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[
5
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6
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.
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T
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(
A
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D.
Tr
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)
2629
th
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m
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f
ac
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ca
n
lo
wer
th
e
d
ev
iated
co
lo
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
y
5
6
0
K,
wh
ile
in
an
o
th
e
r
L
ee
et
al.
[
1
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
3
2
0
n
m
T
iO
2
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
to
co
v
er
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
ev
ice
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
lo
wer
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
as
d
if
f
u
s
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
ese
r
esear
ch
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
s
in
g
le
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
p
ar
ticle
o
r
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticle
c
o
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
o
n
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
n
an
o
p
ar
t
icles’
s
h
ap
es
in
W
L
E
Ds
[
5
,
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
ass
is
t
o
f
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
an
d
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
n
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
ar
ticle
s
ettin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
C
C
T
h
as y
et
to
b
e
d
ec
id
ed
.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
c
o
n
ta
in
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
aits
o
f
ad
ju
s
tab
le
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
ea
s
y
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
sa
v
in
g
f
ab
r
icatin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
an
d
u
s
ed
o
n
m
a
n
y
o
cc
asio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
ital
p
o
in
t
in
u
s
in
g
th
e
Z
n
O
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esire
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
e
m
et
in
clu
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
tim
e,
an
d
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
al
l
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
in
d
ex
o
f
2
f
its
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
d
ices
o
f
2
.
5
an
d
1
o
f
GaN
an
d
Air
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
a
lay
er
o
f
g
r
ad
ien
t
r
ef
r
a
ctiv
e
in
d
ex
.
An
o
th
er
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
v
er
i
f
ie
d
b
y
m
an
y
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
is
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
e
n
ap
p
lied
to
L
E
Ds
with
GaN
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
in
ce
r
tain
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
A
h
y
b
r
id
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
cy
lin
d
er
s
an
d
n
an
o
r
o
d
s
u
p
o
n
a
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
ch
ip
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
GaN
-
b
ased
L
E
Ds
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
GaN
b
lu
e
L
E
Ds
with
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles
im
p
lan
ted
to
p
lan
ar
in
d
i
u
m
tin
o
x
id
e
(
I
T
O)
f
ilm
s
h
o
ws
a
s
tim
u
latio
n
in
lig
h
t
e
m
is
s
io
n
.
A
m
eth
o
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
i
ca
tio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
n
an
o
r
o
d
s
to
ad
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
lig
h
t
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
i
n
GaN
-
b
ased
L
E
Ds
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
r
e
f
er
en
ce
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
p
a
p
er
s
all
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
L
E
Ds
a
n
d
leav
e
o
u
t
o
th
er
p
o
te
n
tial
asp
ec
ts
th
at
ca
n
also
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Un
til
n
o
w,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Z
n
O
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
izes
o
n
lig
h
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
in
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
ev
ices
r
em
ain
u
n
d
is
co
v
e
r
e
d
.
So
to
f
u
r
th
er
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
W
L
E
Ds,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
es
s
h
o
u
ld
tar
g
et
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
C
C
T
an
d
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
s
er
v
e
as a
g
u
i
d
elin
e
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
B
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
,
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
r
e
r
ev
ea
led
,
th
u
s
,
ass
er
t th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
v
alu
es o
f
Z
n
O.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
hy
s
ica
l a
nd
o
pto
elec
t
r
o
nic c
ha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
is
th
e
s
im
u
la
ted
W
L
E
D
with
Z
n
O
th
at
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
is
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
with
Z
n
O
f
u
s
ed
in
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
D
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
GaN
-
b
ased
b
lu
e
ch
ip
s
p
lace
d
in
th
e
ce
n
te
r
o
f
a
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
with
a
lead
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:Ce
s
il
ico
n
e,
Z
n
O
p
ar
tic
les,
an
d
a
s
em
icir
cu
lar
len
s
t
h
at
is
p
lace
d
ab
o
v
e
all
th
e
ch
ip
s
as
co
v
e
r
an
d
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
d
am
a
g
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
e
x
ter
n
al
im
p
ac
ts
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
b
l
u
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
s
is
1
W
wh
en
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
t
h
is
at
4
5
0
n
m
an
d
th
e
c
h
ip
is
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
a
3
5
0
m
A
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ilico
n
e
is
f
a
b
r
icate
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
v
ac
u
u
m
h
o
m
o
g
en
izer
to
v
ac
u
u
m
a
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:Ce
(
D
5
0
%,
1
3
±
2
µ
m
)
with
th
e
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
at
a
3
to
8
r
atio
,
1
3
6
0
r
p
m
,
an
d
0
.
