T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
, V
ol
.
17
,
No.
6,
Dec
em
be
r
20
1
9,
p
p.2
86
7~
2
87
6
IS
S
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69
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F
irst
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y K
em
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r
istekdikti,
Decr
ee
No: 2
1/E/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
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1
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Rec
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b
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Key
w
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h
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g
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k
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a
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©
2
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1
9
Uni
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s
Ahm
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D
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All
rig
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s
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1.
Int
r
o
d
u
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T
he
r
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ha
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be
en
a
tr
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do
us
c
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ad
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C
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b
as
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hi
s
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a
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m
pl
em
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p
l
a
na
r
f
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m
an
d
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tured
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F
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T
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ors
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d
m
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o
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pro
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t
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of
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F
E
T
s
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s
s
c
al
ab
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l
i
t
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th
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de
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e
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s
em
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c
on
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t
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f
ab
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ati
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.
T
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s
propert
y
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v
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d
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a
c
on
t
i
n
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us
tr
en
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of
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en
s
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i
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on
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t
h
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v
a
nta
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or
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m
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es
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,
e.
g.
f
as
t
r
es
po
ns
e
an
d
the
s
m
al
l
v
o
l
um
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of
an
al
y
te
s
ol
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on
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eq
u
i
r
ed
.
Du
e
t
o
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ts
prom
i
s
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a
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i
c
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on
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n
bi
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c
a
l
,
bi
oc
h
em
i
c
al
an
d
m
ed
i
c
a
l
d
e
tec
ti
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[1
-
5]
,
I
S
F
E
T
ha
s
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
uc
h
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nte
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n
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t
was
f
i
r
s
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r
ep
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B
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1
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2
[
6]
.
P
art
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ar
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ha
s
be
en
m
ad
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o
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s
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s
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ti
v
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S
F
E
T
s
wi
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s
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on
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ev
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s
tr
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pH
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m
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i
v
i
t
y
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n
d s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
of
IS
F
E
T
s
[7,
8]
.
Uti
l
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z
i
n
g
G
ou
y
–
Ch
ap
m
an
–
S
tern
m
od
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c
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m
prov
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S
F
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en
s
i
t
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S
tern
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i
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d
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t
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on
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c
t
w
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t
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ec
tr
ol
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te
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n
IS
F
E
T
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en
s
i
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w
i
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w.
It
i
s
wel
l
k
no
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th
at
the
ga
t
e
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e
l
ec
tr
i
c
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s
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n
d
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e
c
t
c
on
tac
t
w
i
th
the
e
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
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s
o
l
ut
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on
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whi
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h
de
term
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ne
s
the
s
tart
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ng
s
en
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
of
the
s
e
de
v
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c
es
.
A
s
th
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i
O
2
ga
t
e
d
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e
l
ec
tr
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c
s
ho
w
s
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w
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ns
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t
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or
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tab
i
l
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A
l
2
O
3
[7,
8]
,
S
i
3
N
4
[6
,
9]
,
T
a
2
O
5
[
9
-
11]
,
Hf
O
2
[12
–
15]
a
nd
Z
r
O
2
[12
-
14]
wi
th
t
he
i
r
en
ha
n
c
ed
s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
an
d
s
en
s
i
t
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v
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t
y
h
av
e
al
s
o
be
en
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N:
16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
6
7
-
2876
2868
T
he
pe
r
v
i
ou
s
wor
k
s
of
us
i
ng
h
i
g
h
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
s
as
an
IS
F
E
T
s
ga
te
us
e
d
nu
m
er
i
c
al
or
m
ath
e
m
ati
c
al
m
od
el
i
ng
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
s
[
16
-
1
9
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
n
o
w
t
ha
t
th
e
I
S
F
E
T
ha
s
be
c
om
e
the
m
ai
ns
tr
ea
m
de
v
i
c
e
of
a
f
ew
CMO
S
-
ba
s
ed
s
e
ns
i
ng
p
l
atf
orm
s
,
ac
c
urate
an
d
v
ers
ati
l
e
nu
m
eric
al
de
v
i
c
e
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
ns
i
n
a
n
i
nte
grated
T
CA
D
en
v
i
r
o
nm
en
t
are
de
s
i
r
a
bl
e
t
o
s
up
po
r
t
the
I
S
F
E
T
de
s
i
g
n,
ex
tr
ac
t
the
I
S
F
E
T
eq
ui
v
a
l
en
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
p
aram
ete
r
s
,
an
d
p
erf
or
m
m
i
x
ed
de
v
i
c
e
-
c
i
r
c
ui
t
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
A
l
s
o,
th
e
pre
v
i
ou
s
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
i
on
s
th
at
us
e
d
a
T
CA
D
e
nv
i
r
on
m
en
t
f
or
hi
g
h
-
k
ga
ted
IS
F
E
T
w
hi
l
e
s
om
e
of
the
m
tr
ea
t
i
t
as
MO
S
F
E
T
[
20
]
,
ot
he
r
s
us
i
n
g
ne
w
m
eth
od
o
l
o
g
y
f
or
el
ec
tr
ol
y
te
/
i
ns
u
l
at
or
i
nte
r
f
ac
i
ng
[2
1
,
2
2
]
,
b
ut
r
em
ai
n
c
ha
l
l
en
ge
d
to
c
o
m
prehen
s
i
v
e
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
i
on
f
or a
l
l
c
om
m
on
l
y
us
ed
hi
gh
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
s
a
s
an
IS
F
E
T
s
en
s
i
ng
m
em
br
an
e.
