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aus
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at
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V
2
V
c
han
nel
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adher
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t
o
t
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I
E
E
E
80
2.
11
p
s
t
a
ndar
d
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T
h
e
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os
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m
et
hod
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h
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e
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2V
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c
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om
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g
t
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l
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as
t
s
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s
t
i
m
at
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i
n
t
h
e
f
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nc
y
dom
ai
n w
i
t
h t
h
e
l
i
n
ear
pr
e
di
c
t
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n t
i
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h
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o
r
m
anc
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nt
ag
es
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he p
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hem
e
ar
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s
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w
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edi
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at
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s
hor
t
r
ange
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om
m
uni
c
at
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on
s
(
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S
R
C
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,
I
E
E
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80
2.
11
p
s
t
an
dar
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r
t
h
o
go
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r
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v
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p
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F
D
M
)
,
c
hann
el
e
s
t
i
m
at
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on
Co
p
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r
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g
h
t
©
20
15
U
n
i
ver
si
t
a
s A
h
mad
D
ah
l
an
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s r
eser
ved
.
1
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
D
edi
c
a
t
ed S
hor
t
-
R
ang
e
C
om
m
uni
c
at
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ons
(
D
S
R
C
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i
s
a
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
c
om
m
un
i
c
at
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on
t
ec
hni
que t
hat
enh
anc
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t
he s
af
et
y
a
nd ef
f
i
c
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enc
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of
t
r
ans
por
t
at
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or
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h
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s
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dat
a
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hang
e
bet
w
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es
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T
he
U
.
S
.
D
e
par
t
m
ent
of
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r
a
ns
por
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at
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on
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as
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t
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m
at
ed t
ha
t
v
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i
c
l
e
-
to
-
v
ehi
c
l
e (
V
2V
)
c
om
m
uni
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at
i
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an
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o m
anage
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o
82
%
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as
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s
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f
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m
uni
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pai
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e
d
dr
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v
er
s
[
1
]
.
C
ur
r
ent
l
y
,
t
h
e m
os
t
c
om
m
on w
or
l
d
w
i
de
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S
R
C
st
andar
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t
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E
E
E
802
.
1
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[
2
]
,
w
hi
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h
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s
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as
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hogo
na
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M)
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3]
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D
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m
uni
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f
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c
a
nt
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n
bot
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m
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dom
ai
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om
par
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o t
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i
nd
oor
c
han
ne
l
s
,
t
he t
i
m
e
-
v
ar
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g c
har
ac
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h
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ac
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v
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f
oc
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on t
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m
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bi
l
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om
m
uni
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at
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ons
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anc
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c
hann
el
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n
i
nh
er
ent
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o
t
he
I
E
E
E
802.
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t
and
ar
d.
T
he V
2V
c
ha
nne
l
pr
o
pag
a
t
i
on c
h
ar
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di
f
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i
gni
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c
ant
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im
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as
s
oc
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f
adi
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s
t
at
i
s
t
i
c
s
[
4
,5
].
T
i
m
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-
v
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on
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t
s
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n
a
s
hor
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c
ha
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c
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t
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t
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[
3]
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t
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m
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or
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n t
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V
2
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c
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m
uni
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802
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11
p s
t
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E
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802.
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p
s
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d.
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t
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han
nel
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odi
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g
s
c
he
m
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i
n
I
E
E
E
802
.
11
p
s
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hi
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ha
t
one
c
an
us
e
t
he
a
l
r
ea
d
y
d
ec
oded
b
i
t
s
as
p
i
l
ot
s
f
or
t
he
r
em
ai
n
i
ng
pa
c
k
et
s
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e t
he
c
h
an
nel
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
[
11
]
.
B
as
ed
on
t
h
i
s
i
dea
,
a
s
pec
t
r
al
t
em
por
al
a
v
er
agi
n
g (
S
T
A
)
es
t
i
m
at
i
on s
c
hem
e i
s
pr
op
os
ed
i
n [
1
2
]
t
o
t
r
ac
e t
he t
i
m
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g c
h
ann
el
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
k
now
l
ed
ge
of
t
he
r
ad
i
o
e
nv
i
r
onm
ent
i
s
nec
es
s
ar
y
w
hen
us
i
n
g t
hi
s
s
c
he
m
e
and
t
hi
s
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
i
s
nor
m
al
l
y
har
d
t
o
a
t
t
ai
n
i
n
pr
ac
t
i
c
e.
C
o
ns
i
d
e
r
i
ng
t
h
e
hi
gh
c
or
r
el
at
i
on b
et
w
e
en t
h
e c
hann
el
f
r
eque
nc
y
r
es
po
ns
es
(
C
F
R
)
f
or
t
i
m
e
-
adj
ac
ent
s
y
m
bol
s
,
an
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
s
c
hem
e
t
hat
us
es
pr
eam
bl
e
-
bas
ed
es
t
i
m
at
i
ons
an
d
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
ed
dat
a
pi
l
ot
s
(
C
D
P
)
i
s
pr
es
ent
e
d
i
n
[
1
3
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
t
he
i
nf
l
uenc
e
of
r
andom
noi
s
e
i
s
n
ot
t
ak
en
i
nt
o
ac
c
o
unt
.
M
or
eo
v
er
,
bot
h
t
h
e
S
T
A
a
nd
C
D
P
m
et
hods
us
e
t
he
c
ha
nne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
ob
t
ai
ned
f
r
om
t
he
p
r
ev
i
ous
O
F
D
M
s
y
m
bol
t
o
equ
al
i
z
e
t
he
c
ur
r
ent
s
y
m
bo
l
,
t
h
e
o
ut
dat
ed
e
s
t
i
m
at
i
on
i
s
no
l
on
ger
v
al
i
d
f
or
t
he
us
e
of
t
he c
ha
nne
l
e
qua
l
i
z
at
i
on
i
n
t
he c
ur
r
ent
O
F
D
M s
y
m
bo
l
i
n t
he
f
as
t
t
i
m
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g c
ha
nne
l
[
1
4
].
W
e
anal
y
z
e
t
h
e
c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
t
he
V
2
V
pr
o
pag
at
i
on
c
hann
el
s
,
and
r
ev
i
e
w
s
ev
e
r
al
of
t
he
t
r
ad
i
t
i
ona
l
c
han
nel
es
t
i
m
at
i
on s
c
hem
es
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
per
.
A
de
l
a
y
-
bas
e
d C
F
R
d
ec
om
pos
i
t
i
on
and
pr
ed
i
c
t
i
o
n
(
D
D
P
)
s
c
he
m
e
i
s
t
hen
pr
o
pos
ed
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e
and
pr
e
di
c
t
d
y
n
am
i
c
V
2
V
c
han
ne
l
s
.
T
he s
i
m
ul
at
i
on r
es
u
l
t
s
obt
ai
n
ed f
r
om
t
hr
ee t
y
p
i
c
al
V
2V
c
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
c
enar
i
os
dem
ons
t
r
at
e
t
he f
a
v
or
a
b
l
e
D
D
P
s
c
hem
e p
er
f
or
m
anc
e i
n
t
er
m
s
of
t
he p
ac
k
et
er
r
or
r
at
e
(
P
E
R
)
o
v
er
t
he
t
r
adi
t
i
on
al
m
et
hods
.
2
.
S
yst
em
M
o
d
e
l
I
n t
h
e I
E
E
E
8
02.
1
1p s
t
and
ar
d,
t
w
o 6.
4µ
s
l
o
ng t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
s
y
m
bol
s
(
LT
S
s
)
ar
e p
l
ac
e
d
i
n t
he
beg
i
nn
i
ng
of
eac
h
pac
k
et
t
o
ai
d i
n
t
he
del
i
v
er
y
of
t
h
e
pac
k
et
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
us
ed f
or
t
he
f
i
ne
t
i
m
i
ng s
y
nc
hr
o
ni
z
at
i
o
n,
f
i
n
e f
r
equenc
y
of
f
s
et
es
t
i
m
at
i
on,
and
c
han
nel
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n.
T
he t
r
a
i
ni
ng
s
y
m
bol
s
ar
e
f
ol
l
o
w
e
d b
y
t
he D
A
T
A
f
i
el
d,
w
hi
c
h c
o
ns
i
s
t
s
of
a
v
ar
i
abl
e n
um
ber
of
O
F
D
M dat
a
s
y
m
bol
s
t
h
at
c
ar
r
y
t
he
ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
l
a
y
er
s
er
v
i
c
e
dat
a.
F
or
al
l
6
4 s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
of
an O
F
D
M
dat
a
s
y
m
bol
,
4
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
s
pa
c
ed
2.
187
5MH
z
apar
t
ar
e
ded
i
c
at
ed
as
pi
l
ot
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
i
n
or
der
t
o
c
onduc
t
t
he c
oh
er
ent
det
e
c
t
i
on
and c
or
r
ec
t
f
or
an
y
r
es
i
dua
l
f
r
eque
nc
y
of
f
s
et
,
48 d
at
a s
u
b
-
c
a
rri
e
rs
a
r
e us
ed
,
an
d t
he 1
2 r
em
ai
ni
n
g s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
ar
e r
es
er
v
ed.
F
or
c
onv
e
ni
enc
e,
c
ons
i
der
d
S
,
p
S
,
and
n
S
as
a s
et
o
f
dat
a,
pi
l
ot
,
an
d nu
l
l
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
,
and
l
et
1
0
{}
−
=
c
N
i
kk
S
be t
he
m
apped f
r
equenc
y
-
dom
ai
n
c
om
pl
ex
s
equenc
e
f
or
t
he
th
i
O
F
D
M s
y
m
bo
l
(
64
=
c
N
denot
es
t
he
num
ber
of
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
)
.
Mor
eov
er
,
t
he
s
up
er
s
c
r
i
pt
“
i
”
i
s
us
ed
t
o
de
not
e
t
h
e
th
i
O
F
D
M
s
y
m
bo
l
i
n a
pac
k
et
,
t
he s
u
bs
c
r
i
pt
“
k
”
den
ot
es
t
h
e
th
k
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
i
n
a s
y
m
bol
.
