T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
, V
ol
.
17
,
No.
6,
Dec
em
be
r
20
1
9,
p
p.
2
87
7
~
2
88
4
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
,
accr
ed
ited
F
irst
Gr
ad
e b
y K
em
en
r
istekdikti,
Decr
ee
No: 2
1/E/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
.v
1
7
i
6
.
13004
◼
28
77
Rec
ei
v
ed
A
pril
27
,
20
1
9
; R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l
y
2
, 2
01
9
; A
c
c
ep
t
ed
J
ul
y
18
,
20
1
9
Stud
y
th
e
eff
ect
of
t
hin
film
th
i
c
kness
on
t
he
op
tical
feat
ures o
f (
IR
5
laser
d
y
e/
CdSe
nan
op
arti
cles)
s
amp
le
s
M
i
t
h
aq
M
.
M
ehd
y
A
l
-
S
u
lt
ani*
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s
,
Col
l
e
g
e
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
G
i
r
l
s
,
K
u
fa
Uni
v
e
rs
i
ty
,
Ir
a
q
*C
o
rre
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
th
o
r,
e
-
m
a
i
l
:
m
i
th
a
q
m
e
h
d
y
a
l
_
s
u
l
ta
n
i
@y
a
h
o
o
.c
o
m
Ab
strac
t
Th
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
fe
a
t
u
re
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
(
tr
a
n
s
m
i
tt
a
n
c
e
T
,
a
b
s
o
rb
a
n
c
e
A,
t
h
e
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
,
a
b
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
c
o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
and
re
fr
a
c
ti
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
)
fo
r t
h
e
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
(
3
x
1
0
-
3
m
o
l
/
l
o
f
(IR
5
)
l
a
s
e
r d
y
e
,
0
.0
2
g
m
o
f
(CdS
)
n
a
n
o
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
0
.0
4
g
m
o
f
p
p
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
)
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
s
tu
d
i
e
d
a
t
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
fi
l
m
th
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
i
n
o
n
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
a
t
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
Yb
:GdVO
4
l
a
s
e
r
p
u
l
s
e
s
.
Th
e
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
i
n
t
e
rm
s
o
f
tra
n
s
m
i
tt
a
n
c
e
d
i
f
fe
r
e
n
c
e
∆
−
,
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
re
fr
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
2
,
n
o
n
–
l
i
n
e
a
r
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
ft
∆
non
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
a
b
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
c
o
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
o
rm
a
l
i
z
e
d
tra
n
s
m
i
tt
a
n
c
e
(
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
u
te
d
i
n
re
l
a
ti
o
n
to
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
n
o
rm
a
l
i
z
e
d
tra
n
s
m
i
tt
a
n
c
e
d
a
t
a
fro
m
s
e
t
u
p
o
f
Z
-
s
c
a
n
wit
h
o
p
e
n
a
n
d
c
l
o
s
e
d
a
p
e
rtu
r
e
s
,
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
te
d
f
o
r
(
3
x
1
0
-
3
m
o
l
/l
o
f
(IR5
)
l
a
s
e
r
d
y
e
,
0
.0
2
g
m
o
f
(CdSe
)
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ti
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
0
.0
4
g
m
o
f
(
p
p
)
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
)
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
a
t
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
fi
l
m
th
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
a
t
i
n
o
n
e
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
t
Yb
:GdVO
4
l
a
s
e
r
p
u
l
s
e
s
.
Th
i
c
k
fi
l
m
s
c
a
u
s
e
s
i
n
d
e
l
e
ti
n
g
th
e
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
e
f
fe
c
t
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
b
y
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
l
a
y
e
rs
.
T
h
e
(CdS
e
)
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
a
n
a
b
s
o
rp
ti
o
n
s
h
i
ft
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
wav
e
l
e
n
g
th
s
to
l
e
n
g
th
i
e
r
wav
e
l
e
n
g
th
s
o
f
re
d
s
h
i
ft
.
So
,
th
i
s
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
m
e
d
i
u
m
wit
h
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
e
x
c
i
ti
n
g
wa
v
e
l
e
n
g
th
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
l
m
th
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
a
s
e
r p
u
l
s
e
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
e
ff
e
c
ts
i
n
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
No
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
.
Key
w
ords
:
CdSe
n
a
n
o
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
s
,
IR5
l
a
s
e
r d
y
e
,
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r o
p
t
i
c
a
l
fe
a
tu
re
s
,
th
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
9
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
IR
5
l
as
er
d
y
e
i
s
of
(
C
50
H
43
O
6
Cl
)
c
he
m
i
c
al
c
om
po
s
i
ti
on
an
d
i
t
ha
s
(
77
5.
34
)
m
ol
ec
ul
ar
wei
g
ht.
It
ha
s
da
r
k
green
c
ol
o
ur.
T
hi
s
d
y
e
a
pp
e
ars
as
a
c
r
y
s
ta
l
l
i
ne
s
ol
i
d,
b
ut
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
d
i
s
s
ol
v
e
d
i
n
di
c
h
l
oro
eth
an
e
org
an
i
c
po
l
ar
s
ol
v
e
nt.
It
ha
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ab
s
orpti
o
n
at
(
1
09
0
nm
)
an
d
(
9.3
0x
10
4
m
ol
-
1
.c
m
-
1
)
m
ol
ar
ab
s
orpti
v
i
t
y
[1]
.
