TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.11, No
.3, Septembe
r 2013, pp. 4
89~494
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v11i3.1090
489
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 2
7
, 2013;
Re
vised July
3, 2013; Acce
pted Jul
y
20,
2013
H-Bridge based
Five-Level Current-Source Inverter for
Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power Conditioner
Suroso*
1
,
Da
ru Tri Nugro
h
o
1
,
Toshihiko Nogu
chi
2
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Je
nde
ral Soe
d
irma
n Univers
i
t
y
, Ind
ones
ia
2
Departme
n
t of Electrical a
nd
Electron
ics En
gin
eeri
ng, Shiz
uoka U
n
ivers
i
ty, Jap
a
n
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: suroso.te.uns
oed
@gma
il.co
m
1
, ttnogut@i
p
c
.shizuok
a.ac.j
p
2
A
b
st
r
a
k
Makal
ah
ini
menya
jika
n
s
uat
u a
p
lik
asi
ran
g
k
aia
n
b
a
ru
d
a
r
i
i
n
verter
je
nis
sumber
arus
l
i
m
a-
leve
l
yang
dig
u
n
a
ka
n pa
da siste
m
photov
oltaik
yang ter
hub
un
g de
nga
n j
a
la
-jala
listrik. D
a
la
m ko
nfig
ur
as
i
mu
ltilev
e
l
inv
e
r
t
er in
i, se
bua
h
H-bri
d
g
e
inve
rter su
mb
er arus
d
i
hu
bu
ngk
a
n
d
e
n
gan
mo
d
u
l arus DC
ya
ng
beker
ja untuk
me
mba
ngkitka
n
g
e
lo
mba
ng a
r
us
li
ma-lev
el
. Keun
gg
ula
n
d
a
r
i
konfi
gur
asi i
n
verter ini
ad
al
ah
ju
mla
h
d
a
ri p
i
r
anti p
eny
aklar
an, da
n ru
gi-ru
gi in
dukto
r da
p
a
t
dikur
ang
i.
Konfig
urasi dari rangk
aia
n
i
n
ve
rter
li
ma-l
evel d
i
u
j
i
untuk apl
ikasi
pada siste
m
photov
ol
ta
ik yang terh
ub
ung
deng
an ja
la-j
ala listrik d
e
n
g
a
n
simulas
i
ko
mp
uter men
ggu
na
kan softw
are P
S
IM. Hasil pe
n
guji
an
eksper
i
m
e
n
d
a
ri inv
e
rt
er li
ma-
l
eve
l
ju
ga
disaj
i
ka
n. Dar
i
hasil
p
e
n
guj
ian
di
dap
at b
ahw
a i
n
vert
er y
a
n
g
tela
h d
i
ra
ncan
g
ma
mpu
bek
e
r
ja d
e
n
g
a
n
b
a
i
k
me
mba
ngkitka
n gel
o
m
b
a
n
g
a
r
us li
ma-
l
eve
l
dan
meng
inj
e
k
s
ikan ar
us sin
u
soi
dal k
e
ja
la
-jala
listrik d
e
n
g
a
n
nila
i distors
i
ha
rmo
n
isa y
ang k
e
cil serta faktor
daya ber
nil
a
i s
a
tu.
Ka
ta
k
unc
i:
in
verter, lima-lev
e
l, jal
a
-ja
l
a listr
ik, photovo
l
taic
, harmonis
a
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is
pa
per pr
esents an app
licatio
n
of a n
e
w
circuit co
nfigur
ation
of H-
brid
ge
base
d
f
i
ve-lev
e
l
current-so
u
rce
inverter
(CSI
) used
for gr
id co
nn
ected
photov
olta
ics
system. In th
i
s
topol
ogy, th
e
inter
m
e
d
iate
le
vel curr
ents of
the five-
l
eve
l
current w
a
vefo
rm
are
gen
era
t
ed by c
o
n
nec
ting D
C
curr
e
n
t
mo
du
le to
the
H-brid
ge
CSI. Some
new
feat
ures ca
n
be
de
rived
usi
ng th
is
new
top
o
lo
gy
such
as re
duci
n
g
the sw
itching
pow
er dev
ice
count, an
d re
duci
ng th
e
in
d
u
ctor con
ducti
on l
o
sses of t
he i
n
verter. T
h
e
proposed fiv
e
-level CSI is t
e
sted for
gr
id connected
photov
oltaic system
t
h
rough comput
er sim
u
lation using
PSIM softw
are. F
u
rthermore,
the
exper
i
m
e
n
tal test r
e
su
lt
s of the
pro
p
o
s
ed fiv
e
-lev
el
CSI are
pres
e
n
ted.
