T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n,
Co
m
pu
t
ing
,
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
96
3
~
96
7
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
,
ac
cr
ed
ited
First Gr
ad
e
b
y
Kem
en
r
is
tek
d
i
k
ti,
Dec
r
ee
No
: 2
1
/E/KPT
/2
0
1
8
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/TE
L
KOM
NI
K
A.
v
1
9
i
3
.
1
6
7
1
4
963
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//jo
u
r
n
a
l.u
a
d
.
a
c.
id
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/TELK
OM
N
I
K
A
Inv
estig
a
tion o
n t
he appli
ca
tion o
f
ZnO nano
stru
ctu
res to
impro
v
e t
he op
tic
a
l perf
o
rma
nce o
f
whit
e
light
-
emit
ti
ng
diodes
My
H
a
n
h
Ng
u
y
e
n
T
h
i
1
,
P
h
u
n
g
To
n
Th
a
t
2
,
H
o
a
n
g
Va
n
Ng
o
c
3
1
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
In
d
u
strial
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ho
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
,
Vie
t
n
am
2
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
u
strial
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ho
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
,
Vie
tn
a
m
3
In
stit
u
te
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Th
u
Da
u
M
o
t
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Vie
tn
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
7
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
5
,
2
0
2
0
Th
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
b
l
u
e
LE
D
c
h
i
p
s
with
y
e
ll
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
st
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
(W
LE
D)
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
a
tt
a
in
e
d
a
n
g
u
lar
c
o
rre
late
d
c
o
l
o
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
(CCT)
u
n
ifo
rm
it
y
is
stil
l
p
o
o
r.
Th
u
s,
th
is
a
rti
c
le
p
ro
p
o
se
s
to
a
d
d
Zn
O
n
a
n
o
str
u
c
tu
re
s
to
WL
ED
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s
to
p
ro
m
o
te
th
e
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
ifo
rm
it
y
o
f
th
e
WL
EDs.
Th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
u
ti
li
z
in
g
Z
n
O
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
c
a
n
a
ffe
c
t
th
e
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
CCT
d
e
v
iati
o
n
s
in
W
LE
Ds
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s
i
n
d
iffere
n
t
e
x
te
n
ts.
P
a
r
ti
c
u
larly
,
a
d
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
-
li
k
e
(N
-
Zn
O),
s
h
e
e
t
-
li
k
e
(
S
-
Zn
O),
a
n
d
ro
d
-
li
k
e
(R
-
Zn
O)
lea
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
rre
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
c
re
a
se
s
o
f
CCT
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
fr
o
m
3
4
5
5
.
4
9
K
to
9
6
.
3
0
K,
4
0
.
0
3
K,
a
n
d
6
0
.
0
9
K,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
w
it
h
0
.
2
5
%
N
-
Zn
O,
0
.
7
5
%
S
-
Zn
O,
a
n
d
0
.
