TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.9, No.3, Decembe
r
2011, pp. 40
1
~
40
2
ISSN: 1693-6
930
accredited by D
G
HE (DIKTI
), Decree No: 51/Dikti/Kep/2010
401
FPGA for Ro
botic Appli
c
at
ions: from
Android/
Hum
a
noid Robots
to Artific
i
al Men (Tole Sutik
n
o)
FPGA for Robotic Applications: from
Android/Humanoid Robots to Artificial Men
Tole Sutikno
Found
er of Ro
botics Dev
e
lo
p
m
ent Commu
ni
t
y
(RDC)
Dep
a
rtment of Electrical E
ngi
neer
ing, Un
iv
er
sitas Ahmad D
ahl
an, Yog
y
a
k
arta, Indon
esia
E-mail: tole@
e
e.uad.ac.i
d
Wel
c
ome
to
the
end
issue
of Vol
u
me 9
an
d t
o
the
first
year of the
new-loo
k
TELKOMNIK
A
in fully English. In thi
s
y
ear,
th
e TEL
K
OMNIKA co
ntinue
s to
provide a
ra
pid
and
c
o
mpetitive forum for the lates
t, s
i
gnific
ant re
sea
r
ch advan
ce
s.
A first sp
eci
a
l edition
on
AI
appli
c
ation
s
has ju
st bee
n issu
ed
whi
c
h i
s
c
ontin
u
ed
a
nd
e
qui
pped
with sp
ecial edition
on
roboti
c
s in thi
s
i
s
sue. Thi
s
i
s
o
n
ly a
c
hiev
able
th
an
ks
t
o
the hard wo
rk of
the co
ntributo
r
s
an
d we
woul
d like to
expre
s
s ou
r
sin
c
ere g
r
atitude a
nd a
p
p
r
eciatio
n
to th
e autho
rs, the edito
rs
and
, of
cou
r
se, the reviewe
r
s
who
play such a
cru
c
ial ro
le fo
r cont
ributing
to the high standards of the
journ
a
l.
Re
sea
r
che
s
on ho
me
ro
bots h
a
ve b
een in
crea
si
ng en
orm
o
u
s
ly. There
ha
s al
ways
existed a
con
t
inuou
s resea
r
ch
effort o
n
probl
em
s of a
n
throp
o
mo
rp
hic
rob
o
ts
whi
c
h i
s
n
o
w call
ed
human
oid ro
bots. Cu
rrent
ly, robot
ics h
a
s evolved to the point
that different bran
ch
es h
a
v
e
rea
c
he
d a
re
markabl
e lev
e
l of maturity, that neu
ral
n
e
twork a
nd fu
zzy lo
gic
are t
he main
artifi
cial
intelligence as intelligent
control on the robotics
. Despite
all thi
s
prog
ress, while aiming
at
accompli
shi
n
g wo
rk-ta
s
ks
origin
ally ch
a
r
ged
onl
y
to human
s,
rob
o
tic
scie
nce has perhap
s quite
naturally tu
rn
ed into th
e at
tempt to cre
a
t
e artificial
m
en. It is true
that artificial
men o
r
a
n
d
r
oid
human
oid
rob
o
ts op
en
cert
ainly very bro
ad prospe
cts.
This
“ro
bot”
may be viewe
d
as
a pe
rson
al
helpe
r, an
d it
will
be
calle
d a
home
-
ro
bot, or
pe
rso
nal robot. T
h
i
s
i
s
mai
n
rea
s
on
why the
two
spe
c
ial
se
ctio
ns are issue
d
in
the TELKOMNIKA se
q
uentially.
Personal rob
o
ts as devi
c
e
s
pro
perly de
fined in
terms of their ability to replace
a human
being
in
a n
u
m
ber of eve
r
yday file job
s
. Hum
anoi
d
robotics to
day
ha
s a
b
r
oa
d
e
r
scop
e: it d
oes
not incl
ude
only the h
u
m
anoid
a
s
a
r
tificial ma
n,
but al
so
so
me hyb
r
id
configuration
s
that
techn
o
logy m
a
ke
s p
o
ssibl
e
today. The
integratio
n of
artificial p
a
rt
s into h
u
man
bodie
s
, a
s
well
as the control
of paralyze
d
natural
lim
bs
by electri
c
al stimulation,
is investigate
d
b
y
the resea
r
ch
comm
unity wi
th increa
sin
g
su
ccess.
