T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
, V
ol
.
17
,
No.
5,
O
c
tob
er
20
1
9,
p
p.
2
3
35
~
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3
45
IS
S
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r
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Decr
ee
No: 2
1/E/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
.v
1
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Key
w
ords
:
d
e
fo
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s
ta
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n
,
f
o
re
s
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d
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ti
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n
,
G
ND
VI,
NDVI,
NR
G
I
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
9
Uni
v
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t
a
s
Ahm
a
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hl
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All
rig
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s
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s
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d
.
1.
Int
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d
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T
he
s
pa
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,
tem
po
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pe
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◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
5,
O
c
tob
er 20
19
:
2
33
5
-
2
3
45
2336
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n
-
v
e
ge
t
ate
d
f
ores
t
us
es
.
In
de
v
e
l
o
pi
n
g
c
ou
ntri
es
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
ar
l
y
,
f
ores
t
de
gra
da
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
l
s
o
b
ec
om
e
a
f
un
da
m
en
ta
l
pro
bl
em
.
It
ha
s
b
ee
n
r
ep
ort
ed
b
y
IT
T
O
[9]
i
n
2
00
0
tha
t
the
tot
al
ar
ea
of
de
grad
ed
f
ores
t
i
n
7
7
c
ou
ntri
es
are
ab
ou
t
80
0
m
i
l
l
i
on
he
c
ta
r
es
(
ha
)
w
h
ere
5
00
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
ha
of
th
em
are
de
gra
de
d
f
r
om
pri
m
ar
y
t
o
s
ec
on
da
r
y
f
ores
t.
In
tr
op
i
c
al
ec
os
y
s
tem
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
arl
y
i
n
the
r
eg
i
on
wi
t
h
hi
g
h
ec
on
om
i
c
grow
t
h,
th
e
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
tem
s
are
s
uff
erin
g
fr
om
m
an
y
ot
he
r
l
a
nd
us
e
pres
s
ures
an
d
c
on
v
ers
i
on
.
T
o
an
ti
c
i
pa
te
the
un
au
t
ho
r
i
z
e
d
f
ores
t
c
on
v
ers
i
o
n,
the
n
th
e
au
t
om
ate
d,
prac
ti
c
a
l
an
d
f
as
t
m
on
i
to
r
i
ng
tec
h
ni
qu
e
i
s
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
prov
i
d
e
ac
c
urate
a
nd
c
om
prehen
s
i
v
e
es
ti
m
ati
on
b
y
ec
os
y
s
t
e
m
ty
pe
an
d
i
ts
ge
og
r
ap
h
i
c
l
oc
a
ti
o
n.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tud
y
,
the
au
t
ho
r
s
f
oc
us
ed
on
th
e
d
ev
el
o
pm
en
t
of
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
a
nd
f
ores
t
de
gradat
i
o
n
m
on
i
tori
ng
tec
h
ni
q
ue
s
.
T
he
m
on
i
tori
ng
s
y
s
t
em
f
or
de
tec
ti
n
g
f
ores
t
c
on
di
ti
o
n
c
ou
l
d
b
e
f
ou
nd
i
n
s
ev
era
l
s
tud
i
es
s
uc
h
as
Ma
s
el
l
i
[1
0
-
13].
A
t
gl
o
ba
l
l
e
v
e
l
,
i
t
was
m
en
ti
on
ed
th
at
NO
A
A
-
A
V
HR
R
-
ba
s
ed
ND
V
I
c
l
os
el
y
c
orr
el
ate
d
wi
th
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
t
em
v
aria
t
i
on
[1
0].
O
t
he
r
s
tud
i
es
[1
4
,
15
]
us
ed
ND
V
I
as
an
i
nd
i
c
ato
r
of
f
o
r
es
t d
e
gradat
i
o
n.
A
t
th
e
tre
e
-
c
r
own
l
ev
el
,
t
he
us
e
of
s
pe
c
tr
al
i
nd
i
c
es
ha
d
b
ee
n
ex
am
i
ne
d
f
or
d
ete
c
t
i
ng
d
ef
ol
i
at
i
o
n
of
E
uc
al
y
pts
[16
]
an
d
the
us
e
of
NDVI
tr
en
d
t
o
d
ete
c
t
f
ores
t
c
ov
er
c
ha
n
ge
s
[
17
].
In
s
o
m
e
s
tud
i
es
,
i
t
wer
e
po
i
nte
d
ou
t
th
at
s
om
e
m
eth
od
ol
o
gi
c
a
l
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
s
wer
e
i
m
pl
em
en
tab
l
e
f
or
m
on
i
tori
ng
of
the
f
ores
t
de
gradat
i
o
n
us
i
ng
r
em
ote
s
en
s
i
ng
i
n
tr
op
i
c
al
f
ores
t
[18
-
2
3].
T
he
us
e
o
f
s
ate
l
l
i
te
da
t
a
of
LIS
S
II
I
f
or
m
on
i
tori
n
g
de
f
ores
tat
i
o
n
an
d
de
grada
ti
on
ha
d
a
l
s
o
be
en
r
ep
ort
ed
[24
]
.
In
m
ore
de
tai
l
ed
l
e
v
e
l
,
Da
[2
5]
r
ep
orted
t
he
us
e
of
r
em
ote
s
en
s
i
ng
d
ata
to
as
s
es
the
fores
t
d
y
n
am
i
c
c
ha
ng
e
at
h
ou
s
eh
o
l
d
l
e
v
el
da
ta.
T
he
us
e
of
ND
V
I
f
o
r
m
on
i
tori
ng
l
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
a
ti
on
i
n
arid
en
v
i
r
on
m
en
t
h
as
be
en
al
s
o
ex
am
i
ne
d
[26
].
N
o
w
,
t
he
us
e
of
h
i
gh
s
p
at
i
al
r
es
ol
ut
i
o
n
a
nd
h
y
p
e
r
-
s
pe
c
tr
al
i
m
ag
erie
s
f
or
de
tec
t
i
ng
c
h
an
g
e i
s
al
s
o
a
hi
g
hl
i
gh
t
ed
i
s
s
ue
[
27
,
28].
In
c
ha
ng
e
de
t
ec
ti
o
n
s
tu
di
e
s
tha
t
ha
v
e
be
e
n
d
on
e
pre
v
i
ou
s
l
y
,
no
n
e
of
th
em
ha
s
a
s
tud
y
r
el
ate
d t
o t
h
e d
ev
el
op
m
en
t
of
al
go
r
i
thm
s
to
de
t
ec
t f
ores
t c
ov
er c
h
an
g
es
,
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
d
ef
ores
tat
i
o
n
an
d
f
ores
t
de
gra
da
t
i
on
.
W
h
i
l
e
r
em
ote
s
en
s
i
n
g
tec
hn
ol
o
g
y
i
s
d
ev
el
o
pi
ng
v
er
y
r
a
pi
dl
y
,
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
arl
y
the
ab
i
l
i
t
y
of
s
pa
ti
a
l
r
es
o
l
ut
i
on
a
nd
t
em
po
r
al
r
es
ol
uti
o
n.
S
pa
t
i
a
l
r
es
ol
u
ti
o
n
h
as
arr
i
v
e
d
at
the
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
d
ete
c
t
ob
j
ec
t
s
up
t
o
s
u
b
-
m
ete
r
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
the
tem
po
r
al
r
es
ol
uti
on
o
f
hi
gh
s
pa
t
i
a
l
r
es
ol
ut
i
on
s
e
ns
or
ha
d
be
en
c
ap
ab
l
e
to
ac
qu
i
r
e
th
e
da
t
a
at
e
v
er
y
1
t
o
3
d
a
y
s
(
r
e
v
i
s
i
t
ti
m
e).
In
thi
s
r
eg
ard,
th
e
au
tho
r
s
ex
am
i
ne
d
the
al
go
r
i
t
hm
f
or
de
tec
ti
ng
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
an
d
f
ores
t
de
grad
ati
on
.