In
1
98
1
,
R.
R.
A
l
f
an
o
et
a
l
.,
pres
en
t
ed
a
s
tu
d
y
f
or
us
i
ng
I
R
5
as
a
l
as
er
m
ed
i
um
f
or
d
y
e
l
as
er
pu
m
pe
d
b
y
N
d:
Y
A
G
l
as
er,
w
h
ere
i
t
ha
d
t
he
p
ea
k
l
as
er
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
a
t
(
13
2
0
nm
)
an
d
c
o
v
era
ge
r
a
ng
e
ab
ou
t
(
11
8
0
–
1
40
0)
nm
[2]
.
Cd
S
e
na
no
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
are
of
(
~
5
)
ex
c
i
ton
r
ad
i
us
,
(
1
.
74
)
ba
n
d
ga
p
en
e
r
g
y
.
It
h
as
the
f
l
u
ores
c
en
c
e
em
i
s
s
i
on
at
(
570
)
wi
th
f
l
u
ore
s
c
en
c
e
i
nt
en
s
i
t
y
of
(
2
.
1
.
)
[3]
.I
n
19
98
,
E
.
L
i
f
s
hi
t
z
et
al
.,
prepare
d
th
e
Cd
S
e
na
n
op
arti
c
l
es
b
y
t
he
t
wo
d
i
ff
erent
m
eth
od
s
as
(
c
he
m
i
c
al
s
ol
uti
on
de
po
s
i
ti
on
a
nd
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
nt
i
n
a
s
i
l
i
c
a
s
o
l
–
gel
m
atri
x
)
an
d
s
ho
wed
es
s
en
t
i
a
l
l
y
th
e
s
am
e
op
t
i
c
al
be
ha
v
i
or
[3].
In
20
04
,
S
.
Z
ha
ng
et
al
.,
s
t
ud
i
e
d
the
p
ho
t
ol
um
i
ne
s
c
en
c
e
f
ea
tures
of
m
er
c
ap
toc
arbox
y
l
i
c
ac
i
d
-
s
t
ab
i
l
i
z
e
d
C
dS
e
n
an
o
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
ad
j
us
ted
b
y
c
oa
ti
ng
wi
t
h
po
l
y
e
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e.
T
he
ne
ga
t
i
v
e
c
ha
r
ge
d
po
l
y
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
P
S
S
ha
s
no
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
o
n
the
tr
ap
a
nd
i
ntri
ns
i
c
em
i
tti
ng
of
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
[4]
.
In
the
s
am
e
y
e
ar,
I.
S
o
n
di
et
a
l
.,
pre
pa
r
ed
at
r
oo
m
te
m
pe
r
atu
r
e
W
a
ter
-
D
i
s
pe
r
s
i
bl
e
A
m
de
x
-
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
e
c
om
pl
e
x
es
b
y
s
p
ee
di
l
y
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on
of
aq
ue
ou
s
s
ol
ut
i
on
s
of
ei
th
er
s
od
i
um
s
el
en
i
de
w
i
th
t
ho
s
e
of
c
ad
m
i
u
m
c
hl
orid
e.
It
ha
d
b
ee
n
c
on
c
l
ud
ed
tha
t
CdS
e
c
r
y
s
ta
l
l
i
te
s
i
z
e
i
n
the
prec
i
pi
t
ati
on
proc
es
s
ha
s
r
ed
uc
ed
w
i
t
h
i
nc
r
e
as
ed
po
l
y
m
er
c
on
ten
t
[5
].
In
20
0
9,
P
.
G
u
pta
a
nd
M.
Ram
r
a
k
hi
an
i
,
pres
e
nte
d
an
i
nv
es
ti
g
ati
on
a
bo
ut
t
he
ef
fec
t
f
or
the
p
arti
c
l
e
s
i
z
e
i
n
th
e
o
pti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
of
Cd
S
e
na
no
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
[6
,
7].
P
o
l
y
prop
y
l
e
ne
(
P
P
)
po
l
y
m
er,
al
s
o
s
o
-
c
al
l
ed
p
o
l
y
pr
op
e
ne
,
s
ta
nd
s
f
or
a
th
erm
op
l
as
t
ic
po
l
y
m
er
em
pl
o
y
e
d
i
n
v
ar
i
ou
s
us
es
.
It
c
an
be
m
an
uf
ac
tured
f
r
om
the
m
on
om
er
propy
l
e
ne
b
y
c
ha
i
n
-
gro
w
t
h
of
p
ol
y
m
eri
z
ati
on
.
I
t
ha
s
the
c
he
m
i
c
al
f
or
m
ul
a
o
f
(
C
3
H
6
)
n
and
0.9
4
6
g/c
m
3
de
ns
i
t
y
a
nd
4
03
to
44
4
K
m
el
ti
ng
po
i
nt
.
I
t
c
an
b
e
us
ed
i
n
d
i
f
f
erent
f
i
el
ds
as
i
nd
us
tr
y
,
m
ed
i
c
al
,
c
l
oth
i
ng
,
r
ec
y
c
l
i
n
g
an
d
r
ep
ai
r
i
n
g
[8
-
12
]
.