In
thi
s
s
tu
d
y
we
i
n
tr
od
uc
e
a
c
om
prehen
s
i
v
e
i
n
v
es
t
i
g
ati
o
n
of
di
f
f
erent
hi
g
h
-
k
ma
teri
a
l
,
T
i
O
2
,
T
a
2
O
5
,
Z
r
O
2
,
A
l
2
O
3
,
Hf
O
2
an
d
S
i
3
N
4
as
wel
l
as
no
r
m
al
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
di
ox
i
de
a
nd
the
i
r
ef
f
ec
ts
on
IS
F
E
T
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
an
d
s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
hi
s
w
as
i
m
pl
em
en
ted
b
y
de
v
e
l
op
i
n
g
c
om
m
erc
i
al
S
i
l
v
ac
o
T
CA
D
r
ath
er
tha
n
ex
pe
ns
i
v
e
r
ea
l
f
ab
r
i
c
ati
on
.
W
e
be
l
i
e
v
e
th
i
s
s
tud
y
op
en
s
ne
w
d
i
r
ec
ti
on
s
f
or
f
urther
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
an
d
op
t
i
m
i
z
ati
on
p
r
i
or the
r
ea
l
an
d c
os
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e f
ab
r
i
c
at
i
o
n
w
a
y
.
2.
M
ateri
al
and
M
eth
o
d
s
2.1
.
S
u
r
f
a
ce
P
o
t
ent
ial
M
o
d
el
S
urf
ac
e
c
ha
r
ge
de
ns
i
t
y
th
at
m
a
k
es
the
IS
F
E
T
s
en
s
i
ti
v
e
t
o
pH
i
s
c
au
s
ed
b
y
c
h
em
i
c
al
r
ea
c
ti
on
s
be
t
ween
the
IS
F
E
T
ga
te
d
i
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
on
on
e
s
i
de
an
d
the
el
ec
tr
ol
y
te
on
th
e
ot
he
r
s
i
de
[1
4,
1
5
]
.
A
s
a
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
to
war
d
the
de
v
e
l
op
m
en
t
of
a
ge
ne
r
al
m
eth
o
do
l
og
y
,
w
e
w
i
l
l
c
he
m
i
c
al
l
y
an
d
m
ath
em
ati
c
al
l
y
i
m
prov
e
th
i
s
r
e
l
at
i
on
s
hi
p.
C
he
m
i
c
al
l
y
,
w
he
n
w
e
c
ho
os
e
the
i
ns
ul
ato
r
m
ate
r
i
a
l
as
a
s
en
s
i
n
g
m
e
m
brane,
i
o
n
s
wi
l
l
r
es
t
on
the
s
urf
ac
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
of
the
i
ns
u
l
at
or
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
the
pH
c
on
c
en
tr
a
ti
o
n.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
the
s
urf
ac
e
po
t
en
t
i
al
(
ψ
o
)
i
s
c
al
c
ul
a
ted
b
y
the
h
y
dro
ge
n
i
o
n
H
+
ex
c
ha
ng
e
b
et
w
e
en
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
an
d
s
i
t
e
bi
nd
i
ng
of
a
n
i
ns
ul
ato
r
.
T
he
p
H
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
go
o
d
i
ns
ul
ato
r
s
ho
ul
d
c
ov
er
wi
de
r
an
g
e
of
pH
s
c
a
l
e
b
es
i
d
es
l
i
ne
r
r
es
po
ns
e t
o
th
i
s
r
an
g
e
[2
3
]
.
Ma
th
em
ati
c
al
l
y
, f
or an
FET
de
v
i
c
e:
=
+
,
+
(
,
)
2
2
(
1)
where
i
s
the
g
ate
v
o
l
tag
e,
i
s
f
l
atb
an
d
v
ol
t
ag
e,
q
i
s
el
ec
tr
on
i
c
c
ha
r
ge
,
N
A
i
s
d
en
s
i
t
y
of
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
,
i
s
the
i
ns
ul
a
tor
c
ap
ac
i
t
an
c
e
pe
r
un
i
t
are
a
c
al
c
u
l
ate
d
b
y
=
⁄
,
an
d
,
i
s
th
e
de
p
l
et
i
o
n l
a
y
er
w
i
dth
tha
t c
a
n b
e
f
ou
nd
b
y
the
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
:
.
=
√
4
∅
(
2)
where;
∅
=
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
wor
k
f
un
c
ti
on
=
ln
(
3)
A
s
s
um
e
tha
t:
=
1.
43
e
10
cm
−
3
f
or
s
i
l
i
c
on
,
an
d
=
1.9
2
e
16
cm
−
3
f
or
hi
gh
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
∅
=
4
.17
eV
f
or
s
i
l
i
c
on
an
d
4.5
9
eV
f
or
h
i
gh
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
.