2
M
Pa
f
o
r
1
2
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
e
g
el
will b
e
th
en
a
p
p
lied
o
n
b
lu
e
ch
i
p
an
d
h
ea
t u
n
d
er
1
2
0
°C
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
f
o
r
3
h
o
u
r
s
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
s
o
lid
-
s
tate.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
th
e
ad
h
esiv
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ev
en
ly
in
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
y
v
ac
u
u
m
s
tirr
in
g
,
d
eg
ass
ed
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
is
u
ltima
tely
p
lace
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
len
s
an
d
b
lu
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
v
ia
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
jecto
r
.
On
ce
th
e
f
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
m
p
lete,
leav
e
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticle
s
to
d
r
y
at
2
5
°C
in
r
o
o
m
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
T
h
e
f
ield
em
is
s
io
n
s
ca
n
n
in
g
el
ec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
FE
-
SEM
,
Me
r
lin
)
is
th
e
to
o
l
to
p
o
r
tr
ay
t
h
e
ex
ter
io
r
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
UV
-
Vis
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
(
UV
-
Vis
,
Ag
ilen
t
C
ar
y
5
0
0
0
)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
Z
n
O
-
co
n
tain
in
g
f
ilm
s
.
T
h
e
O
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
-
f
illed
lay
er
s
an
d
W
L
E
Ds d
ev
ices w
ith
Z
n
O
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t a
r
e
b
o
t
h
p
r
o
ce
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
Mu
lti Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
T
-
9
5
0
/
9
3
0
s
y
s
tem
th
at
m
o
r
p
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
262
8
-
263
4
2630
s
p
h
er
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
ar
e
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
air
at
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
Ph
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
9
W
wL
E
D
d
ev
ice,
(
b
)
Sch
em
atic
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
v
iew
o
f
Z
n
O
-
d
o
p
e
d
wL
E
D
d
e
v
ices
2
.
2
.
M
ie
-
s
ca
t
t
er
ing
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
q
u
an
tu
m
-
d
o
t
-
co
n
v
er
ted
elem
en
t
s
(
QDCE
s
)
is
s
im
ilar
to
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
an
d
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Mo
n
te
C
ar
l
o
s
tim
u
latio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
t
an
d
it
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
ar
e
th
e
two
m
ai
n
asp
ec
ts
th
at
will
b
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
in
th
is
p
ar
t.
First,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
µ
sca
is
u
s
ed
to
d
e
p
ict
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
r
atio
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
1
)
[
2
4
]
:
(
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
)
I
n
(
1
)
,
/
cm
d
ep
icts
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
s
ity
o
f
QDs
p
ar
ticles,
c
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
Qu
an
t
u
m
Do
ts
(
m
g
/cm
3
)
,
D
is
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
p
ar
ticles
(
n
m
)
;
is
th
e
wav
ele
n
g
th
(
n
m
)
;
an
d
f(
D
)
is
th
e
QD
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
p
ar
ticles
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
cti
o
n
;
th
e
weig
h
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
m
g
o
f
QD
with
in
th
e
QDCE
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
m
an
d
ca
n
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
f(
D)
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
QD
C
sca
(
D,
)
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
(
)
=
∫
(
,
,
)
(
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
in
cid
en
t
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
(
W
/m
2
)
is
d
ep
icted
b
y
()
i
n
c
P
;
(
,
)
sca
PD
,
(
,
,
)
sca
PD
ar
e
in
tu
r
n
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
wer
(
W
)
an
d
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
wer
wh
en
th
er
e
is
lig
h
t d
if
f
u
s
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
QDs.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
,
)
,
wh
ich
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
n
it
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
5
]
,
ca
n
b
e
b
y
th
is
s
im
p
lifie
d
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e:
(
,
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
,
)
/
(
,
)
(
,
)
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
3
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
ar
e
th
e
ch
ar
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
,
)
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
s
izes
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
n
m
–
3
0
0
n
m
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
ese
ch
a
r
ts
,
we
ca
n
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticles s
ize
o
f
Z
n
O
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
,
)
in
cr
ea
s
es with
th
e
Z
n
O
s
ize,
th
u
s
,
wh
en
th
e
Z
n
O
s
ize
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
it
will
r
esu
lt
in
b
etter
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t.