In
thi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h,
as
c
om
pa
r
ed
wi
th
[
2
-
12]
,
we
wi
l
l
s
tud
y
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
al
l
y
t
he
l
i
n
ea
r
o
pti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
s
uc
h
as
(
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
T
,
ab
s
orbanc
e
A
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
l
e
ng
th
,
ab
s
orpt
i
o
n
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
and
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
)
f
or
the
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
s
a
m
pl
es
of
(
3x
10
-
3
m
ol
/l
of
(
IR5)
l
as
er
d
y
e,
0.0
2
gm
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
7
7
-
2884
2878
(
CdS
e
)
na
no
p
art
i
c
l
es
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
pp
po
l
y
m
er
)
at
di
f
f
erent
v
al
u
es
of
f
i
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
i
n
on
e
ti
m
e a
nd
at
di
f
f
erent n
um
be
r
of
Y
b:GdV
O
4
l
as
er
pu
l
s
e
s.
2.
R
es
e
ar
ch
M
eth
o
d
2.1
.
A
b
sorpt
ion
S
p
ec
t
r
a
l
F
ea
t
u
r
es
T
he
proc
es
s
of
ab
s
orpti
o
n
i
s
f
ea
s
i
bl
y
t
ak
en
pl
ac
e
i
n
the
c
as
e
of
the
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
ph
ot
on
c
r
as
he
s
t
he
d
y
e
m
ol
ec
u
l
e
i
n
i
ts
m
i
no
r
en
erg
y
s
tat
e.
T
he
d
y
e
i
s
f
ea
s
i
b
l
y
m
oti
v
ate
d
as
a
r
es
ul
t
of
ab
s
orbe
d
ph
ot
on
an
d
i
ts
em
pl
o
y
ed
en
erg
y
i
n
th
e
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
of
d
y
e.
T
he
ab
s
orpt
i
on
tak
es
pl
ac
e
at
t
he
m
as
the
i
nc
i
de
nt
ph
oto
n
en
erg
y
ha
s
be
en
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t
to
th
e
e
ne
r
g
y
v
aria
nc
e
am
i
d
the
d
ua
l
s
tat
es
.
A
bs
orbanc
e
A
i
s
d
es
c
r
i
be
d
as
th
e
l
o
ga
r
i
thm
i
c
r
el
ati
v
e
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y
r
ed
uc
t
i
on
.
A
s
a
r
es
ul
t,
at
the
s
u
prem
e
ab
s
orba
nc
e,
th
e
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
c
an
b
e
i
n
di
c
at
ed
as
p
e
ak
w
av
e
l
e
ng
t
h
(
nm
)
,
w
h
ereas
t
he
ex
tr
em
e
ab
s
orbanc
e
i
s
ter
m
ed
as
pe
ak
ab
s
orban
c
e
(
arb.un
i
t)
.
T
he
ab
s
orpti
on
wi
dt
h
f
or
the
c
urv
e
at
the
ha
l
f
m
ag
ni
t
ud
e
of
ex
tr
em
e
ab
s
orbanc
e
c
a
n
be
de
s
i
g
na
te
d a
s
(
∆
ν
)
1
2
⁄
(
s
ec
-
1
)
tha
t i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
ed
b
y
t
he
ab
s
orpt
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
[13]
.
2.2
. Lin
e
ar
O
p
t
ic
al
F
e
atu
r
es
T
he
l
i
n
ea
r
o
pti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
are
as
s
oc
i
at
ed
wi
th
l
i
ne
ar
op
ti
c
a
l
r
es
p
on
s
e.
T
he
a
bs
o
r
ba
nc
e
(A
)
de
f
i
ne
s
t
he
a
bs
orbe
d p
ho
to
ns
qu
a
nti
t
y
b
y
m
ol
ec
u
l
es
as
s
ho
w
n
(
1)
[14
]
:
=
1
−
l
og
(
1
)
(
1)
where
s
tan
ds
f
or a m
ed
i
um
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e t
ha
t i
s
as
s
oc
i
ate
d
wi
th
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
n
as
[1
5
-
1
7]:
=
2
2
+
1
(
2)
t
he
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
of
ab
s
orp
ti
o
n
of
an
o
pti
c
a
l
m
ed
i
um
i
s
as
s
oc
i
ate
d
w
i
th
ab
s
orb
an
c
e
i
n
r
el
ati
on
to
(
3) [1
5
-
16]:
=
1
2
.
302
(
3)
t
he
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
l
e
ng
t
h
of
the
o
pti
c
a
l
m
ed
i
a i
s
c
om
pu
ted
b
y
[1
5
–
1
7]
:
=
(
1
−
−
)
(
4)
he
r
e
,
s
tan
ds
f
or the
s
am
pl
e l
e
ng
t
h a
n
d
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
th
e
ab
s
orpt
i
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
.
2.3
. Non
-
l
ine
ar
O
p
t
ic
al
F
e
atu
r
es
S
e
v
era
l
m
ate
r
i
al
s
s
uf
f
er
f
r
o
m
the
no
n
l
i
ne
ar
pro
pe
r
ti
es
as
i
n
K
err
no
n
l
i
ne
ari
t
y
t
ha
t
al
ters
the
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
of
a
m
ate
r
i
al
ba
s
e
d
on
r
ea
l
i
s
t
i
c
el
ec
tr
i
c
f
i
el
d.
Z
-
s
c
an
m
eth
o
d
c
an
be
em
pl
o
y
ed
to
c
a
l
c
u
l
ate
a
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
ab
s
orpt
i
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
an
d n
on
-
l
i
n
ea
r
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
b
y
o
pe
n
an
d
c
l
os
ed
a
pe
r
tur
es
,
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
l
y
.