T
he
prev
i
ou
s
e
qu
ati
o
n
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
we
c
an
ob
t
ai
n
d
i
f
f
erent
V
FB
v
a
l
ue
s
f
or
d
i
f
f
erent
V
G
v
a
l
ue
s
.
F
or
IS
F
E
T
de
v
i
c
e,
we
c
an
r
e
w
r
i
te
(
1) as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
[2
4
]
:
ℎ
=
.
−
+
−
Ǫ
−
Ǫ
+
Ǫ
(
4)
where
,
,
Ǫ
,
an
d
Ǫ
are
r
ef
eren
c
e
el
ec
tr
od
e
po
ten
t
i
a
l
,
e
l
ec
tr
ol
y
t
e
–
i
ns
u
l
at
or
i
nt
erf
ac
e
di
p
ol
e
,
wor
k
f
un
c
ti
on
of
si
l
i
c
on
,
a
nd
c
h
arge
l
oc
a
ted
i
n
the
ox
i
de
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
Ǫ
a
nd
C
o
x
are
eq
u
i
v
al
e
nt
i
ns
ul
a
tor
–
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
i
nt
erf
ac
e
c
ha
r
ge
an
d
t
op
-
i
ns
u
l
at
or
c
ap
ac
i
t
an
c
e
pe
r
un
i
t
area,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
A
s
m
en
ti
on
ed
i
n
S
ec
t
i
on
1,
the
s
urf
ac
e
po
te
nti
al
m
od
ul
ate
s
t
he
f
l
o
at
i
n
g
g
ate
an
d
s
hi
f
ts
I
S
F
E
T
thres
h
ol
d
v
o
l
tag
e
V
T
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
th
e
Ner
ns
t
e
qu
a
ti
on
c
on
tr
o
l
t
he
prot
on
ac
ti
v
i
t
y
at
i
nte
r
f
ac
e a
r
ea
tha
t
r
el
ate
s
to
po
t
en
t
i
a
l
i
s
w
r
i
tte
n a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
s
[2
5
]
:
=
ln
+
+
(
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
h
i
gh
-
k
ma
t
eria
l
s
as
s
tern
l
ay
e
r
… (
A
hm
ed
M.
D
i
na
r
)
2869
where
q
an
d
k
ar
e
e
l
em
en
tar
y
c
ha
r
g
e
a
nd
B
ol
t
z
m
a
nn
c
o
ns
tan
t,
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
a
i
s
the
pro
ton
ac
ti
v
i
t
i
es
i
n g
ate
di
el
ec
tr
i
c
–
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
i
nt
erf
ac
e a
r
ea
a
nd
e
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
we
c
an
c
o
nc
l
u
de
f
r
o
m
(
4)
an
d
(
5)
tha
t
the
s
hi
f
t
i
n
thres
ho
l
d
v
ol
t
ag
e
f
or
c
on
v
en
t
i
on
al
I
S
F
E
T
s
i
s
gi
v
e
n
b
y
the
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
:
ℎ
=
−
∆
(
6)
T
he
s
i
te
-
di
s
s
oc
i
a
ti
on
m
od
el
de
v
e
l
op
ed
b
y
Y
a
tes
[2
6
]
d
es
c
r
i
be
s
th
e
r
e
l
at
i
on
s
h
i
p
be
twe
en
the
c
ha
ng
e
of
po
te
nti
al
wi
t
h
pH
c
ha
ng
e,
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
0
(
0
)
=
[
2
−
2
+
+
]
(
7)
where
=
(
−
0
)
(
8)
where
N
si
l
i
s
the
n
um
be
r
of
am
ph
ote
r
i
c
s
i
l
an
o
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
i
t
es
,
a
nd
cH
S
i
s
t
he
s
urf
ac
e
H
+
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
.
K
a
an
d
K
b
a
r
e t
he
s
urf
ac
e d
i
s
s
oc
i
ati
on
c
on
s
tan
ts
.
2.2
.
E
le
ctrol
y
t
e p
H
Ch
ang
e M
o
d
el
A
s
m
en
ti
on
ed
i
n
s
ec
t
i
on
1,
the
m
aj
or
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
i
s
the
e
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
n
i
n
c
o
m
m
erc
i
al
T
CA
D
be
c
au
s
e
i
t
i
s
n
ot
e
qu
i
pp
ed
wi
t
h
m
od
el
s
,
m
ate
r
i
al
s
,
an
d
e
l
ec
tr
oc
he
m
i
c
al
proc
es
s
es
tha
t
m
an
ag
e
IS
F
E
T
proc
es
s
an
d
i
ts
op
er
ati
o
ns
[15]
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
ou
r
i
de
a
ex
pl
oi
ts
the
us
er
-
de
f
i
n
ed
m
ate
r
i
a
l
propert
y
of
f
ered
b
y
S
i
l
v
ac
o
to
s
i
m
ul
ate
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
te
s
ol
ut
i
on
[2
7
]
.