I
n
v
e
hi
c
u
l
ar
c
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
,
s
i
gnal
s
pr
opa
gat
e
f
r
om
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
er
t
o
t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
er
v
i
a
di
f
f
er
ent
pat
hs
,
an
d t
he r
e
c
ei
v
ed s
i
gna
l
i
s
a s
u
per
p
os
i
t
i
on
of
al
l
t
he
w
a
v
es
c
om
i
ng f
r
o
m
al
l
di
r
ec
t
i
ons
d
ue
t
o
t
he
r
ef
l
ec
t
i
on
,
d
i
f
f
r
ac
t
i
on,
a
nd
s
c
at
t
e
r
i
ng
c
a
us
ed
b
y
b
ui
l
d
i
ngs
,
t
r
ees
,
v
eh
i
c
l
es
,
and
o
t
her
o
bs
t
ac
l
es
.
A
l
l
o
f
t
hes
e
w
a
v
es
ar
e
at
t
enu
at
e
d,
de
l
a
y
ed
,
an
d
ph
as
e
-
s
hi
f
t
ed
r
ep
l
i
c
as
of
t
he t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
ed s
i
g
na
l
.
T
hi
s
ef
f
ec
t
i
s
k
now
n as
mu
l
t
i
pat
h
pr
op
aga
t
i
o
n
,
w
hi
c
h
r
es
ul
t
s
i
n i
nt
er
-
s
y
m
bol
i
nt
er
f
er
enc
e
.
A
n
ot
h
er
neg
at
i
v
e
i
nf
l
u
enc
e of
t
he
V
2
V
c
han
ne
l
on
t
he t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
i
ng s
i
gn
al
is
t
he
D
op
pl
er
ef
f
ec
t
c
aus
ed
b
y
t
he
r
a
pi
d
m
ov
em
ent
of
bot
h
t
h
e
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
er
an
d
r
e
c
ei
v
er
v
eh
i
c
l
es
,
w
hi
c
h r
es
u
l
t
s
i
n i
nt
er
-
s
ubc
a
r
r
i
er
i
nt
er
f
er
enc
e.
Let
τ
l
,
ω
∆
l
and
l
a
be
r
es
pec
t
i
v
e
l
y
t
he
pr
opa
gat
i
on
d
el
a
y
(
m
eas
ur
ed
b
y
us
i
ng
t
he
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g p
er
i
o
d)
,
t
he
nor
m
al
i
z
e
d
D
op
pl
er
r
ad
i
an
f
r
equ
enc
y
s
hi
f
t
,
and
t
h
e
at
t
e
nua
t
i
on
q
uot
i
ent
of
t
he
th
l
i
nc
i
de
nt
p
at
h.
C
o
ns
i
d
er
i
ng
t
ha
t
t
h
e
D
o
pp
l
er
s
h
i
f
t,
l
ω
∆
,
i
s
v
e
r
y
s
m
a
ll,
t
h
e r
e
c
ei
v
ed
r
epl
i
c
as
of
t
he
th
i
O
F
D
M s
y
m
bol
f
r
om
t
he
th
l
pat
h
c
an be w
r
i
t
t
en as
:
0
,
,0
ω
ωτ
−∆
−
≈
≤<
l
l
j
Ni
j
k
ii
k
l
l
k
c
R
a
e
e
S
k
N
,
(
1)
W
h
er
e
0
2/
ωπ
=
c
N
be
t
he
nor
m
al
i
z
ed
r
adi
an
f
r
eque
nc
y
.
C
ons
eq
u
ent
l
y
,
t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
ed
s
am
pl
es
i
n
t
he
f
r
equenc
y
dom
ai
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
ar
e
t
he
s
um
o
f
t
he
s
am
pl
es
f
r
o
m
al
l
of
t
he
pat
hs
pl
us
t
he
noi
s
e,
w
r
i
t
t
en as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
K
A
V
o
l.
13
,
N
o
.
3,
S
ept
em
ber
2015
:
8
70
–
87
9
872
0
1
ˆ
,0
ω
ωτ
−∆
−
=
=
+
≤<
∑
l
l
j
Ni
j
k
i
iL
i
k
k
ll
k
c
R
S
a
e
e
W
k
N
(
2)
W
he
r
e
i
k
W
i
s
t
h
e
ad
di
t
i
v
e
w
hi
t
e
G
aus
s
i
a
n
n
oi
s
e
(
A
W
G
N
)
s
uper
pos
e
d
t
o
t
he
th
i
s
y
m
bol
.
T
her
ef
or
e,
t
he C
F
R
of
t
h
e r
adi
o c
han
ne
l
f
or
t
he
th
i
r
ec
ei
v
ed s
y
m
bo
l
c
an
be
ex
p
r
es
s
e
d as
:
0
1
,0
ω
ωτ
−∆
−
=
=
≤<
∑
l
l
j
Ni
j
k
iL
k
ll
c
H
a
e
e
k
N
.
(
3)
C
om
par
ed t
o
t
r
ad
i
t
i
ona
l
i
nd
oor
c
ha
nne
l
s
,
d
ue
t
o
t
he
D
opp
l
er
s
h
i
f
t
s
,
t
he
C
F
R
of
t
h
e V
2V
c
han
ne
l
s
i
gni
f
i
c
an
t
l
y
v
ar
i
es
.
C
ha
nne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n s
hou
l
d
be
upd
a
t
ed
i
n t
he r
ec
e
i
v
i
n
g pr
oc
es
s
.
3.
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
E
s
ti
m
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
P
r
e
d
i
c
ti
n
g
3.
1
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
C
h
an
n
e
l
E
st
i
m
at
i
o
n
S
ch
em
es
As
m
ent
i
on
ed
pr
e
v
i
ous
l
y
,
t
w
o
LT
S
s
ar
e
put
i
n f
r
ont
of
eac
h
p
ac
k
et
t
o p
er
f
or
m
f
i
ne
s
y
nc
hr
on
i
z
at
i
on as
w
el
l
a
s
c
hanne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
ac
c
or
di
ng t
o t
h
e ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
l
a
y
e
r
of
t
he I
E
E
E
802.
11p
s
t
a
ndar
d.
A
s
s
um
i
ng
t
hat
t
he
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
f
r
eque
nc
y
-
dom
ai
n
LT
S
s
ar
e
1
ˆ
T
k
R
and
2
ˆ
T
k
R
,
t
he
LS
c
hanne
l
es
t
i
m
at
or
c
an be
e
x
pr
es
s
ed as
[
3]
:
12
1
2
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
,0
22
++
=
=
+
≤<
TT
T
T
ii
kk
k
k
kk
c
TT
k
k
R
R
WW
H
H
kN
SS
,
(
4)
W
h
er
e
T
k
S
i
s
t
he
pr
ed
ef
i
ned
L
T
S
.
N
ex
t
,
t
h
e
es
t
i
m
at
ed
C
F
R
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
e
qua
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
s
ubs
equ
ent
dat
a
s
y
m
bol
s
f
or
t
he
e
nt
i
r
e
pac
k
et
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H
ow
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er
,
i
n
a
V
2
V
s
c
enar
i
o,
t
h
e
D
o
ppl
er
s
hi
f
t
c
an
r
eac
h
up
t
o
14
00H
z
[
4]
(
0.
07r
ad
/
s
y
m
bol
)
.
C
ons
equ
ent
l
y
,
t
h
e
C
F
R
i
s
h
i
g
hl
y
v
ar
i
abl
e,
as
det
a
i
l
ed
i
n
E
qu
at
i
on (
3)
.
E
q
ua
l
i
z
i
ng
t
he t
i
m
e
-
v
ar
y
i
ng c
ha
nn
el
w
i
t
h
a c
ons
t
ant
C
F
R
w
i
l
l
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
ant
l
y
det
er
i
or
at
e
t
h
e en
t
i
r
e s
y
s
t
em
per
f
or
m
anc
e.
T
he C
F
R
es
t
i
m
at
i
on m
us
t
be
upd
at
ed s
y
m
bol
b
y
s
y
m
bol
t
o
ad
apt
t
o t
he c
o
nt
i
nua
l
l
y
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g pr
o
pag
at
i
on
c
hann
el
.
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c
om
m
on
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l
upd
at
i
n
g s
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hem
e
f
or
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he O
F
D
M s
y
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t
em
w
i
t
h a c
om
b
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t
y
pe p
i
l
ot
i
s
t
he
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nt
er
p
ol
at
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on
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
[
6
]
,
i
n
w
hi
c
h
t
he
C
F
R
i
n
t
h
e
p
i
l
ot
s
ub
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c
ar
r
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er
s
i
s
es
t
i
m
at
ed
us
i
ng
t
he
LS
es
t
i
m
at
or
s
y
m
bol
b
y
s
y
m
bo
l
,
t
hen
t
he
C
F
R
i
n
t
h
e
dat
a
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
i
s
o
bt
a
i
ne
d
b
y
i
n
t
er
po
l
at
i
o
n.
T
he m
ax
i
m
al
m
ul
t
i
p
at
h
pr
o
paga
t
i
o
n
de
l
a
y
,
ma
x
τ
,
c
an
be
u
p
t
o
8
00ns
(
8 s
am
pl
es
)
[
4]
i
n
a
V
2
V
s
c
enar
i
o.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
t
h
e
N
y
q
u
i
s
t
s
am
pl
i
ng
t
heor
em
,
t
he
am
ount
of
s
ub
-
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ar
r
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er
s
pac
i
ng
bet
w
e
en t
he p
i
l
o
t
s
i
n
f
r
equenc
y
d
om
ai
n
p
D
m
us
t
be
s
m
al
l
enou
gh,
t
h
a
t
is
,
/
(2
)
4
p
c
ma
x
DN
τ
≤=
m
u
s
t
be
s
at
i
s
f
i
ed
[1
5
].