T
he
f
or
m
of
c
l
os
ed
ap
ert
ure
s
up
po
r
ts
i
n
de
term
i
na
ti
on
of
m
i
no
r
de
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
i
n
ge
n
erated
be
am
i
n
n
on
-
l
i
n
ea
r
m
ed
i
a
tha
t
ac
ts
as
a
m
i
ni
a
ture
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar
l
en
s
an
d
i
n
de
t
erm
i
ni
ng
n
on
-
l
i
ne
ar
r
ef
r
a
c
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
as
pres
en
te
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
(a
)
.
T
hi
s
f
i
gu
r
e
s
ho
w
s
an
i
l
l
us
tr
at
i
on
of
th
e
c
l
os
ed
ap
ertur
e
a
l
o
ng
wi
th
p
ote
nti
al
r
ec
or
de
d
da
t
a
of
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e.
O
pe
n
–
ap
ert
ure
Z
-
s
c
an
c
an
be
em
pl
o
y
e
d
f
or
de
ter
m
i
ni
ng
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
of
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
ab
s
orpti
on
s
i
nc
e
t
he
e
nt
i
r
e
l
as
er
b
ea
m
c
an
be
i
nc
i
d
e
nt
on
the
de
t
ec
tor
wi
th
ne
gl
ec
te
d
m
i
no
r
de
f
or
m
ati
on
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
(b
)
c
l
arif
i
es
the
s
tr
uc
ture
of
Z
-
s
c
an
w
i
t
h
op
en
a
pe
r
ture
wi
t
h
an
i
l
l
us
tr
ati
on
of
po
ten
t
i
al
r
ec
ord
s
of
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
a
ns
m
i
tta
nc
e.
S
e
v
eral
c
ha
n
ge
s
s
ho
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
i
on
of
n
on
-
l
i
ne
ar
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
ts
.
F
or
i
ns
tan
c
e
,
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
r
es
p
on
s
e
of
the
m
ed
i
um
as
a
r
es
ul
t
of
th
e
l
as
er
b
ea
m
i
n
r
es
tr
i
c
ted
r
e
gi
on
as
i
n
l
as
er
s
po
t
are
a
i
n
t
he
m
ed
i
a
c
an
be
i
nf
l
ue
nc
ed
as
a
r
es
ul
t
of
l
as
er
be
am
i
nte
ns
i
t
y
i
n
th
e
ne
i
g
hb
o
urin
g
r
e
gi
on
s
.
T
hi
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
i
s
term
ed
as
no
n
l
oc
al
r
es
po
ns
e
.
A
no
t
he
r
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
e
ac
ts
i
n
th
e
l
i
q
ui
d
t
es
ters
of
c
ol
l
o
i
d
non
-
l
i
n
ea
r
m
ed
i
um
i
n
a
di
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
s
o
l
ut
i
on
.
T
he
i
nc
i
de
nt
ph
oto
n
i
c
f
i
el
d
i
n
n
on
-
l
oc
al
m
ed
i
um
l
oc
ati
on
s
s
ti
r
s
up
nu
m
erous
v
ari
ati
on
s
as
i
n
m
ol
ec
ul
a
r
di
p
ol
es
r
e
orie
nta
t
i
on
as
a
r
es
ul
t
of
th
e
al
terat
i
on
s
i
n
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
f
i
el
ds
i
n
di
v
ers
e p
orti
o
ns
of
th
e n
on
-
l
i
n
ea
r
m
ed
i
a
[
17
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
S
tud
y
t
he
eff
ec
t
of
th
i
n
fi
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
on
the
op
t
i
c
al
fea
tures
of…
(
Mi
t
ha
q
M.
Me
h
d
y
A
l
-
S
ul
t
an
i
)
2879
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
S
tr
uc
ture
of
Z
-
s
c
a
n
w
i
t
h d
ua
l
di
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar s
c
he
m
e
s
an
d a
n
i
l
l
us
tr
ati
o
n o
f
p
ote
nt
i
a
l
de
term
i
ne
d d
ata
of
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
trans
m
i
tta
nc
e
v
i
a
,
(
a)
c
l
os
ed
a
pe
r
ture
,
(
b) op
en
ap
ertur
e [
1
7]
T
he
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
de
x
i
s
f
ea
s
i
b
l
y
de
t
erm
i
ne
d
b
y
[
17
-
19
]
:
2
=
∆
Φ
(
5)
where
s
tan
ds
f
or
th
e
i
nc
i
d
en
t
l
as
er
i
nt
en
s
i
t
y
,
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
t
he
wa
v
en
um
be
r
of
i
n
c
i
de
nt
l
as
er
be
am
tha
t
i
s
e
qu
i
v
al
en
t
to
=
2
.
s
tan
ds
f
or
i
nc
i
d
en
t
l
as
er
be
am
w
a
v
e
l
e
ng
t
h,
where
a
s
∆
Φ
s
tan
ds
f
or non
l
i
ne
ar p
ha
s
e
s
hi
f
t [1
7
-
21]
.
Δ
−
=
0
.
