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m
etr
ies
ac
tu
ally
r
esu
lted
in
b
etter
s
p
atial
co
l
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
y
et
th
ey
ar
e
co
m
p
licated
to
f
ab
r
i
ca
te
an
d
also
h
av
e
h
ig
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
t.
Hen
ce
,
u
s
in
g
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
p
ar
tic
les
(
SEPs
)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
i
O
2
[
8
]
,
Z
r
O
2
[
9
]
,
m
icr
o
s
p
h
er
es
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
SiO
2
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
,
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
E
ac
h
SEP
was
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
to
m
ak
e
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
.
Dif
f
u
s
er
s
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds
cr
ea
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
tita
n
ia
(
T
iO
2
)
p
ar
ticles
s
h
o
wed
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
in
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
th
at
wh
en
a
d
d
in
g
0
.
1
%
T
iO
2
to
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
ca
s
e,
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
n
tin
u
in
g
wo
r
k
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
co
l
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
s
id
e
p
cL
E
Ds;
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
p
atial
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
wh
en
u
s
in
g
1
0
%
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
[
1
4
]
.
B
esid
es
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
SE
Ps
,
SiO
2
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
also
k
n
o
wn
as
a
g
o
o
d
m
ater
ial
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
s
p
atial
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
p
iece
s
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
at
SiO
2
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
f
ilm
a
n
d
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
atic
q
u
ality
h
av
e
a
r
atio
n
al
r
elatio
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
eir
p
ar
ticles s
izes c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
im
p
ac
t th
e
p
cL
E
Ds’
co
lo
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asized
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
im
m
en
s
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
SEPs
in
a
d
v
an
cin
g
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
q
u
ality
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds,
th
er
e
is
a
r
e
m
ain
in
g
is
s
u
e:
wh
ich
o
n
e
will
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
p
cL
E
Ds
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
b
etter
b
r
ig
h
t
n
ess
an
d
co
l
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
ese
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
p
ap
er
s
p
r
esen
ted
th
at
b
esid
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
C
C
T
s
,
SEP
s
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
cL
E
Ds
h
av
in
g
lo
w
C
C
T
an
d
s
im
p
le
s
in
g
le
-
ch
ip
d
esig
n
.
L
iter
ally
,
wh
en
SEPs
ar
e
ap
p
lied
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
izes,
th
ey
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
SE
Ps
ap
p
lied
in
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
cL
E
Ds
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
C
aCO
3
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2,
an
d
T
iO
2
,
ar
e
ex
am
in
ed
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
th
eir
b
en
ef
its
an
d
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
a
s
u
itab
le
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
SEPs
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
id
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
way
SEPs
ca
n
b
etter
th
e
two
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
o
p
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
M
i
e
-
s
ca
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
Se
c
t
i
o
n
2
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
th
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
s
c
a
tt
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
f
o
r
p
c
L
E
D
s
.
Se
c
t
i
o
n
3
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
f
o
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
r
es
u
l
ts
.
T
h
e
l
as
t
s
e
c
ti
o
n
,
s
e
ct
i
o
n
4
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
.
2.
SCAT
T
E
RING
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
cL
E
Ds
with
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
b
ased
o
n
Mi
e
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
1
6
-
1
8
]
,
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
wh
en
SEPs
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
with
ca
lcu
latio
n
t
o
o
l
MA
T
L
AB
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
SEPs
in
clu
d
es
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
μ
sca
(
λ
)
,
th
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
f
ac
to
r
g
(
λ)
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
δ
sca
(
λ)
,
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
S
1
(
θ
)
an
d
S
2
(
θ)
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
l
lo
ws:
(
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
2
∫
∫
1
−
1
(
,
,
)
(
)
,
(
2
)
=
(
1
−
)
(
3
)
1
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
∞
=
1
[
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
+
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
]
(
4
)
2
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
∞
=
1
[
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
+
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
]
(
5
)
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
N
(
r
)
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
s
t
h
e
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
a
l
p
ar
t
i
c
l
es
(
p
e
r
c
u
b
i
c
m
i
l
li
m
e
t
e
r
)
.
T
h
e
s
c
a
t
te
r
i
n
g
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
ti
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
C
s
ca
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
i
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
m
i
ll
i
m
e
te
r
s
.
p
(
θ
,
,
r
)
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
w
h
e
r
e
λ
(
n
m
)
,
r
(
μ
m
)
,
a
n
d
θ
(
i
n
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
a
r
e
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
l
i
g
h
t
wa
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
cl
e
r
a
d
i
u
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
S
E
P
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
i
lm
i
s
f
(
r
)
.
x
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
s
i
ze
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
m
s
h
o
w
s
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r
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r
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ex
h
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it
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
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ts
wh
ich
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ep
en
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en
t
o
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th
e
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n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
u
s
ed
SEPs
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
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th
e
y
also
im
p
ly
th
a
t
wh
en
SEPs
ar
e
a
d
d
ed
with
h
i
g
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ten
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
.
As ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
two
f
ig
u
r
es
,
C
aCO
3
is
th
e
o
n
e
g
ettin
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
ea
ch
e
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
p
o
in
t,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
SEPs
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
d
is
s
im
ilar
ity
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
4
5
5
n
m
a
n
d
5
9
5
n
m
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
as
C
aCO
3
ap
p
e
ar
s
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
C
aCO
3
ca
n
b
alan
ce
th
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
el
lo
w
p
h
o
t
o
n
s
’
in
te
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Als
o
,
in
th
e
b
ar
ch
a
r
ts
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
g(
λ
)
v
alu
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
(
2
)
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
g
(
λ)
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
m
u
ch
o
n
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
SEPs
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
g
r
o
wth
in
g
(
λ
)
f
o
ll
o
win
g
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
SEPs
d
e
n
s
ity
is
v
er
y
s
lig
h
t
wh
ich
is
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
t e
n
o
u
g
h
to
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
it
is
ea
s
y
to
s
ee
t
h
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
δ
sca
(
λ)
o
f
SEPs
at
4
5
5
n
m
h
av
e
a
tin
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
at
at
5
9
5
n
m
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
C
aCO
3
g
r
ain
s
h
a
v
e
g
(
5
9
5
n
m
)
=
0
.
9
wh
ile
t
h
eir
g
(
4
5
5
n
m
)
=
0
.
8
8
,
th
e
g
ap
is
ju
s
t
0
.
0
2
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
δ
sc
a
(
λ)
b
etwe
en
4
5
5
n
m
an
d
5
9
5
n
m
ar
e
q
u
ite
e
q
u
al.
T
h
u
s
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
b
i
lity
will
m
ak
e
th
e
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
b
ec
o
m
e
ea
s
ier
an
d
s
im
p
ler
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
SEPs
’
an
g
u
la
r
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
ca
lcu
l
ated
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Ob
v
io
u
s
ly
,
SEPs
h
av
e
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
b
e
n
ef
it
s
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
b
lu
e
r
a
y
s
as
th
ey
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
t
o
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t,
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
y
ello
w
r
i
n
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
em
itt
ed
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
e
s
t
r
esu
lt,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
s
elec
t
th
e
SEPs
h
av
in
g
r
elativ
ely
eq
u
al
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
lu
e
(
4
5
5
n
m
)
an
d
y
ello
w
(
5
9
5
n
m
)
lig
h
ts
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
at
4
5
5
n
m
an
d
5
9
5
n
m
b
etwe
en
C
aCO
3
an
d
Si
O
2
p
ar
ticles,
C
aCO
3
r
esu
lt
s
in
a
s
m
aller
d
if
f
er
en
ce
th
a
n
SiO
2
d
o
es,
an
d
t
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
an
is
o
tr
o
p
ic
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
th
e
SEPs
at
4
5
5
n
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
2
3
-
630
626
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
an
is
o
tr
o
p
ic
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
th
e
SEPs
at
5
9
5
nm
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e.
3
.
A
n
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
m
p
litu
d
es o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
SEPs
at
(
a)
4
5
5
n
m
an
d
(
b
)
5
9
5
n
m
3.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
N
AND
DI
S
CUSS
I
O
N
Pre
s
en
ted
in
th
is
p
a
r
t
is
th
e
co
m
p
u
ted
r
esu
lts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
tic
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds
wh
en
SEPs
ar
e
ap
p
lied
wh
ich
ar
e
v
er
i
f
ied
b
y
L
ig
h
tTo
o
ls
8
.
1
.
0
s
o
f
twa
r
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
o
s
e
SEPs
o
n
th
e
l
ig
h
tin
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es o
f
p
cL
E
Ds to
f
in
d
o
u
t th
e
s
u
itab
le
SEPs
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
ea
ch
elem
en
t
o
f
a
p
cL
E
D
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
o
f
it
h
as
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
2
.
1
m
m
,
8
m
m
,
an
d
1
0
m
m
f
o
r
d
ep
th
,
in
n
er
d
iam
eter
,
an
d
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
p
lace
d
o
v
er
n
in
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
h
as
0
.
0
8
m
m
f
ix
ed
th
ick
n
ess
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
.
Fo
r
th
e
SEPs
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
aCO
3
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2
,
an
d
T
iO
2
,
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ti
cles
h
av
in
g
0
.
5
µ
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Utiliz
in
g
C
a
C
O
3
,
C
a
F
2
,
S
iO
2
,
a
n
d
TiO
2
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
a
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es to
… (
Hu
u
P
h
u
c
Da
n
g
)
627
r
ad
iu
s
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
em
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
es,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
,
1
.