W
h
ile
th
e
lig
h
t
with
lar
g
er
s
izes
p
ar
ticles
ten
d
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it
in
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
b
en
ef
its
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
th
e
lig
h
t
in
s
m
aller
s
izes
p
ar
ticlesar
e
u
s
u
ally
s
p
r
ea
d
e
v
en
ly
in
ev
er
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
wh
en
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
h
as
p
o
o
r
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
b
u
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
in
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
(
,
)
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
wav
elen
g
th
,
wh
en
th
e
wav
elen
g
t
h
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
(
,
)
d
e
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
th
at
allo
ws
(
,
)
to
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
in
d
ex
is
at
ab
o
u
t 3
8
0
n
m
.
Similar
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
,
)
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
also
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
wh
en
th
e
s
ize
o
f
Z
n
O
r
is
es.
B
etter
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
will
r
esu
lt
in
an
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
)
is
also
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
wav
elen
g
th
,
wh
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
it
g
ets
s
m
aller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
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elec
o
m
m
u
n
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o
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p
u
t E
l Co
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tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
s
co
lo
r
h
o
mo
g
e
n
eity
in
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
b
a
s
ed
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(
A
n
h
-
Min
h
D.
Tr
a
n
)
2631
wh
en
th
e
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
tar
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
r
ea
ch
es th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t v
alu
e
at
3
8
0
n
m
wav
ele
n
g
th
.
T
h
ese
tr
aits
s
h
o
w
th
at
Z
n
O
is
s
u
itab
le
to
u
s
e
in
l
ig
h
t
q
u
ality
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
in
b
o
th
(
,
)
an
d
(
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
two
f
o
llo
win
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
at
we
n
ee
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
er
s
o
th
at
th
e
em
itted
lig
h
ts
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
p
er
f
ec
tly
an
d
r
e
s
u
lts
in
b
etter
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
Z
n
O
ar
e
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
in
t
wh
en
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
is
at
3
8
0
n
m
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
g
r
a
d
u
ally
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
lo
west
in
d
ex
at
7
8
0
n
m
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
is
at
4
5
3
n
m
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
Z
n
O
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
s
ize
o
f
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
it.
T
o
g
iv
e
th
e
id
e
al
Z
n
O
s
ize
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
,
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
,
)
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
(
,
)
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
an
g
u
la
r
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
a
p
a
r
ticle.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
,
as
well
as
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le,
ar
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
cr
iter
ia
wh
en
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
s
ize
f
o
r
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles.
W
ith
lar
g
e
p
ar
ticles
s
ize,
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
is
en
h
an
ce
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lig
h
t
is
tr
an
s
m
ited
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lar
g
e
p
a
r
ticles
in
a
s
t
r
ai
g
h
t
m
an
n
e
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
s
m
all
p
ar
ticles
s
ize,
th
e
lig
h
t
o
f
ten
s
p
r
ea
d
s
o
u
t
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
wh
en
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tes
a
wid
er
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
n
g
le.
T
h
e
wid
en
ed
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
u
s
u
ally
in
d
u
ce
s
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
t
d
ef
lec
ts
th
e
lig
h
t
b
ac
k
to
th
e
ch
ip
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
s
m
all
s
ize
p
ar
ticles
i
s
n
o
t
with
o
u
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
e,
th
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
el
lo
w
r
ay
s
ar
e
m
ix
ed
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
wh
ite
lig
h
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Scatter
in
g
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
izes:
(
a)
1
0
0
n
m
,
(
b
)
2
0
0
n
m
,
(
c)
3
0
0
n
m
T
h
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
r
ay
s
ar
e
s
ca
tter
e
d
m
o
r
e
with
s
m
all
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
an
d
th
ese
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
will
ap
p
ea
r
m
o
r
e
in
b
o
th
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
.
I
n
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
is
m
er
g
ed
with
th
e
“y
ello
w
r
in
g
”
o
n
t
h
e
s
id
es
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
wh
ite
lig
h
t
wh
ich
less
en
s
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
“y
ello
w
r
in
g
”
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
n
m
-
3
0
0
n
m
.
Fro
m
th
e
im
ag
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
we
ca
n
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
e
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles
s
ize
af
f
ec
ts
b
o
th
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
ten
s
ity
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
s
c
atter
in
g
in
te
n
s
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es with
th
e
p
ar
ticles s
ize
wh
ile
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
Usi
n
g
o
n
ly
th
e
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
b
ec
au
s
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
also
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
o
th
er
asp
ec
t
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
esp
o
n
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
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L
KOM
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T
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o
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m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l Co
n
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o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
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.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
262
8
-
263
4
2632
to
th
is
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
c
o
r
r
elatin
g
to
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
f
r
o
m
2
%
to
2
6
%.
