TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.2, June 20
16
, pp. 507~5
1
4
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i1.2497
507
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 26, 20
15
; Revi
sed
Jan
uary 27, 201
6
;
Accepte
d
Feb 14, 201
6
Development of Coastal Radar Network at Sunda Strait
Mashury
Wahab*, Deni P
e
rmana Kur
n
iadi, T. T. Estu, D. Mah
m
udin,
Yudi Yulius
Maulana, Sulist
y
aningsih
Rese
arch Ce
nter for Electroni
cs and T
e
leco
mmunicati
on-
I
ndo
nesi
an Insti
t
ute of Sc
ience
s
(PPET
-
LIPI),
Kampus LIPI, Jl. Sangkur
ia
ng
Buil
din
g
20, 4
th
floor, Cisitu, Band
un
g 401
35,
Indones
ia
Phon
e: +
62-25
046
60 F
a
x:+
6
2
-
250-
465
9
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: mashur
y
.
w
a
h
ab@
gmai
l.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this pap
er
, devel
op
me
nt
on a coasta
l
surve
ill
anc
e radar n
e
tw
ork, w
h
ich is call
ed ISRA
(Indon
esia
n S
ea R
adar), is
prese
n
t
ed. T
h
i
s
radar
netw
o
rk w
a
s devel
op
ed for surv
eil
l
a
n
ce at th
e Su
n
d
a
strait. T
he radar netw
o
rk mo
nitors the sea t
r
affics and
acti
vities at the Su
nda strait, w
h
ich an inter
nati
o
nal
ship
pin
g
ro
ute. T
here w
e
re t
h
ree r
adars
in
stalle
d for
this
netw
o
rk.
All these r
adars
in
this rese
arch
use
F
M
CW
(F
requency Mo
du
late
d Co
ntin
uous
W
a
ve) tech
nol
ogy
. T
h
is F
M
C
W
has a
n
a
d
va
ntage
of low
p
o
w
e
r
consu
m
ption, l
o
w
cost of ope
ration
al
, lo
nger
life time an
d h
i
gh re
lia
bil
i
ty
.
Another i
m
porta
nt feature of th
is
radar is the L
P
I (Low
Probabil
i
ty of
Intercept) capab
ility
,
w
here the sig
n
a
l
trans
missi
on of
this radar ca
nn
ot
be easi
l
y dete
c
ted by a radar detector
(Electronic Supp
ort Measure) so t
hat this radar can be use
d
for a
covert oper
atio
n. Detected tar
gets
by radars
are show
n on
the displa
y a
n
d
on the w
eb base
d
disp
lay
for
the radar n
e
tw
ork. T
hese thre
e radars o
n
th
e remote
sites
can be
mo
nitor
ed an
d contro
ll
ed via a
n
inter
net
conn
ectio
n
from the control
roo
m
in our Band
un
g
office, w
h
ich is 300 KMs a
w
ay
.
The results of thi
s
researc
h
and development s
how the Indonesian capabi
lit
y to build a com
p
lex system
such as a c
hain of
coastal surve
ill
ance rad
a
r netw
o
rk.
The know
ledge obt
ai
n
ed from this research w
ill be used to devel
o
p
mor
e
adv
ance
d
radars for diff
erent ap
plic
atio
ns.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
co
astal surve
ill
an
ce, F
M
CW
techno
logy
, rad
a
r netw
o
rk, Sund
a strait.
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Indone
sia te
rritory is
su
rround
ed by
many
co
untri
es
in
clu
d
ing Singapo
re, Malaysia,
Philippine, New Gui
nea a
nd Australia. There are a
l
o
t of activities occu
rred in
the Indone
si
an
waters. Th
e Sunda
strait i
s
an inte
rnati
onal waterwa
y
with the traffic of ship
s
is very high.
The
se
curity and
transp
o
rtatio
n safety can
be incr
ease
d
by the use of coastal
rada
r alon
g the
Indone
sia
n
coastal lin
es a
nd at the rem
o
te Island
clo
s
e to bou
nda
ry region
s.