In
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ef
ores
tat
i
o
n
de
t
ec
ti
o
n
was
a
na
l
y
z
ed
u
s
i
ng
c
o
nv
en
t
i
on
al
v
eg
e
tat
i
o
n
i
nd
i
c
es
s
uc
h
as
NDVI
an
d
G
NDV
I,
whi
l
e
de
t
ec
ti
o
n
of
f
ores
t
d
eg
r
ad
ati
on
w
as
do
ne
wi
t
h
the
m
od
i
f
i
ed
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
i
n
de
x
.
T
he
m
ai
n
ob
j
ec
t
i
v
e
of
the
s
tud
y
i
s
to
prov
i
d
e
a
prac
ti
c
a
l
tec
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
m
on
i
tori
ng
d
ef
ores
tat
i
o
n
a
nd
f
ores
t
de
grad
ati
on
,
p
art
i
c
ul
ar
l
y
wi
th
i
n
t
he
m
an
grov
e
an
d
s
w
am
p
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
t
em
.
T
hi
s
s
tud
y
i
s
ex
pe
c
t
ed
t
o
b
e
a
f
ac
tor
i
n
t
he
de
v
e
l
op
m
en
t
o
f
f
ores
t
c
ov
er
c
ha
ng
e
d
ete
c
t
i
on
m
eth
od
s
,
s
uc
h
as
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
an
d
f
ores
t
de
gra
da
t
i
on
,
es
pe
c
i
al
l
y
o
n
m
an
grov
e
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
te
m
s
w
hi
c
h
be
c
am
e
on
e
of
the
i
m
po
r
tan
t
ec
os
y
s
tem
s
i
n
th
e
tr
op
i
c
s
.
T
hi
s
al
go
r
i
thm
w
i
l
l
h
el
p
d
ete
c
t
c
ha
ng
es
i
n
th
e
m
a
ng
r
ov
e
r
eg
i
on
s
em
i
-
au
tom
ati
c
a
l
l
y
us
i
n
g
hi
g
h
-
r
es
ol
ut
i
o
n s
ate
l
l
i
te
i
m
ag
er
y
.
2.
R
es
e
ar
ch
M
eth
o
d
2
.1.
D
ate and
S
t
u
d
y
S
it
e
F
or
ground
d
ata
c
o
l
l
ec
t
i
o
n,
the
s
tud
y
was
c
on
du
c
t
ed
f
r
om
F
eb
r
ua
r
y
20
15
to
m
i
d
20
16
,
at
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
erent
s
i
tes
,
i
n
K
ub
u
Ra
y
a
Re
g
en
c
y
,
W
es
t
K
al
i
m
an
tan
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
.
G
eo
grap
hi
c
a
l
l
y
,
the
s
tud
y
s
i
tes
i
s
l
oc
a
ted
b
et
w
e
en
1
09
o
1
8’
0”
E
an
d
10
9
o
42
’
0”
E
a
nd
be
t
w
ee
n
0
o
30
’
00
”
a
nd
0
o
55
’
00
”
.
T
he
da
ta
proc
es
s
i
ng
an
d
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
w
as
c
arr
i
ed
ou
t
a
t
the
Rem
ote
S
en
s
i
ng
a
nd
G
I
S
La
bo
r
ato
r
y
,
F
ores
t
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t
De
pa
r
tm
en
t,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
F
ores
tr
y
,
B
og
or Ag
r
i
c
ul
t
ural
Un
i
v
ers
i
t
y
.
2.2
. D
ata,
S
o
f
t
w
ar
e a
n
d
H
ar
d
w
ar
e
T
he
m
ai
n
da
t
a
us
ed
i
n
th
i
s
s
tud
y
are
m
ed
i
um
-
r
es
ol
uti
o
n
i
m
ag
e,
i
.e.
,
S
P
O
T
4
an
d
5
ac
qu
i
r
e
d
i
n
20
07
an
d
2
01
2
as
w
e
l
l
as
h
i
g
h
-
r
es
ol
u
ti
o
n
i
m
ag
e
S
P
O
T
6
r
ec
ord
ed
i
n
20
14
,
c
o
v
eri
ng
m
an
grov
e
an
d
s
w
am
p
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
t
em
i
n
K
ub
u
R
a
y
a
D
i
s
tr
i
c
t,
W
es
t
K
al
i
m
a
nta
n
P
r
o
v
i
nc
e.
T
he
S
P
O
T
6
da
ta
ha
s
6
m
s
pa
ti
a
l
r
es
ol
uti
on
,
whereas
S
P
O
T
4
an
d
5
i
m
ag
es
ha
v
e
10
m
s
pa
ti
al
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efo
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l
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RD
A
S
"
m
od
el
er"
,
whi
l
e
th
e
s
tat
i
s
ti
c
al
an
al
y
s
i
s
f
or
ea
c
h
s
y
nth
eti
c
i
m
ag
e
w
as
pro
c
es
s
ed
us
i
ng
the
s
tat
i
s
ti
c
a
l
f
un
c
ti
o
ns
of
th
e
M
i
c
r
os
o
f
t e
x
c
el
.
2.3
. C
r
it
er
ia
f
o
r
Det
ec
t
ing
Def
o
r
es
t
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
20
07
, 2
01
2
and
2
01
4
O
bs
erv
at
i
on
s
of
de
f
ores
ta
ti
on
on
m
an
grov
e
f
ores
ts
ha
s
be
en
o
bs
erv
e
d
us
i
n
g
bo
t
h
the
v
i
s
ua
l
i
nte
r
pre
tat
i
on
a
nd
di
g
i
ta
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
he
v
eg
et
ati
on
i
n
de
x
d
eri
v
ed
f
r
om
NIR
an
d
R
ba
nd
s
c
o
ul
d
e
nh
an
c
e
t
he
c
on
tr
as
t
be
t
ween
c
ov
er
c
l
as
s
es
ex
pe
r
i
en
c
i
ng
the
b
i
om
as
s
an
d/
or
c
hl
orop
h
y
l
l
c
ha
ng
es
.
T
he
us
e
of
s
pa
t
i
a
l
t
ec
hn
o
l
o
g
y
f
or
m
on
i
tori
n
g
bi
om
as
s
or
c
arbon
s
toc
k
c
ou
l
d
b
e
f
ou
nd
i
n
th
e
w
ork
of
N
y
am
ug
a
m
a
an
d
[29
].
I
n
thi
s
s
tud
y
,
t
h
e
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
i
nf
orm
ati
on
was
de
r
i
v
e
d
b
y
ex
am
i
ni
n
g
s
ev
er
al
t
h
r
es
ho
l
d
v
a
l
ue
s
f
or
“
ba
r
e
-
l
an
d”
a
nd
“
f
ores
t
c
ov
er”
th
at
ex
pres
s
“
the
c
ha
n
ge
s
”
a
nd
“
no
c
ha
n
ge
”
.
T
he
al
go
r
i
th
m
f
or
d
ete
c
ti
ng
de
f
ores
tat
i
o
n
w
as
do
ne
b
y
us
i
ng
“
k
no
w
l
ed
g
e
-
ba
s
ed
"
ap
pro
ac
h
w
i
th
m
ul
ti
l
ev
el
s
l
i
c
e
c
l
as
s
i
f
i
c
ati
on
m
eth
od
.
T
he
f
ores
t
an
d
l
an
d
c
ov
er
c
l
as
s
es
,
s
uc
h
a
s
m
an
grov
e
f
ores
ts
,
s
wam
p
f
ores
ts
,
s
hrubs
/
bu
s
he
s
,
N
y
p
ah
s
,
w
at
er
bo
d
i
es
,
ba
r
r
en
l
a
nd
,
c
l
o
ud
s
an
d
c
l
ou
d
s
h
ad
o
w
s
w
er
e
de
r
i
v
ed
i
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e
of
20
0
7,
20
1
2
an
d
20
1
4
.
T
o
di
s
ti
ng
ui
s
h
be
t
wee
n
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
c
o
v
er
an
d
no
n
-
v
e
ge
tat
i
on
c
o
v
er,
t
he
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
i
ne
d
the
us
ed
of
the
s
ta
nd
ard
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
i
nd
ex
a
nd
i
t
m
o
di
f
i
c
ati
on
s
.
