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12928/
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o
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C
a
5
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S
iO
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u
3
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a
n
d
YAl
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O
12
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M
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dua
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t
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a
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L
E
D
s
P
ha
n X
ua
n L
e
,
L
e
H
ung
T
i
e
n
F
a
c
ul
ty of
En
gi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
Va
n L
a
ng U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y,
Ho C
h
i M
inh
C
it
y,
Vie
t Na
m
A
rt
i
cl
e
In
f
o
AB
S
T
RACT
A
r
tic
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
ecei
v
ed
D
e
c
19,
2019
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
ul
18,
2021
A
ccep
t
ed
A
ug 5,
2021
Th
is s
tu
dy
pr
op
ose
s
a
dua
l
-
la
ye
r
r
e
m
o
te
ph
os
ph
or
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
,
c
om
pr
i
se
d of
a
gr
e
e
n or
a
r
e
d
ph
os
ph
or
la
ye
r
a
nd a
ye
ll
ow Y
AG
:C
e
3+
p
ho
sp
hor
la
ye
r
,
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
c
o
lor
r
e
nde
r
in
g i
nde
x (
C
R
I
)
a
n
d c
o
lor
qua
li
ty
s
c
a
l
e
(C
Q
S) o
f
wh
it
e
lig
ht
-
e
m
i
tt
in
g dio
de
s
(
W
LED
s
)
.
The
ph
os
ph
or
s u
se
d i
n
t
his s
tu
dy a
r
e
gr
e
e
n
pho
sp
ho
r
YA
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
M
n
2+
a
n
d r
e
d ph
os
ph
or
C
a
5
B
2
S
i
O
10
:E
u
3+
.
B
e
side
s,
the
a
pp
lie
d WL
ED s
tr
uc
tur
e
ha
s the
c
o
lor
te
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
of
850
0 K.
The
st
ud
y
de
m
o
ns
tr
a
te
s the
ide
a
of
pla
c
i
ng a
gr
e
e
n ph
os
ph
or
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
M
n
2+
o
r
a
red
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3
+
p
ho
sp
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ye
r
o
n t
he
ye
ll
ow
ph
os
pho
r
Y
AG
:C
e
3+
o
n
e
.
Af
te
r
tha
t,
t
he
s
ui
ta
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le
c
onc
e
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a
ti
on
of
C
a
5
B
2
Si
O
10
:E
u
3+
r
e
su
lt
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g in the
hig
he
st
c
ol
or
q
ua
l
it
y
i
s
de
te
r
m
i
ne
d.
The
ob
ta
i
ne
d r
e
su
lt
s
s
ho
we
d tha
t
Ca
5
B
2
S
i
O
10
:E
u
3+
is a
dva
nta
ge
o
us t
o C
R
I
a
nd C
QS
.
P
a
r
ti
c
ula
r
ly,
the
va
l
ue
s of
C
R
I
a
nd
C
QS
inc
r
e
a
se
d
f
ol
lo
wi
ng
t
he
gr
ow
th
of
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
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onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on,
d
ue
t
o t
he
r
i
se
i
n r
e
d
li
gh
t c
om
po
n
e
nt
s in
si
de
WL
E
D’
s
pa
c
ka
ge
s.
M
e
a
n
wh
ile
,
the
lum
in
ou
s f
l
ux
is
be
ne
f
i
te
d
by
the
a
dde
d gr
e
e
n
Y
Al
3
B
4
O
12
:C
e
3+
,
M
n
2+
ph
os
ph
or
.
Howe
ve
r
,
the
r
e
a
r
e
de
c
r
e
a
se
s
in l
um
e
n
out
pu
t a
n
d c
ol
or
qua
li
ty w
he
n the
c
o
nc
e
n
tr
a
t
io
ns of
C
a
5
B
2
S
i
O
10
:E
u
3+
a
nd
Y
Al
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
M
n
2+
r
i
se
ove
r
the
c
or
r
e
s
po
nd
in
g l
e
ve
l
s.
Th
is r
e
su
lt
i
s
pr
o
ve
d v
ia
u
si
ng M
ie
-
sc
a
tte
r
in
g t
he
or
y a
n
d L
a
m
be
r
t
-
B
e
e
r
'
s la
w.
I
n
sh
or
t,
t
he
f
in
di
ngs
of
the
r
e
se
a
r
c
h pa
pe
r
a
r
e
va
l
ua
b
le
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
l
ig
ht
-
qu
a
li
ty
W
L
ED
s
f
a
br
ic
a
ti
on.
Ke
y
wo
r
d
s
:
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5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
Co
l
or
qua
l
i
t
y
L
um
e
n out
put
Mi
e
-
s
cat
t
er
i
n
g
t
h
eo
r
y
W
LE
D
s
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
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3+
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2+
T
his
is
a
n
o
pe
n
ac
c
e
s
s
ar
tic
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u
nde
r
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
lic
e
n
se
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
t
h
or
:
P
ha
n X
ua
n L
e
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
V
a
n L
a
ng U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
N
o.
45 N
guye
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K
ha
c
N
hu S
t
r
e
e
t
,
H
o
C
hi
M
i
nh C
i
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y,
V
i
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na
m
E
m
a
i
l
:
l
e
.
px@
vl
u.
e
du.
vn
1.
I
NT
RO
DUC
T
I
O
N
T
he
s
e
da
ys
,
t
he
c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
l
i
ght
s
our
c
e
i
s
not
a
bl
e
t
o m
e
e
t
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
of
m
ode
r
n
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
hus
,
t
he
f
ou
r
t
h
-
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on l
i
ght
s
ou
r
c
e
c
a
l
l
e
d phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
e
d w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
-
e
mittin
g
d
io
d
e
s
(
pc
-
W
L
E
D
s
)
i
s
us
e
d a
s
a
n a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
w
hi
c
h c
a
n br
i
ng be
t
t
e
r
pr
os
pe
c
t
s
i
n l
i
ght
i
ng
s
ol
ut
i
ons
[
1]
.
I
t
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
ha
ve
s
pr
e
a
d out
i
n
m
a
ny
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
hu
m
a
n l
i
f
e
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
l
a
nds
c
a
pe
,
s
t
r
e
e
t
l
i
gh
t
i
ng,
a
nd
ba
c
kl
i
ght
i
ng.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
-
e
mittin
g
d
io
d
e
s
(
LE
D
s
’
)
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t is
s
till
r
e
s
tr
ic
te
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
ne
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
l
i
gh
t
e
xt
r
a
c
t
i
on
a
nd
i
nhom
oge
ne
ous
a
ngul
a
r
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
r
r
el
at
ed
co
l
o
r
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e [
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
me
e
t th
e
r
is
in
g
d
e
ma
n
d
o
f
th
e
il
lu
min
a
tio
n
ma
r
k
e
t
,
i
t is
e
s
s
e
n
tia
l to
ma
k
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
br
e
a
kt
hr
oughs
i
n l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y a
nd c
ol
o
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y [
3]
.
N
ow
a
da
ys
,
t
he
m
os
t
popul
a
r
a
ppr
oa
c
h t
o
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
i
s
t
o
c
om
bi
ne
ye
l
l
ow
l
i
ght
s
c
onve
r
t
e
d
by r
e
d
phos
phor
s
w
i
t
h
bl
ue
l
i
ght
s
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
f
r
om
L
E
D
c
hi
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
9
, N
o
.
5
,
O
ct
o
b
er
2021
:
1665
-
1672
1666
I
n a
ddi
t
i
on
,
how
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
i
n
t
he
L
E
D
pa
c
ka
ge
a
r
e
a
r
r
a
nge
d p
l
a
ys
a
n i
m
por
t
a
nt
r
ol
e
t
h
at
a
f
f
ect
s
t
h
e
l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
t
he
c
ol
o
r
r
e
nde
r
i
n
g i
nde
x
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
.