Ho
me robot
s
ha
ve different
structu
r
e
s
to
serve h
u
man
s
in
many asp
e
ct
s. Mobility is a necessa
ry ability fo
r the home robot
s to move arou
nd. Manipul
ation
of home ro
bo
ts is al
so imp
o
rtant, but rel
a
tively
less d
e
velope
d due
to the difficulty of making the
robot smalle
r.
Since the
si
ze a
nd weig
ht of home robots
are li
mited, cont
ro
l hard
w
a
r
e
should b
e
embed
ded to
make m
o
re rooms fo
r oth
e
r ne
ce
ssa
r
y hard
w
a
r
e. Th
e other
difficu
lty comes
wh
en
comm
ercial pro
c
e
s
sors a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to control ro
b
o
t
arm
s
d
ue to
the limitatio
n of outp
u
t
port.
Hardware technolo
g
ies
su
ch a
s
DSP
s
or mi
cro
p
ro
cessors all
o
w
us to have
real-time
cont
rol.
Ho
wever, si
n
c
e the DSP h
a
s limited out
put ports,
co
n
t
rol of human
oid rob
o
ts is
not suitabl
e. The
most
possibl
e solution for the humanoi
d
robots
is field programm
able
gate
array (FPGA
)
. It will
redu
ce
their
size an
d
wei
ght, and th
erefore th
eir
cost. In ad
dition, a maj
o
r
revolution
in
the
desi
gn of int
egrate
d
ci
rcu
i
t has b
een
possibl
e
efficiently integra
t
es emb
edd
e
d
pro
c
e
s
so
rs
intellectu
a
l propertie
s
(IP
s
) into a FPGA. With t
he rev
o
lution, the hi
ghly sop
h
isti
cated algo
rith
ms
with he
avy computation
s
can
be
re
alized by
softwa
r
e in
FPGA.
Some FPGA
-based
solutio
n
s
have bee
n reporte
d in th
e field of ro
botics. A
fuzzy logic
co
ntrolle
r for rob
o
tics h
a
s
be
en
impleme
n
ted
usin
g an FP
GA in [1]; a neural
network controller
on
FPGA for a
human
oid ro
bot
arm h
a
s
bee
n co
ndu
cted i
n
[2]; an emb
edde
d ro
bu
st adaptive
con
t
roller
usi
ng F
P
GA for mo
bil
e
roboti
cs
ha
s
prop
osed in [
3
] and [4]; an
d a fuzzy logi
c an
d ne
ural
netwo
rk
ba
se
d co
ntrolle
r h
a
s
been
appli
ed
in [5]. The researche
s
have
prove
d
that
the FPGA i
s
a
best
solutio
n
as
sati
sfacto
ry
perfo
rman
ce
of robotic a
p
p
lication
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 9, No. 3, Dece
mbe
r
2011 : 401 –
402
402
No
w, at the given the cu
rre
nt le
vel of technolo
g
y, it is very reali
s
tic t
o
pose the qu
estion:
Is the develo
p
ment of hu
manoid
s
still a chall
eng
e for hum
an cre
a
tivity and a demon
stratio
n
of
sci
entific u
n
d
e
rsta
ndin
g
a
nd adva
n
ced
tech
nology?
Are
we
rea
d
y to move t
o
wa
rd
s p
e
rsonal
roboti
cs, wh
en and what
is the most
possible to
be the first step? Is it the most soci
ally
accepta
b
le?
Answers to t
he qu
estio
n
s ca
nnot b
e
g
i
ven witho
u
t
taking
into a
c
count
all su
ch
implicatio
ns: t
here
are cultural b
a
rrie
rs i
n
the
introdu
ction of huma
n
oids i
n
the h
u
man
soci
ety, a
prop
er
pa
radi
gm of the
hu
man-rob
o
t rel
a
tionshi
p h
a
s to be id
entified, a p
r
op
er
balan
ce
betwee
n
human
oid
s
a
s
pe
ct and fun
c
tionality nee
ds to be de
si
gned an
d an
ethics for hu
manoid
resea
r
ch
and fo
r
hum
anoid
s
sh
oul
d be
defin
ed.
It is
believe
d that the
first ste
p
in
a
coo
r
din
a
ted
effort
toward h
o
me
rob
o
ts
sh
oul
d be
an
a
s
sessment
proj
ect that
eval
uates the i
d
e
a
an
d p
r
om
o
t
es
techn
o
logi
cal
initiatives in spe
c
ific a
s
p
e
c
ts of hum
an
oid rob
o
ts an
d man-machi
ne anal
ogy. The
ultimate obj
e
c
tive is that
the creatin
g
a ro
bot
sho
u
l
d con
s
ide
r
resem
b
le
s h
u
m
an b
ehavio
r
rega
rdi
ng mo
tion, intellige
n
t, and co
m
m
unication.