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
14
p
D
=
i
n
t
he
I
E
E
E
8
02
.
11p
s
t
and
ar
d.
O
bv
i
ous
l
y
,
an ac
c
ep
t
ab
l
e
p
er
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or
m
anc
e c
annot
b
e ac
h
i
ev
e
d us
i
ng t
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nt
er
po
l
at
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on
t
ec
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qu
es
.
O
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p
ot
en
t
i
a
l
s
et
of
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et
hods
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or
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hanne
l
es
t
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m
at
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ng
a
nd t
r
ac
i
ng
ar
e t
he
dat
a
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pi
l
ot
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ai
de
d
s
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he
m
es
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n
w
h
i
c
h t
h
e f
eed
bac
k
f
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m
al
l
t
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m
app
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nf
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m
at
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ons
t
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p
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t
h
e
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ha
nne
l
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t
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m
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on
o
v
er
t
he
r
ec
ei
v
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ng
pr
oc
e
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s
of
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k
et
.
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f
w
e c
ons
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k
S
as
t
he r
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o
ns
t
r
uc
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at
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or
t
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th
k
s
ub
-
c
a
rri
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r
of
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th
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s
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m
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t
he
C
F
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es
t
i
m
at
i
on
i
s
:
ˆ
ˆ
,
ˆ
ˆ
=
=
+∈
SS
ii
ii
kk
k
k
dp
i
i
k
k
RW
H
H
k
or
SS
.
(
5)
T
hi
s
es
t
i
m
at
i
on i
s
us
ed t
o equ
al
i
z
e t
h
e
(
1)
t
h
+
i
s
y
m
bol
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e s
y
s
t
e
m
per
f
or
m
anc
e
s
uf
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
he er
r
or
pr
opaga
t
i
o
n pr
o
bl
em
,
as
t
he
i
nc
i
d
ent
al
l
y
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n of
C
F
R
c
aus
ed
b
y
no
i
s
e
an
d
i
nt
er
f
er
enc
e
r
es
ul
t
s
i
n
a
s
uc
c
es
s
i
on
of
ad
di
t
i
o
nal
er
r
or
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
ns
w
he
n
i
t
i
s
us
ed t
o e
qua
l
i
z
e
t
he s
ub
s
equen
t
s
y
m
bo
l
.
In
or
d
er
t
o
t
ac
k
l
e
t
h
e
er
r
or
pr
op
aga
t
i
o
n
pr
obl
em
,
t
he
C
D
P
[
1
3
]
s
c
hem
e
t
oo
k
t
he
c
or
r
el
at
i
on
of
t
he
c
h
ann
el
f
or
t
i
m
e
-
adj
ac
ent
dat
a
s
y
m
bol
s
i
nt
o
ac
c
oun
t
.
Le
t
1
,
ˆ
i
k
C
DP
H
−
be
t
h
e
C
F
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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:
1
693
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930
E
nh
anc
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C
ha
nne
l
E
s
t
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at
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on
A
l
gor
i
t
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f
or
D
e
di
c
a
t
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S
hor
t
-
R
ang
e
…
(
X
i
a
ng Li
)
873
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
bef
or
e
t
h
e
th
i
s
y
m
bol
i
s
r
ec
e
i
v
ed.
I
n
t
h
e C
D
P
s
c
hem
e,
ˆ
i
k
H
and
1
,
ˆ
i
k
C
DP
H
−
ar
e us
ed t
o
equa
l
i
z
e
t
he
(
1)
t
h
−
i
r
ec
ei
v
e
d d
at
a
s
y
m
bol
,
11
1
1
,
1
,
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
,,
ˆ
ˆ
−−
−
−
−
=
=
∈
SS
ii
i
i
kk
k
C
DP
k
d
p
ii
k
C
DP
k
RR
S
S
k
or
HH
.
(
6)
B
ec
aus
e
of
t
he
c
or
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
bet
w
ee
n
t
i
m
e
-
adj
ac
ent
C
F
R
s
,
1
,
ˆ
i
k
C
DP
S
−
and
1
ˆ
i
k
S
−
s
hou
l
d be
d
e
-
m
apped
t
o
t
h
e
s
am
e
c
ons
t
el
l
at
i
on
poi
nt
s
.
I
f
t
hi
s
h
ol
ds
t
r
ue,
ac
c
or
d
i
ng
t
o
t
h
e
C
D
P
s
c
hem
e,
t
he
upda
t
ed
c
han
ne
l
es
t
i
m
at
io
n
is
,
ˆ
ˆ
i
i
k
C
DP
k
HH
=
,
ot
h
er
w
i
s
e
1
,,
ˆ
ˆ
i
i
k
C
DP
k
C
DP
HH
−
=
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
no
m
et
hod
c
ur
r
ent
l
y
ex
i
s
t
s
t
o
a
l
l
ev
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at
e
t
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d
et
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i
or
at
i
on
on
t
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s
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s
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em
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f
or
m
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e
c
aus
ed
b
y
n
oi
s
e
i
n
t
he
C
D
P
s
c
hem
e.
I
n
t
he
S
T
A
[
1
2
]
s
c
hem
e,
t
he
es
t
i
m
at
ed
C
F
R
ˆ
i
k
H
i
s
f
i
r
s
t
obt
ai
n
ed
us
i
n
g
equ
at
i
on
(
5)
,
and
t
hen
i
t
i
s
a
v
er
a
ge
d
i
n
b
ot
h
t
he
f
r
equenc
y
d
om
ai
n
and
t
i
m
e
dom
ai
n
i
n
or
d
er
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he ac
c
ur
ac
y
.
T
he up
dat
e
d
c
hanne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
i
s
:
1
,,
11
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
1,
β
λ
λ
λβ
ω
αα
−
+
=
−
=
−
+
∈
∑
SS
i
i
i
k
ST
A
k
ST
A
k
d
p
H
H
H
k
or
,
(
7)
W
h
er
e
β
i
s
an
i
n
t
eg
er
p
ar
a
m
et
er
t
hat
af
f
ec
t
s
t
he nu
m
ber
of
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
av
er
aged
i
n
t
he
f
r
equenc
y
dom
ai
n,
λ
ω
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s
a s
et
of
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ht
i
ng c
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f
i
c
i
ent
s
t
hat
f
or
m
a uni
f
i
ed s
um
,
and
α
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s
a
n
upda
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n
g
par
am
et
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el
at
e
d t
o
t
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e
D
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pl
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s
hi
f
t
.
T
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par
am
et
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s
α
,
β
,
and
λ
ω
m
us
t
be
det
er
m
i
ned
us
i
ng
t
he
k
no
w
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ed
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of
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h
e
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ad
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o
en
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r
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ent
t
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hi
e
v
e
an
opt
i
m
um
per
f
or
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anc
e
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
ex
t
r
em
el
y
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o obt
ai
n.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e
,
t
he dat
a
-
p
il
o
t
-
ai
de
d s
c
hem
es
i
nt
r
oduc
e t
w
o
bas
i
c
pr
ob
l
em
s
:
t
he us
e of
out
d
at
ed
c
han
ne
l
es
t
i
m
at
e
s
,
and
t
he
as
s
um
pt
i
on
of
c
or
r
ec
t
dat
a
de
t
ec
t
i
on
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
t
he
S
T
A
a
nd
C
D
P
s
c
hem
es
,
t
he c
hann
el
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n obt
ai
ned f
r
om
a pr
ev
i
ous
O
F
D
M s
y
m
bol
i
s
us
ed t
o
equa
l
i
z
e
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
O
F
D
M
s
y
m
bo
l
d
i
r
ec
t
l
y
an
d
w
i
t
h
ou
t
t
h
e
de
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
bet
w
een
t
h
e
t
w
o
a
dj
ac
ent
C
F
R
s
i
s
t
ak
en
i
nt
o
ac
c
ou
n
t
.
I
n
t
he
f
as
t
t
i
m
e
-
v
ar
y
i
ng
V
2
V
c
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
c
ha
nn
el
,
s
uc
h
us
e
of
t
he
ou
t
dat
ed
c
ha
n
ne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n
t
en
ds
t
o
r
es
ul
t
i
n
i
m
pr
oper
c
han
ne
l
equ
al
i
z
at
i
on
es
pec
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
a
l
o
w
S
N
R
r
e
gi
m
e.
F
or
t
he
s
ec
ond pr
o
bl
em
,
i
f
t
he noi
s
e and
i
nt
er
f
er
enc
e s
t
r
ong
eno
ugh,
t
he
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
y
m
bo
l
w
ou
l
d
b
e d
e
-
m
apped t
o
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
c
ons
t
e
l
l
at
i
on
po
i
nt
s
,
an
d
a
c
as
c
ade
of
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
d
at
a
det
ec
t
i
o
n
w
o
ul
d
be
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
t
w
hen
t
h
e
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
-
de
-
m
apped
da
t
a
i
nf
or
m
at
i
on
i
s
us
ed t
o
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
d
at
a
pi
l
ot
s
.
3.
2
.
D
D
P
C
h
an
n
el
E
st
i
m
at
i
o
n
S
ch
em
e
A
s
pr
ev
i
ous
l
y
m
ent
i
o
ned
,
t
he
ac
c
ur
ac
y
of
t
he c
ha
nne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on d
egr
a
des
du
e
t
o t
he
D
opp
l
er
sh
i
f
t
an
d
no
i
s
e
s
u
per
pos
e
d
on
t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
ed
s
i
gna
l
.
A
l
t
h
ou
gh
a
w
el
l
-
des
i
gn
ed
l
o
w
p
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er
[
16
]
i
s
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pe
ns
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i
n t
he t
r
a
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c
ei
v
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a
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i
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f
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pr
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pag
at
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de
l
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s
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t
h
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t
r
ac
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t
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c
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I
f
t
he
m
ax
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m
u
m
pr
opagat
i
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
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6
9
3
-
6
930
T
E
L
KO
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NI
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13
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.