As
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
,
wh
en
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tic
les
s
ize,
wh
ich
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
Z
n
O
is
n
o
t
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
Z
n
O
is
n
o
t
id
ea
l
f
o
r
lig
h
t
em
i
s
s
io
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
m
o
r
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
e
v
en
ts
;
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
ese
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
,
wh
ich
e
v
en
tu
ally
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
p
a
r
ticles
s
i
ze
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
Z
n
O
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
c
r
itical
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
wh
en
in
v
o
lv
es
in
Z
n
O
-
B
ased
W
L
E
D
s
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
u
s
in
g
Z
n
O
6
% with
an
y
p
ar
ticles s
ize
is
th
e
s
ettin
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
tar
g
et
o
f
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
n
o
t o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
u
t
also
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
n
ee
d
to
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
wh
ich
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
g
iv
in
g
a
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
izes:
(
a)
1
0
0
n
m
,
(
b
)
2
0
0
n
m
,
(
c)
3
0
0
n
m
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Scatter
in
g
p
h
ase
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles wit
h
v
ar
io
u
s
s
izes:
(
a)
1
0
0
n
m
,
(
b
)
2
0
0
n
m
,
(
c)
3
0
0
n
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
s
co
lo
r
h
o
mo
g
e
n
eity
in
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
A
n
h
-
Min
h
D.
Tr
a
n
)
2633
W
ith
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
at
6
%,
th
e
Δ
C
C
T
i
s
n
o
t
at
th
e
lo
west
p
o
in
t
b
u
t
s
til
l
ex
h
ib
its
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
Δ
C
C
T
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
lo
west
lev
el
at
1
8
%
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
n
m
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
lo
west
Δ
C
C
T
at
th
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
th
at
m
ak
e
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t,
esp
ec
iall
y
with
s
m
aller
s
ize
p
a
r
ticles.
T
h
e
lo
w
Δ
C
C
T
lo
w
in
d
ex
an
d
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
ar
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
T
h
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
ar
e
tar
g
ets
wh
en
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles.
W
h
en
th
e
“y
ello
w
r
in
g
”
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
th
at
m
ea
n
s
th
e
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
is
in
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
cr
ea
tes
war
m
wh
ite
lig
h
t,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
n
ee
d
s
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
eq
u
al
with
th
e
y
ell
o
w
lig
h
t.
W
ith
th
e
Z
n
O
s
ca
tter
in
g
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
,
)
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
,
)
,
we
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
a
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticle
with
s
u
itab
le
in
d
ices
to
im
p
lem
en
t.
I
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
t
h
en
t
h
e
Z
n
O
6
%
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
d
d
ed
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
1
8
%
is
id
ea
l
f
o
r
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ch
o
ic
e
to
g
o
f
o
r
if
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
is
th
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
W
L
E
D.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
ca
s
es
th
at
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
b
o
th
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
t
h
en
th
e
Z
n
O
6
% is
th
e
m
o
s
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
o
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
wL
E
D
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Δ
C
C
T
o
f
W
L
E
D
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
D.
W
h
en
ad
d
in
g
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticl
es
with
th
e
s
izes
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
n
m
-
3
0
0
n
m
in
to
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
YAG:Ce,
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
etwe
en
Z
n
O
an
d
YAG:Ce
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
.
E
n
h
an
ce
d
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
b
o
o
s
tin
g
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
,
)
,
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
,
)
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
ab
le
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
Z
n
O
ass
o
ciatin
g
with
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
s
in
d
etails.
B
esid
es
th
e
p
ar
ticles
s
ize,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
is
an
o
t
h
er
elem
e
n
t
m
en
tio
n
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
with
a
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
v
iew
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
ap
p
l
y
in
g
Z
n
O.
F
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
elatin
g
to
th
e
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticles s
ize,
it is
v
er
if
ied
th
at
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t r
ea
ch
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est in
d
e
x
with
Z
n
O
at
6
% c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
wh
ile
with
Z
n
O
1
8
%
a
n
d
1
0
0
n
m
p
ar
ticles
s
ize,
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
Δ
CCT
is
lo
west.
I
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
s
u
itab
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
th
e
f
o
cu
s
im
p
lies
o
n
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
as
well
as
Δ
C
C
T
th
e
n
Z
n
O
6
%
is
s
u
itab
le
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Niz
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