T
he
r
e
ha
ve
be
e
n
m
a
ny c
om
m
on
phos
phor
c
oa
t
i
ng m
e
t
hods
a
ppl
i
e
d
f
o
r
L
E
D
s
’
pr
oduc
t
i
on
i
nc
l
udi
ng di
s
pe
ns
i
ng c
oa
t
i
ng
a
nd c
on
f
or
m
a
l
c
oa
t
i
ng
[
9
]
,
[
10]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y p
r
ovi
de
d by
t
he
s
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
i
s
not
hi
gh.
T
he
c
a
us
e
i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
l
i
ght
c
onv
e
r
s
i
on of
phos
phor
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
de
gr
a
de
s
due
t
o t
he
di
r
e
c
t
c
on
t
a
c
t
of
ye
l
l
ow
l
i
ght
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng phos
phor
w
i
t
h t
he
L
E
D
c
hi
p
t
h
at
cau
s
es
t
h
e t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e at
t
h
ei
r
i
n
t
er
f
ace t
o
i
n
cr
eas
e.
T
h
u
s
,
a
h
e
a
t r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
a
t th
a
t ju
n
c
tio
n
is
e
s
s
e
n
tia
l
a
nd pot
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
t
he
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
of
phos
phor
s
a
nd pr
e
ve
nt
t
he
m
f
r
om
t
he
i
r
r
e
ve
r
s
i
bl
e
de
s
t
r
uc
t
i
on.
I
n
va
r
i
ous
s
t
udi
e
s
,
t
he
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
s
c
onf
i
r
m
e
d t
o ha
ve
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y o
f
r
e
duc
i
ng t
he
he
a
t
e
f
f
ect
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
i
s
s
ep
ar
at
ed
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e L
E
D
ch
i
p
-
h
eat
s
o
u
r
ce.
S
p
eci
f
i
cal
l
y
,
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
e
di
s
t
a
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
a
nd
t
he
L
E
D
c
hi
p c
oul
d c
r
e
a
t
e
a
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
on i
n
t
he
ba
c
ks
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng a
nd
c
ir
c
u
la
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t in
s
id
e
th
e
L
E
D
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
,
w
e
c
a
n c
ont
r
ol
t
he
he
a
t
o
f
L
E
D
by a
ppl
yi
ng
t
hi
s
m
e
t
hod,
a
nd
t
he
n i
m
pr
ove
l
um
i
nous
out
put
a
nd w
hi
t
e
-
l
i
ght
c
hr
om
a
t
i
c
i
t
y of
L
E
D
s
[
11
]
-
[
16]
.
T
hough
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
r
e
gul
a
r
l
i
ght
i
ng,
t
hi
s
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
s
a
n opt
i
m
a
l
s
ol
ut
i
on,
i
t
c
a
nnot
c
om
pl
e
t
e
l
y
f
u
l
f
ill th
e
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
tio
n
s
of
m
a
ny ot
he
r
i
l
l
u
m
i
na
t
i
on a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
l
e
a
di
ng
t
o a
ne
e
d of
f
a
br
i
c
a
t
i
ng t
he
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
of
L
E
D
.
T
o
a
c
c
om
pl
i
s
h t
ha
t
pur
pos
e
,
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
d r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
pr
opos
e
d t
o
r
e
duc
e
t
he
l
i
ght
s
cat
t
er
i
n
g
b
ac
kw
a
r
d t
o t
he
c
hi
p a
nd i
m
pr
ove
t
he
l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y.
T
he
l
i
ght
f
r
om
t
he
L
E
D
c
hi
p c
a
n be
r
e
di
r
e
c
t
e
d t
o
t
he
L
E
D
’
s
s
ur
f
a
c
e
by us
i
ng
a
n
i
nve
r
t
e
d c
one
l
e
ns
e
nc
a
ps
ul
a
nt
c
om
bi
ni
ng
w
i
t
h
a
s
ur
r
oundi
ng
r
i
ng
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
t
he
y c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
t
he
l
i
ght
l
os
s
i
ns
i
de
L
E
D
w
hi
c
h oc
c
ur
s
d
ue
t
o
t
he
i
nt
e
r
na
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
on [
17
]
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
a
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d i
n a
not
he
r
s
t
udy,
hi
gh a
ngul
a
r
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
e
d c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
uni
f
or
m
i
t
y
a
nd be
t
t
e
r
c
ol
o
r
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y c
a
n be
a
c
hi
e
ve
d w
i
t
h a
pa
t
t
e
r
ne
d
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
c
onf
i
gu
r
a
t
i
on
ha
vi
ng
a
c
l
e
a
r
z
one
i
n t
he
pe
r
i
m
e
t
e
r
a
r
e
a
t
ha
t
i
s
not
c
oa
t
e
d
by phos
phor
on t
he
s
ur
r
oundi
ng s
ur
f
a
c
e
[
18]
.
A
dd
i
t
i
ona
l
l
y,
i
n a
f
a
r
f
i
e
l
d pa
t
t
e
r
n
,
t
he
pa
t
t
e
r
ne
d s
a
pphi
r
e
s
ubs
t
r
a
t
e
us
e
d i
n t
he
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
c
a
n br
i
ng m
uc
h
h
i
g
h
er
co
r
r
el
at
ed
co
l
o
r
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
hom
oge
ne
i
t
y t
ha
n
i
n a
c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
pa
t
t
e
r
n
[
19
]
-
[
22]
.
T
he
n,
t
he
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
i
s
pr
opos
e
d t
o a
c
c
om
pl
i
s
h t
he
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
of
t
he
l
i
ght
ou
t
put
of
L
E
D
s
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
s
t
udi
e
s
w
or
ki
ng on
t
hi
s
f
oc
us
e
d on
t
he
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
c
ol
or
hom
oge
ne
i
t
y
a
nd
l
um
e
n
out
put
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
bui
l
t
w
i
t
h dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
W
L
E
D
pa
c
ka
ge
s
s
t
udi
e
d i
n
t
he
s
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h pa
pe
r
s
us
e
s
i
ngl
e
L
E
D
c
hi
p a
nd ha
ve
l
ow
c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h m
e
a
ns
t
he
i
r
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
r
e
not
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
w
he
n
a
ppl
yi
ng f
or
t
he
W
L
E
D
s
w
i
t
h
hi
gh c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
be
c
a
us
e
of
t
he
c
om
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n i
m
pr
ovi
ng t
he
i
r
opt
i
c
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
on t
o
t
ha
t
,
t
he
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
a
m
ong t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
us
i
ng di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
phos
phor
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
ons
ha
s
not
be
e
n
m
e
nt
i
one
d
i
n
a
ny s
t
ud
y be
f
or
e
.
T
hus
,
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
m
ay
f
ace
m
an
y
o
b
s
t
acl
es
i
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ng a
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
t
o i
m
p
r
ove
t
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y or
l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y o
f
t
he
i
r
W
L
E
D
p
r
od
uc
t
s
.
A
c
know
l
e
dgi
ng t
he
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
e
s
,
t
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
w
i
l
l
p
r
opos
e
t
w
o d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es
t
o
en
h
a
nc
e
t
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y
a
nd
l
um
e
n e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
of
W
L
E
D
s
ha
vi
ng
hi
gh
c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
a
t
8500 K
.
T
he
pa
pe
r
us
e
s
t
w
o
ki
nds
of
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
t
he
goa
l
,
one
i
s
t
he
gr
e
e
n
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
o
f
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
nd
t
he
ot
he
r
i
s
t
he
r
e
d C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
pho
s
phor
l
a
ye
r
.
T
he
pu
r
pos
e
of
us
i
ng
t
he
gr
e
e
n phos
phor
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
i
s
t
o i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
gr
e
e
n l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
i
n W
L
E
D
s
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux
,
w
hi
l
e
t
he
r
e
d
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
ph
os
phor
w
i
l
l
he
l
p t
o r
i
s
e
t
he
r
e
d l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
a
nd t
he
n
i
n
cr
eas
e
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
i
nde
x
(
CRI
)
a
nd
co
l
o
r
q
u
al
i
t
y
s
cal
e
(
CQ
S
)
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
a
r
tic
le
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
d
e
ta
il c
h
e
mic
a
l c
o
mp
o
s
itio
n
o
f
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
a
n
d
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
as
w
el
l
as
a s
p
eci
f
i
c
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on
t
he
opt
i
c
a
l
p
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
of
W
L
E
D
s
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
s
e
t
w
o
r
e
m
ot
e
p
hos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
.