2
5
%
R
-
Z
n
O,
WL
ED
d
e
v
ice
s
c
a
n
a
c
h
iev
e
b
o
th
b
e
tt
e
r
CCT
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
it
y
a
n
d
lo
w
e
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
l
u
m
in
o
u
s fl
u
x
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s o
f
th
is
a
rti
c
le
c
a
n
b
e
a
v
a
lu
a
b
le
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
fo
r
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
re
r
to
u
se
a
s
re
fe
re
n
c
e
in
imp
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
ir
WL
ED
p
ro
d
u
c
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
Z
n
O
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ho
an
g
Van
Ng
o
c
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Ap
p
lied
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
T
h
u
Dau
Mo
t U
n
iv
er
s
ity
No
6
,
T
r
a
n
Van
On
Stre
et,
T
h
u
Dau
Mo
t c
ity
,
B
in
h
D
u
o
n
g
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
n
g
o
ch
v
@
td
m
u
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
illu
m
in
atio
n
m
a
r
k
et,
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ices
wh
ich
u
s
e
th
e
d
io
d
es
to
cr
ea
te
wh
ite
lig
h
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
ed
to
b
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
lig
h
tin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ich
ca
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
b
e
a
n
alter
n
ate
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
an
d
in
ca
n
d
escen
t
o
n
es,
as
th
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
clu
d
in
g
l
o
n
g
e
v
ity
,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
,
an
d
b
ein
g
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
[
1
-
4
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
m
eth
o
d
s
to
cr
ea
te
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ices
is
f
r
ee
ly
d
is
p
en
s
in
g
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
y
ttriu
m
alu
m
in
u
m
g
ar
n
et
(
Y
AG:C
e)
o
n
to
a
b
lu
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
[
5
,
6
]
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
e
an
g
u
lar
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
in
p
o
o
r
q
u
ality
an
d
th
e
“y
ello
w
r
in
g
”
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
is
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
to
th
e
lig
h
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
D
also
o
cc
u
r
s
[
7
-
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
as
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
,
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
0
]
,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
[
1
1
]
,
len
s
d
esig
n
[
1
2
]
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
th
ei
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
ts
m
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
also
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
to
u
s
e
in
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
ig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
is
s
im
p
ler
an
d
c
h
ea
p
er
in
f
ab
r
icatio
n
b
u
t
s
till
y
ield
s
h
ig
h
C
C
T
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
is
ess
en
tial
to
W
L
E
D
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
96
3
-
96
7
964
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t,
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
lo
a
d
ed
en
ca
p
s
u
lati
o
n
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
eth
o
d
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
t
h
e
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
co
s
t
-
s
av
in
g
an
d
s
im
p
le
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
.
Ad
o
p
tin
g
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t,
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
with
d
if
f
u
s
er
b
ase
th
at
c
o
n
tain
s
m
etal
o
x
i
d
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
m
ater
ials
(
T
iO
2
,
Z
r
O
2
an
d
SiO
2
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
[
1
5
-
1
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
C
h
en
’
s
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
5
]
,
Z
r
O
2
g
r
ain
s
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
is
3
0
0
n
m
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
,
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
K
to
4
2
0
K
in
th
e
an
g
les
f
r
o
m
−7
0
°
to
7
0
°.
T
iO
2
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
(
3
2
0
n
m
)
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
r
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
wer
e
u
s
ed
b
y
L
ee
an
d
h
is
p
ar
tn
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ey
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
T
iO
2
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
o
n
W
L
E
D
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
is
u
n
d
en
ia
b
le,
b
u
t
th
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
f
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
r
es
ea
r
ch
es
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
d
if
f
u
s
er
m
ater
ial
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
ar
ticles.
An
aly
s
es
h
av
e
n
o
t
d
u
g
d
ee
p
e
r
in
to
t
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
u
s
er
m
ater
ials
o
n
th
e
W
L
E
D
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
5
,
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
as
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
te
n
ts
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
th
is
asp
ec
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
D
is
v
er
y
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
T
h
ese
d
ay
s
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
,
an
d
th
is
m
ater
ial
is
also
b
en
ef
icial
to
W
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as
it
is
a
lo
w
-
p
r
ice
m
ater
ial,
an
d
ea
s
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
s
y
n
th
e
s
ize
[
2
1
-
2
4
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
et
m
an
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
Z
n
O
b
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
tim
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
is
2
.
0
th
at
is
in
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
2
.