T
he results sh
ow
that the inv
e
rter
w
o
rks pro
perly g
e
n
e
ratin
g
a five-l
evel c
u
rrent w
a
vefor
m
a
nd i
n
jecti
n
g a
sinus
oid
a
l curr
ent into p
o
w
e
r grid w
i
th less h
a
rmoni
cs
distor
tion an
d w
i
th unity pow
er factor oper
atio
n.
Ke
y
w
ords
: inv
e
rter, five-leve
l
, pow
er grid, photovo
l
taic, har
mo
nics
1
.
Introduction
Basically
, the
multilevel in
verter top
o
lo
gi
es
ca
n be
categ
o
ri
zed i
n
to multilevel
voltage
sou
r
ce invert
ers (VSI) an
d
their dual circuits, i.e
., multilevel curren
t source inverters (CSI) [1,
2].
The multileve
l VSI has DC
voltage powe
r
sou
r
ces
a
n
d
delivers mult
ilevel
AC voltage wavefo
rms
to the load, while the mul
t
ilevel CSI produ
ce
s
pre
d
e
termin
ed m
u
ltilevel
AC current wavef
o
rm
s
from a
singl
e
or
some
DC cu
rre
nt source
s. Be
cau
s
e
of its hig
h
i
m
peda
nce DC po
we
r
sou
r
ce,
the multilevel
CSI features high
capability of s
hort
-
circuit protection.
The m
u
ltilevel invert
ers
have vario
u
s advantag
es comp
ared
with the
con
v
entional two
-
level invert
e
r
s
su
ch a
s
l
o
we
r
d
v
/dt or lower d
i
/dt, and less harmoni
cs conte
n
t of the output wavef
o
rm
s [3-8].
In the rene
wable p
o
wer g
eneration
ap
plic
atio
ns,
a
s
most re
newable ene
rgy sou
r
ces,
su
ch a
s
phot
ovoltaic sy
ste
m
, generates DC po
we
r,
the pro
d
u
c
ed
power is fed
into the power
grid th
rou
gh
an inte
rface,
e.g. grid
con
necte
d
inve
rter. Mo
st inte
rnational
stan
dard
s
, li
ke IE
EE-
1547, IEEE-929 and E
N
-61000-3-2,
set
requirement
s on power
quality of the i
n
verters’
s output
waveform, su
ch a
s
harm
o
nic cu
rrents
and tota
l harmonics di
stortion (THD) of
the generat
ed
c
u
rrent waveform [9,
10].
Multileve
l CSI
is
a key solut
i
on to m
eet th
ose
sta
nda
rd
s. Control
of t
h
e
multilevel CS
I con
n
e
c
ted t
o
the
po
wer
grid i
s
co
mp
aratively si
m
p
ler th
an th
e
grid
conn
ect
e
d
multilevel VSI, as the multilevel CSI is more immu
ne from the gri
d
voltage fluctu
ation, delivers
a
pred
etermi
ne
d mag
n
itude
of the output
cu
rre
nt
to th
e po
wer gri
d
and
can
op
erate
at a hi
gh
power
facto
r
. Furthe
rmo
r
e, a
g
r
id co
nne
cted
CSI
doe
sn’t nee
d
cu
rrent min
o
r l
o
o
p
s to
control t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No. 3, September 20
13: 48
9 – 494
490
gene
rated A
C
current, which i
s
in
disp
ensable i
n
th
e VSI. The output curren
t of CSI is l
e
ss
dictated
by t
he g
r
id volta
ge [11]. Mo
reover, the
di
screte
diod
es co
nne
cted
i
n
serie
s
with
the
power switch
es to obtain
unidirectio
nal
powe
r
switches requi
red
in the CSI
are un
ne
ce
ssary
becau
se reve
rse
-
bl
ockin
g
IGBTs a
r
e currently availabl
e [12, 13].