3,
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2015
:
8
70
–
87
9
874
del
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pos
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def
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01
[,
,
,
]
=
b
i
i
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M
bb
b
.
T
he
C
F
R
f
or
t
he
th
i
s
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m
bol
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an
b
e
det
er
m
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ned
b
y
us
i
n
g
t
he
par
am
et
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i
b
.
Mor
eo
v
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i
t
t
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about
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s
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c
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20k
m
/
h t
o pas
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t
hr
ough a
w
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engt
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t
he I
E
E
E
80
2.
1
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s
t
andar
d s
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al
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dur
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w
hi
c
h t
h
e pr
o
pag
at
i
ng e
nv
i
r
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s
c
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ons
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e
r
ed s
t
at
i
onar
y
.
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her
ef
or
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t
he
pr
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aga
t
i
o
n
pat
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a
nd
t
he
i
r
r
es
pec
t
i
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s
a
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h
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s
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ons
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d
er
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i
n
v
ar
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ant
f
or
t
h
e
dur
at
i
on o
f
s
ev
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do
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ens
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s
y
m
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s
.
Mor
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bec
aus
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t
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t
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ar
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ar
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al
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h
e s
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r
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or
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o
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1
0)
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t
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D
D
E
v
ec
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or
i
b
c
hanges
s
l
o
w
l
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t
hus
c
a
n be m
or
e eas
i
l
y
es
t
i
m
at
ed
and
pr
ed
i
c
t
ed.
B
as
ed
on t
h
e pr
e
v
i
ous
di
s
c
us
s
i
on,
w
e pr
o
pos
e a
n
ov
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l
D
D
P
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t
i
m
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n s
c
hem
e t
o
dec
om
pos
e
t
he
es
t
i
m
at
ed
C
F
R
b
y
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i
n
g
t
he
pr
o
pag
at
i
on
de
l
a
y
an
d
pr
ed
i
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
w
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R
f
or
t
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ubs
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y
m
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l
t
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ec
ei
v
e.
T
he pr
opos
e
d m
e
t
hod
i
s
a t
hr
ee
-
s
t
e
p pr
oc
e
s
s
.
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n t
he f
i
r
s
t
s
t
ep,
w
e
f
oc
us
on
t
he
es
t
i
m
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i
on
of
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h
e
D
D
E
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or
f
or
t
h
e
c
ur
r
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t
l
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p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
ng
s
y
m
b
ol
i
n
t
he
f
r
equenc
y
dom
ai
n;
i
n
t
he
s
ec
ond
s
t
e
p,
t
he
pr
ed
i
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
f
or
t
he
nex
t
s
y
m
bo
l
t
o
r
ec
ei
v
e
c
a
n
be
obt
ai
ned;
and
i
n t
he
t
h
i
r
d s
t
ep,
t
he
C
F
R
f
or
t
he
n
ex
t
s
y
m
bo
l
t
o
r
ec
ei
v
e
i
s
pr
edi
c
t
e
d.
3.
3
.
E
s
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f D
D
E
V
e
c
to
r
A
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o t
h
e ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
l
a
y
er
of
t
he
I
E
E
E
8
02.
11p
s
t
andar
d,
t
he
64
s
ub
-
c
a
rri
e
rs
a
re
di
v
i
d
ed
i
nt
o
48
dat
a
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
,
4
pi
l
ot
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
e
r
s
,
and
12
nu
l
l
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
.
A
f
t
er
t
he
r
ec
ons
t
r
uc
t
ed
d
at
a
pi
l
ot
s
a
r
e
obt
a
i
n
ed
f
r
om
t
he c
ur
r
ent
l
y
-
pr
oc
es
s
i
ng
s
y
m
bo
l
,
w
e
c
an
es
t
a
bl
i
s
h
an
o
v
er
-
det
er
m
i
ned
equ
at
i
ons
s
y
s
t
em
w
i
t
h
5
2
eq
uat
i
ons
and
1
+
M
unk
no
w
n
v
ar
i
ab
l
e
s
b
y
us
i
n
g
E
q
u
at
i
on (
5)
and (
9)
t
o r
e
s
pec
t
i
v
el
y
d
et
er
m
i
ne t
h
e c
hann
el
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
ent
s
on
t
he
dat
a
and
pi
l
ot
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
.
A
l
t
hou
gh t
h
e
LS
m
et
hod c
an t
he
n be
us
ed t
o s
ol
v
e t
he e
quat
i
o
ns
s
y
s
t
em
and
obt
a
i
n
an
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
of
t
he
unk
no
w
n
D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
i
b
,
a
n
o
v
er
ab
und
anc
e
of
r
es
our
c
es
,
s
uc
h
as
l
og
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
and
h
ar
d
w
ar
e m
ul
t
i
pl
i
er
s
,
i
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
i
t
s
i
m
pl
e
m
ent
at
i
o
n
on
a
har
d
w
ar
e p
l
at
f
or
m
l
i
k
e
F
P
G
A
.
A
n a
l
t
er
n
at
i
v
e m
et
hod f
or
pr
ac
t
i
c
al
d
es
i
g
n i
s
t
o
us
e t
he D
F
T
-
bas
ed a
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
[
1
7
, 1
8
],
w
hi
c
h
i
s
eas
i
l
y
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed w
i
t
h an ac
c
ept
a
bl
e c
o
m
pl
ex
i
t
y
and
r
es
our
c
e
c
ons
um
pt
i
on.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
he
pr
o
bl
em
i
s
t
he
c
h
ann
el
c
oef
f
i
c
i
ent
s
o
n
t
he
nu
l
l
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
ar
e
u
nav
ai
l
ab
l
e,
a
nd
t
hi
s
l
ac
k
of
i
nf
or
m
at
i
on
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
ant
l
y
de
t
er
i
or
at
es
t
he
p
er
f
or
m
anc
e
of
t
he es
t
i
m
at
i
on.
I
n
or
der
t
o
t
ac
k
l
e
t
hi
s
pr
o
bl
em
,
w
e
pr
o
pos
e
f
i
l
l
i
ng
t
he
c
h
ann
el
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
ent
s
on
t
he
nul
l
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
or
r
es
pondi
ng
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ons
obt
a
i
ne
d f
r
om
t
he pr
ev
i
ous
l
y
r
ec
e
i
v
ed
s
y
m
bo
l
s
.
T
he
n
e
w
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
ed
C
F
R
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
i
s
1
,
,
ˆ
,,
ˆ
ˆ
,,
−
∈
=
∈
S
SS
i
k
DDP
n
i
k
mi
x
i
k
dp
Hk
H
H
k
or
(
11)
W
h
er
e
,
ˆ
i
k
DDP
H
denot
es
t
h
e
pr
ed
i
c
t
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h
ann
el
c
oef
f
i
c
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ent
ac
c
or
di
n
g t
o t
he
pr
e
v
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ous
l
y
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e
c
ei
v
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s
y
m
bol
s
.
C
ons
eq
uen
t
l
y
,
t
h
e D
D
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v
ec
t
or
b
i
c
an b
e es
t
i
m
at
ed b
y
per
f
or
m
i
ng t
h
e I
F
F
T
on t
he
s
equenc
e
,
ˆ
i
k
mi
x
H
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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A
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:
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(
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3.
4
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P
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e
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c
ti
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f D
D
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V
e
c
to
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s
af
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f
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t
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he
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ac
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E
qu
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t
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≤
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.
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hus
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i
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k
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p
re
k
m
k
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WW
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(
14)
C
ons
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t
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c
t
i
on
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C
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m
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n b
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bt
a
i
ne
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ac
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or
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E
qu
at
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9)
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m
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t
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hat
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oi
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E
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12
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n
a
s
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t
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ge
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t
s
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ena
r
i
o,
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t
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t
s
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l
e
pe
r
f
or
m
anc
e w
he
n
ac
c
ount
i
n
g f
or
no
i
s
e a
nd
i
nt
er
f
er
enc
e.
O
n t
he ot
her
hand,
w
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t
h
a v
er
y
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m
al
l
W
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an ac
c
ur
at
e es
t
i
m
at
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on
c
annot
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e
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
d
ue
t
o
t
he
n
eg
at
i
v
e
i
nf
l
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enc
e
ar
i
s
i
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r
om
r
ando
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s
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e.
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al
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t
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pt
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on c
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f
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i
f
t
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at
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t
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os
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s
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bo
l
i
n
t
er
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enc
e ar
i
s
i
ng f
r
o
m
i
nac
c
ur
ac
y
i
n
t
he
s
y
m
bo
l
s
y
nc
hr
on
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z
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i
on,
t
he
s
t
ar
t
i
ng
pos
i
t
i
o
n
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eac
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s
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i
s
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ua
l
l
y
s
pec
i
f
i
ed t
o ad
v
a
nc
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he
t
r
ue v
a
l
u
e s
ev
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l
s
am
pl
es
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n t
he r
ec
ei
v
er
.
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a
y
f
or
al
l
t
he
pr
opa
gat
i
on
p
at
hs
i
s
e
nl
ar
ged.
T
he p
ar
am
et
er
M
s
houl
d t
h
us
b
e
des
i
gne
d t
o m
anag
e t
hi
s
s
i
t
uat
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.
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or
t
he
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os
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D
D
P
s
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hem
e,
bot
h t
he
de
-
m
apped
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od
ed
dat
a
c
an
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us
ed
t
o
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
t
h
e
d
at
a
p
i
l
ot
s
.
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i
t
h
t
he
he
l
p
of
a
n
er
r
or
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or
r
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t
i
on
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t
i
o
n
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d
ed
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y
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he
d
ec
oder
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t
he dec
od
ed
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da
t
a
-
a
i
de
d s
c
hem
e (
C
-
D
D
P
)
per
f
or
m
s
bet
t
er
i
n el
i
m
i
nat
i
n
g
er
r
or
p
r
opag
at
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on.