T
he
r
e
are
thre
e
i
nd
i
c
es
w
ere
ex
am
i
ne
d,
na
m
el
y
t
he
N
orm
al
i
z
ed
D
i
f
f
eren
c
ed
V
e
ge
tat
i
o
n
Ind
ex
(
NDVI
)
,
G
r
ee
n
Nor
m
al
Di
f
f
erenti
ate
d
V
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n
I
n
de
x
(
G
NDV
I)
a
nd
Nor
m
al
i
z
ed
G
r
e
en
-
Re
d
V
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
I
nd
ex
(
NRG
I)
,
c
o
m
pu
te
d
wi
th
th
e
f
ol
l
o
wi
n
g f
or
m
ul
a:
NDVI
=
(
NIR
-
R)
/(
NIR
+
R)
(
1)
G
NDVI
=
(
NIR
-
G
)
/(
NIR
+
G)
(
2)
NRG
I =
(
G
-
R)
/(
G
+
R)
(
3)
w
he
r
e
NIR
i
s
i
nf
r
ared
R
i
s
r
ed
b
an
d
a
nd
G
i
s
gree
n
b
an
d.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
of
thi
s
de
f
ores
tat
i
o
n
d
ete
c
ti
on
i
s
to
s
ep
arat
e
w
at
er
bo
di
es
,
ba
r
e
s
oi
l
an
d
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
b
y
ex
am
i
ni
n
g
the
m
os
t o
pti
m
al
th
r
es
h
ol
d
v
a
l
ue
of
NDV
I (T
HN)
at
e
ac
h p
i
x
e
l
v
a
l
ue
s
of
ND
V
I
i
m
a
ge
(
X
1):
If X
1
<
TH
N1 Th
en
“
W
ate
r
bo
dy
”
E
l
s
e
i
f
X
1
>
T
HN
1
&
&
X
1
<
TH
N2 th
en
“
B
are
l
an
d
”
Y
ea
r
20
1
2:
NRG
I
M
angrove
>
N
RG
I
Swa
m
p Forest
>
N
RG
I
Nypa
>
NRG
I
Bushes
>
NRG
I
wa
ter bod
i
es
>
NRG
I
bare land
f
urther
m
ore,
thi
s
s
tud
y
ex
am
i
ne
the
thr
es
ho
l
d
v
a
l
u
e
of
G
NDV
I
(
T
HG
)
at
e
v
er
y
pi
x
e
l
v
al
u
e
of
G
NDVI
(
X
2)
w
i
th
t
he
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n rul
es
:
If X
2
<
TH
G
1 &
&
X
1
=
“
wat
er bod
y
”
The
n “wat
er bo
dy
”
E
l
s
e
i
f
X
2
>
T
HG
2
&
&
X
1
=
“
v
eg
et
ati
on
“
T
h
en
“
v
eg
et
ati
o
n
”
E
l
s
e “b
are
l
an
d/c
l
o
ud
/c
l
ou
d
s
ha
do
w
”
If X
2
>
TH
G
1 &
&
X
1
>
TH
N
1 Then
“
c
al
c
ul
ate
bi
om
as
s
c
ha
ng
e
or v
ol
um
e
c
ha
n
ge
”
t
he
n,
d
ef
ores
tat
i
o
n
an
d
af
f
ores
tat
i
on
de
t
ec
ti
on
s
f
r
om
two
di
f
f
erenc
e
d
ate
s
,
i
.
e.
DT
1
f
or
da
te
1
an
d DT
2 f
or date
2
ar
e f
orm
ul
ate
d u
s
i
ng
t
he
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
f
or
m
ul
a:
If DT1
=
“
F
ores
t
”
&
&
DT
2
=
“
B
are l
an
d
”
T
he
n
“
Defo
r
es
t
ati
o
n
”
E
l
s
e
i
f DT
1 =
“
B
are
l
a
nd
&
&
DT
2 =
“
F
ores
t
”
T
he
n
“
A
ff
ores
tat
i
on
”
i
f DT1
=
DT
2 Th
en
“
No
-
c
h
an
ge
”
E
l
s
e “u
nd
e
fi
n
ed
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
5,
O
c
tob
er 20
19
:
2
33
5
-
2
3
45
2338
t
he
“
un
de
f
i
ne
d
”
c
ha
n
ge
s
are
de
f
i
n
ed
as
o
the
r
c
ha
ng
es
i
nc
l
u
di
n
g
c
l
o
ud
a
nd
c
l
ou
d
s
h
ad
o
w
c
l
as
s
es
.
T
he
c
ha
n
ge
f
r
o
m
a
w
at
er
b
od
y
t
o
b
are
l
a
nd
or
v
i
c
e
v
ers
a
i
s
f
r
eq
ue
ntl
y
du
e
t
o
the
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e o
f
th
e
ti
d
es
or
th
e s
e
as
on
(
dr
y
or r
a
i
n
y
)
at
th
e
ac
qu
i
s
i
ti
on
t
i
m
e.
2.4
. T
h
e
F
o
r
es
t
Degr
adat
i
o
n
Cri
t
er
i
a a
n
d
R
egrow
t
h
F
ores
t
de
grada
ti
o
n
i
s
de
f
i
n
ed
as
c
h
an
ge
s
i
n
f
ores
t
q
u
al
i
t
y
i
n
term
s
of
de
c
r
ea
s
i
ng
s
tan
d
v
o
l
um
e,
f
ores
t
bi
o
m
as
s
an
d/
or
bi
ol
o
gi
c
a
l
an
d
no
n
-
bi
o
l
og
i
c
a
l
en
v
i
r
o
nm
en
t
qu
al
i
t
y
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
di
es
ha
v
e
s
ug
ge
s
ted
tha
t
r
e
m
ote
s
en
s
i
ng
i
s
a
bl
e
to
prov
i
de
ac
c
urate
i
nf
orm
ati
o
n
r
eg
ardi
ng
the
bi
om
as
s
an
d
v
ol
um
e
of
f
ores
t
s
tan
ds
.
T
he
f
ores
t
de
gra
da
t
i
on
ex
am
i
ne
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
tu
d
y
was
de
f
i
ne
d
as
a
f
o
r
es
t
ha
v
i
ng
a
de
grade
d
or
de
c
r
ea
s
e
d
b
i
om
as
s
v
ol
um
e.
If
the
c
ha
n
ge
i
s
ne
g
ati
v
e
be
y
o
nd
the
t
hres
ho
l
d
l
i
m
i
t
the
n
i
t
i
s
c
al
l
ed
“
d
eg
r
a
da
ti
on
”
,
ot
he
r
wi
s
e
th
e
po
s
i
ti
v
e
c
ha
ng
e
i
s
c
al
l
ed
"
growth
".
T
he
s
m
al
l
n
eg
at
i
v
e c
h
an
g
es
th
at
b
el
on
gs
wi
th
i
n
the
th
r
es
h
ol
d l
i
m
i
t
i
s
c
al
l
e
d a
s
“
s
om
e
h
ow
de
gra
da
t
i
on
”
,
c
on
v
ers
el
y
,
t
he
s
m
a
l
l
po
s
i
ti
v
e
c
ha
ng
e
i
s
r
ef
err
ed
to
as
“
s
om
eh
ow
growth
”
.
Ma
th
em
ati
c
al
l
y
de
tec
t
ed
f
ores
t
de
grad
ati
on
an
d
s
tan
d
i
ng
gro
w
t
h
are as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
If (BT2
-
B
T
1) >
-
1 &
&
(
B
T
2
-
B
T
1) <
0 &
&
Th
en
“
s
om
eh
ow d
e
grad
ati
on
”
E
l
s
e I
f (BT2
-
B
T
1)
<
-
1 Th
e
n “de
gra
da
t
i
on
”
E
l
s
e I
f (BT2
-
B
T
1)
>
0
&
&
(
B
T
2
-
B
T
1) <
1
T
he
n
“
s
om
e
ho
w gro
wth
”
E
l
s
e I
f (BT2
-
B
T
1)
>
TH
T
h
en
“
growt
h
”
E
l
s
e “N
o
-
c
ha
ng
e
”
A
n
area
i
s
c
ate
go
r
i
z
e
d
as
de
gra
de
d,
or
o
the
r
wi
s
e
as
gro
w
s
i
f
the
b
i
om
as
s
c
ha
ng
es
ar
e
m
ore
tha
n
or
eq
u
al
to
1
5
%
of
the
ori
gi
na
l
bi
om
as
s
v
o
l
um
e.
