ISSN: 1693-6
930
¢
57
Issu
es a
nd Problem
s in Bra
i
n Magneti
c
Reso
nan
ce Im
aging
……… (No
v
anto Yudi
stira
)
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN BRAIN M
A
GNETI
C
RESONANCE I
M
AGING: AN OVERVI
EW
Nov
a
nto Yudistira, Dau
t
Daman
Dep
a
rtme
nt of Compute
r
G
r
aphi
cs and
Mult
imedia, F
a
culty of Com
puter Sci
e
n
c
e
and
Information S
y
stem, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia
(UT
M
), 8131
0, Skud
ai, Joh
o
r
email: cba
s
e
m
aste
r@ya
h
oo.com
Abs
t
rak
Ada ban
ya
k isu-i
s
u da
n
persoala
n
-p
ersoala
n
pad
a pen
citraa
n
resonan
si
m
agnetik
(MRI
) otak
yang m
e
rup
a
kan ka
wa
sa
n yan
g
bel
um
disel
e
saika
n
atau belum
m
encapai h
a
s
il
m
e
m
uaskan.
Paper i
n
i
m
enyajikan
suatu tinj
aua
n be
rbag
ai i
s
u d
an m
a
salah
segm
en
tasi,
koreksi, opti
m
asi, diskri
p
si dan apli
k
a
s
i pen
ci
tra
a
n
reso
nan
si m
agneti
k
otak.
Tinjauan di
m
u
la
i
deng
an m
enj
elaska
n p
r
op
erti segm
ent
asi
ya
ng m
e
rupa
kan
hal
p
a
ling
penting
dan
m
enant
ang
pada m
anip
u
l
asi M
R
I ota
k
. Kem
udian
dilanjut
kan
deng
an tinja
uan p
ada
ko
reksi
re
kon
s
t
r
uksi
citra la
pisa
n l
uar M
R
I otak,
klasifi
k
a
s
i cit
r
a (u
nt
uk m
e
ngkl
a
sifi
ka
si citra ota
k
di
segm
entasi
)
, dan
juga tinj
aua
n
peng
guna
an
deskri
p
si
cit
r
a
ya
ng m
e
rup
a
ka
n i
s
u
prospektif h
ebat,
yan
g
m
ana
p
a
ra
ahli saraf m
e
m
e
rlukan i
n
form
asi
ya
ng dih
a
sil
k
a
n
da
ri p
r
ose
s
pe
ncit
raa
n
otak, term
a
s
u
k
m
a
salah
-
m
a
salah
poten
si
al da
ri
aplikasi
ya
ng
diterap
k
a
n
ol
eh
setia
p
te
kni
k
. Pad
a
seti
ap
tinjauan, di
saj
i
kan b
ebe
rap
a
inform
asi d
a
sa
r se
ca
ra u
m
um.
Kata kunci
:
issue
s
, probl
e
m
s, brain MRI.
A
b
st
r
a
ct
There are m
any i
s
sue
s
a
nd problem
s
in
the brain
m
agnetic re
sonan
ce im
agi
ng (M
RI)
area that ha
ven
’
t solved o
r
reached
sati
sfyin
g
re
su
lt yet. This pa
p
e
r presents a
n
ove
r
vi
ew of
th
e
vari
ou
s issue
s
and p
r
o
b
le
m
s
of the seg
m
entation,
co
rre
ction, opti
m
izati
on, descriptio
n
and t
heir
appli
c
ation in
MRI. The overvi
ew i
s
sta
r
ted by
de
scri
bing the seg
m
entation
pro
pertie
s
that are
the m
o
st im
portant an
d chall
engi
n
g
in MRI
brain m
anip
u
lation. The
n
co
rre
ction
for
reconstructing the brain
MRI cortex, classifi
ca
tion
is utilized to
classi
f
y
the
segm
ented brain
im
age, and also revi
ew t
he uses of
descri
p
tion
is the great prosp
e
ctin
g issue while
so
me
neurologi
st n
eed the i
n
form
ation resulted from
brai
n im
aging p
r
oce
s
s in
cludi
ng thei
r pote
n
tial
probl
em
s fro
m
applicatio
n
appli
ed
by e
a
ch
techniq
u
e
. In ea
ch
ca
se, it i
s
pro
v
i
ded
som
e
ge
neral
backg
rou
nd i
n
form
ation.
Key
w
ords
:
issue
s
, pro
b
le
m
s
, brain MRI.
1. INTRODUCT
I
ON
The p
r
e
s
en
ce of MRI h
a
s a
r
ou
se
d
the brai
n
MRI visuali
z
ation thro
ug
h image
pro
c
e
ssi
ng. I
m
pleme
n
tatio
n
of MRI visu
alizatio
n
see
m
s to b
e
the
recent imp
o
rt
ant problem
s
and
issue
s
in me
dical
comp
uter vision e
s
p
e
cially for
the
brain. The q
uantitativ
e MRI brain
stru
ctures
examination
s
is becoming
popul
ar in stu
d
y and m
edi
cal area. Th
e most problem
atic studi
es a
r
e
overcomin
g
the lack of bo
unda
rie
s
, po
or co
ntra
st, noise, supe
rvised meth
od, less rob
u
st, less
efficient a
nd l
e
ss reliabl
e t
o
ma
ke
a full
use of
obtai
ning
data.
Th
us, it i
s
exp
e
c
ted th
at ima
g
e
processi
ng m
e
thods will help
to solve those probl
em
s.
Gene
rally, b
r
ain M
R
I cha
nnel
s p
a
rticul
arly
a
r
e T
1
-weighted,
prot
on d
e
n
s
ity (P
D), a
n
d
T2-weig
h
ted
data. While T
1
data
sh
ows detaile
d
an
atomical
brain i
m
age
and
T2
-wei
ghted
dat
a
sho
w
s a less
detailed a
nat
omical b
r
ai
n image but hav
e a high si
gn
al to detect le
sion
s.
Digital b
r
ain
MRI template
s are abl
e to
meas
ure si
g
nal chan
ge
s
in the brain t
hat are
due to neu
ral
changi
ng a
c
tivity. Due to
that, it makes it possi
ble to refine mod
e
l by analyzi
ng
intensitie
s of
pattern
s a
s
well as region
s. Ho
weve
r,
p
a
st
studie
s
h
a
ve neve
r
a
b
s
olutely
satisf
ied
pra
c
titione
rs
esp
e
ci
ally ne
urolo
g
ist. Th
ere a
r
e m
a
n
y
related p
r
o
b
lems
and i
s
sue
s
in
different
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