TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.3, Septembe
r 2014, pp. 6
89~694
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i3.92
689
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 27, 20
14; Re
vised Ju
ly 28, 20
14; Acce
pted Au
gust 12, 20
14
One-Time Password Implementation on Lego
Mindstorms NXT
Barlian Henr
y
r
anu Prasetio
1
, Heru Nur
w
a
r
sit
o
2
, Wija
y
a
Kurnia
w
a
n
3
1
Computer S
ystem and Ro
bo
tics Lab, Progr
am of
Information T
e
chnol
og
y and Com
puter
Science,
Univers
i
t
y
of Bra
w
ij
a
y
a, Jl. Veteran Ma
lan
g
, Ph. F
a
x: +
6234
1
-
577
911
2
Computer Net
w
o
r
kin
g
La
b, Program of Infor
m
ation
T
e
chno
log
y
a
nd C
o
mp
uter Scienc
e, Univers
i
t
y
of
Bra
w
ij
a
y
a, Jl. Veteran Ma
la
n
g
, Ph. F
a
x: +
62341-
577
91
1
3
Computer S
ystem and Ro
bo
tics Lab, Progr
am of
Information T
e
chnol
og
y and Com
puter
Science,
Univers
i
t
y
of Bra
w
ij
a
y
a, Jl. Veteran Ma
lan
g
, Ph. F
a
x: +
6234
1
-
577
911
e-mail: barlian@ub.ac.id
1
, heru
@
ub.a
c
.id
2
, wjayku
rni
a
@u
b.ac.id
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
One of the fact
ors that affe
ct the sec
u
rity of
a netw
o
rk or s
ystem
is
user
a
u
thentic
at
io
n, so that a
t
tim
e
s
it can be said to
be
no
longer safe. Br
ute force attac
ks on
pa
sswor
d system
s ar
e
a dominant (st
a
tic)
potential way to penetrate
network se
curity
or us
er authentication syst
ems. One way to
overcome thes
e
drawbacks
is t
o
us
e the One Time
P
a
ssword (OTP) algorit
hm
. OTP
is
a
password s
e
curity system us
ing
dyna
mic pass
w
ords. The passw
ord w
ill be valid for one
se
ssio
n
only. In this researc
h
, the author
w
ill
ana
lyse the r
e
l
i
abi
lity of the
OT
P al
gorith
m
by ap
plyi
ng it
to a LEGO Mindstor
m
s ro
bot
. T
he robot w
ill
b
e
desi
gned as
part of a system
w
here t
he user w
ill be
s
a
f
e
to enter the
default
passw
ord, and then
the
system
w
ill c
h
ange the
pass
w
ord ever
y session. The r
e
s
u
lts of the
que
stionnaire s
h
ow
ed that 79%
of
users felt more
secure, but more t
han 6
0
% s
a
id it w
a
s difficult to do.
Ke
y
w
ords
: aut
hentic
atio
n, OTP, lego rob
o
t
1. Introduc
tion
Variou
s meth
ods h
a
ve be
en de
signe
d
or studie
d
to improve th
e safety factor of a
system
or net
work
asso
ciat
ed
with
the
u
s
er auth
entication p
r
obl
em
. People
tend
to have
a l
o
t
of
accou
n
ts to
ensure
se
cu
rity [1], which
can elimi
nat
e brute fo
rce
and mal
w
a
r
e-ba
se
d re
pl
a
y
attacks [2]. O
ne way whi
c
h
we
kno
w
a
n
d
have b
egu
n to implem
e
n
t is the O
n
e
Time Pa
ssword
(OTP) alg
o
rit
h
m. In thi
s
al
gorithm, th
e
password
will
be
dynami
c
; if there i
s
a
n
y
cha
nge
in t
he
se
ssi
on, the
system
will
chang
e the
ol
d pa
ssword
f
o
r
a n
e
w pa
ssword
that fol
l
ows
certai
n
rules
and d
epe
nd
s on the ol
d
password o
r
use
r
s [3]. Along
with the
developm
en
t of technol
o
g
y,
embed
ded
systems
are
alrea
d
y wid
e
l
y used to
repla
c
e PC/d
esktop
com
p
uters.