T
he
B
T
2
an
d
B
T
1
v
al
u
es
are
the
bi
om
as
s
v
ol
um
e
v
a
l
ue
s
i
n
the
s
ec
on
d
y
ea
r
(
T
2)
an
d
the
pre
v
i
ou
s
y
e
ar
(
T
1)
ob
t
ai
ne
d
us
i
ng
the
b
i
om
as
s
es
ti
m
ati
on
m
od
e
l
us
i
n
g
the
N
RG
I
v
ar
i
ab
l
e.
T
he
es
ti
m
ati
on
m
od
el
w
as
a
l
r
ea
d
y
de
v
el
op
e
d i
n o
ur pr
e
v
i
o
us
r
es
ea
r
c
he
s
.
3.
R
es
u
lt
s
and
A
n
al
ys
is
3.1
. T
h
e
S
ep
ar
ab
ilit
y
A
n
al
ys
is
of
F
o
r
es
t
and
L
and
C
o
v
er
s
In
m
on
i
tori
ng
de
f
ores
tat
i
o
n
an
d
f
ores
t
de
gra
da
t
i
on
,
c
on
s
i
de
r
at
i
on
of
th
e
s
pe
c
tr
al
c
ap
ab
i
l
i
t
y
of
ea
c
h
ba
nd
be
c
om
es
a
v
er
y
c
r
uc
i
al
tas
k
.
Ref
err
i
ng
to
the
s
ep
ar
ab
i
l
i
t
y
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
us
i
n
g
the
ori
gi
na
l
ba
n
d
of
S
P
O
T
4
an
d
6
i
m
ag
es
,
na
m
el
y
G
r
ee
n,
Re
d
an
d
NIR,
i
t
i
s
r
e
c
og
ni
z
e
d
tha
t
the
h
i
gh
i
nte
r
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
ara
bi
l
i
t
y
are
oc
c
urr
ed
b
et
w
e
en
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
wi
th
ba
r
e
l
an
d,
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
wate
r
bo
d
i
es
an
d
or
be
t
w
e
en
wate
r
bo
di
es
w
i
th
ba
r
e
l
an
d.
T
hi
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
wi
th
th
e
s
tud
y
r
es
u
l
ts
of
[30
],
w
h
ere
t
he
NI
R
an
d
Red
b
an
d
ho
l
d
a
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
r
ol
e
on
di
s
c
r
i
m
i
na
ti
ng
green
v
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n
an
d
bu
r
nt
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
.
T
he
s
ep
arab
i
l
i
t
y
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
t
he
S
P
O
T
an
d
T
M
i
m
ag
es
c
ou
l
d
al
s
o
be
f
ou
nd
i
n [
3
1].
In
th
e
2
00
7
i
m
ag
e,
t
he
l
o
w
s
ep
arab
i
l
i
t
y
(
l
es
s
tha
n
1
6
00
)
are
on
l
y
be
t
wee
n
s
hru
bs
an
d
s
w
am
p f
ores
ts
, w
h
ereas
f
or 201
2
i
m
ag
er
y
, l
o
w
s
e
pa
r
at
i
on
was
oc
c
urr
ed
b
et
w
e
en
m
an
grov
e a
nd
s
hrubs
.
In
t
he
2
01
4
i
m
ag
e,
l
o
w
c
l
as
s
-
to
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
a
r
ati
on
oc
c
urs
be
t
ween
c
l
o
ud
a
nd
wate
r
bo
d
i
es
;
as
wel
l
as
b
et
w
e
e
n
m
an
grov
e
f
ores
ts
an
d
s
wam
p
f
ores
t
an
d
be
t
ween
ba
r
e
l
an
d
a
nd
s
hrubs
.
B
as
ed
on
t
he
i
n
ter
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
arat
i
o
n
ap
pr
oa
c
h,
i
t
w
as
f
ou
nd
tha
t
the
i
nt
er
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
arati
on
am
on
g
8
c
l
as
s
e
s
,
us
i
ng
th
e
or
i
gi
na
l
d
ata
(
the
R,
G
a
nd
N
IR
b
an
ds
)
,
t
he
a
v
er
ag
e
of
T
r
an
s
f
or
m
ed
Di
v
ergenc
e
(
T
D)
are
19
5
1,
19
0
9
an
d
19
03
,
f
or
2
00
7
,
2
01
2
a
nd
20
1
4
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
a
v
erag
e
of
s
ep
a
r
ati
on
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
when
th
e
s
y
nth
eti
c
ba
n
d
N
DV
I
,
G
N
DV
I
an
d
NRG
I
are
ap
p
l
i
ed
ha
v
i
ng
T
D
around
1
98
6,
1
96
8
an
d
2
00
0
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1.
F
r
om
the
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
s
ep
arati
on
of
us
i
ng
th
e
ori
gi
n
al
ba
n
ds
,
th
e
s
ep
arati
on
c
l
as
s
es
be
t
ween
w
at
er
bo
di
es
a
nd
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
do
w
s
i
s
v
er
y
l
o
w
at
t
he
20
14
i
m
ag
es
.
In
c
on
tr
as
t,
u
s
i
ng
th
e
v
eg
e
tat
i
on
i
nd
ex
,
t
h
e
i
nte
r
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
arati
on
was
i
m
prov
ed
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
tl
y
,
a
nd
al
l
c
l
as
s
es
ha
d
a
n
i
n
ter
-
c
l
as
s
s
ep
arati
on
ab
o
v
e
16
0
0.
3.2
. T
h
e S
p
e
ctral
A
n
al
ys
i
s of
NDV
I
, G
ND
V
I a
n
d
N
R
G
I
In
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
th
e
us
e
of
s
y
n
the
t
i
c
i
m
ag
es
us
i
ng
N
DV
I
,
G
NDVI
a
nd
N
RG
I
i
m
ag
e
s
c
ou
l
d
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
th
e
i
nte
r
-
c
l
as
s
s
e
pa
r
ati
on
,
pa
r
ti
c
u
l
ar
l
y
be
t
we
en
v
eg
e
tat
i
on
an
d
no
n
-
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
c
l
as
s
es
(
s
uc
h
as
w
ate
r
bo
d
i
es
,
b
are
s
oi
l
s
,
c
l
o
ud
s
a
nd
c
l
o
ud
s
ha
do
w
s
)
.
T
he
oret
i
c
al
l
y
,
t
he
de
ns
e
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
wi
l
l
ha
v
e
hi
g
h
v
al
u
e
of
NDVI
,
G
NDVI
a
nd
NRG
I,
c
l
os
e
to
on
e
,
w
h
er
ea
s
the
w
at
er
bo
d
y
v
al
ue
i
s
c
l
os
e
to
m
i
nu
s
on
e
.
F
r
om
l
an
d
s
pe
c
t
r
al
an
al
y
s
i
s
at
t
he
2
00
7,
20
12
an
d
20
14
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
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M
NIK
A
IS
S
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69
3
-
6
93
0
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A
l
g
orit
hm
f
or det
ec
ti
n
g d
efo
r
es
tat
i
o
n a
n
d f
ores
t d
e
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ati
o
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s
i
ng
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ng
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h S
ur
ati
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ac
qu
i
s
i
ti
o
n
da
t
e
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ures
1
-
3
,
t
ha
t
th
e
ND
V
I
an
d
G
N
DV
I
i
m
prov
e
s
ep
arati
on
be
t
w
e
en
w
a
ter
bo
di
es
an
d
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
.