406
|
ΔΦ
|
(
6)
In
(
6),
Δ
−
s
tan
ds
f
or
the
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
a
ns
m
i
tta
nc
e
v
ar
i
an
c
e
am
i
d
the
t
op
m
os
t
an
d
the
v
al
l
e
y
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
m
ag
ni
tud
es
tha
t
c
om
pu
ted
b
y
m
ea
ns
of
s
etu
p
of
c
l
os
ed
ap
ertur
e
Z
-
s
c
an
. T
he
no
nl
i
n
ea
r
a
bs
o
r
pti
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
is
c
om
pu
t
ed
b
y
[
20
-
25]
:
=
2
√
2
(
)
(
7)
(
)
s
i
gn
i
f
i
es
f
or
the
s
m
al
l
es
t
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
go
tt
en
b
y
s
et
up
of
op
e
n
ap
ert
ure
Z
-
s
c
an
.
3.
E
xper
i
men
t
A
bo
ut
10
-
3
m
ol
/l
m
ol
ar
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
of
IR5
l
as
er
d
y
e
h
as
orga
ni
z
ed
b
y
(
0
.0
01
gm
)
wei
g
hti
ng
em
pl
o
y
i
n
g
HR
-
2
00
di
gi
t
al
b
al
an
c
e
f
or
l
as
er
d
y
e
.
T
hi
s
ha
s
di
s
s
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
1
0
m
l
o
f
di
c
hl
oroet
ha
n
e
.
A
bo
ut
0
.04
gm
of
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
ha
s
i
ns
erted
t
o
th
e
d
y
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n.
T
he
0.
02
gm
o
f
(
CdS
e
)
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
h
as
wei
g
hte
d
b
y
m
ea
ns
of
the
s
i
m
i
l
ar
ba
l
an
c
e
an
d
i
ns
ert
ed
to
the
d
y
e
m
i
x
t
ures
.
HP
-
3000
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
s
ti
r
r
er
h
as
us
e
d
t
o
ac
hi
e
v
e
a
ho
m
og
en
e
ou
s
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n.
It
ha
s
us
ed
drop
-
c
as
ti
n
g
w
a
y
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
un
i
f
orm
thi
n
f
i
l
m
s
wi
th
f
i
v
e
di
f
f
erent
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
as
(
2,
4,
6,
8
an
d
10
)
m
m
.
T
h
e
prepar
ed
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
of
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4
m
m
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thi
c
k
ne
s
s
ha
d
be
en
i
r
r
ad
i
ate
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
di
f
f
erent
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
l
as
er
p
ul
s
es
as
(
25
,50
,75
,
10
0
an
d
15
0)
.
T
he
ab
s
orpti
on
s
pe
c
tr
u
m
s
f
or
al
l
the
prep
ared
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
s
a
m
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es
w
ere
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ak
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y
m
ea
ns
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Me
ga
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21
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V
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s
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pe
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tr
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om
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he
us
ed
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an
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et
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HG
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Nd:
Y
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G
l
as
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at
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green
l
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a l
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er s
ou
r
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e
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d d
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c
at
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ter
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c
m
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al
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en
gt
h.
T
he
r
a
di
us
of
l
as
er
s
po
t
ha
s
be
en
0.0
5
c
m
,
w
hi
l
e
the
i
nc
i
d
en
t
l
as
er
i
nte
ns
i
t
y
on
th
e
te
s
ter
ha
s
be
en
77
8
W
att
/
m
2
.
T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
a
ns
m
i
tta
nc
e
i
s
f
ea
s
i
b
l
y
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d
b
y
m
ea
ns
of
LP
1
-
m
ob
i
k
en
l
as
er
p
o
w
er
m
ete
r
.T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
d
at
a
f
or
organ
i
z
ed
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
tes
ters
of
4
c
m
l
en
gth
,
c
o
ntrol
l
e
d
b
y
(
3x
1
0
-
3
m
ol
/l
of
(
IR5)
l
as
er
d
y
e,
0.0
2
gm
of
(
CdS
e
)
na
no
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
a
nd
0.0
4
gm
of
pp
p
ol
y
m
er,
we
r
e
de
t
erm
i
ne
d
b
y
Z
-
S
c
an
s
etu
p
of
c
l
os
e
d
a
nd
op
e
n
a
pe
r
tures
us
i
ng
LP
1
-
m
ob
i
k
en
l
as
er p
o
w
er
m
ete
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
7
7
-
2884
2880
4
.
Re
sult
s
A
c
c
ordi
n
g
to
t
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ab
s
orpt
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
ta
k
en
f
or
the
prep
ared
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
,
the
l
i
n
ea
r
op
ti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
of
tha
t
f
i
l
m
s
ha
d
b
ee
n
c
al
c
ul
ate
d
de
p
en
d
i
ng
o
n
(
1,
2,
3
,
a
nd
4),
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
at
di
f
f
erent
thi
n
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
an
d
r
ec
or
de
d
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
l
e
ng
t
h
w
as
of
(
0.0
4
94
m
)
f
or
al
l
th
e
s
tu
di
e
d
s
am
pl
es
.
T
ab
l
e
2
s
ho
w
s
t
he
Li
ne
ar
o
pti
c
a
l
p
aram
ete
r
s
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
l
as
er pu
l
s
es
. M
ore gra
ph
i
c
al
d
eta
i
l
s
ar
e c
l
arif
i
ed
Fi
gu
r
e
s
2 t
o
3
.