Surveillan
c
e
and
navigatio
n of In
done
si
an
wate
rs,
which
con
s
ist
of more th
an
17.00
0
islan
d
s a
nd 2
/
3 of Indone
si
a territo
ry are
sea
s
, will
b
e
greatly hel
pe
d by the
use
of marin
e
ra
d
a
r.
Medium
an
d l
ong
ran
ge
ra
dars o
n
coa
s
t
a
l area
s
can
be u
s
e
d
to m
onitor th
e
se
as
up to
ten
s
of
nautical mile
s o
r
until th
e
border
of e
c
on
omic excl
usive
zon
e
.
Fix and tran
spo
r
table
co
astal
surveill
ance radars hav
e
been
developed by the PPET-LIPI us
ing
FMCW technology and these
are primary res
e
arc
h
es
at the PPET-LIPI.
Radi
o Detecti
ng an
d Rangi
ng (Ra
dar) i
s
a tec
hnolo
g
y that is ve
ry famou
s
a
nd reliabl
e
for identifying unkn
o
wn obje
c
ts.The
Rad
a
r were
developed
and wid
e
ly use
d
in many
appli
c
ation
s
su
ch
as for air surveila
nce,
we
athe
r p
r
edi
ction
s
, traffic
cont
rolling,
milita
r
y
appli
c
ation
s
a
nd so on [1, 2
]. Rece
ntly, rese
arch
o
n
ra
dar i
s
still b
e
e
i
ng cond
ucte
d to improve i
t
s
perfo
rman
ce
su
ch a
s
in
creasi
ng the
resol
u
tion
of radar,the
a
c
curacy of
ra
dar, imp
r
ove
the
perfo
rman
ce
of the rada
r a
n
tenna
syste
m
and so
on
[3, 4]. Furthermore, the p
e
rforman
c
e of t
h
e
rada
r
system
s
can
be
im
proved
by a
dopting
opt
i
c
al technol
ogy
for
data tra
n
sfer an
d
sig
nal
pro
c
e
ssi
ng. Also the sca
nni
ng syste
m
to impr
ove the a
b
ility of the a
n
tenna
syste
m
[5, 6].
In this paper,
developmen
t on a coastal surv
eilla
nce rada
r network sy
stem, whi
c
h is
calle
d ISRA
(Indone
sia
n
Sea Ra
dar) is
disscused.
T
he ra
dar n
e
twork
syst
em
contai
n of three
rada
r syste
m
s whe
r
e are placed at
3 sites as sh
own on Figure
1. Each of Radar
works at a
freque
ncy X-band (9.3-9.5 GHz). The cover
age of each rada
r is average 14
KMs, it depend
s
on the height ot the tower.
The radar network
syste
m
was devel
oped aim
s
to reach a larg
e
r
coverage a
r
e
a
be compa
r
ed a rada
r system.
The
ra
dar network system wa
s also develo
ped
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 507 – 51
4
508
facilitate the monitori
ng of vessel traf
fic in the
Sunda Strait which i
s
an internati
onal shi
pping
line
by placi
ng th
e display an
d co
ntrol of t
he ra
da
r
sy
st
ems of
remot
e
rad
a
r
sy
st
e
m
by
usin
g t
h
e
Internet network
.
These rad
a
rs was develo
p
ed by use F
M
CW
(Frequ
ency Mod
u
lat
ed Contin
uou
s W
a
ve
)
techn
o
logy
.
T
he FM
CW te
chn
o
logy hav
e advanta
g
e
s
of lo
w po
wer con
s
um
ption, low
co
st
of
operational, l
onge
r life time and hig
h
re
liability
.
Also
this technol
og
y is hard det
ected by a ra
dar
detecto
r (Ele
ctroni
c Sup
p
o
r
t Measure
)
so that th
is rad
a
r ca
n be u
s
e
d
for a cove
rt operation [6].
Figure 1. Locations of the
Rad
a
r Netwo
r
k
System at the Sunda Strait (Selat Sunda)
2. Basic The
or
y
2.1. Radar
Rad
a
r sta
nds for
ra
dio
det
ecting
an
d
ra
nging.
Ra
dar
is a
remote
sensi
ng
syste
m
that i
s
able to
dete
c
t an
d
dete
r
mine
the
di
stan
ce
of a
n
obj
ect
usi
ng el
ect
r
om
agneti
c
wav
e
s.