A
t
a
l
l
da
tes
,
c
on
s
i
s
ten
tl
y
,
N
D
V
I
s
ho
w
s
i
t
s
s
up
erio
r
i
t
y
to
G
NDVI
i
n
d
i
s
ti
n
gu
i
s
hi
ng
v
eg
et
ati
on
c
o
v
er
c
l
as
s
es
,
wate
r
bo
di
es
,
c
l
ou
ds
,
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
do
w
s
a
nd
ba
r
e
s
oi
l
s
.
Ho
we
v
er,
w
h
en
v
i
e
w
ed
f
r
o
m
the
s
ep
arab
i
l
i
t
y
be
t
w
ee
n
th
e
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
c
ov
er
c
l
as
s
an
d
the
w
at
er
bo
d
y
,
i
t
i
s
s
ee
n
t
ha
t
G
ND
V
I
g
i
v
es
wi
d
er
av
erage
v
a
l
ue
s
c
om
pa
r
ed
to
NDVI
.
I
n
ot
he
r
wor
ds
,
t
o
d
i
s
ti
ng
u
i
s
h
w
at
er
bo
d
i
es
,
ba
r
e
l
an
d
a
nd
v
eg
e
tat
i
on
as
wel
l
as
c
l
o
ud
or
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
d
o
w
,
the
n
ND
V
I
i
s
be
t
ter
tha
n
G
NDVI
.
T
he
r
ati
o
b
et
ween
NIR
a
nd
R
i
n
NDVI
i
nc
r
e
as
es
the
s
ep
arab
i
l
i
t
y
be
t
w
ee
n
c
l
as
s
es
of
w
at
er
bo
di
es
,
ba
r
e
l
an
d
an
d
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
.
W
hi
l
e
G
NDV
I
s
ho
w
n
i
ts
s
up
eri
orit
y
pa
r
ti
c
ul
ar
l
y
i
n
c
l
as
s
i
f
y
i
n
g
v
eg
et
ati
on
an
d
no
n
-
v
eg
et
ati
o
n
c
l
as
s
es
.
T
he
G
NDVI
i
s
a m
od
i
f
i
c
ati
o
n o
f
NDV
I
where
th
e
Red
(
R)
ba
nd
i
s
r
ep
l
ac
e
d
wi
th
G
r
ee
n (G
)
.
T
ab
l
e 1
.
A
v
erag
e o
f
T
D an
d Nu
m
be
r
of
c
l
as
s
-
pa
i
r
w
i
t
h
T
D l
es
s
th
an
1
60
0 u
s
i
ng
orig
i
na
l
b
an
d
an
d
s
y
nt
he
t
i
c
ba
nd
of
S
P
O
T
4,
5
an
d
6
Y
e
a
r
TD
_
a
v
g
w
it
h
o
r
igin
a
l
b
a
n
d
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
las
s
-
p
a
ir w
it
h
TD
<
1
6
0
0
TD
_
a
v
g
w
it
h
N
D
V
I
GN
D
V
I
,
N
R
GI
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
las
s
-
p
a
ir w
it
h
TD
<
1
6
0
0
2007
1951
1
1986
0
2012
1909
3
1969
0
2014
1903
1
2000
0
T
he
NDVI
,
G
NDVI
an
d
NR
G
I
ba
nd
s
ha
v
e
un
i
qu
e
brig
htn
es
s
v
a
l
u
es
pa
tte
r
ns
.
T
h
e
NDV
I
an
d
G
NDV
I
i
m
ag
es
are
s
u
pe
r
i
or
on
d
i
s
ti
ng
u
i
s
hi
ng
th
e
w
at
er
b
od
i
es
an
d
n
on
-
w
at
er
bo
di
es
th
an
NRG
I.
T
o
di
s
ti
ng
ui
s
h
s
ha
d
o
w
s
f
r
o
m
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
d
o
w
s
,
t
he
NDV
I
pro
v
i
d
es
be
tt
er
s
ep
arat
i
o
n
tha
n
G
NDVI
.
T
he
NRG
I
c
ou
l
d
n
ot
c
l
as
s
i
f
y
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
an
d
no
n
-
v
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n
c
o
v
er
ac
c
urate
l
y
.
F
urtherm
ore,
the
G
NDV
I
i
m
ag
e
ea
s
i
l
y
s
ep
ara
te
w
at
er
bo
di
es
an
d
no
n
-
wate
r
bo
d
y
c
l
as
s
es
,
bette
r
th
an
ND
V
I.
T
hi
s
s
tud
y
s
ho
w
s
th
at
th
e
NRG
I
i
m
ag
es
are
no
t
s
en
s
i
ti
v
e
to
the
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
an
d
n
on
-
v
eg
e
tat
i
on
c
l
as
s
es
s
uc
h
as
ba
r
e
l
an
d
,
w
at
er
bo
di
es
,
c
l
ou
ds
an
d
c
l
o
ud
s
ha
d
o
w
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
es
1
-
3,
the
NRG
I
of
2
00
7
,
20
12
an
d
20
1
4
c
o
ns
i
s
ten
t
l
y
gr
ad
a
ti
o
n
of
bi
om
as
s
v
ol
um
e
c
l
as
s
es
.
T
he
ob
s
erv
ati
on
s
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
s
1
-
3
s
ho
w
th
at
NRG
I
c
ou
l
d
di
s
ti
ng
u
i
s
h
v
ari
ati
on
s
of
f
ores
t
bi
om
as
s
c
l
as
s
es
or
f
ores
t
po
te
nti
al
c
l
as
s
es
,
b
ett
er
an
d
m
ore
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
t
ha
n
ei
th
er
G
NDVI
or
ND
V
I.
B
as
ed
on
the
NRG
I
s
eq
u
en
c
e,
the
ord
er
of
NRG
I
an
d
bi
o
m
a
s
s
v
al
ue
s
i
s
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
NRG
I
mgrv >
NRG
I
swf >
NRG
I
sb
h >
NRG
I
Nypa
t
hi
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
ne
wi
th
the
s
e
qu
e
nc
e o
f
bi
om
as
s
v
ol
um
e:
Ma
ng
r
ov
es
>
s
wa
mp
fores
t
>
b
us
h /
s
hru
b >
Ny
pa
.
b
as
ed
on
the
ab
o
v
e
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
at
i
on
s
,
the
n
t
he
al
go
r
i
thm
f
or
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
an
d
de
grad
ati
on
de
tec
t
i
on
us
i
n
g s
y
n
the
t
i
c
c
ha
nn
el
s
c
ou
l
d
be
f
orm
ul
ate
d a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
a)
T
he
thres
ho
l
d
v
al
ue
of
N
DV
I
c
ou
l
d
be
us
ed
t
o
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
y
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
an
d
non
-
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
c
ov
ers
,
s
uc
h
as
v
eg
et
ati
on
,
w
ate
r
bo
di
es
,
ba
r
e
l
a
nd
,
c
l
o
ud
an
d
c
l
o
ud
s
h
ad
o
w
c
ate
g
orie
s
.
B
as
ed
on
t
he
v
a
l
u
e
of
i
ts
s
ep
arat
i
o
n,
th
e
c
l
as
s
es
c
ou
l
d
be
ea
s
i
l
y
di
s
t
i
n
gu
i
s
h
ed
.
N
DV
I
e
as
i
l
y
di
f
f
erenti
ate
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
do
ws
an
d
w
a
ter
b
od
i
es
,
w
h
ere
the
s
e
t
w
o
c
l
as
s
es
are
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
to
s
ep
ar
ate
o
n
the
orig
i
na
l
c
h
an
ne
l
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
s
1
-
3
.
T
he
s
eq
ue
nc
e
of
NDVI
v
al
u
es
f
r
o
m
da
tes
20
07
,
20
12
a
nd
20
14
i
n
th
i
s
s
tud
y
are:
NDVI
V
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n
>
ND
V
I
clou
d shadow
>
ND
V
I
cloud
s / bare lan
d
>
ND
V
I
water
bod
i
es
b)
In
th
e GN
DV
I i
m
ag
es
, th
e s
ep
arat
i
o
n b
e
t
w
ee
n t
h
e
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
an
d
no
n
-
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
c
l
as
s
es
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar
w
i
t
h
tho
s
e
ob
t
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
the
NDVI
.