This a
l
so
encourage
s t
he implem
ent
ation of the OTP algo
rith
m not only to solve net
work se
cu
rity issues,
but also to in
vest in embe
dded
system
s.
A good
se
curity system is
importa
nt for
peopl
e, so o
v
erco
ming
risks
req
u
ire
s
a
majo
r
investment.
As an
anal
og
y, valuable p
r
ope
rty is
oft
en sto
r
e
d
in
a box to p
r
ot
ect it. Up to
now,
stora
ge b
o
xes for val
u
a
b
les
have u
s
ed m
e
chani
cal
keys.
Howeve
r, with
the sp
rea
d
of
techn
o
logy a
box is no lon
ger con
s
ide
r
ed to provide
good securit
y
, becau
se a
replica key can
easily
be
made. Instead a new al
ternative was
made, usi
ng
elec
tronic keys. But
this still had
w
e
ak
ne
ss
es
.
So with the
s
e
probl
ems,
we use an el
ectroni
c
lock
er
box passw
ord for
secur
i
ty s
y
s
t
ems
[4]. The pa
ssword u
s
ed
ch
ange
s
rand
o
m
ly every ti
me. The m
a
in
use
r
p
a
ssword is u
s
e
d
onl
y as
a mai
n
p
a
ssword. T
h
e
pa
ssword to
op
en
the box
ca
n a
l
ternate.
T
h
e
rand
om pa
ssword algo
rith
m
is kn
own as
an OTP algo
rithm [5]. One way to maintain pa
sswo
rd
security [5] is that the sav
ed
password is
not the s
a
me as
the loaded
password [6],[7].
This resea
r
ch
empha
si
ze
s how to de
sig
n
the OTP al
gorithm
syste
m
and ho
w the OTP
algorith
m
is repre
s
e
n
ted u
s
ing a LE
GO
Mindsto
rm
s robot. LEGO
NXT bri
c
k uses a 32
-bit A
R
M
microprocessor that ca
n be
prog
ramm
ed
by the user [
8
].
To an
alyse
the
system’
s
reliability, the
LEGO Mi
nd
storm
s
robot
s
were d
e
si
gne
d into
a
locker sy
ste
m
with
a pa
ssword
u
s
ing
the OTP al
gorithm. In
c
r
eating this s
y
stem, the various
obje
c
tives are:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 68
9 – 694
690
•
De
signi
ng LE
GO Mind
storms ro
bots int
o
a locker
system
•
Designi
ng OT
P algorithm
s that
will be used in the syst
em
•
Programmin
g
the OTP algorithm lo
cker
sy
stem
with the LEGO Min
d
storms
robot
s
2. Res
earc
h
Method
s
The m
e
thod
s used i
n
a
re
sea
r
ch
study
greatly
affe
ct
the p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce
of the
sy
stem to
be able to
wo
rk o
p
timally. In one stu
d
y, a method th
a
t
suits your n
eed
s is expe
cted to ru
n well,
so that the gi
ven method
or pr
ocedu
re
can b
e
follo
wed. The meth
odolo
g
y use
d
in the re
sea
r
ch
wa
s:
1.
Asse
mblin
g the rob
o
ts: intelligent me
ch
anica
l hardware imple
m
e
n
tation that can be used -
LEGO
NXT
Rob
o
t [9, 10]. In this secti
on, t
he LEG
O
Mind
storm
s
r
obot
s are
assembl
ed in
orde
r to be
co
me a locke
r
system simul
a
tor that uses a
password to
open.
2.
De
signi
ng O
T
P algorithm
. OTP is created by fol
l
owin
g a certain rule tha
t
has be
en
determi
ned b
y
the users [11] and is impl
emented to
al
low u
s
ers to prote
c
t their a
c
count
s [12].
This
se
ction i
s
de
sig
ned to
cre
a
te an
O
T
P algor
ith
m
; that is, ho
w the rul
e
s
are to be a
pplie
d
for the dynam
ic pa
sswo
rd system.