2
.
Proposed H-Bridge b
ased Fiv
e
-Lev
e
l
Current-Source Inv
e
r
t
er
2.1. Circuit Configura
t
i
on
and Oper
ati
on Principle
Figure 1 sh
ows the ba
sic configu
r
ati
on of
an
H-bridg
e
CSI. This inve
rter works
gene
rating
a
three
-
level
cu
rre
nt waveform, i.e. level +I, 0 and
–I, a
s
li
sted in
the
Table
1. Fig
u
re
2 sho
w
s the configuration o
f
t
he propo
se
d DC current
-module. Th
e curre
n
t-mo
du
le is com
p
o
s
e
d
by a DC
cu
rrent so
urce, u
n
idire
c
tion
al
contro
lled
po
wer
switch
a
nd a conn
ect
i
ng diod
e. Th
e
newly
pro
p
o
s
ed
config
urati
on of
the five
-level
CSI is
obtaine
d by
conne
cting
the
H-Brid
ge
CS
I
and a singl
e DC
current
-m
odule
a
s
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e 3.
The
DC cu
rre
nt-mo
dule
work
ge
nerating
the intermedi
ate level
cu
rrents fo
r five-l
evel out
p
u
t current
wavefo
rm g
ene
ratio
n
. The
amplit
ude
s
of the pa
ralle
l DC
cu
rrent
sou
r
ces i
n
th
e pro
p
o
s
ed
fi
ve-level CSI
are I/2, which is h
a
lf of the
amplitude
of the DC
cu
rre
n
t
sou
r
ce in th
e thre
e-
level
H-Bri
dge
CSI
.
Furthe
rmo
r
e
,
all DC
cu
rre
n
t
sou
r
ces
are
con
n
e
c
ted at
the same
po
int, which m
a
ke the i
s
olate
d
DC
cu
rrent
sou
r
ces a
r
e
no
longe
r n
e
cessary
in thi
s
to
pology [1
4, 1
5
]. The
DC
current sou
r
ce
gen
erat
ion will
be explain
e
d
in
more det
ail in the next section. The switching
state combi
nation
s
required to gene
rate a five-
level curre
n
t waveform are
listed in Tabl
e 2.
Figure 1. Co
nfiguratio
n of H-b
r
id
ge CSI
Figure 2. DC
curre
n
t-mo
du
le
Figure 3. Pro
posed H-b
r
id
ge ba
sed five
-level
CSI
Table 1. Ope
r
ation mode
s
of H-b
r
idg
e
CSI
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
O
u
tput
C
u
rrent
1 0
1 0
+I
1 0
0 1
0
0 1
1 0
0
0 1
0 1
-I
Table 2. Swit
chin
g States of propo
se
d five-
level CSI
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Ou
tpu
t
1
0
1 0 0
+I
1
0
1 0 1
+I/2
1
0
0 1 1
0
0
1
0 1 1
-I/2
0
1
0 1 0
-I
2.2. DC Curr
ent Ge
nera
ti
on Circuits
In the pro
p
o
s
ed H-b
r
idge
b
a
se
d five-lev
el CSI, the the DC current
sou
r
ce is
obt
ained
by
employing
an
auxila
ry ci
rcuit as
sho
w
n
in Fig
u
re
4. T
he circuit wo
rks
a
s
a regul
ated DC current
sou
r
ce for the inverter an
d the current
-mod
ule
s
. The circuit sim
p
ly con
s
ist
s
of a controll
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
H-Bri
dge b
a
sed Five
-L
evel
Current-S
ource In
verte
r
for Grid
Con
n
e
c
ted … (Su
r
o
s
o)
491
power
switch
(Q), a smo
o
th
ing
in
du
ct
or (L)
and
a f
r
ee
whe
e
ling
diod
e (D
F
). T
he
switch
fun
c
tion
s
regul
ating th
e DC current
flowing throu
gh the
smoot
hing indu
cto
r
, and redu
cin
g
the smooth
i
ng
indu
ctor
size, owing to th
e
high-switchi
n
g-fre
que
ncy operation.