Wavele
ngth
use
d
i
s
the
ra
dio
wave
sp
e
c
trum, th
e
wi
dth of the
sp
ectru
m
b
e
twe
en 1
05
km to
0.1
cm (3 Hz - 3
0
0
GHz).
Rad
a
r sy
stem
s typically work a
t
the micro
w
a
v
e freque
nci
e
s [7-1
6]. Rad
a
r
system is divi
ded into two
main part
s
: the tran
smitte
r and re
ceive
r
. Rada
r dete
c
tion re
sult
s will
be di
spl
a
yed
by the
di
spl
a
y unit th
at
pro
c
e
s
ses th
e si
gnal
s
re
ceived from th
e receiver to
the
informatio
n, i
n
the fo
rm
of image
s
and
data, ma
king
it ea
sy to b
e
analy
z
ed
by the u
s
e
r
. Bl
ock
diagram of the Fre
que
ncy Modulated
Contin
u
o
u
s
Wave (FM
C
W) ra
dar
system a
n
d
its
waveform, in gene
ral, ca
n be se
en in Fi
gure 2.
Figure 2. Block
Diag
ram o
f
the
FMCW
radar system and
Waveform
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
De
velo
pm
ent of Coastal
Radar
Networ
k at Sunda Strait (Mashury
Wah
ab)
509
2.2. FMCW
(Freque
nc
y
Modulated Continuou
s Wav
e
) Radar
In the FMCW ra
dar
syst
em, the energy is
emitted
along or n
e
a
rly all the time. This
mean
s that a
t
least 1
0
%
of the time
spent by t
he
signal to
rea
c
h targ
et. This is a ve
ry la
rge
percenta
ge
compa
r
ed
to t
hat of
norma
lly use
d
in
ra
dar
pul
se
s, whe
r
e
the en
ergy emitted is
usu
a
lly less t
han
0.1% of t
he time. T
h
u
s
, to obtai
n
the
sam
e
ave
r
a
g
e
re
ceive
d
by
the target, th
e
pulse rad
a
r
requi
re
s mu
ch highe
r tra
n
smitter o
u
tp
ut powe
r
tha
n
that of an FMCW
rad
a
r
transmitter [7-16].
2.3. Computation of
Distance to Hori
zon
The rada
r ra
nge
di
stan
ce
is
al
so determined by
the
height
of ra
d
a
r a
n
tenn
a p
o
sition to
sea level, th
e height of t
he targ
et in the dist
a
n
ce
and al
so the
curvatu
r
e of
the earth fa
ctor.
Ran
ge di
stan
ce i
s
called d
i
stan
ce to the
hori
z
on. G
e
ometri
cal h
o
ri
zon
dista
n
ce
can
be
see
n
in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Based on the the
o
ry of distan
ce to horison formul
a is a
s
follows [1]:
2
2
~3.57
(1)
2
~
26.378
12.756
3
.
5
7
2
~
26.378
12
.756
3
.
5
7
3
.
5
7
=3.57
(
4
+
3.16
) Km=2
5.569
Km
whe
r
e:
D
BL
=
d
is
tanc
e to the horiz
on
h
B
= high target/ship
= 16
m
h
L
= Rad
a
r a
n
tenna h
e
ight
= 10 m
3. Sy
stem Design
The general
specifi
c
ations f
o
r the coastal
su
rveillance radar can
be
descri
bed as
follows
[4], [8-9]:
1.
Tran
smitter:
a.
Freq
uen
cy: X-Band (9.3-9.5 GHz).
b.
Ran
g
e
s
: 48 NM, 24 NM, 12
NM, 6 NM, 3 NM, 1.5 NM.
c
.
Output power: 2/10 Watt.
2.
Receiver:
a.
IF bandwi
d
th: 512 kHz.
b.
Numb
er of ra
nge cells: 10
24.
c.
Ran
ge cells:
125 m, 62 m, 31 m, 12 m, 6 m.
d. PC-Ba
s
ed
p
r
oce
s
sing
syst
em.
e.
Standard PC displ
a
y.
f.
Maximal beat
frequen
cy 2 MHz.
g.