6
6
f
o
r
C
aCO
3
,
1
.
4
4
f
o
r
C
aF
2
,
1
.
4
7
f
o
r
SiO
2
,
an
d
2
.
8
7
f
o
r
T
iO
2
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
’
s
av
e
r
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
a
n
d
in
d
ex
o
f
r
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
ar
e
s
et
at
7
.
2
5
μ
m
an
d
1
.
8
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
in
th
e
v
is
ib
le
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e;
ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
1
.
5
is
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
o
f
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
m
ater
ial.
B
esid
es th
at,
th
e
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticle
is
v
ar
iab
le
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
as we
ll a
s
lu
m
in
escen
ce
ef
f
icac
y
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
ℎ
ℎ
+
+
=
100%
.
(
6
)
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
(
6
)
t
h
e
weig
h
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ea
ch
m
ater
i
al:
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
W
phosphor
)
,
s
ilico
n
e
(
W
silicone
)
,
an
d
SEP
(
W
SEP
)
in
th
e
p
cL
E
D
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
(
AC
C
T
)
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
la
r
,
th
e
weig
h
t
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
Y
3
Al
5
O
12
:C
e
3+
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
e
cr
ea
s
ed
wh
en
W
SEP
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
k
ee
p
th
e
AC
C
T
at
8
5
0
0
K.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
is
v
ital
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
am
o
n
g
C
C
T
v
alu
es
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
n
g
les
s
o
as
to
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
ier
to
ass
es
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
with
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
lig
h
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
h
ar
p
an
g
u
lar
d
ev
iatio
n
in
C
C
T
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
,
th
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
in
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
co
lo
r
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
ts
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
g
les.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t o
n
th
e
v
ie
win
g
an
g
les ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
D
-
C
C
T
=
C
C
T
(Max)
–
C
C
T
(Min)
(
7
)
CCT
(
Max)
an
d
C
C
T
(Min)
ar
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
a
n
d
m
in
im
u
m
C
C
T
s
th
e
v
iewin
g
an
g
les o
f
0
0
a
n
d
9
0
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
lear
ly
,
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
o
p
tica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
cL
E
D
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
k
e
y
to
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
is
th
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
.
B
ac
k
to
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
am
o
n
g
th
ese
SEPs
,
C
aCO
3
g
iv
es
th
e
an
g
u
lar
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
e
th
e
s
m
allest
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
4
5
5
n
m
an
d
5
9
5
n
m
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
u
s
in
g
C
aC
O
3
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
th
e
r
ad
ian
t
in
ten
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
s
ca
tter
ed
an
d
th
e
y
e
llo
w
lig
h
ts
em
itted
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
to
th
e
s
m
allest
v
alu
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
o
th
er
SEPs
,
C
a
C
O
3
g
r
ain
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
e
r
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
e
at
4
5
5
n
m
th
an
at
5
9
5
n
m
.
T
h
e
wh
ite
l
ig
h
ts
ar
e
g
en
er
ate
d
wh
e
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
s
ca
tter
ed
b
l
u
e
r
ay
s
b
len
d
with
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
v
er
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
an
d
also
t
h
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
,
an
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
em
ar
k
ed
ly
less
en
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
f
o
r
p
c
L
E
Ds.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
h
o
r
ta
g
e
o
r
e
x
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
in
p
cL
E
Ds
will
b
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
lar
g
er
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
aC
O
3
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
a
th
in
lin
e
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
4
5
5
an
d
5
9
5
n
m
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
am
p
litu
d
es
wh
ich
is
n
ea
r
ly
th
r
ee
tim
es
s
m
aller
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
SEPs
.
T
h
u
s
,
u
s
in
g
C
aCO
3
i
s
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
to
k
ee
p
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
t
co
lo
r
an
d
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l.
Lea
d
fr
a
me:
4
.
7
m
m
J
en
tech
S
ize
-
S
LED
ch
ip
:
V4
5
H
Die
a
tta
ch
:
Su
m
ito
m
o
1
2
9
5
S
A
Go
ld
Wir
e:
1
.