T
he
properti
es
of
a
us
e
r
-
de
f
i
ne
d
m
ate
r
i
al
of
f
ered
b
y
S
i
l
v
ac
o
are
ex
pl
oi
t
e
d
to
s
i
m
ul
ate
the
el
ec
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
(
s
o
l
ut
i
on
)
be
h
av
i
or.
T
he
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
of
s
i
l
i
c
on
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
m
ate
r
i
al
(
i
.e.
,
en
erg
y
ba
n
dg
a
p,
p
e
r
m
i
tti
v
i
t
y
,
af
f
i
ni
t
y
,
a
nd
d
en
s
i
t
y
of
s
tat
es
)
are
r
ec
on
s
tr
uc
ted
i
n
a
n
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
e
l
ec
tr
os
ta
ti
c
s
o
l
ut
i
on
o
f
the
e
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
area
c
an
b
e
i
nv
es
ti
g
ate
d
b
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
nu
m
eric
al
s
ol
ut
i
on
f
or
the
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
eq
ua
ti
o
n
i
ns
i
de
t
hi
s
are
a.
T
hree
t
y
pe
s
of
m
ate
r
i
al
s
are
a
v
a
i
l
ab
l
e
i
n
S
i
l
v
ac
o
A
t
l
as
,
n
am
el
y
,
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor,
i
ns
ul
a
tor,
a
nd
c
on
du
c
tor.
T
he
proc
ed
ure
of
de
f
i
ni
ng
a
ne
w
m
ate
r
i
al
i
n
A
t
l
as
(
u
s
er
-
de
f
i
ne
d)
s
pe
c
i
f
i
es
the
m
ate
r
i
al
na
m
e,
the
us
er
gro
up
i
t
be
l
on
gs
t
o,
an
d
the
l
as
t
k
no
wn
at
l
a
s
ab
ou
t
t
he
d
ef
au
l
t
m
ate
r
i
a
l
.
W
he
n
t
he
s
e
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
are
s
et
i
n
the
i
r
c
orr
ec
t
pl
ac
es
i
n
the
S
i
l
v
a
c
o
i
np
ut
d
ec
k
c
od
e,
we
c
a
n
c
ha
ng
e
a
nd
m
an
i
pu
l
at
e
t
he
m
ate
r
i
al
pro
p
erti
es
us
i
ng
m
ate
r
i
al
s
tat
e
m
en
ts
(
i
.e.
,
pe
r
m
i
tti
v
i
t
y
,
en
erg
y
ba
nd
g
ap
,
af
f
i
ni
t
y
,
an
d
de
ns
i
t
y
of
s
tat
e
s
)
as
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
do
ne
[2
7
]
.
T
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
r
tan
t
p
ara
m
ete
r
s
tha
t
bi
n
d
th
e
e
l
ec
t
r
ol
y
t
e
s
ol
uti
on
ph
y
s
i
c
al
pr
op
erti
es
wi
th
t
he
i
ntri
ns
i
c
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
el
ec
tr
i
c
al
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
are
de
ns
i
t
y
of
s
tat
es
,
c
o
nd
uc
ti
on
ba
n
d
NC,
an
d
v
al
en
c
e
ba
n
d
N
V
.
T
he
s
e
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
pl
a
y
k
e
y
r
o
l
es
i
n
th
e
m
ol
ar
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
o
n
of
the
s
ol
uti
on
b
as
ed
on
th
e
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
m
eth
od
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
t
t
h
e
c
he
m
i
c
al
eq
u
i
l
i
bri
um
,
the
di
s
s
oc
i
at
i
on
of
H2O
i
s
(
H+
+
O
H−
)
.
T
hu
s
,
the
m
as
s
ac
ti
on
l
a
w
a
t
25
°C
an
d
pu
r
e
wate
r
i
s
i
ntrod
uc
ed
b
y
the
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
[2
8
]
:
=
[
+
]
[
−
]
(
9)
+
=
−
=
1
.
0
−
07
/
(
10
)
thus
,
=
1
.
0
−
14
(
11
)
T
he
m
as
s
ac
ti
on
l
a
w
s
t
ate
s
tha
t
m
ul
ti
pl
y
i
ng
t
he
f
r
ee
ho
l
e
c
on
c
e
ntrat
i
on
p
an
d
t
he
f
r
ee
e
l
ec
tr
on
n
is
eq
u
al
t
o
th
e
s
qu
are
of
the
i
ntri
ns
i
c
c
arr
i
er
c
on
c
en
tr
ati
on
n
i
un
de
r
th
erm
al
eq
u
i
l
i
bri
um
.