I
n
t
he d
e
-
m
apped
-
dat
a
-
ai
ded
s
c
hem
e (
M
-
D
D
P
)
,
t
he
r
e
c
ei
v
ed s
y
m
bol
s
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e d
e
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m
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pe
d t
o t
h
ei
r
c
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r
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c
o
ns
t
el
l
at
i
on
poi
nt
s
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an
d
t
h
en
us
e
d
t
o
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ons
t
r
uc
t
t
he
dat
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pi
l
ot
s
.
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n
t
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d
ec
ode
d
-
dat
a
-
a
i
d
ed D
D
P
s
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hem
e,
ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e r
ec
ei
v
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s
y
m
bol
s
m
us
t
be
de
-
m
apped,
de
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i
nt
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l
e
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ed,
and d
ec
ode
d;
t
he
y
ar
e t
hen
r
ec
od
ed,
r
e
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i
nt
er
l
ea
v
ed,
an
d
r
e
-
m
apped
bef
or
e
t
he
c
han
ne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on.
4
. N
u
m
e
r
i
ca
l
R
e
su
l
t
s an
d
D
i
scu
s
si
o
n
T
he
num
er
i
c
al
r
es
ul
t
s
ob
t
a
i
ne
d
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
m
put
er
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
on
of
t
he
p
er
f
or
m
anc
e
f
or
t
he
pr
opos
e
d D
D
P
s
c
hem
e ar
e
pr
es
en
t
ed
i
n t
hi
s
s
ec
t
i
o
n.
T
he c
hann
el
m
odel
s
a
dop
t
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
aper
f
or
t
hr
ee t
y
p
i
c
a
l
V
2V
s
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e
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nc
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ban C
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on
w
i
t
h
a
w
a
l
l
,
ar
e
det
ai
l
ed
i
n
[
4]
.
T
he p
ar
am
et
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s
us
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n o
ur
s
i
m
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o
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c
en
ar
i
os
ar
e
c
o
nf
i
gur
ed
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
K
A
V
o
l.
13
,
N
o
.
3,
S
ept
em
ber
2015
:
8
70
–
87
9
876
a)
E
s
t
im
a
t
i
on w
i
n
dow
:
W
i
s
r
es
p
ec
t
i
v
el
y
s
pec
i
f
i
ed as
1 a
nd
4.
b)
P
ac
k
et
l
en
gt
h
an
d mod
ul
at
i
on
:
T
w
o
k
i
nds
of
pac
k
et
l
engt
hs
,
1
00 (
6
00
b
y
t
es
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a
nd
200 (
12
00 b
y
t
es
)
s
y
m
bol
s
,
ar
e r
es
pec
t
i
v
el
y
s
el
ec
t
ed
.
T
he
m
odul
at
i
on r
eg
i
m
e i
s
Q
PS
K.
c)
Max
i
m
um
de
l
ay
: C
o
ns
i
d
er
i
ng t
hat
t
h
e m
ax
i
m
al
m
ul
t
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at
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t
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ee
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ul
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l
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enc
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s
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nt
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l
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er
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om
e
t
he
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n
ac
c
ur
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bo
l
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r
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,
t
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l
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M
i
s
s
et
at
16 f
or
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l
l
t
he s
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c
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d)
F
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k
s
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o
t
h
t
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de
-
m
apped
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d
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a
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l
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at
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T
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C
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x
and
M
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x
,
w
h
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t
he
’
x
’
c
a
n
be
LS
[
3]
,
S
T
A
[1
2
]
,
C
D
P
[1
3
]
,
or
D
D
P
,
ar
e
us
e
d
t
o
r
es
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t
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m
at
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on m
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hod
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16
18
20
22
24
26
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SN
R
16
18
20
22
24
26
10
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10
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10
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10
0
SN
R
PE
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S
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p
a
c
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l
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c
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(
a)
P
E
R
w
i
t
h
d
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m
ap
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d
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e i
n
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e
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w
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nc
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c
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R
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n
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r
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n C
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h
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m
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ai
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D
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e i
n
V
2
V
E
x
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es
s
w
ay
S
am
e D
i
r
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t
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n
w
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w
al
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o
F
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ee t
y
p
i
c
al
V
2
V
s
c
en
ar
i
os
16
18
20
22
24
26
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SN
R
16
18
20
22
24
26
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SN
R
PE
R
L
S
,
p
a
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h
=
1
0
0
C
-
S
T
A
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h=
1
0
0
C
-
C
D
P
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h=
1
0
0
C
-
D
D
P
,
W
=
1
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
n
gt
h=
1
0
0
C
-
D
D
P
,
W
=
4
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
n
gt
h=
1
0
0
16
18
20
22
24
26
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SN
R
PE
R
L
S
,
p
a
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h
=
2
0
0
C
-
S
T
A
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h=
2
0
0
C
-
C
D
P
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
ngt
h=
2
0
0
C
-
D
D
P
,
W
=
1
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
n
gt
h=
2
0
0
C
-
D
D
P
,
W
=
4
,
pa
c
ke
t
l
e
n
gt
h=
2
0
0
(
a)
P
E
R
w
i
t
h
d
ec
o
d
ed
-
d
at
a-
ai
d
ed
D
D
P
s
c
h
em
e i
n
V
2V
E
xp
r
e
s
s
w
a
y O
nc
o
m
i
ng s
c
e
na
r
i
o
(
b
)
P
E
R
w
i
t
h
d
ec
o
d
ed
-
d
at
a-
ai
d
ed
D
D
P
s
c
h
em
e i
n
V
2V
U
r
b
a
n C
a
nyo
n O
nc
o
m
i
ng s
c
e
na
r
i
o
(
c
)
P
E
R
w
i
t
h
d
ec
o
d
ed
-
d
at
a-
ai
d
ed
D
D
P
s
c
h
em
e i
n
V
2
V
E
x
p
r
es
s
w
ay
S
am
e D
i
r
ec
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
w
al
l
s
c
en
ar
i
o
F
i
gur
e
2
.
P
E
R
w
i
t
h
d
ec
ode
d
-
dat
a
-
a
i
d
ed D
D
P
s
c
hem
e f
or
t
hr
ee t
y
p
i
c
a
l
V
2V
s
c
ena
r
i
os
F
ig
ur
e
1
an
d
2
d
em
ons
t
r
at
e
t
he
per
f
or
m
anc
es
of
t
he M
-
D
D
P
and C
-
D
D
P
s
c
hem
es
i
n
t
hr
ee
t
y
pi
c
al
V
2V
s
c
en
ar
i
o
s
.
I
n
t
he V
2V
E
x
pr
es
s
w
a
y
O
nc
om
i
ng
s
c
enar
i
o,
bec
a
u
s
e of
t
he
hi
gh
m
obi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
v
eh
i
c
l
es
i
n
an
ope
n
t
er
r
ai
n,
t
h
e
pr
opa
gat
i
on
c
ha
nne
l
i
s
c
har
ac
t
er
i
z
ed
b
y
a
l
ar
g
e
D
opp
l
er
s
h
if
t
,
a
lo
w
o
v
e
r
a
ll
R
ic
ia
n
K
f
ac
t
or
,
and a
s
m
al
l
pat
h
de
l
a
y
.
A
l
ar
g
e
D
o
pp
l
er
s
h
i
f
t
m
ak
es
t
he C
F
R
f
or
c
ons
ec
ut
i
v
e s
y
m
bol
s
s
u
f
f
er
t
hr
ough s
ev
er
e c
hang
es
.
T
her
ef
or
e,
as
s
ho
w
n i
n F
i
g
ur
e
1
(
a)
,
c
om
par
ed
t
o
t
he
M
-
S
T
A,
M
-
C
D
P
,
an
d
M
-
DD
P
wi
t
h
1
=
W
s
c
hem
es
,
t
he
pr
opos
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M
-
DDP
w
it
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4
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W
s
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hem
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per
f
or
m
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bet
t
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pr
edi
c
t
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F
R
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m
m
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he pr
e
v
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l
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t
i
m
at
ed
C
F
R
s
.
F
or
t
he
M
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D
D
P
s
c
hem
e,
w
h
en
noi
s
e
an
d i
n
t
er
f
er
enc
e ar
e
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nou
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or
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aga
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and
t
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m
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m
ai
n,
a
m
or
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f
ec
t
i
v
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hod of
s
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v
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ng
t
h
i
s
pr
ob
l
em
i
s
t
o us
e t
he
C
-
D
D
P
s
c
hem
e,
b
y
w
hi
c
h
t
he
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e of
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
m
appi
n
g c
an
be e
l
i
m
i
nat
ed b
y
us
i
ng
an
er
r
or
-
c
or
r
ec
t
i
on
f
unc
t
i
on of
t
he
dec
oder
,
as
s
ho
w
n i
n F
i
g
ur
e
2
(a
).
T
he per
f
or
m
anc
e of
t
he p
r
opos
ed
D
D
P
s
c
hem
e i
n
a V
2V
U
r
ban
C
an
y
o
n O
n
c
o
m
i
ng
s
c
enar
i
o i
s
pr
es
ent
e
d i
n
F
i
g
ur
es
1
(
b)
a
nd
2
(
b)
.
I
n t
hi
s
c
as
e,
t
he
V
2V
c
o
m
m
uni
c
at
i
on
ex
per
i
e
nc
es
a
s
t
r
ong
m
ul
t
i
pat
h
f
ad
i
ng
c
a
us
ed
b
y
t
he
num
er
ous
r
ef
l
ec
t
i
ons
f
r
o
m
a
hea
v
y
t
r
a
ffi
c
f
l
ow
,
t
h
e
near
b
y
bu
i
l
di
ngs
,
an
d
ot
her
en
v
i
r
onm
ent
al
f
ac
t
or
s
.