The spe
c
ial
se
ction h
a
s
pre
s
ente
d
pa
per
about be
havi
o
r lea
r
nin
g
to improve
ro
bot perfo
rma
n
ce in
handli
ng un
ce
rtaint
y [6], and other
pape
r [7] pre
s
ent ab
out motion tr
ackin
g
base
d
on im
age processi
ng.
From th
e hu
man-li
ke m
o
tion poi
nt of view, a hum
an ro
bot sho
u
ld be
kin
e
m
atically
redu
nda
nt. Howeve
r, red
u
ndan
cy incre
a
se
s the m
a
t
hematically complexity
of the ro
bot cont
rol
probl
em. Se
con
d
feature
,
human
-like
intelligen
ce
is an
absol
ute pre
r
e
qui
site to de
sig
n
ing
person
a
l and
servi
c
e robot
s. The u
s
e of
neural n
e
two
r
ks and fu
zzy logics pro
m
i
s
e to offer m
o
re
adaptive and
more co
mpe
t
ent obsta
cle avoiding sch
e
mes in real
situation
s
. O
ne of the pap
ers
in the sp
eci
a
l
se
ction presents a n
o
vel pattern
recog
n
ition usi
ng n
eural
network [8] and othe
r
pape
r [9] pro
posed multipl
e
moving ob
stacle
s avoi
da
nce u
s
in
g ste
r
eo visi
on for servi
c
e robot
s.
Third featu
r
e,
human
-like communi
catio
n
is that
a hu
man ro
bot m
u
st have ea
sy to use natu
r
al,
human
-li
k
e, and
commu
n
i
cation inte
rf
ace
s
. The
speci
a
l se
ctio
n in this i
s
su
e will presen
t an
extensio
n for the SimVis3D frame
w
o
r
k that allo
ws the simul
a
tion
of human-ro
bot intera
ctio
n
[10]. A promi
s
ing a
p
p
r
oa
ch is syn
e
rgy
the
three
ab
ove feature
utilizing FPG
A
hard
w
a
r
e
and
artific
i
al intelligent.
Con
s
id
er the
major adva
n
c
e
s
of artifici
al
intelligent, roboti
cs a
nd
FPGA techn
o
logy; it
seem
s rea
s
o
nable to expe
ct that a dire
ct
coope
ration betwe
en
the human wo
rke
r
and
the rob
o
t
whi
c
h “
rep
r
e
s
ent Man
a
nd the co
ncept of his Mind
”
will b
e
possibl
e in the near f
u
ture.
Comfo
r
table
workin
g con
d
i
tions
fo
r
th
e human
an
d
t
he
robot
are
essential
si
nce they m
a
y h
a
ve
a si
gnifica
nt i
m
pact
on
pro
ductivity. Ho
w far a
w
ay i
s
"artificial
Men"
,
a pe
rfe
c
t
person
a
l rob
o
t - a
real hu
man, cloned a
nd ge
netically en
gineered?
Referen
ces
[1]
Sanch
e
z-Sol
a
n
o
S, Ca
brer
a
AJ, Baturon
e
I, Mo
reno-V
e
lo
F
J
, Brox M.
F
P
GA Implementatio
n
o
f
Embed
de
d F
u
zz
y
Co
ntrol
l
ers for Rob
o
tic App
licatio
ns.
IEEE Transc. on IE
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Kim JS, Jung
S.
Hardw
a
re Imp
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
of a Neura
l
N
e
tw
ork Controll
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P
GA for a Hu
ma
noi
d
Rob
o
t Arm
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din
g
of IEEE ICAI
M. X
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Hua
ng
HC, T
s
ai C
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P
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n
tat
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of
a
n
Em
bed
de
d R
obu
st Adaptiv
e C
ontrol
l
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r
Autonom
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m
nidir
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ani L, M
ahi
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Co
ntrol-L
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n
s
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ener
aliz
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i
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i
cakson
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H, Khos
w
a
nto
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w
ad
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ehavi
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rs Co
ordi
natio
n an
d
Learn
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n
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ou
s
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a
vi
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s
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a
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h
ma
n
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n
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a
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tuko B.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.