Default
pa
ssword
con
s
i
s
ts of thre
e di
gits of
whi
c
h
on
e is 0-99
de
ci
mal. The
def
ault pa
ssword
is
store
d
in
m
e
mory
as a
b
a
si
c p
a
ssword sy
stem.
When th
e u
s
e
r
enters the
pa
sswo
rd, the
n
what is di
spl
a
yed is not t
he default p
a
ssword
, b
u
t the password is a ra
ndo
m result of a
default password with a rand
om su
m. The thr
ee d
e
fault password inp
u
t co
mbination
s
will
also b
e
creat
ed at rand
om
.
For exampl
e:
The default p
a
ssword 1
= 12
The default p
a
ssword 2
= 8
The default p
a
ssword 3
= 22
Possi
ble com
b
ination
s
(ran
dom) ->
Use
r
Passwo
rd:
Enter the pa
ssword 1
+ 24
( ran
dom )
= 36
Enter the pa
ssword 3
+ 13
( ran
dom )
= 35
Enter the pa
ssword 1
+ 54
( ran
dom )
= 67
3.
Programmin
g
rob
o
ts usi
ng LEGO-G software.
In
thi
s
se
ction, OTP
algorith
m
s th
at have b
een
desi
gne
d in the previo
us
stage will be i
m
pleme
n
ted i
n
to the robot
usin
g LEGO
-G com
p
iler.
4.
System Test.
In this secti
on, there will
be a test of a locker sy
stem of LEGO Mindsto
rms
robot
s alread
y planted with
an OTP algo
rithm for the system pa
ssword.
5.
Analysis. In
this
se
ction, t
he
system
wi
ll be
a
nalyse
d ba
sed
on
the results
of
the test
s that
have bee
n do
ne in the prev
ious
stage.
6.
To test the succe
ssful im
plementatio
n of t
he resea
r
ch, there sh
o
u
ld be dive
rsi
t
y in random
passwords, di
fferent for ea
ch sessio
n, so
as
to mak
e
a s
e
c
u
rity s
y
stem box.
3. Resul
t
s
and
Discus
s
ion
3.1 Hard
w
a
re
Im
plementa
tio
n
Simulation of
the ha
rd
ware is d
one f
r
o
m
a LEG
O
Mindsto
rm
s
kit. A simulato
r lo
cker
password ro
b
o
t is sho
w
n in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Simulator lo
cker
password ro
b
o
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
One-Tim
e
Passwo
rd Im
plem
entation on Lego
Mai
n
d
s
torm
s NXT (B
arlian
Hen
r
yranu P)
691
In Figure 1, the box cont
ains an o
b
ject
or it
em; in the picture abo
ve there are two ball
s
in the box. Then the box wil
l
be clo
s
ed a
nd lockin
g usi
ng the OTP a
l
gorithm.
3.2 Soft
w
a
re
Implementa
tio
n
The p
r
og
ram
m
ing lan
gua
g
e
used to
cre
a
te
the OTP
password lo
cker LEGO
Mi
ndsto
rm
s
is LEG
O
-G
langu
age.
Figure 2
sho
w
s t
he
LEGO-G
co
de flowch
art
.
The LEG
O
-S
(LEGO
O
p
e
r
ating System
) on top of
an
RCX syste
m
is an exampl
e of an opera
t
ing system tha
t
enabl
es infrared com
m
uni
cation [13].
Figure 2. OT
P Algorithm L
E
GO-G Prog
ramming
Figure 2 sh
o
w
s the p
r
og
ram to cre
a
te
a LEGO O
ne Time Pa
ssword
(OTP
) using
LEGO-G GUI
softwa
r
e.The
prog
ram con
s
ist
s
of:
1.
Codi
ng
se
ctio
n, so th
at ea
ch pa
rt of the
LEGO
m
o
tor rotation
i
s
co
nverted
i
n
to nume
r
ic data
values
to be
cha
nge
d up
or d
o
wn de
p
endin
g
on th
e directio
n of
motor
rotatio
n
. It starts f
r
o
m
0 in the form of an integer
numbe
r (0, 1,
2, 3, etc. or 99, 98, 97, etc.).
2.