T
he
c
arr
i
er
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
c
an
b
e
gi
v
en
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
,
ba
s
ed
on
B
o
l
t
z
m
an
n
s
tat
i
s
ti
c
s
[2
9
]
:
=
−
−
(
12
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N:
16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
6
7
-
2876
2870
=
−
−
(
13
)
where
E
V
,
E
C
,
a
nd
E
f
ar
e
t
he
u
pp
er
e
ne
r
g
y
l
e
v
el
of
th
e
v
a
l
e
nc
e
b
an
d,
the
l
o
wer
v
a
l
ue
l
e
v
e
l
of
the
c
on
du
c
ti
on
ba
n
d,
a
nd
t
he
F
erm
i
l
ev
el
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
If
p=
[H
+
]
,
n
=
[O
H
-
]
,
an
d
n
=
p
fr
o
m
(
10
)
;
if
E
C
−
E
f
=
E
f
–
E
v
=
E
g
/2
f
r
om
[
30
]
T
hu
s
, w
e c
a
n re
w
r
i
te
(
12
)
a
nd
(
13
)
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
=
2
(
14
)
=
2
(
15
)
T
he
r
ef
ore,
(
14
)
an
d
(
1
5)
c
l
ea
r
l
y
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
el
ati
o
ns
hi
p
be
t
w
ee
n
p
H
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e
an
d
the
d
en
s
i
t
y
of
s
tat
e
f
or
v
al
e
nc
e
an
d
c
on
du
c
ti
on
b
an
d.
T
he
s
i
te
-
bi
n
di
n
g
m
od
el
s
i
de
c
an
be
u
pd
at
ed
b
as
ed
on
the
r
el
a
ti
on
tha
t
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
f
r
o
m
(
9)
to
(
15
)
b
y
r
e
pl
ac
i
ng
e
ac
h
H
+
wi
th
i
ts
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
c
ou
nte
r
p
art.
T
he
m
as
s
ac
ti
on
l
a
w
i
n
(
9)
i
s
th
e
s
am
e
as
the
r
el
ati
on
2
=
. T
he
r
ef
ore, w
e
c
an
r
e
w
r
i
te
(
7) as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
0
=
(
2
−
2
+
2
+
)
(
16
)
w
he
r
e t
he
n
i
i
s
a
c
o
ns
tan
t
, a
nd
o
nl
y
p
an
d
n
wi
l
l
c
ha
ng
e
wi
th
pH.
2.3
. T
C
A
D
S
imu
la
t
ion
Com
m
e
r
c
i
al
T
CA
D
al
l
o
w
s
us
ers
to
i
ntrod
uc
e
b
i
as
-
de
pe
nd
e
nt
s
urf
ac
e
c
ha
r
g
es
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
i
nte
r
f
ac
e
do
no
r
or
ac
c
ep
tor
tr
ap
s
.
T
he
c
ha
l
l
en
g
e
i
s
s
i
m
ul
ati
ng
th
e
u
pd
at
ed
s
urf
ac
e
c
ha
r
ge
d
en
s
i
t
y
eq
u
ati
on
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
b
y
(
1
6)
i
n
th
e
e
l
ec
tr
ol
y
te
pH
c
ha
ng
e
m
od
el
[3
1
]
.
T
o
i
ntrod
uc
e
thi
s
e
qu
a
ti
o
n
t
o
th
e
s
i
m
ul
at
or,
i
n
terf
ac
e
tr
ap
s
t
ate
m
en
ts
are
ut
i
l
i
z
ed
to
m
i
m
i
c
the
s
urf
ac
e
c
ha
r
ge
ac
c
uratel
y
, a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
s
[2
7
]
:
I
N
TT
R
A
P
<typ
e>
E
.
LEV
E
L=
<r
> D
E
N
S
I
TY
= <r> <c
a
p
tu
r
e
p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
>
“
INT
T
RA
P
ac
ti
v
ate
s
i
n
terf
ac
e
de
f
ec
t
tr
ap
s
at
di
s
c
r
ete
en
erg
y
l
ev
el
s
w
i
t
hi
n
th
e
ba
nd
ga
p
of
the
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
tor
a
nd
s
ets
the
i
r
pa
r
am
ete
r
v
a
l
ue
s
.
De
v
i
c
e
ph
y
s
i
c
s
ha
s
es
tab
l
i
s
he
d
the
ex
i
s
ten
c
e
of
three
di
f
f
erent
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
dd
to
th
e
s
pa
c
e
c
h
arge
ter
m
i
n
P
oi
s
s
on
’
s
eq
ua
ti
o
n
i
n
a
dd
i
ti
on
t
o
th
e
i
on
i
z
ed
do
n
or
an
d
ac
c
ep
t
o
r
i
m
pu
r
i
ti
es
”
[2
7
]
.
In
terf
ac
e
tr
ap
s
w
i
l
l
ad
d
s
pa
c
e
c
ha
r
ge
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
i
nto
the
r
i
gh
t
-
h
an
d
s
i
d
e
of
P
o
i
s
s
on
’
s
e
qu
at
i
o
n.