Beat signal
sampling by 1
6
bit ADC
3.
Frequ
en
cy Generation
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 507 – 51
4
510
a.
Main freq
uen
cy gene
rato
r DRO (d
iel
e
ct
ric re
son
ant o
scill
ator).
b.
FM – Modulat
ion.
c.
Linea
r sa
w-to
oth by using
DDS (dire
c
t d
i
gital synthe
si
zer).
d. Sweep
(Swe
ep
Re
petition
Frequ
en
cy): 1.5 KHz.
e.
Fixed sweep
time of 0.66 mS.
f.
Fre
k
ue
nsi Sweep: 2MHz, 4
M
Hz, 8M
Hz, 16 MHz, 32
MHz.
4.
Antenna:
a.
Microstri
p
Patch array with
gain ~ 3
0
dB.
b.
Dual a
n
tenn
a
configu
r
ation
for transmit and re
ceive.
c.
Azimuth ra
ng
e: 180 deg
re
e
d.
Elevation ran
ge: -5 deg
re
e
up to 10 deg
ree
e.
Beamwi
dth: < 1 degre
e
.
f.
Vertical b
eam
width: ~1
0 de
gree.
5.
Software : IMO Standa
rd
+ ARPA+ ECDIS
6.
Feature
s
of the co
astal
Ra
dar
a.
Low tra
n
smit power (<= 10
W)
b.
Low Probability of
Intercept (LPI) Radar
c.
No interfe
r
e
n
c
e to othe
r Radars
d.
Targ
et trackin
g
e. Doppler
capability
f.
Able to be integrate
d
into a
Rada
r netwo
rk
4. Dev
e
lop
m
ent of the ISRA Radar
Net
w
ork
Thre
e coa
s
tal
surveill
an
ce
rada
rs have
been i
n
stalle
d at the Sun
da st
rait. The
locatio
n
wa
s cho
s
en b
e
ca
use there
are a l
o
t of se
a traffics,
wh
ere Su
nda
strait is one
of the internation
a
l
route
s
in Ind
one
sia an
d there a
r
e b
u
sy conne
cting transpo
rtation
s
between Ja
va
and
Suma
tra
is
lands
.
These three locations can
be
reached by
land trans
p
ortation from
our
offic
e
PPET-LIPI
in Bandun
g with a dista
n
c
e of abo
ut 300 KMs. Th
e three lo
cat
i
ons a
r
e Any
e
r, Mera
k an
d
Lampu
ng Sel
a
tan. The
s
e t
h
ree
ra
dars
can
be conn
ected
and m
onitore
d re
m
o
tely via internet
con
n
e
c
tion from the office
in Bandun
g. The follo
wi
ng
figures
sho
w
the installed
rada
r net
work.
Figure 1 sh
o
w
s the lo
cati
ons of the
s
e
three
rada
rs
that close to the Sunda
strait. The
coverage of t
hese rad
a
rs i
s
like a tri
a
n
g
le wh
ere o
n
e
point at the south
e
rn p
a
rt of Lampu
ng
provin
ce, the
other two po
ints is l
o
cate
d at the
no
rth
e
rn p
a
rt of B
anten p
r
ovin
ce. It is expect
ed
that these ra
dar net
wo
rk
can mo
nitors the s
ea traf
fic along the
Sunda strai
t, which is a
n
internatio
nal route. Anyer radar
station i
s
depi
cted o
n
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Anyer Ra
da
r Station
This
station
h
a
s a
sm
all sh
elter for keepi
ng the
rad
a
r
equipm
ent. T
he La
mpun
g
Selatan
rada
r statio
n is sh
own on
Figure 5. A perma
nent sm
all hou
se wa
s co
nst
r
u
c
ted
for this site
so
that this
rad
a
r
site
can
be
use
d
for seve
ral yea
r
s.
Th
e othe
r
rada
r
station i
s
M
e
rak
rad
a
r
stati
on,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
De
velo
pm
ent of Coastal
Radar
Networ
k at Sunda Strait (Mashury
Wah
a
b)
511
whe
r
e
this sit
e
was e
s
tabli
s
he
d in
20
10
. The
ra
dar a
t
this M
e
rak
site h
a
s b
e
e
n
runni
ng
sin
c
e
2011 for the
purp
o
se of ra
dar runnin
g
test and field te
st. This Me
rak site i
s
in a straig
ht line from
the Lam
pun
g
Selatan
wit
hout a
n
y ob
stru
ction
s
.