B
ec
aus
e
bot
h
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
er
and
r
ec
ei
v
er
ar
e
t
r
av
el
i
ng
at
l
o
w
s
p
ee
ds
,
ho
w
ev
er
,
t
he
D
opp
l
er
s
hi
f
t
i
s
us
ua
l
l
y
r
e
l
at
i
v
e
l
y
s
m
al
l
,
and
t
hus
,
t
h
e
c
han
nel
c
han
ges
r
el
at
i
v
el
y
s
l
o
w
l
y
.
I
n
t
hi
s
s
c
ena
r
i
o,
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
ed
M
-
D
D
P
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
t
ill
out
p
er
f
or
m
s
t
he
M
-
ST
A
a
n
d
M
-
C
D
P
s
c
hem
es
due
t
o
i
t
s
ad
v
a
nt
ag
es
i
n
s
uppr
es
s
i
ng
no
i
s
e
an
d
m
anagi
ng
t
he
neg
at
i
v
e
i
nf
l
uenc
e
of
i
nc
or
r
ec
t
m
appi
ng
.
T
hes
e
ad
v
ant
ages
ar
e
w
eak
ened
w
h
en
t
he dec
od
ed
-
da
t
a
-
a
i
de
d
s
c
hem
es
ar
e
us
ed.
W
h
en
c
om
par
i
ng
F
i
g
ur
e
2
(
b)
w
i
t
h
F
i
gur
e
1
(b
),
w
e
c
an s
ee t
hat
al
l
of
t
he
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n s
c
hem
es
ex
pr
es
s
al
m
os
t
equ
al
l
y
r
em
ar
k
abl
e per
f
or
m
anc
es
.
I
n
a
V
2
V
E
x
pr
es
s
w
a
y
S
am
e
D
i
r
ec
t
i
on
s
c
enar
i
o,
bot
h
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
er
and
r
ec
e
i
v
er
t
r
av
el
at
a s
i
m
i
l
ar
l
y
hi
gh s
p
eed
i
n t
he
s
am
e di
r
ec
t
i
o
n.
I
t
s
e
em
s
as
t
hou
gh t
he
D
opp
l
e
r
s
hi
f
t
i
s
ne
ar
z
er
o,
b
ec
aus
e
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
er
an
d r
ec
e
i
v
er
ar
e
r
e
l
at
i
v
e
l
y
s
t
at
i
on
ar
y
-
how
ev
e
r
,
t
hi
s
i
s
n
ot
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
el
y
t
he c
as
e.
A
l
t
h
ou
gh t
he c
en
t
er
f
r
equenc
y
of
t
he
D
op
pl
er
s
hi
f
t
i
s
v
er
y
s
m
al
l
i
nd
eed
,
t
he
f
adi
ng
D
op
pl
er
(
t
h
e b
an
d
w
i
dt
h of
D
opp
l
er
s
pec
t
r
u
m
)
i
s
us
ua
l
l
y
r
e
l
at
i
v
e
l
y
h
i
gh.
I
f
bot
h
t
h
e
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
er
and
r
ec
ei
v
er
ar
e
ap
pr
oac
h
i
ng
a
s
c
at
t
er
t
h
at
r
ef
l
ec
t
s
t
h
e
r
a
di
o
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
f
r
om
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
er
t
o
t
he
r
ec
ei
v
er
,
t
hi
s
c
r
eat
es
a
D
o
ppl
er
s
hi
f
t
t
w
i
c
e
t
he
s
pe
e
d
of
a
s
i
ng
l
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e.
T
he
s
i
t
uat
i
on
par
t
i
c
u
l
ar
l
y
d
egr
a
des
w
hen
a
hi
gh
l
y
m
obi
l
e
s
c
at
t
er
,
s
uc
h
as
anot
h
er
t
r
av
e
l
i
ng
v
eh
i
c
l
e
,
appe
ar
s
.
B
ec
aus
e s
uc
h s
i
t
uat
i
ons
f
r
equent
l
y
oc
c
ur
i
n t
hi
s
s
c
enar
i
o
,
t
he P
E
R
w
i
l
l
i
nc
r
eas
e
dr
am
at
i
c
al
l
y
i
f
no C
F
R
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed,
as
w
i
t
h t
he
S
T
A
a
nd
C
D
P
s
c
he
m
e
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1
(
c
)
an
d
2
(
c
)
.
Mor
e
ov
er
,
bec
aus
e
t
he
o
v
er
a
l
l
R
i
c
i
a
n
K
f
ac
t
or
i
n t
hi
s
s
c
en
a
r
i
o
i
s
l
ar
ger
t
han t
hat
i
n t
h
e V
2V
E
x
pr
es
s
w
a
y
O
nc
om
i
ng s
c
enar
i
o,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d D
D
P
s
c
hem
e per
f
or
m
s
bet
t
e
r
t
ha
n t
hat
i
n
t
h
e
l
at
t
er
.
E
v
e
n a
f
ur
t
her
i
m
pr
ov
ed
p
er
f
or
m
anc
e c
an be
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d b
y
us
i
ng
t
h
e
C
-
D
D
P
s
c
hem
e,
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n F
i
g
ur
e
2
(c
).
5
.
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
I
s
su
e
A
r
ef
er
enc
e des
i
g
n f
or
t
he pr
opos
e
d D
D
P
s
c
hem
e on t
he F
P
G
A
pl
a
t
f
or
m
i
s
pr
es
e
nt
ed i
n
t
h
is
s
ec
t
i
on
, a
nd
a
b
l
oc
k
di
a
gr
am
of
i
t
i
s
d
es
c
r
i
bed
i
n F
i
gur
e
3
.
T
he
pr
op
os
e
d es
t
i
m
at
or
i
s
c
o
m
pos
ed
of
t
hr
ee
par
t
s
:
P
ar
t
(
1)
i
s
us
ed
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e
t
he
D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
f
or
t
he
c
ur
r
ent
l
y
-
pr
oc
es
s
i
ng
s
y
m
bo
l
;
t
he
pr
edi
c
t
i
on
of
t
h
e D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
f
or
t
he
s
ubs
eq
ue
nt
s
y
m
bol
t
o r
ec
ei
v
e
i
s
c
ar
r
i
ed
out
i
n
P
ar
t
(
2)
;
t
he
C
F
R
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n f
or
t
h
e s
ub
s
equen
t
s
y
m
bo
l
c
a
n
be
obt
ai
n
ed
b
y
us
i
ng
P
ar
t
(
3)
.
I
n
P
ar
t
(
1)
,
t
he c
h
anne
l
c
oef
f
i
c
i
ent
s
i
n t
h
e dat
a and
pi
l
ot
s
u
b
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
ar
e
es
t
i
m
at
ed and
t
hen m
i
x
ed
w
i
t
h t
he c
oef
f
i
c
i
ent
s
i
n t
h
e n
ul
l
s
ub
-
c
ar
r
i
er
s
ob
t
a
i
ne
d f
r
o
m
t
he pr
e
v
i
ous
l
y
-
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
s
y
m
bol
s
,
t
h
e i
ni
t
i
a
l
v
al
ues
of
w
h
i
c
h ar
e
es
t
i
m
at
ed f
r
om
t
he LT
S
s
.
B
as
ed on
e
quat
i
on (
5)
,
a
har
d
w
ar
e
di
v
i
der
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
t
o d
i
r
ec
t
l
y
c
al
c
u
l
at
e t
he
ˆ
i
k
H
,
and t
h
i
s
r
es
ul
t
s
i
n a
l
ar
ge
am
ount
of
har
d
w
ar
e
r
es
our
c
e c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on.
C
ons
i
der
i
ng
t
hat
onl
y
a f
ew
pr
ed
ef
i
ned
v
a
l
ues
f
or
t
he
denom
i
nat
or
ˆ
i
k
S
ar
e a
v
a
i
l
ab
l
e
i
n a d
i
f
f
er
ent
m
odul
at
i
on
s
c
he
m
e,
t
he d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n op
er
at
i
o
n c
an b
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed us
i
n
g
a m
ul
t
i
pl
i
er
i
f
t
he
r
ec
i
pr
oc
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
of
t
he
ˆ
i
k
S
has
b
een
pr
e
v
i
ous
l
y
det
er
m
i
ned
and
s
av
ed.
W
hat
i
s
m
or
e,
i
t
c
an
al
s
o
b
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed
us
i
ng
t
h
e s
i
m
pl
e
l
ogi
c
f
or
B
P
S
K
,
bec
a
us
e
t
he d
enom
i
nat
or
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
ei
t
h
er
1 or
-
1
[1
2
]
.
N
ex
t
,
t
he es
t
i
m
at
i
on of
t
he D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
f
or
t
he
c
ur
r
ent
l
y
-
pr
oc
es
s
i
ng s
y
m
bo
l
c
an
be o
bt
a
i
ne
d b
y
us
i
ng
an I
F
F
T
m
odul
e.
T
he
pr
edi
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
f
or
t
he
s
ubs
equ
ent
s
y
m
bol
t
o
r
ec
ei
v
e
i
s
per
f
or
m
ed
i
n
P
ar
t
(
2)
.
T
he D
D
E
ex
pr
es
s
ed
i
n
E
qua
t
i
o
n (
1
4)
i
s
c
om
pos
ed
of
t
w
o
p
ar
t
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
an
be
r
e
w
r
i
t
t
en
as
11
1
11
1
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
,0
ˆ
ˆ
−+
−
−
=
−+
−
−
=
=
=
+
−
≤≤
=
=
+−
∑
∑
i
W
i
k
i
i
i
W
m
km
m
m
m
i
W
i
k
i
i
i
W
m
km
m
m
m
A
b
A
bb
mM
B
k
b
B
A
W
b
(
15)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
K
A
V
o
l.
13
,
N
o
.
3,
S
ept
em
ber
2015
:
8
70
–
87
9
878
T
hes
e v
al
ues
c
an
be
det
er
m
i
ned i
n
an
i
t
er
at
i
v
e
w
a
y
i
n or
d
er
t
o r
e
duc
e
har
d
w
ar
e r
es
our
c
e
us
age,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
p
ar
t
(
2)
of
F
i
g
ur
e
3
.