Ho
w
ev
er,
i
f
i
t
i
s
ex
am
i
ne
d
prec
i
s
el
y
,
the
s
ep
ar
ati
on
be
t
w
ee
n
wate
r
bo
d
i
es
a
nd
v
eg
e
tat
i
o
n
us
i
ng
G
ND
V
I
i
s
be
tte
r
t
ha
n
ND
V
I.
T
hu
s
,
w
ate
r
bo
d
y
d
ete
c
ti
on
c
ou
l
d
be
w
e
l
l
as
s
es
s
ed
us
i
ng
G
NDV
I
v
a
l
u
es
,
be
t
ter
th
an
ND
V
I.
T
hi
s
c
on
c
l
ud
es
tha
t
t
he
G
N
DV
I
thres
h
ol
d
i
s
us
ef
ul
to
d
i
f
f
erenti
ate
th
e
c
l
as
s
of
w
at
er
bo
di
es
an
d
no
n
-
wate
r
b
od
y
c
l
as
s
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
5,
O
c
tob
er 20
19
:
2
33
5
-
2
3
45
2340
c)
P
arti
c
u
l
ar
l
y
f
or
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
s
ub
-
c
l
as
s
es
,
the
NRG
I
prov
i
de
s
c
on
s
i
s
te
nt
an
d
ac
c
urat
e
es
ti
m
ati
on
of
b
i
om
as
s
an
d
v
o
l
um
e c
on
ten
ts
.
F
r
om
th
e
da
ta
ti
m
e s
erie
s
ex
am
i
ne
d,
the
NRG
I
v
a
l
ue
s
o
n
th
e
20
07
,
20
1
2
an
d
20
1
4
i
m
ag
es
c
on
s
i
s
te
ntl
y
s
ho
w
tha
t
the
s
eq
u
en
c
e
of
NRG
I
v
a
l
ue
s
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
NRG
I
Mangro
ve
>
NRG
I
Swa
m
p For
est
>
NRG
I
Bushes/Ny
pa
>
NRG
I
w
ater body
d)
F
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
t
he
c
l
as
s
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
us
i
ng
N
DV
I
the
G
ND
V
I,
the
NRG
I
i
m
ag
e
c
ou
l
d
be
us
ed
to
de
tec
t
f
ores
t
t
y
p
e
an
d
oth
er
c
o
v
er
c
l
as
s
es
s
uc
h
as
m
an
grov
e,
s
w
am
p
f
ores
ts
an
d
s
hrubs
/
n
y
p
a.
In
t
hi
s
s
tud
y
n
y
p
a
an
d
bu
s
h
c
ou
l
d
n
ot
be
w
e
l
l
di
s
ti
ng
u
i
s
he
d,
be
c
au
s
e
thi
s
non
-
wo
od
y
v
eg
et
ati
on
,
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
m
i
l
ar
bi
om
as
s
c
on
ten
t.
F
r
om
the
i
m
ag
e
of
2
00
7,
2
01
2
an
d
20
14
,
the
s
tud
y
f
ou
n
d
th
e
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
NRG
I
i
n
de
term
i
ni
ng
s
tan
d
bi
om
as
s
ha
v
i
n
g
the
s
eq
ue
nc
e
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
Y
ea
r
20
0
7:
NRG
I
M
angrove
>
N
RG
I
Swa
m
p Forest
>
N
RG
I
Bushes
>
NRG
I
Nypa
>
NRG
I
wat
er bod
i
es
>
NRG
I
bare land
Y
ea
r
20
1
2:
NRG
I
M
angrove
>
N
RG
I
Swa
m
p Forest
>
N
RG
I
Nypa
>
NRG
I
Bushes
>
NRG
I
wa
ter bod
i
es
>
NRG
I
bare land
Y
ea
r
20
1
4:
NRG
I
M
angrove
>
N
RG
I
Swa
m
p Forest
>
N
RG
I
Bushes
>
NRG
I
Nypa
>
NRG
I
wat
er bod
i
es
>
NRG
I
bare land
a
l
l
th
e
NG
RI s
eq
ue
nc
e
as
m
en
ti
on
ed
ab
o
v
e
th
e
n c
ou
l
d b
e s
um
m
ari
z
ed
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
P
ote
nti
al
ma
ng
r
ov
es
>
s
wa
mp
fo
r
es
t p
ot
en
t
i
a
l
>
po
t
en
t
i
al
s
hrub
/ b
us
he
s
>
Ny
pa
po
ten
t
i
al
.
(
a)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
i
gu
r
e
1
.
T
he
v
al
ue
s
of
ND
V
I, GN
D
V
I a
nd
NRG
I f
or ea
c
h c
ov
er c
l
as
s
i
n (a)
20
0
7
(
b) 201
2
an
d (c
)
20
14
T
he
wetn
es
s
of
s
oi
l
b
ac
k
gr
ou
nd
c
on
di
t
i
o
n
a
t
t
he
s
pa
r
s
e
v
eg
eta
t
i
o
n
e
i
th
er
i
n
m
an
grov
e
or
s
w
am
p
f
ores
t
ec
os
y
s
tem
woul
d
i
nf
l
u
en
c
e
the
v
al
ue
of
the
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
i
n
de
x
.
A
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
t
hi
s
s
tud
y
,
th
e
N
RG
I
v
a
l
ue
of
s
hrub
i
s
h
i
g
he
r
t
ha
n
N
y
pa
f
or
the
y
ea
r
20
07
an
d
2
01
4,
whereas
f
or
the
y
ea
r
2
01
2
N
y
p
a
i
s
l
arger
tha
n
s
hrub
.
T
he
s
uc
c
es
s
f
ul
us
e
of
v
eg
et
ati
on
i
nd
i
c
es
f
or
r
ec
og
ni
z
i
ng
l
an
d
c
ov
er
c
l
a
s
s
es
i
n
wetl
an
ds
c
ou
l
d
be
f
ou
nd
i
n
[
12
,
13].
I
t
w
as
al
s
o
f
ou
nd
an
i
nd
ex
as
s
oc
i
ate
d
wi
th
dr
o
ug
ht
are
Mo
d
i
f
i
ed
V
eg
eta
ti
on
W
ate
r
S
up
pl
y
In
de
x
(
MV
W
S
I)
an
d
r
el
at
i
v
e
prec
i
p
i
ta
ti
o
n
i
nd
ex
(
RP
I)
[11
].
I
t
i
s
r
ec
og
n
i
z
ed
tha
t
M
V
W
S
I
ha
s
s
i
m
pl
er
c
al
c
ul
ati
on
a
nd
prov
i
de
m
ore s
t
ab
l
e res
u
l
t,
he
nc
e m
ore ea
s
i
l
y
r
ea
l
i
z
ed
i
n a
pp
l
i
c
at
i
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
A
l
g
orit
hm
f
or det
ec
ti
n
g d
efo
r
es
tat
i
o
n a
n
d f
ores
t d
e
grad
ati
o
n u
s
i
ng
..
. (I Ne
ng
a
h S
ur
ati
J
ay
a)
2341
(
a)
(
b)
(
c
)
(
d)
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
T
he
a
pp
e
aranc
e
of
(
a) ND
V
I, (b)
G
ND
V
I, (c
)
NRG
I a
n
d
(
d) Com
po
s
i
te
MIR
-
NI
R
-
R i
m
ag
e o
f
S
P
O
T
6
A
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
2,
ea
c
h
i
n
de
x
prov
i
d
es
v
ario
us
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
c
on
tr
as
t.
T
he
N
DV
I
an
d
G
NDVI
s
h
o
w
s
i
m
i
l
ar
ob
j
e
c
t
v
ar
i
at
i
on
s
,
bo
t
h
c
ap
ab
l
e
to
d
i
s
ti
nc
t
l
y
di
s
t
i
n
gu
i
s
h
be
t
w
e
en
wat
er
bo
d
i
es
an
d
v
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
es
2
(
a
)
and
(
b).