T
ab
l
e 1
. T
he
L
i
n
ea
r
O
pt
i
c
al
Fac
tors
of
(
10
-
3
IR5
La
s
er
D
y
e
,
0.
1
gm
P
P
an
d C
dS
e
Nano
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
)
at
Di
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar
th
i
n
F
i
l
m
s
T
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
es
Thic
k
n
e
s
s
mm
(m
-
1
)
2
0
.
8
7
0
.
1
3
4
0
.
4
9
9
1
4
.
8
5
8
4
0
.
8
9
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
4
8
8
1
5
.
5
6
0
6
0
.
9
1
0
.
1
2
3
0
.
4
7
7
1
6
.
1
9
8
8
0
.
9
3
0
.
1
1
7
0
.
4
6
7
1
7
.
0
3
5
10
0
.
9
5
0
.
1
1
2
0
.
4
5
7
1
7
.
8
0
0
T
ab
l
e 2
. T
he
L
i
n
ea
r
O
pt
i
c
al
Fac
tors
of
(
10
-
3
IR5
La
s
er
D
y
e
,
0.
1
gm
P
P
an
d 0
.
04
g
m
o
f
CdS
e
Nano
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
)
at
D
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
La
s
er
P
ul
s
es
N
O.
o
f
Y
b
:
Gd
V
O
4
las
e
r
p
u
l
s
e
s
(m
-
1
)
25
0
.
9
5
0
.
1
1
2
0
.
4
5
7
1
7
.
8
0
0
50
0
.
9
2
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
4
7
2
1
6
.
6
0
6
75
0
.
8
9
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
4
8
8
1
5
.
5
6
0
100
0
.
8
6
0
.
1
3
8
0
.
5
0
5
1
4
.
4
2
3
150
0
.
8
4
0
.
1
4
4
0
.
5
1
7
1
3
.
8
1
6
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
T
he
L
i
ne
ar tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e a
nd
ab
s
orba
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR5
l
as
er d
y
e
,
0.1
gm
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
no
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent t
hi
n f
i
l
m
s
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
T
he
L
i
ne
ar tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e a
nd
ab
s
orba
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR5
l
as
er d
y
e
,
0.1
gm
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
no
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4 l
as
er pu
l
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
S
tud
y
t
he
eff
ec
t
of
th
i
n
fi
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
on
the
op
t
i
c
al
fea
tures
of…
(
Mi
t
ha
q
M.
Me
h
d
y
A
l
-
S
ul
t
an
i
)
2881
Non
-
l
i
ne
ar
op
t
i
c
al
f
ac
tors
s
uc
h
as
∆
−
,
∆
Φ
,
non
-
l
i
n
ea
r
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
de
x
(
2
)
,
(
)
and
f
or
thi
n
f
i
l
m
s
a
m
pl
es
of
10
-
3
IR5
l
as
er
d
y
e,
0
.1
g
m
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.
04
g
m
of
CdS
e
na
no
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
,
w
ere
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d
i
n
r
e
l
at
i
on
to
t
he
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d
da
t
a
of
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
b
y
m
ea
ns
of
Z
-
S
c
an
of
c
l
os
ed
an
d
o
pe
n
a
pe
r
tures
as
i
l
l
us
tr
ate
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
es
4
un
ti
l
7
an
d
(
5,
6
an
d
7)
of
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar
op
ti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
s
tat
ed
i
n
t
he
pre
v
i
ou
s
s
ec
ti
o
n.
T
he
s
e
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
ts
at
di
f
f
erent
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
ha
d
be
e
n
de
pi
c
te
d
i
n
T
ab
l
e
3,
w
h
i
l
e
T
ab
l
e
4
i
l
l
us
tr
at
es
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
o
pti
c
a
l
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
ts
at
d
i
f
f
erent
Y
b:
G
dV
O
4
l
as
er pu
l
s
es
.
T
ab
l
e 3
.
T
he
N
on
-
L
i
ne
ar O
pti
c
a
l
Fac
tors
of
10
-
3
IR5
La
s
er D
y
e
,
0.1
gm
P
P
an
d 0
.
04
gm
of
CdS
e
Nano
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
)
at
D
i
f
f
erent
thi
n
F
i
l
m
s
T
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
Thic
k
n
e
s
s
mm
∆
−
∆
x
1
0
-
9
(
)
x
1
0
-
3
(W
-
1
.
m)
2
0
.
7
3
1
.
7
9
8
3
.
9
6
9
0
.
5
4
3
9
.
7
4
0
4
0
.
7
0
1
.
7
2
4
3
.
8
0
5
0
.
5
2
3
8
.
2
6
8
6
0
.
6
7
1
.
6
5
0
3
.
6
4
2
0
.
4
9
3
6
.
0
6
0
8
0
.
6
3
1
.
5
5
1
3
.
4
2
3
0
.
4
6
3
3
.
8
5
3
10
0
.
6
1
1
.
5
0
2
3
.
3
1
5
0
.
4
1
3
0
.
1
7
3
T
ab
l
e 4
. T
he
N
on
-
L
i
ne
ar O
pti
c
a
l
Fac
tors
of
(
10
-
3
IR
5
L
as
er D
y
e
, 0
.