I
n or
der
t
o
pr
edi
c
t
t
h
e
C
F
R
f
or
t
he
n
e
x
t
s
y
m
bol
,
i
t
i
s
nec
es
s
ar
y
t
o
m
ai
nt
a
i
n
t
h
e
D
D
E
v
ec
t
or
s
f
or
t
he
l
at
es
t
r
ec
ei
v
ed
W
O
F
D
M
s
y
m
bol
s
.
T
he
r
ando
m
ac
c
es
s
m
e
m
or
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
d
enot
ed
as
R
A
M
1
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3
an
d
c
a
n
be
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed
b
y
us
i
ng
t
he
on
-
c
hi
p
b
l
oc
k
m
e
m
or
y
or
r
e
gi
s
t
er
s
i
n t
h
e F
P
G
A
c
h
i
p,
i
s
us
ed f
or
t
h
i
s
o
per
at
i
on
,
a
n
d t
h
e m
e
m
or
y
r
es
our
c
e oc
c
upi
ed b
y
R
A
M1 i
s
2
(
1)
+
W
WM
D
bi
t
s
,
w
h
er
e
W
D
den
ot
es
t
he i
nt
er
nal
w
or
d l
e
ngt
h
us
ed
i
n
t
h
e
es
t
i
m
at
or
.
U
s
i
n
g a
s
i
m
i
l
ar
m
et
hod
,
R
A
M
2
and
R
A
M3
i
n F
i
g
ur
e
3
ar
e us
ed t
o
r
es
er
v
e
t
he h
i
s
t
or
i
c
i
m
A
and
i
m
B
i
n
t
he
i
t
er
at
i
o
n pr
oc
es
s
,
and
bot
h
of
t
hem
oc
c
up
y
a
2
(
1)
+
W
MD
-
b
it
m
e
m
o
r
y
r
es
our
c
e.
A
l
t
ho
ug
h
t
hr
ee
m
ul
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
per
a
t
i
ons
ar
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
p
ar
t
(
2)
,
t
he
y
c
an
b
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed us
i
ng
s
om
e bi
t
w
i
s
e s
hi
f
t
er
s
pl
us
ad
der
s
,
bec
aus
e t
he m
ul
t
i
p
l
i
c
an
ds
i
n t
hem
(
W
,
,
and
2
ω
)
ar
e c
ons
t
ant
v
a
l
ues
.
T
he
pr
edi
c
t
i
on
of
t
h
e C
F
R
f
or
t
he nex
t
s
y
m
bo
l
t
o r
e
c
ei
v
e i
s
o
bt
a
i
ne
d i
n P
ar
t
(
3)
.
T
he
pr
edi
c
t
i
on
of
t
he C
F
R
c
an b
e obt
a
i
n
ed b
y
per
f
or
m
i
ng t
he F
F
T
oper
at
i
on o
n t
he s
e
q
uenc
e,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
r
ead
as
:
1
1
,
,
ˆ
,0
ˆ
,
0,
+
+
≤≤
=
i
i
m
p
re
m
fft
b
mM
b
ot
he
r
s
(1
6)
I
t
c
an
be
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed
b
y
us
i
ng
a
z
er
o
-
p
add
i
n
g
m
odul
e.
I
n
t
he
e
nd,
t
he
f
i
na
l
pr
edi
c
t
i
on
o
n
t
he
c
hanne
l
C
F
R
i
s
r
es
er
v
ed
i
n
t
he R
A
M4 b
l
oc
k
(
oc
c
upi
es
128
W
D
bi
t
s
m
e
m
or
y
r
es
our
c
e)
,
an
d i
t
w
i
l
l
be us
e
d t
o
equ
al
i
z
e t
h
e n
ex
t
s
y
m
bol
t
o r
ec
e
i
v
e.
F
i
gur
e
3
.
B
l
oc
k
di
a
gr
am
of
t
he pr
o
pos
ed
D
D
P
es
t
i
m
at
o
r
,
w
her
e
(
)
(
)
0
2
(
2
1)
/
(
1)
ω
=
+−
W
W
W
,
(
)
1
6
/
(
1)
ω
=
−
W
W
,
and
R
A
M1
-
R
A
M4
de
not
e
t
he r
an
dom
ac
c
es
s
m
e
m
or
y
.
T
abl
e 1.
R
es
our
c
e us
a
ge
o
f
pr
opos
ed
D
D
P
s
c
hem
e
R
es
our
c
e
U
s
age
T
ot
al
c
o
m
bi
na
t
i
onal
f
unc
t
i
ons
2,
528
T
ot
al
r
egi
s
t
er
s
1,
800
T
ot
al
m
e
m
or
y
bi
t
s
10,
240
E
m
bedded M
ul
t
i
pl
i
er
9
-
bi
t
e
l
e
m
ent
s
16
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
ed T
o
t
al
l
og
i
c
el
e
m
ent
s
3,
011
I
n
or
der
t
o
dem
ons
t
r
at
e t
he c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
and f
eas
i
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he p
r
op
os
ed s
c
he
m
e,
w
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed
i
t
on
t
h
e
E
P
4
C
E
11
5F
29
C
c
hi
p
f
r
om
A
l
t
e
r
a
C
or
por
at
i
on
,
w
hos
e
F
P
G
A
s
ar
e
w
i
de
l
y
us
ed
f
or
v
er
i
f
y
i
ng
h
i
g
h
-
s
pe
ed
al
g
or
i
t
hm
s
[
19]
.
T
he
r
es
our
c
e
us
a
ge
g
i
v
en
b
y
Q
u
ar
t
us
I
I
s
of
t
w
ar
e
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n T
ab
l
e 1
.
D
ue t
o
t
he
s
i
m
i
l
ar
i
t
y
bet
w
een t
he
I
F
F
T
and F
F
T
oper
at
i
ons
s
h
o
w
n i
n F
i
gur
e
3
,
t
he
y
c
an s
har
e t
he i
dent
i
c
al
har
d
w
ar
e r
es
our
c
es
b
y
t
i
m
e
-
di
v
i
s
i
on m
ul
t
i
p
l
ex
,
an
d
t
he har
d
w
ar
e
r
es
our
c
e us
ag
e c
an
b
e f
ur
t
her
r
ed
uc
ed.
Mor
e
ov
er
,
s
i
n
c
e t
he
F
F
T
and I
F
F
T
oper
a
t
i
ons
i
nt
r
oduc
e
t
oo m
uc
h l
at
e
nc
y
,
t
he
pr
oc
es
s
i
ng
l
at
e
nc
y
(
f
r
om
i
nput
t
o out
put
)
of
t
h
e D
D
P
s
c
he
m
e i
s
es
t
i
m
at
ed
t
o r
eac
h
up
t
o
36
3 c
l
oc
k
c
y
c
l
es
.
T
hi
s
m
eans
t
hat
a
hi
gher
c
l
oc
k
f
r
equenc
y
m
us
t
be
us
ed
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e t
he C
F
R
f
or
t
he n
ex
t
s
y
m
bol
bef
or
e i
t
ar
r
i
v
es
i
n t
he r
ec
e
i
v
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
K
A
I
S
S
N
:
1
693
-
6
930
E
nh
anc
ed
C
ha
nne
l
E
s
t
i
m
at
i
on
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
f
or
D
e
di
c
a
t
ed
S
hor
t
-
R
ang
e
…
(
X
i
a
ng Li
)
879
6
.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
T
h
is
pap
er
pr
es
ent
s
a
pr
ac
t
i
c
al
c
ha
nne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
adher
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
I
E
E
E
802.
11p
s
t
and
ar
d.
A
n
enh
anc
ed
D
D
P
m
et
hod
w
as
p
r
es
ent
ed
f
or
es
t
i
m
at
i
ng
a
n
d
pr
ed
i
c
t
i
ng
t
he
d
y
n
am
i
c
pr
opagat
i
on
c
ha
nne
l
i
n
V
2V
c
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
.
I
n
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
D
D
P
m
et
hod,
de
-
m
apped or
dec
o
ded dat
a ar
e
us
ed t
o
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
dat
a
pi
l
ot
s
and upd
at
e t
he C
F
R
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
dur
i
n
g t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
i
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
.
I
n t
he f
r
equenc
y
dom
ai
n,
t
he
LS
m
et
hod
i
s
us
e
d t
o
av
er
age t
he
C
F
R
es
t
i
m
at
i
on
f
or
t
he
pur
pos
e
of
s
uppr
es
s
i
ng
no
i
s
e;
i
n
t
he
t
i
m
e
dom
ai
n,
t
h
e
l
i
n
ear
pr
ed
i
c
t
i
on
m
et
hod i
s
us
ed t
o t
r
ac
e a
nd pr
ed
i
c
t
t
he d
y
n
am
i
c
c
h
anne
l
c
aus
ed b
y
t
h
e
D
op
pl
er
s
hi
f
t
.
T
he
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
ed
D
D
P
m
et
hod
w
as
v
er
i
f
i
ed
b
y
c
om
put
er
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
f
or
t
hr
e
e
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
V
2
V
c
o
m
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
c
enar
i
os
.
T
he
r
es
ul
t
s
d
em
ons
t
r
at
ed
t
h
at
t
he
pr
op
os
ed
D
D
P
m
et
hod
out
p
er
f
or
m
s
t
he t
r
adi
t
i
o
na
l
c
hann
el
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n m
et
hods
i
n
V
2
V
c
om
m
uni
c
at
i
o
n s
c
enar
i
os
.
A
r
ef
er
enc
e des
i
g
n
w
as
a
l
s
o pr
ov
i
d
ed.
T
he pr
op
os
e
d D
D
P
es
t
i
m
at
i
on c
an
t
hus
be e
as
i
l
y
i
m
pl
em
ent
ed and
has
a
n a
c
c
ept
abl
e l
ev
el
of
c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
o
n t
h
e F
P
G
A
p
l
at
f
or
m
.