F
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d i
n
t
he
pa
pe
r
,
bo
t
h C
R
I
a
nd
C
Q
S
s
how
a
n i
m
p
r
ove
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h
t
he
a
ddi
t
i
on of
phos
phor
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
er
e i
s
a s
h
ar
p
d
ecr
eas
e i
n
t
h
e w
h
i
t
e
-
lig
h
t c
h
r
o
ma
tic
ity
an
d
l
u
m
i
n
es
cen
ce ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
o
f
WL
E
D
s
w
h
en
t
h
e co
n
cen
t
r
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
n
d
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
e
xc
e
e
d t
he
l
i
m
i
t
a
m
ount
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
i
t
i
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
nt
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
a
ppr
opr
i
a
t
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
of
t
he
s
e
t
w
o phos
phor
s
t
o
a
voi
d t
ha
t
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
r
e
duc
t
i
on.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
w
e
c
a
n
c
onc
l
ude
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h w
i
t
h t
he
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
t
he
r
e
d or
g
r
e
e
n phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
a
bove
t
h
e
ye
l
l
ow
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
of
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
i
n t
he
pa
c
ka
ge
.
F
i
r
s
t
,
t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
of
t
he
bl
ue
o
r
r
e
d
l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
c
o
nt
r
i
but
e
s
t
o t
he
gr
ow
t
h
of
t
he
s
pe
c
t
r
um
of
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
,
w
hi
c
h i
s
t
he
m
a
i
n
f
a
c
t
or
de
t
e
r
m
i
ni
ng
t
he
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
t
he
c
ol
or
hom
oge
ne
i
t
y
.
S
e
c
ond
,
t
he
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
a
nd t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on of
l
i
ght
s
i
n
W
L
E
D
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
mp
a
tib
le
w
ith
th
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on of
a
dde
d phos
phor
s
.
I
n o
t
he
r
w
or
ds
,
t
he
s
e
l
i
ght
p
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
i
n
i
nve
r
s
e
p
r
opor
t
i
on t
o
t
he
t
r
e
nds
of
phos
phor
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
.
T
hus
,
t
o
ge
t
t
h
e
be
t
t
e
r
l
um
e
n
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y of
W
L
E
D
s
,
f
i
ndi
ng a
n a
p
pr
opr
i
a
t
e
va
l
ue
of
phos
phor
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
i
s
a
l
s
o a
not
he
r
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
pa
r
t
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
2.
P
RE
P
ARAT
I
O
N
T
h
e r
ed
C
a
5
B
2
Si
O
10
:E
u
3+
an
d
g
r
een
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
phos
phor
c
om
pos
i
t
i
ons
a
r
e
i
ndi
s
pe
ns
a
bl
e
pa
r
t
s
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
S
o,
i
n o
r
de
r
t
o
ha
ve
t
he
be
s
t
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
t
ha
t
c
a
n gi
ve
t
he
e
xa
c
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
,
w
e
ne
e
d t
o
ha
ve
t
he
phos
phor
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
w
e
l
l
-
p
r
ep
ar
ed
.
T
he
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on of
r
e
d
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
i
nc
l
ude
s
4
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
ng
r
e
di
e
nt
s
,
a
s
l
i
s
t
e
d i
n T
a
bl
e
1.
T
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
t
o ge
t
t
hi
s
r
e
d phos
phor
i
s
a
3
-
st
a
g
e
-
f
i
r
i
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
T
he
appl
i
c
at
i
on of
C
a
5
B
2
Si
O
10
:E
u
3
+
and Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
…
(
P
han X
uan
L
e
)
1667
B
e
f
o
r
e
s
ta
r
tin
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t s
ta
g
e
,
a
ll
th
e
in
g
r
e
d
ie
n
ts
mu
s
t b
e
mix
b
y
d
r
y
mil
lin
g
o
r
g
r
in
d
in
g
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
hom
oge
ne
ous
m
i
xt
ur
e
.
T
he
n,
f
i
r
e
t
hi
s
m
i
x
t
ur
e
i
n
ope
n qua
r
t
z
boa
t
s
a
t
1100
0
C
f
or
a
n hour
.
A
f
t
e
r
1
hour
i
s
ove
r
,
t
a
ke
t
hi
s
m
i
xt
ur
e
out
a
nd
pow
de
r
i
z
e
i
t
by
us
i
ng t
he
m
i
l
l
i
ng
m
e
t
hod
.
N
e
xt
i
s
t
he
s
e
c
ond s
t
a
ge
of
f
i
r
i
ng
.
T
he
pow
de
r
i
z
e
d pr
oduc
t
i
s
f
i
r
e
d a
ga
i
n
i
n ope
n
qu
a
r
t
z
boa
t
s
w
i
t
hi
n 1
hour
a
nd a
t
t
he
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
of
1200
0
C
.
W
he
n t
hi
s
s
t
a
ge
f
i
ni
s
he
s
,
t
he
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
w
i
l
l
go
t
hr
ough a
not
he
r
pow
de
r
i
z
i
ng
s
t
e
p.
A
f
t
e
r
t
ha
t
,
t
he
t
hi
r
d
f
i
r
i
ng
s
t
a
ge
w
i
l
l
be
c
onduc
t
e
d i
n t
he
s
a
m
e
c
ont
a
i
ne
r
a
nd
t
i
m
e
a
s
t
he
t
w
o pr
e
vi
ous
one
s
,
but
t
he
f
i
r
i
ng
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
f
or
t
hi
s
t
ime
is
s
e
t a
t
1
3
0
0
0
C
.
F
o
r
g
r
een
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
phos
phor
c
om
p
os
i
t
i
on,
i
t
s
i
ngr
e
di
e
nt
s
i
s
m
o
r
e
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
of
r
e
d
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
,
a
nd t
he
y
a
r
e
de
t
a
i
l
e
d i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2.
T
he
pr
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
t
hi
s
gr
e
e
n p
hos
phor
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
4 s
t
a
ge
s
of
f
i
r
i
ng
a
nd
pow
de
r
i
z
i
ng.
T
he
f
i
r
i
ng t
i
m
e
f
o
r
t
hos
e
s
t
a
ge
s
i
s
w
i
t
hi
n
1 hour
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
w
d
e
r
iz
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
c
c
u
r
s
r
ig
h
t a
f
te
r
e
a
c
h
f
ir
in
g
f
in
is
h
e
s
.
I
n
itia
lly
,
it is
e
s
s
e
n
tia
l to
mix
th
e
c
h
e
mic
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
t
oge
t
he
r
by dr
y
gr
i
nd
i
ng or
m
i
l
l
i
ng.
T
he
n,
t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
f
i
r
i
ng a
nd
pow
de
r
i
z
i
ng w
i
l
l
s
t
a
r
t
.
F
or
t
he
f
ir
s
t time
,
th
e
mix
tu
r
e
w
ill b
e
f
ir
e
d
in
o
p
e
n
q
u
a
r
tz
b
o
a
ts
a
t a
b
o
u
t 5
0
0
0
C
.
I
n t
he
ne
xt
3 s
t
a
ge
s
,
t
he
f
i
r
i
ng w
i
l
l
oc
c
ur
i
n ope
n a
l
um
i
na
c
r
uc
i
bl
e
s
,
but
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
a
nd w
i
t
h di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
i
r
f
l
ow
s
.
I
n t
he
s
e
c
o
nd
f
i
r
i
ng,
t
he
f
l
ow
of
N
2
w
i
l
l
be
a
dde
d a
nd
f
i
r
e
d w
i
t
h
t
he
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
t
900
0
C
.