Free-whe
e
ling diode D
F
is used
to keep conti
nuou
s cu
rren
t flowing thro
ugh the
smo
o
thing indu
ct
or [15]. Figure 5 sho
w
s the
config
uratio
n
of a five-level
CSI ope
rate
s as
a gr
i
d
con
necte
d invert
er. The
invert
er i
s
conn
ect
ed
to the
po
wer
grid
thro
ugh
a po
we
r t
r
an
sformer a
s
gal
vanic i
s
ol
atio
n bet
wee
n
in
verter
and
po
wer
grid. T
he five
-level
CSI ne
eds only a
si
ngle
DC volta
ge
sou
r
ce (V
PV
)
conn
ecte
d to the
ci
rcui
ts to
obtain two
DC cu
rrent-sou
rce
s
. The
DC voltage sou
r
ce
in this p
a
p
e
r is a ph
otovoltaic sy
stem.
Figure 4. The
circuit of DC
curre
n
t
gene
ration
Figure 5. The
H-b
r
idg
e
ba
sed fi
ve-level CSI for power grid
con
n
e
c
tion of
photovoltaic
2.3. Curren
t
Con
t
roller a
nd PWM Mo
dulation Stra
teg
y
The pro
p
o
r
tio
nal integral (PI) controll
ers
are ap
plied
to control the DC current
s flowing
throug
h the inducto
rs
L
1
an
d
L
2
. The amplitude of the smoothi
ng in
ducto
r cu
rren
t is kept at 50 %
of the pea
k value of the five-level cu
rrent
waveform. The switching gate
sig
nals of the
DC
curre
n
t gen
eration ci
rcuits
are
gene
rate
d by co
mpa
r
i
ng the
cu
rre
n
t
erro
r
sign
al
s after
pa
ssi
ng
throug
h the
PI controller
with a
tria
ng
ular
wavefo
rm. The
s
e
si
gnal
s a
r
e
used to
adju
s
t
the
operation of
the DC-c
urren
t
gene
ration
circuit to
achi
ev
e
the bala
n
ce
d DC
cu
rrent source
s I
L1
and I
L2
.
In this pape
r, a level-shi
fted triangle
carrier ba
sed sinu
soi
d
a
l
PWM tech
nique is
employed to
gene
rate the
gate si
gnal
s f
o
r the five-l
evel CSI po
we
r
swit
che
s
to o
b
tain the P
W
M
curre
n
t wavef
o
rm
s. All ca
rrier
waveform
s a
r
e in
pha
se with
ea
ch o
t
her at the
sa
me freq
uen
cy
.
The freq
uen
cy of the
modulate
d
si
nusoidal si
g
nal (a refe
rence sign
al) determine
s the
fundame
n
tal
freque
ncy
of
the inve
rter’s o
u
tput
cu
rre
nt wavefo
rm, while th
e fre
quen
cy
of
triangul
ar
ca
rrier waveform
s give
s the
switchi
ng fr
eq
uen
cy of the
five-level CSI
po
wer switche
s
[13-15]. Figu
re 6 sho
w
s an
overall cont
rol diagr
am of the propo
se
d five-level CSI including the
DC
curre
n
t generation ci
rcuit and invert
er co
ntroll
ers.
3. Results a
nd
Analy
s
is
In ord
e
r to te
st the p
r
op
er ope
ration
of
the propo
se
d syste
m
, the gri
d
conn
e
c
ted five-
level CSI con
f
iguration
sho
w
n in Figu
re 5 is tested th
roug
h com
p
u
t
er simulatio
n
s
with a PSIM
softwa
r
e.
Th
e test param
eters
are li
st
ed in
T
able 3
.
Figure 7
sh
ows the com
puter
simulati
on
result of the
prop
osed five-level CSI whe
n
the
inverter is conn
ected with a
pure sinu
soi
dal
power g
r
id v
o
ltage, wh
ere
the five-level PWM cu
rren
t, the current
inject
ed i
n
to
the power-grid
(I
inv
), the grid voltage (V
Grid
), and the current flowing
th
rough the smoothi
ng in
ducto
rs (I
L1
and
I
L2
) are prese
n
ted.
The five
-level
inverter works well injected a sinu
soid
al current
into
the power
grid
with unit
y
powe
r
fact
or
.
