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1
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-
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tr
ated
o
n
th
e
L
E
E
a
n
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
co
n
tai
n
in
g
o
n
ly
s
ilico
n
e,
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
C
OB
L
E
D
with
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
s
ilico
n
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
n
th
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
r
ar
ely
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
way
o
f
f
ig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
an
o
p
tim
al
C
O
B
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
b
etter
L
E
E
an
d
an
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
(
AC
U)
o
f
W
L
E
Ds co
n
f
r
o
n
t
s
m
an
y
o
b
s
tacle
s
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
will
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
C
O
B
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
at
ca
n
attain
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
b
o
t
h
L
E
E
an
d
AC
U
f
o
r
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es.
T
h
e
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
ad
d
s
a
th
in
lay
er
o
f
h
ig
h
-
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
T
iO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
s
ilico
n
e
u
n
d
e
r
n
ea
th
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
p
late.
T
h
en
,
th
e
two
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
o
n
e
with
o
n
ly
s
ilico
n
e
a
n
d
o
n
e
with
s
ilico
n
e
an
d
T
iO
2
p
ar
ticle
s
,
ar
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
an
d
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
L
E
E
o
f
b
o
th
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ilico
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
a
ls
o
in
cr
ea
s
es th
e
AC
U.
2.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
s
q
u
ar
e
L
E
D
m
o
d
el
u
tili
zin
g
C
OB
with
th
e
s
ize
o
f
4
0
×
4
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
C
OB
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
i
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
a
co
p
p
er
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
3
4
0
W
/(
m
·
K)
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
a
1
.
8
8
m
m
h
i
g
h
s
q
u
ar
e
d
am
f
o
r
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
ial
co
atin
g
.
T
h
e
to
p
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
h
as
h
o
llo
w
d
en
t
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
s
h
ee
t
o
f
s
ilv
er
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
li
g
h
ts
.
T
h
e
ae
r
a
th
at
is
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
am
h
as
a
s
ize
o
f
2
0
×2
0
m
m
,
an
d
h
as
twen
ty
1
×1
×0
.
1
5
m
m
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
lu
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
attac
h
ed
in
two
p
ar
allel
co
lu
m
n
s
.
B
etwe
en
ea
ch
ch
ip
co
lu
m
n
is
a
6
m
m
s
ep
ar
atio
n
d
i
s
tan
ce
wh
ile
th
e
s
p
ac
e
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
co
lu
m
n
to
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
is
7
m
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
o
l
d
wir
e
b
o
n
d
in
g
in
s
er
ies
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t t
h
e
two
ch
i
p
co
lu
m
n
s
elec
tr
o
n
ically
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
L
E
D
C
OB
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
o
wn
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
i
n
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
(
=
2
.
7
)
,
T
i
O
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
in
to
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
co
v
er
in
g
t
h
e
b
lu
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
etter
L
E
E
f
o
r
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
[
1
0
]
.
B
esid
es
th
e
h
ig
h
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
,
T
i
O
2
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
s
o
we
d
ec
id
ed
to
ta
k
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
to
r
ed
u
ce
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
T
I
R
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
th
e
air
-
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
T
iO
2
wit
h
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Sp
ec
i
f
ically
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
m
ain
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
e
r
,
a
n
o
th
er
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
f
il
m
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
m
ix
in
g
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
with
h
ig
h
-
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
T
iO
2
p
ar
ticles
an
d
lo
ca
ted
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
lay
er
is
v
er
y
t
h
in
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
m
icr
o
th
ick
in
o
u
r
co
n
d
u
cted
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
tab
le
p
o
in
t
in
t
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
ated
with
th
e
ad
d
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ilic
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
lay
er
as
th
is
lay
er
is
p
lace
d
n
ex
t
to
ea
ch
ch
ip
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
ch
i
p
s
f
r
o
m
em
itti
n
g
lig
h
t.