T
o
c
al
c
u
l
at
e
the
tr
ap
pe
d
c
ha
r
ge
i
n
P
oi
s
s
on
’
s
e
qu
at
i
o
n,
th
e t
ot
al
c
h
arge
v
a
l
u
e i
s
de
f
i
ne
d
b
y
th
e f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
:
0
=
(
+
−
−
)
(
17
)
where
+
and
−
are
th
e
de
ns
i
ti
es
of
i
on
i
z
ed
do
no
r
-
l
i
k
e
an
d
ac
c
ep
t
or
-
l
i
k
e
tr
ap
s
,
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
DE
N
S
IT
Y
a
nd
i
ts
prob
ab
i
l
i
t
y
of
i
on
i
z
at
i
on
are
r
ep
r
es
en
te
d
as
F
tA
a
nd
F
tD
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
F
or
donor
-
l
i
k
e
an
d
ac
c
ep
t
or
-
l
i
k
e
tr
ap
s
,
the
i
on
i
z
ed
de
ns
i
ti
es
are
c
al
c
ul
ate
d
b
y
the
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
eq
u
at
i
on
s
:
+
=
DE
N
SIT
Y
×
(
18
)
−
=
DE
N
SIT
Y
×
(
19
)
where
F
t
A
a
nd
F
tD
are
gi
v
e
n b
y
th
e f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
e
qu
ati
on
s
:
=
+
+
+
+
(
20
)
=
+
+
+
+
(
21
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
h
i
gh
-
k
ma
t
eria
l
s
as
s
tern
l
ay
e
r
… (
A
hm
ed
M.
D
i
na
r
)
2871
where
S
IG
N
i
s
the
c
arr
i
er
c
ap
ture
c
r
os
s
s
ec
ti
on
s
f
or
el
ec
tr
on
s
a
nd
S
IG
P
h
ol
es
.
T
he
the
r
m
al
v
e
l
oc
i
t
i
es
f
or
e
l
ec
tr
o
ns
an
d
ho
l
es
are
an
d
,
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
F
or
do
no
r
-
l
i
k
e
tr
ap
s
,
t
h
e
e
l
ec
tr
on
an
d
ho
l
e e
m
i
s
s
i
on
r
at
es
,
a
n
d
, a
r
e d
ef
i
ne
d b
y
t
he
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
[2
7
]
:
=
1
.
−
⁄
(
22
)
=
.
−
⁄
(
23
)
where
E
t
an
d
E
i
are
the
tr
ap
en
erg
y
l
e
v
e
l
a
nd
t
he
i
n
tr
i
ns
i
c
F
erm
i
l
ev
el
p
os
i
t
i
on
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
DE
G
E
N
.FAC
i
s
th
e
d
eg
e
n
erac
y
f
ac
tor
of
the
tr
ap
c
e
nte
r
.
F
or
ac
c
ep
tor
tr
a
ps
,
th
e
el
ec
tr
on
an
d
ho
l
e e
m
i
s
s
i
on
r
ate
s
,
a
n
d
, a
r
e
d
ef
i
ne
d
b
y
the
f
ol
l
o
wi
n
g
[2
7
]
:
=
.
−
⁄
(
24
)
=
1
.
−
⁄
(
25
)
f
or
ex
a
m
pl
e,
th
e a
c
c
ep
t
or i
nte
r
f
ac
e t
r
ap
s
tat
em
en
t a
nd
i
ts
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
are as
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
:
Cons
i
d
erin
g
al
l
e
qu
a
ti
o
ns
m
en
ti
on
ed
ab
ov
e,
we
c
a
n
r
e
w
r
i
t
e
t
he
s
i
t
-
bi
nd
i
ng
m
o
de
l
(
1)
ba
s
ed
on
T
CA
D
m
od
el
.
W
e
f
i
r
s
t
as
s
um
e
tha
t
ac
c
ep
to
r
an
d
do
n
or
tr
ap
s
ex
c
ha
ng
e
c
arr
i
ers
on
l
y
wi
th
th
e
c
on
du
c
t
i
o
n
an
d
v
a
l
en
c
e
b
an
d
of
the
s
em
i
c
on
d
uc
tor
r
ep
r
es
en
t
i
ng
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
e,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
Henc
e,
w
e
c
a
n re
w
r
i
t
e (7)
i
n t
erm
s
of
T
C
A
D m
od
el
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
(
)
=
×
(
−
+
+
2
)
(
26
)
f
or m
ore
de
t
ai
l
s
a
bo
ut
T
CA
D
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
an
d
m
od
el
l
i
ng
,
th
e
prev
i
o
us
w
ork
w
as
we
l
l
de
s
c
r
i
b
ed
a
l
l
m
od
el
l
i
n
g m
eth
od
o
l
o
g
i
es
[
3
2
].
3.
Re
sult
s a
n
d
di
sc
u
s
sio
n
In
thi
s
s
ec
ti
o
n
a
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
r
es
ul
ts
of
di
f
f
erent
hi
g
h
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
s
as
IS
F
E
T
s
en
s
i
n
g
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
w
i
l
l
i
ntr
od
uc
e.
T
ab
l
e
1
an
d
T
ab
l
e
2
are
the
T
CA
D
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
n
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
.
T
he
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
r
eq
ui
r
ed
f
o
r
v
al
i
da
t
i
o
n
an
d
s
i
m
ul
at
i
o
n
are
ea
s
i
l
y
d
eri
v
ed
f
r
om
the
l
i
t
erature
d
ata
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n T
ab
l
e 2
.
T
ab
l
e 1
. T
CA
D
P
aram
ete
r
s
of
IS
F
E
T
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
U
n
it
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
U
n
it
t
St
e
rn
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
len
g
t
h
200
nm
T
300
K
S
/
D
d
o
p
ing
10
17
cm
−3
k
1
.