T
he
t
hi
r
d
f
i
r
i
ng
w
i
l
l
be
c
a
r
r
i
e
d out
w
i
t
h t
he
a
ddi
t
i
on
of
C
O
a
i
r
f
l
ow
a
nd
t
he
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
of
1100
0
C
.
F
in
a
lly
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
ta
g
e
,
th
e
ma
te
r
ia
l w
ill
be
f
i
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
C
O
a
t
1200
0
C
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
he
f
ou
r
t
h
po
w
de
r
i
z
i
ng f
i
ni
s
he
s
,
t
he
a
t
t
a
i
n
pr
oduc
t
w
i
l
l
be
w
a
s
he
d i
n ho
t
w
a
t
e
r
s
e
ve
r
a
l
t
i
m
e
s
a
nd t
he
n dr
i
e
d
t
o ge
t
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
d gr
e
e
n Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
phos
phor
.
T
w
o
m
ode
l
s
of
WL
E
D
u
s
ed
i
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
ar
e
g
r
een
-
ye
l
l
ow
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
c
onf
i
gu
r
a
t
i
on
(
G
Y
C
)
a
nd
r
ed
-
ye
l
l
ow
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
on (
R
Y
C
)
.
I
n bot
h c
on
f
i
gur
a
t
i
ons
,
t
he
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
a
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d a
bove
bl
ue
L
E
D
c
hi
p
s
.
F
or
G
Y
C
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
t
he
gr
e
e
n phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
i
s
on t
he
YAG:
C
e
3+
ye
l
l
ow
one
,
a
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n
F
i
gur
e
1
(
a
)
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
i
n
R
Y
C
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
e
d
ph
os
phor
us
f
i
l
m
i
s
a
r
r
a
nge
d a
bove
t
he
ye
l
l
ow
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
l
a
ye
r
i
s
t
he
l
a
ye
r
o
f
r
e
d phos
phor
C
a
5
B
2
Si
O
10
:E
u
3+
,
s
how
e
d i
n
F
i
gur
e
1 (
b)
.
A
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d i
n t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
pa
r
t
,
t
h
e
pur
pos
e
of
a
ppl
yi
ng G
Y
C
a
nd R
Y
C
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
i
s
t
o ha
ve
t
he
c
ol
or
a
nd opt
i
c
a
l
qua
l
i
t
y of
W
L
E
D
s
e
nha
nc
e
d
by i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng t
he
gr
e
e
n a
nd r
e
d l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
ei
r
s
cat
t
er
i
ng
i
ns
i
de
t
he
W
L
E
D
pa
c
ka
ge
s
.
S
i
m
ul
t
a
ne
ous
l
y,
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
of
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
nd C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
ne
e
d
t
o be
a
dj
us
t
e
d.
T
a
bl
e
1.
C
om
pos
i
t
i
on of
r
e
d
-
e
mittin
g
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
I
ngr
e
di
e
nt
s
M
o
le
%
B
y w
e
i
ght
(
g)
Ca
CO
3
100
100
H
2
BO
3
50
31
Si
O
2
22
13.2
Eu
2
O
3
5 (
of
E
u)
8.8
T
a
bl
e
2.
C
om
pos
i
t
i
on of
gr
e
e
n
-
e
mittin
g
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
phos
phor
I
ngr
e
di
e
nt
s
M
o
le
%
B
y w
e
i
ght
(
g)
Y
2
O
3
80 (
of
Y
)
90.4
C
eO
2
10
17.2
Tb
4
O
7
10 (
of
T
b)
18.7
Al
2
O
3
300 (
of
A
l
)
153
H
3
BO
3
410
254
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
1.
I
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
on of
:
(a
)
GYC
a
n
d
(
b
)
R
YC
T
he
t
w
o c
ha
r
t
s
of
F
i
gur
e
2 s
how
t
ha
t
t
he
c
ha
n
ge
s
of
bot
h gr
e
e
n Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
an
d
r
ed
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
a
r
e
i
n
a
n oppos
i
t
e
t
r
e
nd w
i
t
h t
ha
t
of
t
he
ye
l
l
ow
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
phos
phor
.
T
hi
s
c
ha
nge
ha
s
t
w
o f
unc
t
i
ons
:
ke
e
pi
ng t
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
e
d c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
(
A
C
C
T
s
)
s
t
a
bl
e
a
nd a
f
f
e
c
t
i
ng t
he
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng a
nd a
bs
or
pt
i
on
pr
o
pe
r
t
i
e
s
of
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
i
n
W
L
E
D
s
,
w
hi
c
h
pr
oba
bl
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
s
t
he
c
ol
or
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd l
um
e
n out
put
of
W
L
E
D
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
i
t
c
a
n be
s
a
i
d t
ha
t
t
he
c
hoi
c
e
of
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
of
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
n
d C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
i
s
a
de
c
i
s
i
ve
f
a
c
t
or
t
o
t
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y of
W
L
E
D
s
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
t
he
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
ons
of
F
i
gur
e
2,
a
s
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
of
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
nd C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
i
n
cr
eas
e f
r
o
m
2
t
o
2
0
%
w
t
.
,
t
h
e Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
co
n
cen
t
r
at
i
o
n
d
ecr
eas
es
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
t
he
A
C
C
T
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
f
or
t
he
W
L
E
D
s
ha
vi
ng
hi
gh c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
8500 K
,
t
hi
s
oppos
i
t
e
c
ha
nge
a
l
s
o
o
c
c
u
r
s
,
s
imila
r
to
th
e
o
n
e
s
w
ith
lo
w
e
r
A
C
C
T
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
9
, N
o
.
5
,
O
ct
o
b
er
2021
:
1665
-
1672
1668
N
e
xt
,
t
he
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
o
f
r
e
d phos
phor
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
ove
r
t
he
s
pe
c
t
r
um
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
i
s
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d
c
l
e
a
r
l
y i
n F
i
gur
e
3
.
F
o
r
t
he
W
L
E
D
s
r
e
qui
r
i
ng hi
gh
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y,
i
t
i
s
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
t
o
r
e
duc
e
a
s
m
a
l
l
a
m
ount
of
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux
.
B
e
f
or
e
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
i
ng t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
,
i
t
i
s
n
eces
s
ar
y
t
o
t
ak
e
a
l
ook a
t
how
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
phos
phor
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
he
e
m
i
s
s
i
on s
pe
c
t
r
um
of
W
L
E
D
s
.
O
bvi
ous
l
y,
t
he
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y i
n 420
-
480 nm
a
nd 500
-
640 nm
w
a
ve
l
e
ngt
h r
a
nge
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
i
t
h t
he
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
,
w
hi
c
h
m
e
a
ns
t
he
l
um
i
nou
s
f
l
ux
i
s
a
l
s
o
i
m
pr
ove
d.
F
r
om
t
hi
s
r
e
s
ul
t
,
t
he
bl
ue
-
lig
h
t
s
cat
t
er
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
W
L
E
D
a
l
s
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
i
s
m
or
e
phos
phor
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng e
ve
nt
s
oc
c
ur
i
ns
i
de
W
L
E
D
s
,
a
nd be
ne
f
i
t
i
ng t
he
c
oppe
r
c
ol
or
a
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
ul
t
s
how
s
t
he
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
g
r
e
e
n p
hos
phor
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on t
o e
nha
nc
e
t
he
W
L
E
D
s
’
o
pt
i
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
.