Ho
wev
er,
G
NDVI
gi
v
es
be
tt
er
s
ep
arati
on
be
t
wee
n
w
at
er
bo
d
i
es
a
nd
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
c
om
pa
r
ed
to
th
e
ND
V
I.
Y
et,
th
e
ND
V
I
produc
es
be
tt
er
s
ep
ara
ti
on
tha
n
G
NDV
I
i
n
t
erm
s
of
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
ng
th
e
s
ep
arab
i
l
i
t
y
b
et
ween
the
b
are
l
an
d
an
d
c
l
o
ud
s
as
w
e
l
l
as
c
l
ou
d
s
h
ad
o
w
s
.
In
F
i
gu
r
e
2
(
c
)
w
at
er
bo
di
es
ha
v
e
v
a
r
i
ou
s
v
aria
bl
e
NRG
I
v
a
l
u
es
r
an
gi
ng
f
r
om
v
er
y
da
r
k
to
gra
y
(
c
om
pa
r
e
wi
th
F
i
gu
r
es
4
(
a
)
a
nd
4
(
b
)
).
In
oth
er
wor
ds
,
the
NRG
I
i
s
n
ot
ab
l
e
to
c
l
ea
r
l
y
i
de
n
ti
f
y
th
e
w
at
er
bo
di
es
an
d
n
on
-
w
at
er
b
od
y
.
A
s
s
ho
w
n,
the
r
e
i
s
a
s
tr
ea
m
w
i
t
h
da
r
k
ton
es
an
d
bri
gh
t
to
ne
s
,
an
d
thi
s
m
i
gh
t
c
on
tr
i
bu
te
to
m
i
s
c
l
as
s
i
f
i
c
ati
on
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
the
NRG
I
c
ou
l
d
c
on
s
i
s
ten
tl
y
di
f
f
erenti
a
te
the
s
eq
ue
nc
e
of
bi
om
as
s
po
te
nti
a
l
s
f
or
e
ac
h
f
ores
t c
ov
er c
l
as
s
s
uc
h a
s
m
an
grov
es
, s
wam
p f
ores
ts
,
v
e
ge
ta
ti
o
n i
n e
c
ot
on
e
(
s
hrub a
nd
N
y
p
a).
A
s
the
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
di
s
c
us
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
,
w
e
m
a
y
c
o
nc
l
u
de
tha
t
the
v
eg
eta
t
i
on
i
nd
ex
v
a
l
u
es
ob
ta
i
ne
d
us
i
n
g
NDV
I,
G
ND
V
I
an
d
N
RG
I
ha
v
e
a
po
ten
ti
a
l
c
ap
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
de
t
ec
t
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
an
d
f
ores
t
de
grad
ati
on
.
T
he
s
e
l
ec
ti
on
of
thres
ho
l
d
l
i
m
i
ts
of
ea
c
h
t
hres
ho
l
d
c
ou
l
d
b
e
d
on
e
b
y
t
wo
m
et
ho
ds
,
na
m
el
y
b
y
t
he
a
v
erag
e
m
eth
od
a
nd
ne
are
s
t
ne
i
gh
bo
r
m
eth
od
.
T
he
order
of
NDVI
v
a
l
ue
s
b
y
l
an
d c
o
v
er f
r
om
2
00
7 t
o 2
01
4
i
s
pres
e
nte
d
i
n
T
ab
l
es
2
-
4.
F
urtherm
ore,
ba
s
ed
on
th
e
thres
ho
l
d
v
a
l
ue
s
of
ea
c
h
v
e
ge
t
ati
on
i
nd
ex
ex
am
i
ne
d,
a
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
ng
f
l
o
w
d
i
a
g
r
am
f
or dete
c
ti
ng
de
f
ores
tat
i
on
a
nd
f
ores
t d
eg
r
a
da
t
i
on
i
s
de
v
el
op
e
d a
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
F
i
g
ure
4
s
ho
w
s
on
e
ex
am
pl
e
of
t
he
f
ores
t
de
grad
ati
on
de
te
c
ti
on
ba
s
ed
on
bi
om
as
s
s
toc
k
.
T
he
bi
om
as
s
es
ti
m
ati
on
proj
ec
ti
o
n
m
od
el
us
ed
w
as
the
N
R
G
I
-
ba
s
ed
m
od
el
al
r
ea
d
y
de
v
e
l
op
ed
ou
r
pre
v
i
ou
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h.
F
ores
t
de
g
r
ad
ati
on
du
e
to
t
he
de
c
r
ea
s
e
i
n
bi
om
as
s
c
on
ten
t
or
gro
w
th
du
e
t
o
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
d
b
i
om
as
s
c
ou
l
d
be
de
t
ec
ted
w
e
l
l
us
i
n
g
the
al
g
orit
h
m
ex
am
i
ne
d
i
n
th
i
s
s
tud
y
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
arl
y
wh
en
t
he
i
m
ag
e
i
s
i
n
ex
c
el
l
en
t
qu
al
i
t
y
(
f
r
ee
of
c
l
ou
ds
,
c
l
ou
d
s
ha
do
w
s
,
no
s
tr
i
pp
i
n
g/b
an
di
n
g
or
ha
z
e).
T
he
pres
e
nc
e
of
h
a
z
e
o
n
o
ne
i
m
ag
e
m
a
y
l
ea
d
to
m
i
s
c
l
as
s
i
f
i
c
ati
on
a
nd
m
i
s
-
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
ati
o
n.
T
he
pres
e
nc
e
of
ha
z
e
i
n
th
e
s
ec
on
d
-
y
ea
r
c
au
s
es
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◼
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T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
5,
O
c
tob
er 20
19
:
2
33
5
-
2
3
45
2344
ev
er
y
on
e
w
h
o
h
as
s
up
po
r
t
ed
th
e
es
ta
bl
i
s
hm
en
t
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
the
an
o
n
y
m
ou
s
r
ev
i
e
w
er
who
c
r
i
t
i
c
i
z
ed
the
i
n
i
ti
al
draf
t f
or i
m
prov
em
en
t.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
So
u
z
a
C
M
,
Si
q
u
e
i
ra
J
V
,
Sa
l
e
s
M
H,
Fo
n
s
e
c
a
AV,
Rib
e
i
ro
J
G
,
Num
a
ta
I,
Coc
h
ra
n
e
M
A,
Ba
rb
e
r
C
P
,
Rob
e
rts
DA,
B
a
rl
o
w
J
.
T
e
n
-
Ye
a
r
L
a
n
d
s
a
t
Cla
s
s
i
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Def
o
re
s
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Fo
r
e
s
t
De
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
Bra
z
i
l
i
a
n
A
m
a
z
o
n
.
Rem
o
te
Se
n
s
.
2
0
1
3
;
5:
5
4
9
3
-
5
5
1
3
.
[2
]
Al
v
e
s
DB,
Pé
r
ez
-
Cab
e
l
l
o
F,
M
i
m
b
re
r
o
M
R.
Land
-
Us
e
a
n
d
L
a
n
d
-
Cov
e
r
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
s
M
o
n
i
to
re
d
b
y
ND
V
I
M
u
l
ti
te
m
p
o
ra
l
An
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
A
Se
l
e
c
t
e
d
So
u
th
e
r
n
Am
a
z
o
n
i
a
n
Ar
e
a
(Bra
z
i
l
)
Fo
r
th
e
L
a
s
t
T
h
re
e
De
c
a
d
e
s
.
T
h
e
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ar
c
h
i
v
e
s
o
f
T
h
e
Ph
o
to
g
ra
m
m
e
try
,
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
Sp
a
t
i
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
Vo
l
u
m
e
X
l
-
7
/
W
3
,
2
0
1
5
3
6
th
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Sy
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
Re
m
o
te
Se
n
s
i
n
g
o
f
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t.