3
8
0
6
4
9
×1
0
−2
3
J
/
K
S
/
D
len
g
t
h
50
nm
t
e
l
e
ct
ro
l
yt
e
1000
nm
E
lec
t
r
o
ly
t
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
ion
10
−3
M
o
l/
L
t
ox
3
nm
Ox
ide
p
e
r
m
it
t
iv
it
y
3
.
9
-
E
lec
t
r
o
ly
t
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
t
iv
i
t
y
80
-
V
DS
50
mV
T
he
di
f
f
erenc
e
i
n
th
i
s
wor
k
w
i
th
ot
he
r
w
ork
s
an
d
i
nv
es
t
i
ga
ti
o
ns
,
the
r
es
ea
r
c
h
da
t
a
ex
tr
ac
ted
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
T
CA
D
as
a
tr
an
s
f
er
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
the
eq
ua
t
i
on
s
f
r
o
m
1
to
26
i
s
i
nte
r
pret
ed
as
S
i
l
v
ac
o
A
T
HE
NA
an
d
A
T
LA
S
c
od
es
[2
7
]
.
A
n
IS
F
E
T
de
v
i
c
e
i
s
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
to
c
he
c
k
the
s
ui
tab
i
l
i
t
y
of
th
e
m
od
el
i
n
g
proc
ed
ure.
T
he
c
r
os
s
-
s
ec
ti
on
of
the
IS
F
E
T
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
n
s
tr
uc
ture
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1
.
T
he
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
f
or
v
a
l
i
d
ati
on
an
d
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
f
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N:
16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
6
7
-
2876
2872
ex
am
pl
e
S
i
O
2
ga
te
d
i
el
ec
tr
i
c
to
c
he
c
k
the
v
al
i
di
t
y
of
ou
r
m
od
el
an
d
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
of
m
od
el
s
wi
th
t
he
the
oret
i
c
al
m
od
el
s
an
d
wi
th
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
tal
w
ork
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
et
of
m
o
de
l
v
al
i
d
ati
on
ex
am
i
ne
s
the
ef
f
ec
t
of
c
ha
ng
i
n
g
p
H
o
n
c
h
arge
de
ns
i
t
y
i
n
s
i
t
e
-
bi
n
di
ng
m
od
e
l
.
T
hi
s
i
s
ac
c
o
m
pl
i
s
he
d
b
y
c
om
pa
r
i
n
g
ou
r
m
od
el
s
wi
th
t
he
t
he
oreti
c
a
l
m
od
el
d
ev
el
o
pe
d
b
y
Y
at
[2
6
]
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
F
urth
e
r
m
ore,
the
de
ns
i
t
y
of
s
tat
es
NC
an
d
N
V
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
p
H
c
ha
ng
e
v
a
l
ue
s
s
ho
wn
i
n F
i
gu
r
e
3.
T
ab
l
e 2
.
Ma
t
eria
l
s
P
ar
am
et
ers
us
ed
i
n T
CA
D
S
i
m
ul
ati
on
[
9
,
16
, 25
]
M
a
t
e
r
ial
D
il
e
c
t
r
i
c
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
D
e
n
s
it
y
K
a
K
b
S
io
2
3
.
9
5
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
6
10
2
Ta
2
O5
22
1
0
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
4
10
-
2
TiO
2
80
1
.
2
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
9
2
.
5
.
1
0
-
3
Si
3
N
4
7
.
5
3
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
6
10
2
Al
2
O
5
14
8
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
10
10
-
6
H
f
O
2
25
8
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
10
-
10
10
-
6
Zr
O
2
22
9
.
1
0
14
(
1
/
c
m
2
)
2
.
8
.
1
0
-
8
2
.
2
5
.
1
0
-
4
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
2
D c
r
os
s
s
ec
ti
on
of
IS
F
E
T
T
he
el
ec
tr
os
t
ati
c
be
ha
v
i
or
(
tr
an
s
f
er
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
)
of
a
c
on
v
en
t
i
o
na
l
I
S
F
E
T
d
ev
i
c
e
i
s
s
i
m
ul
ate
d.
Dr
a
i
n
i
ng
to
s
ou
r
c
e
c
urr
en
t
I
ds
v
ers
us
the
r
ef
erenc
e
ga
t
e
v
o
l
ta
ge
V
Ref.
at
v
ari
ou
s
p
H
v
a
l
ue
s
f
or
T
i
o
2
,
T
a
2
O
5
,
Z
r
O
2
,A
l
2
O
3
,
Hf
O
2
an
d
S
i
3
N
4
S
tern
La
y
er
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
s
4
(
a
-
f
)
.
T
he
ob
s
erv
e
d
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
i
n
thres
ho
l
d
v
o
l
tag
e
c
ou
l
d
be
att
r
i
b
ute
d
to
the
i
nc
r
e
as
e
i
n
pH
v
al
ue
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
s
4
(
a
-
f
)
s
ho
w
s
th
a
t
the
l
o
w
es
t
a
nd
th
e
h
i
gh
es
t
v
a
l
ue
s
of
pH
r
ep
ort
l
es
s
s
en
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
w
i
th
v
a
l
ue
s
i
n t
h
e rang
e p
H
5
–
9,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
w
i
th
t
he
t
he
or
i
es
[
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
h
i
gh
-
k
ma
t
eria
l
s
as
s
tern
l
ay
e
r
… (
A
hm
ed
M.