I
n t
e
r
m
s
of
us
i
ng
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
,
i
t
i
s
e
a
s
y t
o
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
t
he
upw
a
r
d t
r
e
nd of
t
he
L
E
D
s
’
s
pe
c
t
r
um
i
n
t
he
s
a
m
e
t
w
o
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
r
e
gi
ons
a
s
t
hos
e
of
t
he
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,M
n
2+
,
420
-
480 nm
a
nd 500
-
640 nm
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
w
i
t
h t
he
a
ddi
t
i
on of
t
hi
s
r
e
d
phos
phor
,
t
he
r
e
d
l
i
ght
s
pe
c
t
r
um
a
l
s
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n t
he
648
-
738 nm
w
a
ve
l
e
ngt
h ba
nd.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
i
f
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
t
he
t
w
o
pr
e
vi
ous
w
a
ve
l
e
ngt
h ba
nds
,
t
hi
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
s
not
no
t
i
c
e
a
bl
e
b
ecau
s
e w
h
en
t
h
e s
p
ect
r
u
m
i
n
cr
eas
es
i
n
4
2
0
-
480 nm
a
nd r
e
gi
ons
500
-
640 nm
he
l
p t
o
i
m
p
r
ove
t
he
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux of
bl
ue
l
i
ght
(
bl
ue
-
l
i
ght
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng)
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
i
t
i
s
obvi
ous
t
ha
t
i
n
t
he
m
e
nt
i
one
d s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
r
e
gi
ons
,
t
he
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
c
o
lo
r
te
mp
e
r
a
tu
r
e
is
,
th
e
b
e
tte
r
th
e
e
mis
s
i
on s
pe
c
t
r
um
be
c
om
e
s
.
T
hi
s
m
e
a
ns
hi
gh
e
r
c
ol
or
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
es
u
l
t
s
i
n
b
et
t
er
co
l
o
r
an
d
o
p
t
i
cal
q
u
al
i
t
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
can
as
s
u
r
e t
h
at
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
i
s
t
he
r
i
ght
c
hoi
c
e
i
n
i
m
pr
ovi
ng
t
he
c
ol
o
r
qua
l
i
t
y
of
hi
gh
-
c
ol
or
-
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
W
L
E
D
s
(
8500 K
)
.
T
hi
s
a
ch
i
ev
ed
r
e
s
ul
t
of
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
is
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
to
ma
n
u
f
a
c
tu
r
e
r
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
lly
w
h
ile
k
e
e
p
in
g
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
ha
vi
ng hi
gh
c
ol
or
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
unde
r
c
on
t
r
ol
s
t
i
l
l
c
on
f
r
ont
s
m
a
ny obs
t
a
c
l
e
s
.
F
i
na
l
l
y,
ba
s
e
d
on w
ha
t
t
h
e m
an
u
f
act
u
r
er
s
r
eq
u
i
r
e,
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
d
u
al
-
l
a
ye
r
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
c
a
n be
de
c
i
de
d.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
c
ha
nge
of
phos
phor
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on o
f
:
(a
)
RY
C a
n
d
(
b
)
G
Y
C
f
or
ke
e
pi
ng t
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
C
C
T
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
3.
E
m
i
s
s
i
on s
pe
c
t
r
a
of
:
(
a
)
R
Y
C
a
nd
(
b)
GY
C
3.
R
ES
U
LTS
A
ND
DI
S
CUS
S
I
O
N
T
he
C
R
I
i
s
a
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
of
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y of
t
he
l
i
ght
s
our
c
e
i
n s
how
i
ng t
he
t
r
ue
c
ol
or
of
t
he
obj
e
c
t
t
he
y i
l
l
um
i
na
t
e
d
.
T
he
c
ol
or
i
m
ba
l
a
nc
e
oc
c
ur
s
a
m
o
ng t
he
t
hr
e
e
pr
i
m
a
r
y
c
ol
or
s
:
r
e
d
,
ye
l
l
ow
,
a
nd b
l
ue
w
he
n t
he
gr
e
e
n l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
m
or
e
t
ha
n t
he
t
w
o ot
he
r
one
s
.
T
hi
s
i
m
ba
l
a
nc
e
w
i
l
l
c
a
us
e
a
di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
t
o
t
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y
of
W
L
E
D
s
a
nd
t
he
n
ge
t
t
he
c
ol
or
i
n
t
e
gr
i
t
y
of
W
L
E
D
s
r
e
duc
e
d.
W
i
t
h
t
he
a
dd
i
t
i
on o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
T
he
appl
i
c
at
i
on of
C
a
5
B
2
Si
O
10
:E
u
3
+
and Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
…
(
P
han X
uan
L
e
)
1669
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
,
t
h
er
e i
s
a s
m
al
l
d
ecr
eas
e i
n
C
R
I
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e 4
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
i
s
r
ed
u
ct
i
o
n
i
s
accep
t
ab
l
e,
as
C
R
I
i
s
j
u
s
t
a p
ar
t
o
f
C
Q
S
.
C
Q
S
i
s
a s
y
n
t
h
et
i
c i
n
d
ex
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee cr
u
ci
al
f
act
o
r
s
:
C
R
I
,
v
i
ew
er
s
’
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
a
nd t
he
c
ol
o
r
c
oor
di
na
t
e
.
T
hus
,
C
Q
S
i
s
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s
a
m
or
e
ove
r
a
l
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
i
n
c
ol
o
r
qua
l
i
t
y
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on.
T
hi
s
a
l
s
o
e
xpl
a
i
ns
w
hy
C
Q
S
i
s
m
uc
h
m
or
e
c
om
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
nd c
ha
l
l
e
ngi
ng
t
o
a
c
c
om
pl
i
s
h t
ha
n C
R
I
.
F
i
gur
e
5
s
how
s
t
he
c
ha
nge
of
C
Q
S
i
n
c
onn
e
c
t
i
on w
i
t
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
m
ount
s
o
f
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on.
W
i
t
h t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on of
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
co
n
cen
t
r
at
i
o
n
l
es
s
t
h
an
8
%
,
t
h
e C
Q
S
i
s
s
t
ab
l
e.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
i
f
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on o
f
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
c
ont
i
nue
s
t
o i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
f
r
om
8%
,
C
Q
S
s
t
a
r
t
s
t
o
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
a
nd t
he
s
ha
r
p de
c
l
i
ne
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on i
s
f
r
om
12 t
o
20%
.
T
h
us
,
8%
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
i
s
a
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
f
or
m
a
i
nt
a
i
ni
ng
t
he
hi
gh
C
Q
S
o
f
L
E
D
s
,
a
f
t
e
r
w
e
i
ghi
ng up
t
he
r
e
duc
t
i
on of
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux
.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
4.
T
he
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
i
nde
x a
s
a
f
unc
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
of
:
(a
)
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
n
d
(
b
)
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
5.
T
he
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y s
c
a
l
e
a
s
a
f
unc
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on of
:
(a
)
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
n
d
(
b
)
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
w
he
n us
i
ng Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:C
e
3+
,
Mn
2+
,
C
R
I
va
l
ue
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
w
i
t
h t
he
gr
ow
t
h of
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on,
a
s
c
a
n be
s
e
e
n i
n
F
i
gur
e
4
.
T
he
a
bs
or
pt
i
on
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
of
t
he
r
e
d
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
i
s
t
he
f
or
c
e
be
hi
nd
t
hi
s
be
t
t
e
r
C
R
I
.
I
n
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
,
a
s
s
oon a
s
t
he
phos
phor
C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
a
bs
o
r
bs
bl
ue
lig
h
t f
r
o
m
L
E
D
c
h
ip
,
it tu
r
n
s
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
in
t
o
r
e
d l
i
ght
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
t
hi
s
r
e
d C
a
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
a
l
s
o a
bs
or
bs
ye
l
l
ow
l
i
ght
i
ns
i
de
t
he
L
E
D
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
bl
u
e
-
l
i
ght
a
bs
or
pt
i
on i
s
s
t
r
onge
r
t
ha
n
t
he
ye
l
l
ow
-
l
i
ght
one
,
l
e
a
di
ng t
o t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n r
e
d l
i
ght
c
om
pone
nt
s
i
n
W
L
E
D
s
.