1 g
m
P
P
a
nd
0
.04
gm
of
CdS
e
Na
no
p
arti
c
l
es
)
at
Di
f
f
erent
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
L
as
er P
ul
s
es
N
o
.
o
f
Y
b
:
Gd
V
O
4
las
e
r
p
u
l
s
e
s
∆
−
∆
x
1
0
-
9
(
)
x
1
0
-
3
(W
-
1
.
m)
25
0
.
6
8
1
.
6
7
4
3
.
6
9
5
0
.
4
4
3
2
.
3
8
1
50
0
.
7
1
.
7
2
4
3
.
8
0
5
0
.
4
7
3
4
.
5
8
9
75
0
.
7
4
1
.
8
2
2
4
.
0
2
2
0
.
5
0
3
6
.
7
9
4
100
0
.
7
8
1
.
9
2
1
4
.
2
4
0
0
.
5
3
3
9
.
0
0
4
150
0
.
8
1
1
.
9
9
5
4
.
4
0
3
0
.
5
5
4
0
.
4
7
6
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
trans
m
i
tta
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR
5
l
as
er d
y
e
, 0
.
1 g
m
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent t
hi
n f
i
l
m
s
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
,
us
i
ng
c
l
os
ed
ap
ertur
e Z
-
s
c
an
s
etu
p
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR
5
l
as
er d
y
e
, 0
.
1 g
m
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent t
hi
n f
i
l
m
s
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
,
us
i
ng
op
en
a
pe
r
tur
e Z
-
s
c
an
s
etu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
7
7
-
2884
2882
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
trans
m
i
tta
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR
5
l
as
e
r
d
y
e
, 0
.
1 g
m
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
l
as
er p
ul
s
es
, u
s
i
ng
c
l
os
ed
ap
ert
ure
Z
-
s
c
an
s
etu
p
F
i
gu
r
e
7.
T
he
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
trans
m
i
tta
nc
e o
f
(
10
-
3
IR
5
l
as
er d
y
e
, 0
.
1 g
m
P
P
po
l
y
m
er
an
d
0.0
4
gm
of
CdS
e
na
n
op
art
i
c
l
es
)
at
d
i
f
f
erent
Y
b:Gd
V
O
4
l
as
er p
ul
s
es
, u
s
i
ng
op
e
n a
pe
r
ture
Z
-
s
c
an
s
etu
p
5
.
Dis
cussion
T
ab
l
e
1
s
ho
w
s
th
e
l
i
ne
ar
o
pti
c
a
l
f
ea
t
ures
(
,
,
an
d
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n
ten
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f
or
thi
n
f
i
l
m
s
a
m
pl
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of
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y
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,
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P
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n
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o
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r
t
i
c
l
es
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di
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar
t
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n
f
i
l
m
s
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i
c
k
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s
s
a
s
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4,
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d
10
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m
m
.
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i
gu
r
e
2
i
l
l
us
tr
ate
s
th
e
(
and
)
be
ha
v
i
ou
r
f
or
thi
n
f
i
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
T
he
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
i
n
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
c
au
s
es
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i
nc
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i
n
g
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bo
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an
d
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d
de
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i
ng
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or
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th
of
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an
d
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.
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hi
s
du
e
t
o
tha
t
the
hi
g
he
s
t
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
c
on
s
ol
i
d
ate
s
th
e
a
bs
orpti
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proc
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s
be
c
au
s
e
of
th
e
hi
g
he
s
t
m
o
l
ec
ul
es
i
n
the
gro
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d
s
tat
e
(
g.s
)
w
h
i
c
h
ab
l
e
to
a
bs
orb
m
ore
en
erg
y
tha
n
t
ha
t
of
l
es
s
f
i
l
m
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
T
hi
s
l
ea
ds
to
h
i
gh
es
t
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
f
or
i
nc
i
de
nt
l
i
g
ht
en
erg
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
of
hi
g
he
s
t
a
bs
orp
ti
on
prob
ab
i
l
i
t
y
f
or
h
i
gh
es
t
m
ed
i
a
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
,
thi
s
m
ed
i
um
be
c
o
m
e
s
m
ore r
e
f
r
ac
ti
v
e t
h
an
ai
r
a
nd
po
s
s
es
s
l
es
s
ab
s
orpt
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o
n c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t.
F
i
gu
r
e
s
4
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d
5
s
ho
w
the
no
r
m
al
i
z
e
d
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e
f
or
thi
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l
m
s
of
(
10
-
3
IR5
l
as
er
d
y
e
,
0.1
gm
P
P
as
w
e
l
l
as
Cd
S
e
na
no
p
arti
c
l
es
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di
v
ers
e
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
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s
us
i
ng
c
l
os
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op
e
n
ap
ertur
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Z
-
s
c
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s
et
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es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
It
i
s
o
bv
i
o
us
tha
t
the
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
n
g
of
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
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ed
uc
es
bo
th
of
the
di
f
f
erenc
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be
t
ween
t
op
–
tr
a
ns
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i
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n
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an
d
v
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l
l
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tr
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i
tta
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po
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−
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n
the
c
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ap
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urv
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an
d
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ni
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u
m
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s
m
i
tta
nc
e
i
n
the
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n
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pe
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tur
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urv
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(
)
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hi
s
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b
e
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i
bu
te
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t
o
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g
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t
s
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t
o
l
arg
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t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
,
whi
c
h
r
ed
uc
es
the
(
∆
−
an
d
(
)
)
f
or
bo
th
of
c
l
os
ed
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a
pe
r
ture
a
n
d
op
en
-
a
pe
r
ture
no
r
m
al
i
z
ed
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
e c
urv
es
.