0
m
il
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
:
I
T
C
NYAG
4
_
E
L
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a
)
Ph
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
W
L
E
Ds s
am
p
le,
(
b
)
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
(
c)
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
2
D
W
L
E
Ds m
o
d
el,
(
d
)
th
e
s
im
u
lated
W
L
E
Ds m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
2
3
-
630
628
All k
ey
p
o
in
ts
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
a
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
r
esu
lt in
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
o
b
v
io
u
s
ly
d
ec
lin
es
f
r
o
m
2
6
7
0
K
to
2
0
5
0
K
wh
en
ad
d
i
n
g
3
0
%
C
aCO
3
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
6
2
0
K
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
with
3
0
%
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
with
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
an
y
SEP.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ten
d
to
g
o
u
p
wh
e
n
C
aF
2
an
d
SiO
2
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
lu
m
e
n
ef
f
icien
cy
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
wit
h
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
izes
o
f
C
aCO
3
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2,
an
d
T
iO
2
ar
e
ex
h
ib
ited
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
th
ese
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
is
0
-
5
0
%,
wh
ile
th
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
th
o
s
e
SEPs
v
ar
ies
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
100
-
1
0
0
0
n
m
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
es
o
f
C
aCO
3
an
d
SiO
2,
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
es
r
is
e
as
th
eir
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
izes
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
with
C
aF
2
,
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
aF
2
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
0
%
at
all
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
s
.
T
h
en
,
as
C
aF
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
u
r
p
ass
es
2
0
%
th
e
f
lu
x
s
tar
ts
to
f
all
d
o
wn
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
izes.
Ob
v
io
u
s
ly
,
th
e
b
ig
g
e
r
SEP
d
iam
et
er
lead
s
to
th
e
h
ig
h
er
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
lifts
u
p
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
p
c
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
T
iO
2
ca
s
e
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
u
s
in
g
C
aF
2
,
wh
ich
is
g
o
in
g
u
p
in
t
h
e
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
0
%
an
d
af
ter
th
at
g
o
in
g
d
o
wn
s
teep
ly
alo
n
g
with
h
ig
h
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
at
an
y
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize.
T
h
e
d
o
wn
war
d
tr
en
d
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
SEPs
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
L
am
b
e
r
t
-
B
ee
r
law
an
d
th
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
t
h
eo
r
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t SE
Ps
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t SE
Ps
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Utiliz
in
g
C
a
C
O
3
,
C
a
F
2
,
S
iO
2
,
a
n
d
TiO
2
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
a
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es to
… (
Hu
u
P
h
u
c
Da
n
g
)
629
T
h
e
d
o
wn
war
d
tr
en
d
in
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
SEPs
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
b
y
th
e
B
ee
r
’
s
law
an
d
th
e
Mie
th
eo
r
y
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
Mie
-
th
eo
r
y
is
ap
p
lied
to
ex
am
i
n
e
an
d
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
SEPs
an
d
th
e
s
p
h
er
ical
-
p
ar
ticle
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
th
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
law
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
ts
,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
8
)
I
0
in
d
icate
s
th
e
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
p
o
wer
,
L
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
t
h
ick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
,
a
n
d
µ
ext
is
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.C
ext
,
with
N
r
(mm
-
3
)
an
d
C
ext
(mm
2
)
a
r
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
d
e
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
an
d
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
(
8
)
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
lu
m
in
escen
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
p
c
L
E
Ds
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
SEPs
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
ese
two
r
ea
s
o
n
s
: 1
)
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
e
v
en
ts
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
f
ilm
is
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tr
an
s
m
itted
e
n
er
g
y
; 2
)
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t r
elies o
n
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
SEPs
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
SEP
s
(
C
aCO
3
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2
,
an
d
T
iO
2
)
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
a
n
d
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
p
cL
E
Ds.
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
is
u
s
ed
t
o
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
SEPs
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
ts
o
b
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4
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[1
5
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[1
7
]
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J
.
H
.
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.
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rk
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.
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.
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.
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Y
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,
“
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[1
8
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Erd
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m
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.
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.
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De
m
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.
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,
“
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[1
9
]
Bo
l’sh
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in
V
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T
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y
,
v
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l.
78
,
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o
.
7
,
pp.
4
4
4
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0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
Tran
N
.
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,
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.
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.
[2
1
]
He
G
.
H
.
,
Zh
e
n
g
L
.
H.
,
“
Co
l
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te
m
p
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ra
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tu
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with
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x
,”
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p
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c
s
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v
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24
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4
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2
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1
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.
[2
2
]
De
n
g
X
.
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t
a
l.
,
“
LE
D
p
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we
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o
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su
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m
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ti
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s
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x
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re
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,
v
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l.
25
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.
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1
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.
[2
3
]
Oh
J
.
H
.
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n
g
S
.
J
.
,
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u
n
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Y
.
G
.
,
Do
Y
.
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.
,
“
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ter
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ti
c
s E
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.
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p
.
4
5
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1
3
.
[2
4
]
Kim
S
.
N
.
,
Kim
B
.
N
.
,
Kim
H
.
S.
,
“
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ti
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M
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ls E
x
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re
ss
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v
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l.
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.
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p
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1
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.
[2
5
]
Oh
J
.
R
.
,
Ch
o
S
.
H
.
,
Oh
J
.
H
.
,
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t
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l
.
,
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re
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v
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19
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.
5
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p
p
.
4
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2
0
1
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.
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