A
s
a
r
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m
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t
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m
a
t
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c
e
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m
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r
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t
e
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ow
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r
om
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h
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s
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ons
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r
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t
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w
e
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n m
a
ke
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ve
l
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nt
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n L
E
D
ef
f
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ci
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cy
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he
t
w
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l
ow
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ng
f
or
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ul
a
s
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s
s
t
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t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d bl
ue
l
i
ght
a
nd c
onve
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t
e
d ye
l
l
ow
l
i
ght
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n a
s
i
ngl
e
-
l
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ye
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r
e
m
ot
e
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pa
c
ka
ge
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vi
ng
2h
p
hos
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l
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t
h
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ck
n
es
s
:
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=
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×
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1
ℎ
(
1)
1
=
1
2
1
×
0
1
−
1
(
−
2
1
ℎ
−
−
2
1
ℎ
)
(
2)
F
or
t
he
dua
l
-
l
a
ye
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c
onf
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gu
r
a
t
i
on,
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he
t
r
a
ns
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i
t
t
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d bl
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i
ght
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nd c
onve
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t
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l
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f
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t
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s
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ons
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t
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c
h phos
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ye
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t
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c
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s
s
i
s
h
:
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3)
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2
×
0
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2
(
−
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2
ℎ
−
−
2
2
ℎ
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(
4)
I
n t
he
s
e
e
xpr
e
s
s
i
ons
,
t
he
s
i
ngl
e
-
l
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ye
r
a
nd dua
l
-
l
a
y
e
r
r
e
m
ot
e
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ode
l
s
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r
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e
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e
s
s
e
d by t
he
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b
sc
r
i
p
t
s “
1
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d
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2
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r
es
p
ect
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v
el
y
.
h
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
e
a
c
h phos
phor
l
a
ye
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t
hi
c
kne
s
s
.
β
i
s
t
h
e co
n
v
er
s
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o
n
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
f
or
bl
ue
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ght
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onve
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ng t
o ye
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ow
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ght
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n
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te
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le
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r
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ity
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PB
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l
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ow
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i
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PY
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α
B
an
d
α
Y
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
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z
e
t
he
f
r
a
c
t
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ons
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gy l
os
s
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nd ye
l
l
ow
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s
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ng t
he
i
r
m
ul
t
i
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n
t
he
phos
phor
l
a
ye
r
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
l
y.
T
he
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
e
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nc
e
m
e
nt
of
t
he
l
i
ght
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ng pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
dua
l
-
l
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ye
r
phos
phor
W
L
E
D
s
,
by
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om
pa
r
i
s
on w
i
t
h t
ha
t
o
f
t
he
s
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ngl
e
-
l
a
ye
r
phos
phor
W
L
E
D
,
c
a
n be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d a
s
(5
).
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5)
B
a
s
e
d on M
i
e
-
t
he
or
y [
23
]
,
[
24
]
,
t
he
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng o
f
t
he
phos
phor
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
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s
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d,
a
nd t
he
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
c
r
o
ss se
c
t
i
o
n
C
s
ca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
i
cal
p
ar
t
i
cl
e
s
c
a
n be
c
om
put
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d.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
t
he
L
a
m
be
r
t
-
B
eer
l
aw
[
2
5
]
,
[
26
]
i
s
a
ppl
i
e
d t
o m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d l
i
ght
pow
e
r
.
=
0
(
−
µ
)
(
6)
I
n w
hi
c
h,
I
0
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
i
nc
i
de
nt
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pow
e
r
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L
r
e
pr
e
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e
nt
s
f
or
t
he
phos
phor
l
a
ye
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hi
c
kne
s
s
(
mm
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a
nd µ
ex
t
i
s
t
h
e ex
t
i
n
ct
i
o
n
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
t
h
at
can
b
e ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
:
µ
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t
= N
r
.C
ex
t
,
w
h
er
e
N
r
is
th
e
n
u
mb
e
r
d
e
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
t
i
cl
es
(
mm
-
3
)
a
nd
C
ex
t
(
mm
2
)
i
s
t
he
e
xt
i
nc
t
i
on
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
on of
phos
phor
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
A
s
can
b
e s
een
f
r
o
m
(
5
)
,
WL
E
D
s
w
i
t
h
d
u
al
-
l
ay
er
phos
phor
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
on p
r
ovi
de
s
be
t
t
e
r
l
u
m
i
n
es
cen
ce p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce t
h
an
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
l
a
ye
r
phos
phor
one
.
H
e
nc
e
,
t
he
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y of
t
he
dua
l
-
l
ay
er
r
em
o
t
e
phos
phor
i
n i
m
pr
ovi
ng t
he
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux o
f
L
E
D
s
i
s
pr
ove
d i
n t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h pa
pe
r
.
A
ddi
t
i
ona
l
l
y
,
c
h
a
nge
s
of
lu
min
ous
f
l
ux w
i
t
h
t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
o
f
YAl
3
B
4
O
12
:
Ce
3+
,
Mn
2+
a
n
d
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
phos
phor
s
a
r
e
s
how
n i
n
F
i
gur
e
6.
A
ppa
r
e
nt
l
y
,
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
i
s
e
of
Y
A
l
3
B
4
O
12
:C
e
3+
,
Mn
2+
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on f
r
om
2
t
o 20%
w
t
,
t
he
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux i
s
be
t
t
e
r
.
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e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
a
s
ha
r
p de
c
l
i
ne
oc
c
ur
s
t
o t
he
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux w
he
n t
he
r
e
i
s
a
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
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he
Ca
5
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2
S
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10
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nt
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t
i
on.
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hi
s
c
a
s
e
c
a
n b
e
e
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d by
a
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B
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s
l
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n
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h
e
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duc
t
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c
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t
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s
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por
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S
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10
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n i
nve
r
s
e
p
r
opor
t
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on
t
o t
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t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
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ne
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gy of
l
i
ght
s
.
I
f
bo
t
h phos
phor
l
a
ye
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hi
c
kne
s
s
e
s
i
n W
L
E
D
s
a
r
e
c
ons
t
a
nt
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
,
t
he
l
um
e
n out
put
m
a
y
s
how
a
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r
d t
r
e
nd
w
he
n t
he
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on of
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
i
n
cr
eas
es
.
F
r
o
m
t
he
a
bove
c
ha
r
t
of
F
i
gur
e
6,
a
t
t
he
Ca
5
B
2
S
iO
10
:E
u
3+
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on o
f
20%
w
t
.
,
t
he
l
um
i
nous
f
l
ux
r
e
a
c
he
s
t
he
l
ow
e
s
t
va
l
ue
s
.
N
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ve
r
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
t
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r
e
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phor
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s
be
ne
f
i
c
i
a
l
t
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he
C
R
I
a
nd C
Q
S
of
L
E
D
s
,
a
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he
l
um
i
nous
out
put
of
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C
dua
l
-
l
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ye
r
phos
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s
t
r
uc
t
ur
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i
s
a
l
s
o be
t
t
e
r
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
of
t
he
s
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ngl
e
-
l
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ye
r
phos
phor
one
(
not
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i
ng t
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T
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s
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l
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n t
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por
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qui
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m
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m
a
nuf
a
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t
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s
.
W
i
t
h
t
he
s
e
f
i
ndi
ngs
,
t
hi
s
s
t
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c
a
n be
c
om
e
a
g
r
e
a
t
r
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m
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f
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b
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WL
E
D
g
en
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at
i
o
n
s
.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[1
]
J
.
C
he
n,
B
.
F
r
it
z
,
G
.
L
ia
ng,
X
.
Di
ng
,
U
.
L
emmer,
an
d
G
.
G
o
mard
,
"
M
ic
r
ole
n
s
a
r
r
a
y
s w
it
h a
d
ju
sta
ble
a
spe
c
t r
a
ti
o
f
a
br
ic
a
te
d by e
le
c
tr
o
we
t
ti
ng a
n
d the
ir
a
pp
lic
a
ti
on t
o c
or
r
e
la
te
d c
ol
or
te
m
pe
r
a
tur
e
t
una
ble
l
ig
ht
-
e
m
it
ti
ng d
io
d
e
s,
"
Opt
ic
s Ex
p
re
s
s
,
vo
l.
27,
n
o
. 4
,
pp.
A
25
-
A3
8,
20
19
,
do
i:
10.