T
ab
l
e
3
i
l
l
us
tr
ate
s
th
e
n
on
-
l
i
ne
ar
o
pti
c
a
l
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
en
ts
as
(
∆
−
,
(
)
,
∆
,
and
)
at
di
f
f
erent
thi
n
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
W
he
r
e
al
l
of
the
d
es
c
r
i
b
ed
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
ts
are
de
c
r
ea
s
e
d
wi
th
the
i
nc
r
ea
s
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n
g
of
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
T
hi
s
be
h
av
i
ou
r
c
a
n
b
e
i
nt
erpr
ete
d
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
m
ed
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u
m
tr
an
s
m
i
tta
nc
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c
r
ea
s
i
ng
f
or
thi
c
k
m
ed
i
um
whi
c
h
c
on
s
o
l
i
da
tes
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e
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
ef
f
ec
t
s
i
ns
i
d
e t
h
e s
am
pl
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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he
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um
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r
of
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d
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p
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c
on
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r
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s
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m
ol
ec
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to
hi
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s
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on
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e f
or tr
an
s
m
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i
c
h
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c
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g.
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he
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f
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of
i
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i
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tures
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are
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to
h
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tr
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f
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erate
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pl
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i
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a
di
a
ted
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l
as
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es
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m
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hi
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6
. Con
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It
c
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b
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c
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nc
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at
t
he
s
am
pl
e
of
(
10
m
m
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s
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es
s
no
n
-
l
i
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ea
r
op
ti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
th
a
n o
t
he
r
s
tu
di
ed
s
a
m
pl
es
. T
he
s
am
e s
a
m
pl
e h
as
h
i
g
he
s
t (
an
d n
)
an
d l
e
s
s
(
T
an
d
)
l
i
n
ea
r
op
t
i
c
al
f
ea
tures
.
T
he
150
of
Y
b:Gd
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4
c
a
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i
g
he
s
t
n
on
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l
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t
ures
an
d
(
and
)
l
i
ne
ar
o
pti
c
a
l
f
ea
tures
;
w
h
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l
e
i
t
i
s
the
m
ai
n
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ea
s
on
to
r
ed
uc
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th
o
f
(
and
)
l
i
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r
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pti
c
a
l
f
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tur
es
.
T
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
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tan
t
o
utc
om
e
i
s
th
at
t
he
t
hi
c
k
f
i
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m
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s
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n
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n
on
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l
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ec
ts
ge
ne
r
ate
d
b
y
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f
f
erent
l
a
y
ers
.
W
hi
l
e,
the
h
i
gh
es
t
a
m
ou
nt
of
l
as
er
pu
l
s
es
c
on
s
ol
i
da
t
es
the
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar
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f
ec
ts
as
the
hi
g
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s
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ec
tr
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erate
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thro
ug
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f
i
l
m
i
r
r
ad
i
ate
d
b
y
l
as
er.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
Y
a
n
g
H,
L
i
u
W
,
X
u
C,
Fa
n
D,
Cao
Y
,
X
u
e
W
.
L
a
s
e
r
Si
n
te
ri
n
g
o
f
T
i
O
2
Fi
l
m
s
f
o
r
Fl
e
x
i
b
l
e
Dy
e
-
Se
n
s
i
t
i
z
e
d
So
l
a
r
Cel
l
s
.
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
9
;
9
(
5
):
8
2
3
.
[2
]
Al
fa
n
o
R,
Sc
h
i
l
l
e
r
N,
Rey
n
o
l
d
s
G
.
Pro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
p
i
c
o
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
u
l
s
e
s
b
y
m
o
d
e
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
a
n
Nd:
g
l
a
s
s
l
a
s
e
r
w
i
th
d
y
e
#
5
.
IEEE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
.
1
9
8
1
;
1
7
(3
):
290
-
291.
[3
]
L
i
fs
h
i
tz
E,
Dag
I
,
L
i
tv
i
n
I,
Hod
e
s
G
,
G
o
re
r
S,
Rei
s
fe
l
d
R,
Z
e
l
n
e
r
M
,
M
i
n
ti
H.
O
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
CdS
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
l
e
fi
l
m
s
p
re
p
a
re
d
b
y
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
o
l
–
g
e
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
Che
m
i
c
a
l
Ph
y
s
i
c
s
L
e
t
te
rs
.
1
9
9
8
;
2
8
8
(
2
-
4
):1
8
8
-
1
96.
[4
]
Zh
a
n
g
S,
Y
u
J
,
L
i
X
,
T
i
a
n
W
.
Ph
o
to
l
u
m
i
n
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
m
e
r
c
a
p
t
o
c
a
r
b
o
x
y
l
i
c
a
c
i
d
-
s
ta
b
i
l
i
z
e
d
CdSe
n
a
n
o
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
s
c
o
v
e
re
d
w
i
th
p
o
l
y
e
l
e
c
tro
l
y
te
.
Nan
o
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
0
4
;
1
5
(8
)
:
1
1
0
8
-
1
1
1
2
.
[5
]
So
n
d
i
I
,
Si
i
m
a
n
O
,
M
a
ti
j
e
v
i
c
E
.
Sy
n
th
e
s
i
s
o
f
C
d
Se
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
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5
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Nam
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