Display secti
on: the value
of the data
o
b
tai
ned f
r
om
the motor
rot
a
tion to the
e
x
isting di
spla
y
in the LEGO
NXT Intelligent Brick.
3.
Part bran
chi
n
g (if-el
se)
con
s
istin
g
of:
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 68
9 – 694
692
a.
If the LEGO
has
not set a
nume
r
ic val
u
e as
a pa
ssword, the
n
the
nume
r
ical val
ue obtai
ned
from the mot
o
r rotatio
n
wil
l
be saved
a
s
a password t
o
unlo
ck the
LEGO box .
b.
If the LEGO has
alre
ady set a passwo
r
d, then t
he n
u
meri
cal valu
e obtaine
d from the rotati
on
of the m
o
tor
will be used
as the input of
the
user who want
s
to
open
the LEGO
box. The box
will open if the value of the user’
s
num
ber i
s
the
sam
e
as the num
e
ric value of
the password
whi
c
h is
store
d
in the LEG
O
box.
3.2.1
OTP Gener
a
tor on LEGO
1.
Getting Started (Initial Step)
There are three files that are
sto
r
ed in a
LEGO. Each
file stores a
cod
e
numb
e
r that is
the passwo
r
d
to open the
LEGO box. So in total,
there are thre
e p
a
ssword
num
bers to ope
n
the LEGO bo
x. The use
r
can ente
r
a pa
sswo
rd by
turning on the m
o
tor, whi
c
h fu
nction
s a
s
a
LEGO rotatio
n
sen
s
o
r
. In LEGO di
spla
ys, the first numbe
r that
appe
ars is
zero (0). Th
e
number
will be revised up
or down
according to the di
rection of mot
o
r rota
tion. How much the
numbe
rs in
crease or
de
crease is
determined by u
s
i
ng the
syste
m
in
tege
r (0,
1, 2, 3, etc. o
r
99, 98, 97, etc.).
2. Comp
utation
Step
An OTP is generated by applying a se
ries of
ra
ndo
m function
s to call one of
the three
files that sto
r
e the pa
sswo
rds of LEGO.
Each file
na
med 1
st
di
al, 2
nd
dial and
3
rd
dial will be
displ
a
yed on
the dial that LEGO displa
ys so
the user ca
n adju
s
t
the value of
the password
that must be
inclu
ded in a
c
cord
an
ce wi
th t
he instru
ctions that ap
pear. Th
e proce
s
s will b
e
repe
ated thre
e times.
3. Output
Step
Whe
n
the use
r
ha
s to input the passwor
d correctly in accordan
ce
with the
orde
rs/instructions that app
ear three times, t
hen LEG
O
will match
the input fro
m
the use
r
to
the pa
sswo
rd
file that is st
ored
three ti
mes.
If all th
ree a
r
e
co
rrect, then the L
E
GO box
will
open, but if any one is wro
ng, then the L
E
GO box will
remai
n
locke
d
.
3.2.2
One Time Pass
w
o
r
d
Sch
e
matics
Numb
ers a
r
e
use
d
to e
s
ta
blish
a
seri
es of OT
Ps sta
r
ting from
0 u
p
to 25
5; as
much
a
s
three numbers value
will be stored in
three files with
different nam
es (1
st
dial, 2
nd
dial, 3rd di
al).
Whe
n
the
system is runni
n
g
, there
will b
e
a rando
m
p
r
ocess to
call
one of the th
ree file
s. After a
file is called,
it will no longer proce
s
s ra
ndom num
be
rs that add u
p
the value stored in the file
spe
c
ified
by
a ra
ndom
nu
mber. In
LEG
O
di
splay, an
injun
c
tion
wil
l
appe
ar
re
qu
iring th
e u
s
e
r
to
add the
ra
nd
om num
be
rs
with a n
u
me
ric value
and
put a pa
sswo
rd into
LEGO
by turnin
g th
e
motor
so
it a
ppea
rs the
n
u
mbe
r
s a
r
e t
he
re
sult
of t
he
sum. If th
e inp
u
t ente
r
ed by th
e
user i
s
corre
c
t, then
the sy
stem
wi
ll rep
eat the
pro
c
e
s
s tw
i
c
e
again
at ran
dom. In oth
e
r wo
rd
s, the u
s
e
r
must pe
rform
the above proce
s
s co
rrect
l
y three times.