Be
rl
i
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
Hir
s
c
h
m
u
g
l
M
,
Ste
i
n
e
g
g
e
r
M
,
G
a
l
l
a
u
n
H,
S
c
h
a
r
d
t
M
.
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
Fo
re
s
t
Deg
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
e
t
o
Se
l
e
c
ti
v
e
L
o
g
g
i
n
g
b
y
M
e
a
n
s
o
f
T
i
m
e
S
e
ri
e
s
An
a
l
y
s
i
s
:
Cas
e
Stu
d
i
e
s
i
n
Cen
tra
l
Afri
c
a
.
R
e
m
o
te
Se
n
s
.
2
0
1
4
;
6
:
756
-
7
7
5
.
[4
]
Hud
a
k
AT
,
W
e
s
s
m
a
n
CA.
Def
o
re
s
ta
ti
o
n
i
n
M
w
a
n
z
a
Dis
tri
c
t,
M
a
l
a
w
i
,
fro
m
1
9
8
1
t
o
1
9
9
2
,
a
s
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
e
d
f
ro
m
L
a
n
d
s
a
t
M
SS i
m
a
g
e
ry
.
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Geo
g
ra
p
h
y
.
2
0
0
0
;
2
0
:1
5
5
–
175.
[5
]
W
u
Y
H.
In
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
f
o
r
e
s
ta
t
i
o
n
i
n
Ea
s
t
Afri
c
a
o
n
re
g
i
o
n
a
l
s
c
a
l
e
s
.
M
a
s
te
r’
s
t
h
e
s
i
s
.S
to
c
k
h
o
l
m
:
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
Geo
g
r
a
p
h
y
a
n
d
Qua
te
r
n
a
ry
Geo
l
o
g
y
.
Sto
c
k
h
o
l
m
Un
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
Va
n
M
a
rl
e
M
J
E,
v
a
n
d
e
r
W
e
r
f
G
R,
d
e
J
e
u
RAM
,
a
n
d
L
i
u
YY
.
An
n
u
a
l
So
u
th
A
m
e
ri
c
a
n
f
o
re
s
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
ti
m
a
t
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
m
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
re
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
(
1
9
9
0
–
2
0
1
0
).
Bi
o
g
e
o
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
6
;
1
3
:
609
–
6
2
4
.
[7
]
Hero
l
d
M
,
Rom
á
n
-
Cue
s
ta
RM
,
Hey
m
e
l
l
V,
Hir
a
ta
Y
,
Va
n
L
a
a
k
e
P,
A
s
n
e
r
G
P,
So
u
z
a
C,
A
v
i
ta
b
i
l
e
V
,
M
a
c
Dic
k
e
n
K.
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
m
e
a
s
u
re
a
n
d
m
o
n
i
to
r
h
i
s
to
ri
c
a
l
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
fr
o
m
fo
re
s
t
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
Una
s
y
l
v
a
.
2
0
1
1
;
6
2
(2
):
2
3
8
.
[8
]
Bri
g
h
t
BC,
Hi
c
k
e
J
A,
Hud
a
k
AT
.
Es
ti
m
a
ti
n
g
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
a
r
b
o
n
s
to
c
k
s
o
f
a
fo
r
e
s
t
a
ff
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
m
o
u
n
ta
i
n
p
i
n
e
b
e
e
tl
e
i
n
Id
a
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
l
i
d
a
r
a
n
d
m
u
l
ti
s
p
e
c
tr
a
l
i
m
a
g
e
ry
.
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
o
f
En
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
.
2
0
1
2
;
1
2
4
:
2
7
0
–
2
8
1
.
[9
]
IT
TO
.
IT
T
O
G
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
fo
r
re
s
to
ra
t
i
o
n
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
e
g
r
a
d
e
d
a
n
d
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
tro
p
i
c
a
l
fo
r
e
s
t.
IT
T
O
Po
l
i
c
y
Dev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
Se
r
i
e
s
No.
1
3
.
Yo
k
o
h
a
m
a
,
J
a
p
a
n
,
In
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
ro
p
i
c
a
l
T
i
m
b
e
r
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
Y
o
k
o
h
a
m
a
,
J
a
p
a
n
,
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
ro
p
i
c
a
l
T
i
m
b
e
r
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
(a
l
s
o
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
ww
w
.i
tt
o
.i
n
t/
p
o
l
i
c
y
p
a
p
e
r
s
_
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
/)
.
2
0
0
2
.
[1
0
]
M
a
s
e
l
l
i
F.
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
fo
r
e
s
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
p
r
o
te
c
te
d
M
e
d
i
t
e
rra
n
e
a
n
c
o
a
s
t
a
l
a
re
a
b
y
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
y
e
a
r
ND
VI
d
a
ta
IBI
M
ET
-
CN
R,
In
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
Bi
o
-
M
e
te
o
ro
l
o
g
y
,
Pi
a
z
z
a
l
e
d
e
l
l
e
Ca
s
c
i
n
e
1
8
,
5
0
1
4
4
,
Fl
o
re
n
c
e
,
I
ta
l
y
.
Rem
o
t
e
Se
n
s
i
n
g
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
2
0
0
4
;
8
9
:
4
2
3
–
4
3
3
.
[1
1
]
M
e
n
-
x
i
n
W
,
Ho
u
-
q
u
a
n
L
U.
A
m
o
d
i
fi
e
d
v
e
g
e
t
a
ti
o
n
w
a
te
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
d
e
x
(
M
V
W
SI)
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
d
ro
u
g
h
t
m
o
n
i
to
r
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
Si
c
h
u
a
n
a
n
d
Cho
n
g
q
i
n
g
,
Chi
n
a
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
te
g
ra
ti
v
e
Ag
ri
c
u
l
tu
re
.
2
0
1
6
;
1
5
(9
)
:
2
1
3
2
–
2
1
4
1
.
[1
2
]
Zh
a
o
L
,
Dai
A
,
Don
g
B.
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
g
l
o
b
a
l
v
e
g
e
t
a
ti
o
n
a
c
ti
v
i
ty
a
n
d
i
ts
d
ri
v
i
n
g
fa
c
t
o
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
1982
–
2
0
1
3
.
Ag
r
i
c
u
l
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
F
o
re
s
t
M
e
te
o
ro
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
8
;
2
4
9
:
1
9
8
–
2
0
9
.
[1
3
]
Dut
ta
D,
K
u
n
d
u
A,
P
a
te
l
NR
,
Sa
h
a
SK,
Si
d
d
i
q
u
i
AR.
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
g
ri
c
u
l
tu
ra
l
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
Raj
a
s
t
h
an
(In
d
i
a
)
u
s
i
n
g
re
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
Ve
g
e
ta
ti
o
n
Con
d
i
ti
o
n
In
d
e
x
(VCI)
a
n
d
St
a
n
d
a
rd
i
z
e
d
Pre
c
i
p
i
ta
t
i
o
n
I
n
d
e
x
(SPI).
Th
e
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Rem
o
t
e
Se
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
Sp
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
8
:
5
3
–
63.
[1
4
]
M
e
n
e
s
e
s
-
T
o
v
a
r CL
.
2
0
1
1
.
ND
VI
a
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r o
f
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
.
Una
s
y
l
v
a
2
3
8
.
2
0
1
1
;
6
2
(2
)
:
3
9
–
46
[1
5
]
FAO.
An
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
rm
a
l
i
z
e
d
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
i
a
l
v
e
g
e
ta
ti
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
(ND
VI)
fo
r
th
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
fo
r
e
s
t
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
n
M
e
x
i
c
o
2
0
0
8
–
2
0
0
9
:
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
fo
r
e
s
t
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
.
F
o
re
s
t
Res
o
u
rc
e
s
As
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
W
o
rk
i
n
g
P
a
p
e
r.
2009
:
173
[1
6
]
Ba
rry
K
M
,
Sto
n
e
C,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
CL.
Crow
n
-
s
c
a
l
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
tra
l
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
fo
r
d
e
f
o
l
i
a
te
d
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
o
l
o
u
re
d
Eu
c
a
l
y
p
ts
.
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
2
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