s
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s
tan
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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A
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S
N: 1
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3
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0
Mi
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tort
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c
t c
au
s
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by
… (
S
.
N. S
y
ed
Nas
i
r
)
1999
T
ab
l
e
5
.
P
as
s
i
v
e F
i
l
t
er
Lo
c
ati
o
n
a
nd
S
i
z
i
ng
wi
th
B
es
t S
ol
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on
f
or
B
oth
T
ec
hn
i
qu
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a
r
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L
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it
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4.
Co
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P
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y
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es
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h
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e
s
ho
w
n
tha
t
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
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t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
CS
i
n
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
w
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l
l
c
au
s
e
h
i
gh
er
h
arm
on
i
c
s
i
n
th
e
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s
tr
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b
ut
i
on
s
y
s
tem
.
In
order
to
el
i
m
i
na
te
the
s
e
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
,
ap
pro
pria
t
e
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
ters
are
ne
e
de
d
t
o
be
i
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tal
l
e
d
i
n
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r
a
l
l
el
wi
th
a
l
l
t
he
C
S
s
.
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v
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t
i
s
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t
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l
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tal
l
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l
ter
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l
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s
es
.
T
he
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ef
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ML
S
A
w
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t
h
W
S
A
an
d
P
are
to
was
us
ed
to
propos
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a
s
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l
ut
i
o
n
f
or
ob
tai
n
i
ng
t
he
a
pp
r
o
pria
t
e
pa
s
s
i
v
e
f
i
l
t
er
pl
ac
em
en
t
an
d
s
i
z
e
to
c
ate
r
f
or
r
eq
ui
r
e
v
o
l
ta
ge
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
,
c
urr
en
t
ha
r
m
on
i
c
an
d
ap
p
a
r
en
t
po
wer
l
os
s
es
.
F
u
z
z
y
t
e
c
hn
i
q
ue
s
al
s
o
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m
pl
em
en
ted
to
as
s
i
s
t
i
n
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
the
be
s
t
s
ol
uti
on
am
on
g
al
l
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n.
T
hree
s
ets
-
f
ou
r
un
i
t
s
i
ng
l
e
tun
ed
f
i
l
t
ers
c
on
ne
c
ted
i
n
p
aral
l
e
l
to
s
el
ec
te
d
bu
s
es
wer
e
us
ed
t
o
r
e
du
c
e
the
f
ou
r
ha
r
m
on
i
c
order
.
T
he
de
s
i
gn
ad
op
ted
i
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
w
a
s
ba
s
ed
on
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
nu
m
be
r
o
f
f
i
l
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