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
T
hi
s
w
or
k
i
s
s
uppor
t
ed
b
y
t
he
K
e
y
P
r
ogr
am
of
N
at
i
on
al
N
at
ur
al
S
c
i
e
nc
e
F
oun
da
t
i
on
of
C
hi
n
a
u
nder
gr
ant
613
310
0
9.
R
ef
er
en
ces
[1
]
K
enney
J
B
.
D
e
di
c
at
e
d s
hor
t
-
r
ange
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
s
(
D
S
R
C
)
s
t
an
dar
d
s
i
n
t
he
U
ni
t
ed S
t
at
e
s
.
P
r
oc
ee
di
n
gs
o
f
t
h
e I
E
E
E
.
20
11
;
99(
7
)
:
11
62
-
1
182.
[2
]
I
E
E
E
W
G
802
.
11
-
W
ir
el
es
s
LA
N
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
G
r
o
up
.
I
EEE St
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
p
-
201
0
.
I
E
E
E
S
t
and
ar
d f
or
Loc
al
and M
et
r
opol
i
t
an A
r
ea N
e
t
w
or
k
s
-
S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
r
equ
i
r
em
ent
s
P
ar
t
11
:
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
LA
N
M
edi
um
A
c
c
es
s
C
o
n
t
ro
l
(M
AC
) a
n
d
Ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
L
a
y
e
r (PH
Y) Sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
A
m
endm
ent
6
:
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
A
c
c
es
s
i
n V
ehi
c
ul
ar
E
nv
i
r
o
nm
ent
s
.
N
ew
Y
or
k
.
201
0.
[3
]
E
ngel
s
M
.
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
O
F
D
M
S
y
s
t
em
s
:
H
ow
T
o
M
ak
e T
hem
W
o
r
k
?
.
N
ew
Y
or
k
:
S
pr
i
ng
er
S
c
i
en
c
e
&
B
us
i
n
es
s
M
edi
a
.
20
02.
[4
]
A
co
st
a
-
M
ar
um
G
,
I
ngr
a
m
M
A
.
S
ix
t
im
e
-
and f
r
equ
enc
y
-
se
l
e
ct
i
v
e
e
mp
i
r
i
ca
l
c
ha
nnel
m
ode
l
s
f
o
r
v
ehi
c
u
l
ar
w
i
r
el
e
s
s
LA
N
s
.
I
E
E
E
V
ehi
c
ul
ar
T
e
c
hno
l
og
y
M
aga
z
i
ne
.
20
07;
2
(
4
):
4
-
11.
[5
]
M
ec
k
l
enbr
a
uk
er
CF
,
M
o
lis
c
h
AF
,
et
al
.
V
eh
i
c
ul
ar
C
han
nel
C
har
ac
t
er
i
z
at
i
on
and
I
t
s
I
m
pl
i
c
at
i
ons
f
or
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
S
y
s
t
em
D
es
i
gn and P
er
f
or
m
anc
e
.
P
r
oc
e
ed
i
n
gs
of
t
h
e
I
EEE
.
2
011;
99(
7)
:
11
89
-
1
2
12.
[6
]
S
pet
h M
,
F
ec
ht
el
S
,
F
o
c
k
G
,
M
ey
r
H
.
O
pt
i
m
um
r
e
c
ei
v
er
des
i
gn f
or
O
F
D
M
-
bas
ed br
oadb
an
d
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on .
I
I
.
A
c
as
e s
t
udy
.
Co
m
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
ac
t
i
ons
.
20
01;
4
9
(4
):
571
-
57
8.
[7
]
C
o
l
e
ri
S,
Erg
e
n
M
,
et
al
.
C
hanne
l
es
t
i
m
at
i
on t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
bas
e
d on pi
l
ot
ar
r
ang
em
e
nt
i
n O
F
D
M
sy
st
e
m
s.
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
ac
t
i
on
s
on
B
r
o
a
dc
as
t
i
ng
.
2
002;
48(
3)
:
2
23
-
229
.
[8
]
S
i
ngh
S
,
R
a
m
H
,
G
i
l
l
S
S
.
P
er
f
or
m
anc
e E
v
al
u
at
i
on
of
C
hanne
l
E
s
t
i
m
at
i
on
i
n
O
F
D
M
S
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
D
i
f
f
er
en
t
Q
A
M
and P
S
K
M
od
ul
at
i
ons
.
I
nt
er
na
t
i
on
al
J
our
nal
of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
an
d C
om
put
er
E
ngi
ne
er
i
n
g
(I
J
EC
E)
.
20
11
;
1(
2)
:
1
40
-
1
50.
[9
]
W
a
n
g
Y
,
Z
han
g
Z
,
C
hen
Y
.
P
i
l
ot
-
ai
ded
J
o
i
nt
C
h
anne
l
E
s
t
i
m
at
i
on
f
or
O
F
D
M
B
as
ed
C
oo
pe
r
at
i
v
e
M
ul
t
i
-
c
el
l
N
et
w
or
k
s
.
T
E
LK
O
M
N
I
K
A
I
ndone
s
i
an J
our
n
al
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
n
eer
i
ng
.
2
014
;
1
2
(
9)
:
6
860
-
6867
.
[
10]
Z
hang Y
,
et
al
.
A
di
f
f
er
ent
i
al
O
F
D
M
appr
oac
h t
o
c
oher
en
c
e t
i
m
e m
i
t
i
gat
i
on i
n D
S
R
C
.
P
r
oc
ee
di
n
gs
of
t
he f
i
f
t
h A
C
M
i
nt
er
nat
i
on
al
w
or
k
s
h
op o
n V
eh
i
c
u
l
A
r
I
n
t
er
-
N
E
T
w
or
k
i
ng.
S
an
F
r
an
c
i
s
c
o
.
20
08
:
1
-
6.
[
11]
W
u
XZ
,
S
ubr
a
m
an
i
an
S
,
e
t
al
.
V
eh
i
c
ul
ar
c
o
m
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
us
i
n
g D
S
R
C
:
c
hal
l
en
ges
,
e
nh
anc
e
m
en
t
s
,
and ev
ol
ut
i
o
n
.
S
e
l
ec
t
ed A
r
eas
i
n C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
o
ns
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
o
ns
.
201
3;
31
(
9
):
39
9
-
408
.
[
12]
F
er
nan
dez
JA
,
B
o
rri
e
s
K
, L
i
n
C
,
e
t
al
.
P
er
f
or
m
anc
e
of
t
h
e
802.
11p
P
hy
s
i
c
al
Lay
er
i
n
V
ehi
c
l
e
-
to
-
V
ehi
c
l
e E
nv
i
r
onm
ent
s
.
V
eh
i
c
ul
ar
T
ec
hno
l
og
y
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
an
s
ac
t
i
ons
.
201
2;
61
(
1
):
3
-
14.
[
13]
Z
hao
ZJ
,
C
h
eng
X
,
et
al
.
C
hanne
l
E
s
t
i
m
at
i
o
n S
c
hem
e
s
f
or
I
E
E
E
80
2.
11
p S
t
a
ndar
d
.
I
nt
el
l
i
gen
t
T
r
ans
por
t
at
i
on
S
y
s
t
em
s
,
I
E
E
E
.
2013
;
5
(
4
):
38
-
49.
[
14]
B
oum
ar
d
S
,
M
am
m
el
a
A.
C
h
annel
E
s
t
i
m
at
i
on
V
er
s
u
s
E
qu
al
i
z
at
i
on
i
n
A
n
O
F
D
M
W
l
an
S
yst
e
m
.
I
E
EE
V
ehi
c
ul
ar
T
ec
hno
l
ogy
C
onf
er
e
nc
e
.
R
hode
s
.
2
001
; 1
:
653
-
657
.
[
15]
O
z
dem
i
r
M
K
,
A
r
s
l
an H
.
C
hannel
es
t
i
m
at
i
o
n f
or
w
i
r
el
es
s
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
S
ur
v
e
y
s
&
T
u
t
o
ri
a
l
s
,
I
EEE
.
2
007;
9
(
2
)
:
18
-
48.
[
16]
Z
han
L,
Z
h
ang
W
X
.
T
he
C
om
put
er
D
e
s
i
gn
of
P
r
ac
t
i
c
al
F
i
l
t
e
r
.
J
o
ur
na
l
of
D
i
gi
t
al
I
nf
or
m
at
i
o
n
M
anagem
ent
.
201
3;
1
1(
3)
:
1
7
5
-
178.
[
17]
Y
ang B
G
, C
ao Z
G
,
Le
t
ai
e
f
K
B
.
A
nal
y
s
i
s
of
l
ow
-
c
om
p
l
ex
i
t
y
w
i
ndow
ed D
F
T
-
bas
ed M
M
S
E
c
ha
nne
l
es
t
i
m
at
or
f
or
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
ac
t
i
ons
.
20
01;
49
(
11
)
:
197
7
-
19
87.
[
18]
K
ang
Y,
Ki
m
K
,
Pa
r
k
H.
E
f
f
ic
i
e
nt
D
F
T
-
bas
e
d c
h
ann
el
e
s
t
i
m
at
i
on f
or
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
s
o
n m
u
l
t
i
p
at
h
c
han
nel
s
.
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
I
E
T
.
200
7;
1
(
2
):
1
97
-
20
2.
[
19]
F
an B
,
T
an G
,
F
an S
.
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
of
T
hr
ee D
i
f
f
er
e
nt
2
-
D
S
pac
e
V
e
c
t
or
P
W
M
A
l
g
or
i
t
h
m
s
and
T
hei
r
F
P
G
A
I
m
pl
em
e
nt
at
i
on
s
.
J
our
n
al
of
P
ow
er
T
e
c
hn
ol
o
gi
e
s
.
2
01
4;
94(
3
)
:
17
6
-
18
9.
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