T
h
is
p
late
o
f
T
iO
2
an
d
s
ilico
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
h
as
its
th
ick
n
ess
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
d
is
p
en
s
ed
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite.
T
h
e
T
i
O
2
p
ar
ticles
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
5
0
n
m
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize
an
d
n
o
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
v
is
ib
le
r
a
n
g
e.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
3
5
g
/c
m
3
to
0
.
1
2
g
/cm
3
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
T
iO
2
/s
ilico
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
h
as
a
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
th
at
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
T
iO
2
an
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
ev
iatio
n
in
th
e
lay
er
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
lay
er
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
1
.
7
9
9
.
On
ce
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
TiO
2
/S
ilico
n
e
E
n
ca
p
s
u
la
tio
n
F
ilm fo
r
A
ch
ievin
g
Op
tica
l P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
...
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
601
d
o
n
e,
th
e
W
L
E
D
s
im
u
latio
n
s
will
b
e
s
et
o
n
a
h
ea
t
s
in
k
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
v
en
tila
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
at
in
g
s
p
h
er
e
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
L
E
E
in
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
air
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
w
h
ile
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
o
n
e
in
[
3
]
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
AC
U.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
s
izes
o
f
T
iO
2
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
u
les,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
n
o
lay
er
,
th
e
o
n
e
with
o
n
ly
s
ilico
n
e
lay
er
,
an
d
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
lay
er
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
th
in
f
il
m
o
f
T
iO
2
/s
ilico
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
th
e
lig
h
t
ef
f
icien
cy
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
o
f
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lt.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
esu
lt
attain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
a
p
u
r
e
s
ilico
n
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
f
ilm
is
th
e
s
m
allest
o
n
e.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
r
ad
iati
o
n
ca
p
ac
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
m
ater
ial
lay
er
s
to
th
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
with
o
u
t a
n
y
lay
er
u
n
d
er
id
e
n
tical
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
n
o
r
m
a
lized
L
E
E
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
is
d
escr
ip
tio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
0
m
A,
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
L
E
E
s
ar
e
q
u
ite
s
tab
le
in
b
o
th
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
L
E
E
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
em
ain
s
at
1
.
1
2
,
w
h
ile
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
o
n
e
s
tay
s
a
t
0
.
6
8
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
L
E
E
y
ield
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
u
al
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
is
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
6
4
.
7
%,
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
in
g
le
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
o
in
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
e
n
ca
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r
f
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R
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ig
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s
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tr
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m
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(
L
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T
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it c
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aid
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% L
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n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
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e
C
C
T
d
ev
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o
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en
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p
s
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r
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ter
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W
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p
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d
u
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
X.
D.
Len
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
e
a
sib
i
li
ty
o
f
c
o
-
re
g
istere
d
u
lt
ra
so
u
n
d
a
n
d
a
c
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u
stic
-
re
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m
a
n
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lo
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tal
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n
c
e
r,
"
Bi
o
me
d
.
O
p
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
9
-
5
1
7
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
A.
M
o
taz
e
d
ifard
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
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k
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
in
fi
lm
b
y
f
it
ti
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g
to
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e
in
te
n
sity
p
ro
fi
le
o
f
F
r
e
sn
e
l
d
iffr
a
c
ti
o
n
fro
m
a
n
a
n
o
p
h
a
se
ste
p
,
"
J
.
O
p
t.
S
o
c
.
Am.
A
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
9
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
V.
Du
m
o
n
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
le
x
u
re
-
t
u
n
e
d
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
-
at
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th
e
-
e
d
g
e
o
p
t
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
sy
ste
m
,
"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
3
1
-
2
5
7
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
J.
Jia
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Th
re
e
-
wa
v
e
len
g
t
h
p
a
ss
iv
e
d
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
th
e
in
terro
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
EF
P
I
se
n
s
o
r
s with
a
rb
it
ra
ry
c
a
v
it
y
len
g
t
h
,
"
O
p
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
8
9
0
-
8
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
A.