1
36
4/
OE.
27.
0
00
A2
5
.
[2
]
C
.
M
c
Don
ne
l
l,
E.
C
oy
ne
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
O’
C
on
nor
,
"
Gr
e
y
-
s
c
a
le
s
il
ic
o
n d
if
f
r
a
c
t
ive
op
ti
c
s f
or
se
le
c
t
ive
la
se
r
a
b
la
t
io
n
of
thi
n c
o
nd
uc
t
ive
f
ilm
s,
"
App
lie
d Op
ti
c
s
,
vo
l.
57,
n
o.
24,
p
p.
696
6
-
69
70,
2
01
8
,
do
i:
10
.
13
64
/A
O
.
57
.
00
69
66
.
[3
]
A.
D.
C
or
be
t
t
e
t al.
,
"
M
ic
r
osc
op
e
c
a
li
br
a
t
io
n us
in
g l
a
se
r
wr
i
tte
n f
lu
or
e
sc
e
nc
e
,
"
Opt.
Ex
pre
ss,
v
ol.
26,
n
o.
17,
pp.
21
88
7
-
21
89
9,
20
18
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/O
E.
26.
02
18
87
.
[4
]
K.
Or
z
e
c
h
ow
sk
i,
e
t a
l.
,
"
Opt
ic
a
l
pr
o
pe
r
t
ie
s
of
c
u
bic
b
l
ue
pha
se
l
iq
ui
d c
r
y
sta
l i
n p
ho
to
nic
m
ic
r
os
tr
uc
tur
e
s,
"
Opt
.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
27,
n
o.
10,
pp
.
1
42
70
-
14
28
2
,
20
19
,
do
i:
1
0
.
136
4/
OE.
27.
0
14
27
0
.
[5
]
S
.
J
.
Da
i
n,
D
.
A
.
Atc
hi
so
n,
J
.
K
.
Ho
vi
s,
M
.
-
Y
.
B
oo
n
,
"
L
igh
ti
ng
f
or
c
ol
or
vi
si
on
e
xa
m
i
na
ti
on
in
th
e
e
r
a
o
f
LE
Ds
: t
he
F
M
100
Hue
Te
s
t,
"
J.
Opt.
S
oc
.
Am.
A,
v
ol.
3
7,
no.
4,
p
p.
A1
22
-
A1
32,
2
02
0
,
do
i:
10
.
13
64
/
JO
S
AA
.
38
23
01
.
[6
]
T.
Hu
e
t al.
,
"
De
m
on
str
a
ti
on of
c
o
lor
d
is
pla
y m
e
ta
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s via
im
m
e
r
s
io
n li
th
ogr
a
ph
y on a
12
-
inc
h si
lic
on wa
f
e
r
,
"
Opt.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
26
,
n
o.
15
,
pp
.
1
95
48
-
19
55
4
,
20
18
,
d
oi:
10.
1
36
4/
O
E.
26.
01
95
48
.
[7
]
J.
R
usc
he
l
e
t al.
,
"
Cu
rren
t
-
in
duc
e
d de
gr
a
da
ti
on a
n
d lif
e
t
im
e
pr
e
d
ic
t
io
n of
31
0
nm
u
ltr
a
vi
ole
t li
gh
t
-
e
m
i
tt
in
g di
od
e
s,
"
Ph
ot
on.
Re
s
,
vo
l.
7
,
no.
7,
p
p.
B
36
-
B
40,
2
01
9
,
do
i:
10
.
1
364
/P
R
J.
7.
00
0B
3
6
.
[8
]
A.
A.
Ka
m
ina
r
i
, S
.
B
oya
tz
i
s
,
a
nd A.
Ale
x
op
ou
lo
u
,
"
L
inkin
g I
nf
r
a
r
e
d S
pe
c
tr
a
of
L
a
bor
a
tor
y I
r
on G
a
ll I
nk
s B
a
se
d on
Tr
a
d
it
io
na
l R
e
c
i
pe
s
wi
th
the
ir
M
a
te
r
ia
l C
om
po
ne
n
ts,
"
Appl.
Spe
c
tr
os,
v
ol.
7
2,
no.
1
0,
pp.
15
11
-
15
27,
2
0
18
,
doi
:
10
.
1
17
7/
00
03
70
28
18
77
83
19
.
[9
]
M
.
E.
Ka
nde
l,
W
.
Lu
,
J
.
L
ia
ng,
O
.
Ay
di
n,
T
.
A.
S
a
if
,
a
nd G
.
P
ope
sc
u
,
"C
e
l
l
-
to
-
c
e
l
l inf
lue
nc
e
on
gr
o
wt
h in l
a
r
ge
pop
ul
a
t
io
ns,
"
Bi
ome
d.
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
10,
n
o
.
9
,
pp.
4
664
-
4
67
5,
20
19
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/B
O
E.
10.
00
46
64
.
[
10]
R
.
A.
De
shpa
n
de
,
A
.
S
.
R
obe
r
ts,
a
nd S
.
I
.
B
oz
he
vol
ny
i
,
"
P
la
sm
o
nic
c
ol
or
pr
i
nt
in
g ba
se
d on th
ir
d
-
or
de
r
ga
p sur
f
a
c
e
pla
sm
o
ns [
I
n
vi
te
d]
,
"
Op
t.
Ma
te
r.
E
x
pr
e
s
s,
vol.
9,
n
o
,
2
,
pp.
71
7
-
73
0,
20
19
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/OM
E.
9.
0
00
71
7
.
[
11]
Y
.
Z
ha
ng,
J
.
W
a
ng
,
W
.
Z
ha
ng,
S
.
C
he
n,
a
n
d L
.
Ch
en
,
"
LE
D
-
ba
se
d
vi
si
ble
li
gh
t c
om
m
un
ic
a
t
io
n f
or
c
ol
or
im
a
ge
a
n
d
a
ud
io tr
a
n
sm
i
ss
io
n ut
il
iz
i
ng or
b
ita
l a
ng
ula
r
m
om
e
n
tu
m
supe
r
p
os
it
io
n m
ode
s,
"
Opt.
Ex
pre
ss,
v
ol.
26,
no.
13
,
pp.
17
30
0
-
17
31
1,
20
18
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/O
E.
26.
01
73
00
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
9
, N
o
.
5
,
O
ct
o
b
er
2021
:
1665
-
1672
1672
[
12]
J
.
C
a
o
, J
.
Zh
a
ng
,
a
nd
X
.
Li
,
"
U
pc
o
nve
r
si
on
lum
ine
sc
e
n
c
e
of
B
a
3
La
,
P
O
4.
3
:
Yb
3+
-
Er
3+
/Tm
3+
p
ho
sp
ho
r
s
f
o
r
op
tim
a
l
te
m
pe
r
a
tur
e
se
ns
in
g,
"
Ap
pl.
O
pt
,
v
ol.
5
7,
no.
6,
p
p.
13
45
-
13
50,
2
01
8
,
do
i:
10
.
13
64
/A
O
.
57
.
00
13
45
.
[
13]
Z
.
Li
,
Y
.
Ta
ng,
J
.
Li
,
X
.
Ding,
C
.
Ya
n,
a
nd B
.
Yu
,
"
E
ffect
o
f fl
i
p
-
c
h
ip
he
i
gh
t on t
he
op
tic
a
l pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
c
onf
or
m
a
l w
hi
te
-
li
gh
t
-
e
m
it
ti
ng di
ode
s,
"
Opt.
L
e
t
t
,
vo
l.
43
,
no.
5,
pp.
1
01
5
-
10
18,
2
01
8
,
do
i:
10
.
13
64
/O
L.
4
3
.
00
101
5
.
[
14]
Y
.
S
hi,
S
.
Y
e
, J
.
Yu
,
H
.
L
ia
o,
J
.
L
iu,
a
nd D
.