While fro
m
the
Anyer
site t
o
the
Lamp
u
ng
Selatan site,
there a
r
e
a few
small i
s
la
nds th
at ca
n
obstruct the
coverage. T
he Me
ra
k ra
da
r
station is
sho
w
n on Fig
u
re 6.
Figure 5. La
mpung Sel
a
tan Ra
dar Sta
t
ion
Figure 6. Merak Rada
r Station
Figure 7
sh
o
w
s th
e
control syste
m
of
the ra
da
rs i
n
stalle
d in t
he net
w
o
r
k.
Several
para
m
eters
such
as po
we
r level, attenu
ation an
d tem
peratu
r
e
ca
n
be adj
uste
d a
n
d dete
c
ted.
An
example
of radar di
splay
is d
epi
cted
o
n
Figu
re
8.
For i
n
form
ation, all
rad
a
rs install
e
d i
n
t
h
is
netwo
rk
use the same h
a
rdwa
re
config
uration
and
software
so th
at the appe
arance of the rad
a
r
displ
a
y will
b
e
the
same.
Some d
e
tect
ed ta
rget
s
wil
l
be
sh
own
a
s
small
dot
s, large
dots,
a
nd
lines, whi
c
h
are de
pen
d on the sha
p
e
and si
ze o
f
the targets. The Automatic Identifica
t
ion
Sys
t
em (AIS) monitors
the informat
ion sent
by
the shi
p
s su
ch as
ID
, de
stinatio
n, type of cargo.
This AIS is
a
sup
p
leme
ntary to the
rad
a
rs. Fig
u
re
8
shows th
e di
splay of thi
s
AI
S for the
Sun
d
a
Strait.
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4
512
Con
n
e
c
tion o
f
these th
ree
rada
r
sites is
provide
d
by a
n
internet co
nne
ction
whe
r
e d
a
ta
from e
a
ch
site can
be
se
nt to a
rep
o
sitory (clou
d
).
The d
a
ta lin
k is
also u
s
ed
to control
th
e
rada
rs by th
e
co
ntrol
ro
om
in o
u
r office
whi
c
h
i
s
l
o
cated a
bout
300
Kms
away from the
s
e
site
s.
Data
will be
store
d
to a d
a
taba
se. Fig
u
re 9
depi
cts an exampl
e
of data ba
se
and
web
ba
sed
displ
a
y of data collected f
r
om the
radar network
. T
he detected t
a
rget
s will
be plotted on
the
displ
a
y overl
a
id with th
e
geog
rap
h
ical
map of t
he radar network
locatio
n
s. T
h
is rada
r n
e
twork
displ
a
y can b
e
acce
ssed a
n
y where via an intern
et co
nne
ction.
Figure 7. Example of Rad
a
r
Display and
control syste
m
at the Rad
a
r Net
w
o
r
k
Figure 8. Display of Automatic Identific
at
ion System (AIS) applicati
on software
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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930
De
velo
pm
ent of Coastal
Radar
Networ
k at Sunda Strait (Mashury
Wah
ab)
513
Figure 9. Dat
aba
se da
n web display for the Rada
r Network
5. Resul
t
s
and
Discus
s
ion
Develo
pment
of coa
s
tal
surveillan
c
e
Radar
network has
bee
n p
r
esented. T
h
ere
are
three
Ra
dars installe
d for t
h
is n
e
two
r
k a
t
the Sunda
Strait. The lo
cation
s fo
r th
e network a
r
e in
Anyer, Mera
k and Lampu
n
g
Selatan. Based on Equ
a
tion (1), the h
e
ight of Rada
r tower in An
yer
is 10 mete
r so that the distance to hori
z
on is ab
out 1
1
KMs. While
, the height of tower in Me
ra
k
and
Lamp
u
n
g
Selatan
i
s
15 m
e
ter
wit
h
a
dista
n
ce
to ho
rizon i
s
about
14 KM
s. Th
e di
stan
ce
from one e
n
d
of the Java Islan
d
to the Sumatra Isla
nd for the ferry cro
s
sing i
s
about 25 KMs.