D
i
na
r
)
2873
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
C
om
pa
r
i
s
on
be
t
w
ee
n t
he
T
CA
D m
od
el
an
d
t
he
oret
i
c
al
s
i
t
-
bi
nd
i
ng
m
od
el
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
V
ari
ati
on
of
de
ns
i
t
y
of
s
tat
e
of
v
a
l
en
c
e
an
d
c
o
nd
uc
ta
nc
e b
a
nd
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
pH c
h
an
g
e
F
or
m
ore
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
a
v
erage
s
en
s
v
i
t
y
of
c
on
v
en
t
i
na
l
S
t
ern
-
IS
F
E
T
f
or
S
i
x
hi
g
h
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
s
s
en
s
i
n
g
m
e
m
ba
r
an
e
i
s
c
om
pa
r
ed
wi
th
ea
c
h
as
w
e
l
l
as
t
he
a
v
erag
e
s
n
es
ti
v
i
t
y
of
S
i
O
2
i
ntrod
uc
ed
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
A
s
s
ho
w
n
the
h
i
g
h
-
k
s
en
s
i
ng
m
e
m
b
r
an
es
are
h
i
t
the
Ne
arns
t
l
i
m
i
t
an
d
the
s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
a
l
s
o
c
on
tr
i
bu
t
e
d
i
n
ac
c
ep
ti
bl
e
w
a
y
c
o
m
pa
r
i
ng
wi
th
no
r
m
al
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
de
ox
i
de
.
F
i
g
ure
6
di
s
c
r
i
be
th
e
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
t
hres
h
ol
d
v
ol
tag
e
i
n
f
r
on
t
of
pH
bu
l
k
c
ha
ng
e
f
r
on
1→
14
.
S
l
i
tl
y
di
f
f
r
en
c
e
be
t
w
e
en
h
i
g
h
-
k
m
ate
r
i
al
s
c
o
m
pa
r
i
ng
wi
th
no
r
m
al
s
i
l
i
c
on
de
ox
i
de
an
d
t
he
s
ta
bi
l
i
t
y
of
the
m
are
r
ea
c
h e
x
tr
em
l
y
b
y
9
9.9
9%
.
S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
the
c
on
tr
i
bu
t
i
o
n
of
ea
c
h
s
e
ns
i
n
g
m
e
m
brane
f
r
om
the
the
or
ati
c
a
l
s
ne
s
ti
v
i
t
y
ba
s
ed
on
N
ea
r
ns
t
eq
ua
t
i
on
ob
s
erv
e
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
7
.
A
s
s
ho
w
n,
t
he
m
os
t
c
on
tr
i
bu
ted
on
e
i
s
T
i
O
2
b
y
59
.0
65
m
V
/pH,
ne
x
t
t
w
o
m
ate
r
i
al
s
are
Hf
O
2
an
d
T
a
2
O
5
b
y
~
5
9.0
3
m
V
/
pH.
T
he
l
o
wes
t
t
wo
m
ate
r
i
al
s
are
Z
r
O
2
an
d
A
l
2
O
3
by
5
9.0
0
7
m
V
/pH
an
d
59
.0
2
m
V
/ph
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
i
l
y
.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
S
i
3
N
4
i
s
no
ta
bl
e
ex
c
ep
t
i
on
as
s
ho
wn
be
c
a
us
e
of
th
e
S
i
O
H
groups
f
orm
ed
b
y
ox
i
da
t
i
on
of
s
i
l
i
c
o
n,
the
S
i
3
N
4
s
urf
ac
e
i
s
c
h
arac
teri
z
ed
b
y
ad
d
i
t
i
on
al
ba
s
i
c
s
i
tes
f
or
m
ed
b
y
prim
ar
y
am
i
ne
groups
[1
0]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N:
16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
28
6
7
-
2876
2874
(
a)
(
b)
(
c
)
(
d)
(
e)
(
f
)
F
i
gu
r
e
4
. T
r
an
s
f
er c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
wi
th
r
es
pe
c
t to
th
e
r
e
f
erenc
e g
ate
v
ol
t
ag
e f
or th
e
S
en
s
i
ng
Me
m
branes
as
IS
F
E
T
s
tern l
a
y
er,
(
a)
Al
2
O
3
,
(
b)
Si
3
N
4
,
(
c
)
Hf
O
2
,
(
d)
Ta
2
O
5
,
(
e)
ZrO
2
,
(
f
)
T
i
o
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
h
i
gh
-
k
ma
t
eria
l
s
as
s
tern
l
ay
e
r
… (
A
hm
ed
M.
D
i
na
r
)
2875
F
i
gu
r
e
7
.
A
v
erage
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
al
l
s
en
s
i
ng
m
em
ba
r
an
es
wi
th
ne
arns
t
l
i
m
i
t
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
In
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
we
i
n
tr
od
uc
e
a
c
om
prehen
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