W
an
g
,
"
S
im
ul
ta
ne
ou
s
e
ne
r
gy
t
ran
s
fer fr
o
m mo
l
ecu
l
ar
-
l
ike
si
l
ve
r
na
n
oc
l
us
te
r
s t
o S
m
3+
/
Ln
3+
,
L
n
=
Eu
or
T
b.
in
g
la
s
s
unde
r
U
V
e
xc
ita
ti
on,
"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
27,
no.
26,
pp.
38
15
9
-
38
16
7,
20
19
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/O
E.
38
08
60
.
[
15]
G
.
Xia
,
Y.
M
a
,
X.
C
he
n,
S
.
Q.
J
in,
a
n
d C
.
H
ua
n
g
,
"
C
om
pa
r
i
so
n of
M
AP
m
e
t
ho
d w
it
h c
la
s
sic
a
l m
e
t
ho
ds
f
or
ba
n
dpa
ss c
or
r
e
c
ti
on of
w
hi
te
L
ED spe
c
tr
a
,
"
J
.
O
pt.
Soc
.
A
m.
A,
vol.
3
6,
no.
5,
pp.
75
1
-
7
58,
20
19
,
doi
:
1
0.
13
64
/J
OS
A
A.
3
6.
00
07
51
.
[
16]
S
.
Ka
sh
im
a
e
t a
l.
,
"
W
id
e
f
ie
ld
-
of
-
vie
w c
r
o
sse
d
Dr
a
g
o
ne
o
pt
ic
a
l
sy
ste
m
u
si
ng a
na
m
or
ph
ic
a
sp
he
r
ic
a
l s
ur
f
a
c
e
s,
"
Ap
pl.
O
pt
,
v
ol.
5
7,
no.
1
5,
pp.
4
17
1
-
4
17
9,
20
18
,
do
i:
10.
136
4/
A
O.
57.
00
41
71
.
[
17]
M
.
C
.
Aguila
r
e
t a
l.
,
"
Aut
om
a
te
d in
str
um
e
n
t de
s
ig
ne
d
to de
te
r
m
ine
v
is
ua
l p
ho
to
se
n
si
ti
vi
ty t
hr
e
s
ho
ld
s,
"
Bio
me
d
.
Opt.
Ex
p
re
s
s
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
1
1,
pp.
5
58
3
-
5
59
6,
20
18
,
do
i:
1
0.
13
64
/B
O
E.
9.
0
05
58
3
.
[
18]
H.
Jia
e
t al.
,
"
High
-
tr
a
nsm
is
si
on p
ola
r
iz
a
t
io
n
-
de
pe
n
de
n
t a
c
tive
p
la
sm
on
ic
c
olor
f
i
lte
r
s,
"
Appl.
Op
t
,
vol.
58
,
no
.
3,
pp.
70
4
-
71
1,
20
19
,
do
i:
10.
13
64
/A
O.
58.
00
07
04
.
[
19]
N.
B
a
m
ie
da
ki
s
e
t al.
,
"
Ul
tr
a
-
L
ow
C
o
st Hi
gh
-
De
n
si
ty Tw
o
-
D
im
e
n
si
ona
l Vi
si
ble
-
L
i
gh
t O
pt
ic
a
l I
nte
r
c
on
ne
c
t
s,
"
in
J
ou
rn
al o
f L
ig
htw
av
e
T
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
vo
l.
37,
n
o.
13,
p
p.
3
305
-
3
31
4,
1
Ju
ly
1,
20
19,
d
oi
:
10.
11
09
/JL
T.
20
19.
2
91
43
1
0.
[
20]
L
.
Xia
o,
C
.
Z
ha
ng,
P
.
Z
hon
g,
a
nd G
.
He
,
"
S
pe
c
tr
a
l op
t
im
i
z
a
ti
on
of
ph
os
ph
or
-
c
oa
te
d
wh
ite
L
E
D f
or
r
oa
d l
ig
ht
in
g
ba
se
d on t
he
m
e
so
pic
l
im
i
te
d l
um
i
no
us e
f
f
ic
a
c
y a
n
d I
ES
c
ol
or
f
ide
li
ty i
nde
x,
"
App
l.
Op
t,
vol.
5
7,
pp.
93
1
-
93
6,
201
8
,
do
i:
10.
1
36
4/
AO.
57.
0
00
93
1
.
[
21]
H.
Y.
Yu
e
t al.
,
"
S
ola
r
spe
c
tr
um
m
a
t
c
h
in
g wi
th w
hi
te
O
L
ED a
nd m
o
noc
hr
om
a
tic
L
ED
s,
"
App
l.
Opt,
v
ol.
5
7,
no.
10,
pp.
26
59
-
2
66
6,
20
18
,
do
i:
10.
1
36
4/
AO.
57.
0
02
65
9
.
[
22]
T
.
-
C
.
B
ui,
R
.
C
usa
ni,
G
.
S
c
a
r
a
n
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
i
a
gi
,
"
Met
ameri
c MIMO
-
OO
K
tr
a
nsm
is
si
on sc
he
m
e
us
in
g
m
u
lt
i
ple
R
G
B
L
EDs,
"
Opt.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
26,
n
o.
11,
pp
.
1
40
38
-
1
405
0,
20
18
,
do
i:
10
.
1
36
4/
OE
.
26
.
01
40
38
.
[
23]
X.
Hua
ng
e
t al.
,
"
Ef
f
e
c
t
of
e
le
c
tr
on
-
tr
a
n
sf
e
r
q
ue
nc
hi
ng
on
the
ph
ot
ol
um
i
ne
sc
e
nc
e
o
f
P
r
3+
i
n
M
gX
O
3
,
X
=
G
e
,
S
i
,
"
Opt.
Ma
te
r.
Ex
pre
ss
,
vo
l
.
10
, n
o
. 5
,
p
p.
11
63
-
11
68,
2
02
0
,
doi:
10.
1
36
4/
OM
E.
38
95
99
.
[
24]
X
.
Li
,
D
.
K
un
da
l
iya
,
Z
.
J
.
Ta
n,
M
.
Anc
,
a
nd
N
.
X
.
F
a
ng
,
"
P
r
oje
c
t
io
n l
it
ho
gr
a
p
hy
pa
t
te
r
ne
d
hi
gh
-
r
e
so
lu
ti
on
qua
nt
um
dot
s/
th
io
l
-
e
ne
p
ho
to
-
po
lym
e
r
pi
xe
l
s
f
or
c
ol
or
d
ow
n c
o
nve
r
si
on,
"
Op
t.
Ex
pre
ss,
v
ol.
27,
no
.
21
,
pp.
30
86
4
-
308
7
4,
201
9
,
do
i:
10.
1
36
4/
O
E.
27.
03
08
64
.
[
25]
T
.
S
ha
ng,
Z
.
P
.
S
un,
Z
.
Y
.
Dong,
a
nd Q
.
Li
,
"
Ne
twor
k
s
e
le
c
t
io
n
m
e
tho
d
ba
se
d
on
M
ADM
a
n
d
VH
-
ba
se
d m
u
lt
i
-
use
r
a
c
c
e
ss sc
he
m
e
f
or
ind
oor
VL
C
hy
br
i
d ne
t
wor
ks,
"
Op
t.
Ex
pre
ss,
v
ol.
26,
n
o.
23,
pp.
30
79
5
-
3
08
17,
20
18
,
do
i:
10.
1
36
4/
OE.
26.
0
30
79
5
.
[
26]
V
.
D
um
on
t,
S
.
Bern
ard
,
C
.
R
e
in
ha
r
d
t,
A
.
Ka
t
o,
M
.
Ru
f,
an
d
J
.
C
.
S
a
n
k
e
y
,
"
F
le
xur
e
-
tu
ne
d
m
e
m
br
a
ne
-
a
t
-
the
-
ed
g
e
opt
om
e
c
ha
n
ic
a
l s
ys
te
m
,
"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
s
s,
vo
l.
27,
n
o.
18,
p
p.
257
31
-
25
74
8
,
20
19
,
do
i:
10
.
13
64
/O
E
.
27
.
02
57
31
.
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