Thus, t
he
cov
e
rag
e
of th
ese thre
e
Rad
a
r
s i
s
eno
ugh
to cove
r the
area
withi
n
th
e ferry cro
ssi
ng
and the inte
rnational
route
.
Data coll
ect
i
on and te
stin
g are
still on
going in
ord
e
r
to improve t
he
Rad
a
r pe
rformance and to
monitor the traffic.
Some featu
r
e
s
of thi
s
rada
r net
work
ha
ve
been
presented. Th
e radar ha
s a
facility t
o
control the transmitted
po
wer, to m
onit
o
r the
e
n
viro
nment, and t
o
dete
c
t failin
g com
pon
ent
s an
d
module
s
. Ra
dar di
splay
sho
w
s that some dete
c
te
d targets
ca
n be ca
pture
d
by the rad
a
r.
Re
sults of
ra
dar dete
c
tion
depe
nd on the
traffic
i
n
tensity an
d
weather. At ni
ght, the traffi
c
intensity in
creases.
The
radar fa
cility is e
quip
ped
with the
AIS
in o
r
de
r to
p
r
ovide
additio
nal
informatio
n on ship
s pa
ssi
ng throu
gh thi
s
Sunda
strait
. The rada
rs
are conn
ecte
d via an internet
con
n
e
c
tion whe
r
e data are coll
ecte
d
and
sto
r
ed
to a
datab
ase.
The
ra
dars al
so
ca
n b
e
controlled
via
this inte
rn
et con
n
e
c
tion. T
he results
of detectio
n
of t
h
is
rad
a
r
net
work i
s
displa
yed
on the we
b so that it can be acce
ssed a
n
ywhe
re.
6. Conclusio
n
Re
sea
r
ch an
d developm
ent on coa
s
tal surveilla
n
c
e rada
r
,
which i
s
call
e
d
ISRA
(Indon
esi
an Sea Rada
r), have been pr
ese
n
ted.
This type
of radar was develo
ped for a rada
r
netwo
rk at the Sunda stra
it.
The radar netwo
rk mo
ni
tors the se
a traf
fics an
d activities at the
Sunda
strait,
whi
c
h a
n
int
e
rnatio
nal
shi
pping
rout
e.
There were
three
ra
dars i
n
stalle
d for t
h
is
netwo
rk.
All
these rada
rs
were use
d
FMCW
(F
requ
en
cy Modulate
d
Co
ntinuou
s
W
a
ve)
techn
o
logy
. F
r
om the te
ste
d
re
sults i
n
the Sund
a strait, the coverage of the
ra
dar d
epe
nd
s
on
the height of
the tower
,
the
transmitted p
o
we
r
,
t
he antenna isol
atio
n, the receive
r
sen
s
itivity a
n
d
dynamic ra
n
ge, and the
sign
al pro
c
e
s
sing algo
ri
th
m to mitigate the clutter
,
interferen
ce, and
false al
arm.
Dete
cted ta
rg
ets a
r
e
sho
w
n on the
disp
lay and o
n
th
e we
b ba
se
d
displ
a
y for t
h
e
rada
r n
e
two
r
k.
The
s
e th
re
e rad
a
rs o
n
the re
mote
sites
can
be m
onitore
d an
d
controlled via
an
internet conn
ection from t
he cont
rol ro
om in our Ba
ndun
g of
fice, which i
s
300
KMs away
.
The
results of this resea
r
ch and developm
ent sho
w
the Indonesi
an cap
ability to
build a comp
lex
system
such as a chain of
coa
s
tal survei
llance
rad
a
r n
e
twork.
The
knowl
edge o
b
tained fro
m
this
resea
r
ch will
be used to de
velop more a
d
vanced ra
da
rs for dif
f
e
r
en
t applicatio
ns.
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 507 – 51
4
514
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The funding for this
researc
h
c
o
mes from the internal res
e
arc
h
funding
of the
PPET-
LIPI. We thank to all partie
s
incl
udin
g
ISRA rad
a
r tea
m
that help in completin
g
this re
se
arch.
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