J.
He
n
n
in
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts t
o
d
is
p
e
rse
d
re
fe
re
n
c
e
in
terfe
ro
m
e
try
:
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
li
n
e
a
r
a
p
p
ro
x
i
m
a
ti
o
n
,
"
A
p
p
l
.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
-
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
M
.
E.
Ka
n
d
e
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ce
ll
-
to
-
c
e
ll
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
g
r
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wth
in
lar
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[7
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[8
]
P
.
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ra
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l
.
,
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UH
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ro
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[9
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1
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T.
S
h
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o
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[1
2
]
M
.
K.
Ka
n
g
,
e
t
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l.
,
"
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ti
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rifi
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v
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.
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[1
3
]
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.
P
.
Li
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t
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l.
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.
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.
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[1
4
]
S
.
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Je
o
n
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"
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o
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[1
5
]
H.
Da
ich
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Im
p
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o
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o
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.
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[1
6
]
I.
G
.
P
a
lch
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k
o
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,
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a
l.
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"
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n
,
"
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.
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t.
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.
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.
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[1
7
]
R.
A.
De
sh
p
a
n
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,
e
t
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l.
,
"
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las
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[I
n
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],
"
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t
.
M
a
te
r.
Exp
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ss
,
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l.
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o
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p
.
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0
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[1
8
]
X.
Ko
n
g
,
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l.
,
"
As
se
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in
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th
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e
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o
rm
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o
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CIEL
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h
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e
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le,
"
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.
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t.
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c
.
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.
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0
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0
.
[1
9
]
W.
J.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
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p
ro
v
e
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lar
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ime
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t.
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re
ss
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[2
0
]
M
.
Va
n
o
li
,
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t
a
l
.
,
"
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n
flu
e
n
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e
o
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n
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o
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y
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e
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r
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a
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o
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ics
,
"
J
.
Ne
a
r I
n
fra
re
d
S
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e
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sc
,
v
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l
.
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
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4
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4
,
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0
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9
.
[2
1
]
W.
Ba
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
u
n
i
q
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e
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u
e
s a
t
d
iffere
n
t
c
h
ro
m
a
lev
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l
s with
a
sm
a
l
ler h
u
e
a
n
g
le ste
p
,
"
J
.
Op
t.
S
o
c
.
Am.
A,
v
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l.
3
7
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
7
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-
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7
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
T.
Hu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
De
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
lo
r
d
isp
lay
m
e
tas
u
rfa
c
e
s
v
ia
imm
e
rsio
n
li
t
h
o
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ra
p
h
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o
n
a
1
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in
c
h
sili
c
o
n
wa
fe
r,
"
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
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o
.
1
5
,
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p
.
1
9
5
4
8
-
1
9
5
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
E.
Ch
e
n
,
et
a
l.
,
F
lex
i
b
le/c
u
r
v
e
d
b
a
c
k
li
g
h
t
m
o
d
u
le
with
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
d
o
t
s
m
icro
stru
c
tu
re
a
rra
y
fo
r
li
q
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r
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sta
l
d
isp
la
y
s,"
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t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
6
-
3
4
8
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
Y.
F
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Re
d
/
g
re
e
n
/b
lu
e
LD
m
i
x
e
d
wh
i
te
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g
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t
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o
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m
u
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ti
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t
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K
wit
h
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rg
e
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t
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iffu
se
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ti
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iza
ti
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t.
Exp
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ss
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l.
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6
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o
.
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p
.
2
3
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-
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4
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0
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0
1
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.
[2
5
]
A.
D.
Co
rb
e
tt
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
icr
o
sc
o
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e
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li
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ra
ti
o
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si
n
g
las
e
r
writt
e
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o
re
sc
e
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c
e
,
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t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
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6
,
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o
.
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,
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p
.
2
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8
8
7
-
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8
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
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