Th
e figure
also
sh
ows the
tran
sient wave
forms when
the cu
rrent
injecte
d
by the inverter
cha
nged fro
m
4
A
to 8
A.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No. 3, September 20
13: 48
9 – 494
492
sT
1
1
sT
1
1
Figure 6. Con
t
rol diag
ram o
f
the inverter
Figure 7. Test result when
the inverter i
s
con
n
e
c
ted wit
h
a pure
sinu
soid
al po
wer
grid
voltage
Figure 8. Harmonic
spe
c
tra of inverter’
s
output
cur
r
e
n
t
Figure 9. Harmonic
spe
c
tra of powe
r
gri
d
voltage
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
H-Bri
dge b
a
sed Five
-L
evel
Current-S
ource In
verte
r
for Grid
Con
n
e
c
ted … (Su
r
o
s
o)
493
Table 3. Te
st para
m
eters
Variable value
Smoothing inductors
1 mH
Output voltage of
PV
160 V
Grid voltage
140 V
Sw
itching freq
ue
ncy
22 kHz
Filter capacitor
5
F
Filter inductor
1 mH
Load
R
= 6.5
,
L
=1.2 mH
Output cu
rrent f
r
equenc
y
60 Hz
Transform
er r
a
tio
1:1
The amplitud
es of the smoothing ind
u
ctor
cu
rre
n
ts are well balan
ced for
both smo
o
thi
n
g
indu
ctors I
L1
, I
L2
at 50
% of the output curre
nt peak val
ue. Figure 8 sho
w
s the harmoni
c spe
c
tra
of the current
inject
ed by the inverter (I
inv
).
All of harmonic
comp
o
nent
s a
r
e less than 1%. Figure
9 sho
w
s the harm
oni
c sp
e
c
tra the p
o
we
r grid voltag
e.
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
Figure 10 shows the co
mputer
sim
u
l
a
tion results whe
n
the inverter is
con
n
e
c
ted to a distorted p
o
w
er g
r
id.
The harm
oni
c
spe
c
tra of the cu
rre
nt injected
by the inverter
into the p
o
we
r gri
d
(I
inv
), a
nd the
po
wer grid volta
ge
(V
Gri
d
) are
sh
own i
n
Fig
u
re
1
1
and
Figu
re
12, res
p
ec
tiv
e
ly
. Figure 13 pres
ent
s
the load
c
u
rrent and five-level c
u
rrent waveforms
obtained
from the exp
e
rime
ntal test.
The result
s sho
w
the proper o
p
e
r
atio
n of the prop
ose
d
H-bri
d
g
e
based five-le
v
el CSI as a grid conn
ecte
d inverter
.
Figure 10. T
e
st result wh
en the i
n
vert
er i
s
con
n
e
c
ted
with a dist
orted po
we
r grid
voltage
Figure 11. Ha
rmoni
c spe
c
tra of the inverter’s
output cu
rren
t
Figure 12. Ha
rmoni
c spe
c
tra of powe
r
gri
d
voltage
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No. 3, September 20
13: 48
9 – 494
494
Figure 13. Experim
ental te
st re
sult of the
load current
and five-leve
l
current waveform
s
4. Conclusion
In this pape
r an appli
c
atio
n of a new ci
rcuit
co
nfigura
t
ion of five-level CSI applying an H-
bridg
e
an
d DC current-mo
dule h
a
s
bee
n pre
s
e
n
t
ed.
Usi
ng the
propo
sed five-l
evel CSI, a l
o
w
distortio
n
of
output curren
t with fewer
power
switch
es,
an
d small
e
r
in
du
ctors can be achi
e
v
ed.
The inverte
r
is pro
p
o
s
ed
to be use
d
a
s
grid
-con
ne
cted ph
otovo
l
taic po
wer
condition
er. T
h
e
prop
osed
system ha
s be
e
n
tested
thro
ugh
com
pute
r
sim
u
lation
s.
The
re
sults
sho
w
the
pro
per
operation of
the propo
sed
five-level CSI as a g
r
id
con
n
e
c
ted i
n
verter i
n
je
cting a
sinu
soi
d
a
l
output cu
rren
t into the power gri
d
wi
th a
unity powe
r
factor o
p
e
r
atio
n.
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