3.2.1 OTP
Verifica
tion
The verificati
on pro
c
e
s
s checks wheth
e
r t
he numb
e
r entered b
y
the user is correct.
Che
c
ks a
r
e
carri
ed out three times. Su
ppo
se the firs
t is A, the seco
nd is B, a
nd the third i
s
C,
then LEGO
will com
pute
the true value of A and
B and C. If the result
s obtaine
d fro
m
the
pro
c
e
ss a
r
e T
RUE then the
LEGO box will open.
3.3 Analy
s
is
We u
s
e the
q
uestio
nnai
re
date to dete
r
mine w
hethe
r the system i
s
working
as i
n
tende
d.
The qu
estio
n
naire
wa
s giv
en to 10
0 pe
ople. It contai
ns fou
r
qu
esti
ons. S
c
ores
are give
n a v
a
lue
betwe
en 1 to
5, whe
r
e
a
score
of 1 re
pre
s
ent
s
very poor/
s
tron
g
l
y disag
r
ee
a
nd a
score o
f
5
rep
r
e
s
ent
s very good/st
ron
g
ly agree.
For a di
scu
s
sion and
co
ncl
u
sio
n
, we lo
o
k
ed in
detail
at the value o
f
each item
shown on
each score.
F
o
r example,
f
o
r st
ateme
n
t
4, nob
ody g
a
v
e a valu
e of
1, 11
peo
ple
gave a
value
of
2, eight peopl
e gave value 3, 56 people
gave value
4 and 25 pe
opl
e gave value 5. Most of them
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
One-Tim
e
Passwo
rd Im
plem
entation on Lego
Mai
n
d
s
torm
s NXT (B
arlian
Hen
r
yranu P)
693
stated that the system is
safer
than oth
e
r simil
a
r sy
stems. This
i
s
based on the
content
s stat
ing
that 56 peopl
e gave a valu
e of 4
and 25
peopl
e gave
a score of 5.
The
results
o
f
a more
com
p
lete an
alysi
s
ar
e
presente
d
in Ta
ble
1. The Average
Sco
r
e
colum
n
i
s
o
b
tained
from th
e total value
of the
sc
ore
o
f
each item
m
u
ltiplied by th
e sco
r
e, divid
e
d
by all resp
on
dents. In equ
ation form, this ca
n be expressed a
s
the
followin
g
Equ
a
tion 1.
Hn =
((1*
C
n
)
+(2
*
Dn)+(3*E
n)+(4*
Fn)+(5*
G
n))/100
(1)
Whe
r
e n is a
numbe
r in ev
ery que
stion.
For exam
ple
,
regarding
Eq. 1 about
how ea
sy it is to reme
mber the p
a
s
swo
r
d
combi
nation,
then the average sco
r
e is:
H1
=
((1*20
)+(2
*
10)+(3*20
)+(4*2
0
)
+(5*
30))/100 = (20+2
0
+6
0+80
+15
0
)/100
= 330/1
00 =
3,3
The value
“3
.33” of the
maximum score
“5”
mea
n
s
that in g
e
n
e
ral the
re
sp
onde
nts
stated that the combi
natio
n is pretty
eas
y
to remember pas
s
words.
The % colum
n
is the
percentage
of re
spond
ent
satisfaction, obtai
ned fro
m
the
averag
e
score divid
e
d
by the maximum sco
r
e. The equ
at
ion i
s
expre
s
sed
as the follo
wi
ng Equation
2.
In =
(
Hn/5)*100%
(2)
For exampl
e, Eq. 1, the percenta
ge of pa
rticipa
n
t satisf
action i
s
:
I1
=
(3,3/5) *100 %
= 66 %
This m
ean
s
that 66% of respon
dent
s felt
it was
easy to rem
e
mbe
r
the p
a
ssword
combi
nation.
Table 1. Que
s
tionn
aire Ev
aluation Anal
ysis
No Question
Score
Average
%
1
Do
y
ou
feel it ea
sier to remembe
r
three
numbers
separat
ely
rathe
r
than a collection
of
some numbers a
s
your pass
w
o
r
d
?
3.33 66.00
2
Do
y
ou
feel it difficult to calculate simple
arithmetic operati
ons such as addition in your
mind and remem
ber the
result?
3.26 65.20
3
Is OTP easier to
use than other s
ystems?
3.57
71.40
4
Do
y
ou
feel safer
w
i
th th
e OTP th
an other
sy
stems?
3.95 79.00
Overall, the a
v
erage
satisf
action of the
res
pon
dent
s with the syst
em wa
s the lowe
st, at
65.2%, and t
he hig
h
e
s
t was 7
9
% on th
e asse
rtion th
at the re
sp
on
dents fe
el the
system i
s
m
o
re
se
cure than
other
simila
r sy
stems. T
he lo
we
st value
wa
s 65
.2%, for the
stateme
n
t that
respon
dent
s f
i
nd it difficult
to perfo
rm
si
mple a
r
it
hmet
ic calculation
s
to unl
ock th
e syste
m
. It can
be co
ncl
ude
d
that this syst
em ha
s an
swered the
de
sire of re
spo
n
d
ents to have
a more
se
cu
re
system,
but
need
s
rethin
king o
n
h
o
w t
o
let u
s
e
r
s e
a
sily p
e
rfo
r
m
cal
c
ul
ation
s
or
bit rat
e
if t
he
password is to unlo
ck the
system.
4. Conclu
sions
The OTP
system can
han
dle a replay
attack
so
th
at the pa
sswo
rd is a
c
tually
safe. Th
e
One Time Pa
sswo
rd is to
be used only
once in t
he l
ogin process,
so that if someone g
e
ts the
password, th
e OTP
ca
nn
ot be u
s
e
d
again fo
r
a
sub
s
e
que
nt login p
r
o
c
e
ss. No
confid
e
n
tial
informatio
n i
s
sto
r
ed,
so
th
at if so
meo
n
e
trie
s to
se
arch for sto
r
ed
d
a
ta, that woul
d be
of n
o
u
s
e.
In the future
there i
s
th
e a
ddition of
extra feat
u
r
e
s
when a
u
s
e
r
fo
rgets the
pa
ssword
that h
a
s
been ente
r
e
d
into the system, and addi
ng Artificial
Intelligen
ce in
the OTP system. The results
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 68
9 – 694
694
of the questio
nnaire sh
owe
d
that
79% of use
r
s feel m
o
re
se
cure, but more than
60% said it wa
s
difficult to do becau
se the
use
r
mu
st perform the
cal
c
ulation
s
in ad
vance to ente
r
the pa
sswo
rd.
Referen
ces
[1]
M Prakash, V
iju. Eliminating Vulnerable A
ttacks Using
One T
i
me Pass
w
o
rd
and P
a
ss T
e
x
t
–
An
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
Study
o
n
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en
ded
Sche
ma
.
U
n
ivers
a
l j
our
na
l of C
o
mputer
Scienc
e a
n
d
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ne
erin
g
T
e
chno
logy.
2
010; 1(2): 1
33-
140.
[2]
O’Don
nel
l, AJ. When Ma
l
w
ar
e Attacks (An
y
thing
but Win
d
o
w
s
).
IEEE
Transaction on Security
and
Privacy
. 200
8; 6(3): 68-7
0
.
[3]
Hua
ng, Ch
un
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e
T
i
me Pass
w
o
rd to Prev
en
t Pass
w
o
rd P
h
isin
g Attacks
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a
l of
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ork and C
o
mputer Ap
plic
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[4]
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ng
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n. Secur
i
t
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e-T
i
me
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w
o
r
d
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g
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IEEE
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r
ansactio
n
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n
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ectronics
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n A, Kramp T,
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d T. Secu
rit
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k
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ntica
t
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,
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t
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o
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e
chno
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1
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y
atul
la
h. Analis
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e
ra
pan Al
gor
itma MD5 untuk P
e
ngam
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s
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o
r
d
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ah ST
MIK
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[8] T
r
ussel
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e
chnolog
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u
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uman vi
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obotics
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iq
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i
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