5
in
d
e
x
o
f
GaN
an
d
1
o
f
air
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
W
L
E
Ds
with
Z
n
O
h
as
b
etter
g
r
ad
ien
t
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
d
o
p
in
g
Z
n
O
in
to
th
e
GaN
-
b
ased
W
L
E
Ds,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
Z
n
O,
w
h
i
ch
is
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
[
25
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
Z
n
O
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
cy
lin
d
er
s
an
d
n
a
n
o
r
o
d
s
in
s
talled
o
n
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
ch
i
p
th
at
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
GaN
-
b
ased
L
E
Ds wa
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
Yin
’
s
team
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
GaN
b
lu
e
L
E
Ds
with
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
im
p
lan
ted
t
o
p
lan
a
r
in
d
iu
m
tin
o
x
id
e
(
I
T
O)
f
ilm
s
h
o
ws
a
g
r
o
wth
in
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
[
18
]
.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
n
an
o
r
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
lig
h
t
p
r
o
jecte
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
GaN
-
L
E
Ds
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
lig
h
t
e
x
t
r
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
was
p
r
o
v
ed
in
th
ese
ar
ticles
b
u
t
th
e
f
ac
t
is
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
m
an
y
wo
r
k
s
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
W
L
E
D
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
o
f
Z
n
O
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
i
m
p
ac
t
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
b
o
t
h
C
C
T
an
d
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ices.
T
h
u
s
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
t
icles
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
-
l
ik
e
Z
n
O
(
N
-
Z
n
O)
,
s
h
ee
t
-
lik
e
(
S
-
Z
n
O)
,
an
d
r
o
d
-
li
k
e
Z
n
O
(
R
-
Z
n
O)
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticle
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
with
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
o
l
MA
T
L
AB
,
wh
ich
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Fro
m
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
wer
in
W
L
E
Ds
was
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
b
en
e
f
ited
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
r
esp
o
n
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
to
t
h
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
2.
SCAT
T
E
RING
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
μ
sca
(
λ
)
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
S
1
(
θ)
an
d
S
2
(
θ)
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
δ
sca
(
λ)
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
c
atter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
1
6
-
1
8
]
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
to
o
l
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t w
h
en
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles ar
e
ad
d
ed
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
(
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
2
∫
∫
1
−
1
(
,
,
)
(
)
,
(
2
)
=
(
1
−
)
(
3
)
1
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
∞
=
1
[
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
+
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
]
(
4
)
2
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
∞
=
1
[
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
+
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
]
(
5
)
−
N
(
r
)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles (
p
er
c
u
b
ic
m
illi
m
eter
)
,
o
r
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
d
en
s
ity
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
−
C
sca
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
(
in
s
q
u
a
r
e
m
illi
m
eter
s
)
−
λ
is
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
in
ci
d
en
t lig
h
t (
in
n
an
o
m
eter
s
)
−
r
is
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
(
in
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
)
−
θ
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
(
d
eg
r
e
es)
−
p
(
θ,
,
r
)
is
th
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f Zn
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es to
imp
r
o
ve
th
e
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
965
−
f(
r
)
is
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
er
−
g
(
λ)
is
th
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
f
ac
t
o
r
−
x
is
th
e
s
ize
p
ar
am
eter
−
m
is
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
−
a
n
an
d
b
n
ar
e
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
with
ev
en
an
d
o
d
d
s
y
m
m
etr
ies,
in
tu
r
n
−
π
n
(
co
s
θ
)
an
d
τ
n
(
co
s
θ
)
a
r
e
th
e
a
n
g
u
lar
d
ep
en
d
en
t f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
th
at
wh
en
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
a
r
e
in
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
-
0
.
2
5
%,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
Z
n
O
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
-
d
o
p
e
d
f
ilm
s
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
u
n
ch
an
g
e
d
,
y
et
s
till
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
n
e
n
o
t
u
s
in
g
Z
n
O.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
at
at
a
lo
w
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
h
av
e
ef
f
e
cts
o
n
th
e
lig
h
t
r
ay
s
,
s
o
it
is
h
a
r
d
to
s
ee
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
t
h
eir
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
g
en
er
al
th
eo
r
y
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
as
th
e
s
ca
tte
r
in
g
p
ar
ticle
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
lo
wer
th
an
a
ce
r
tain
v
alu
e,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
will
b
e
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
p
ar
ticle
clo
u
d
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
,
th
en
th
e
t
o
tal
s
ca
tter
ed
p
o
wer
p
er
u
n
it
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
s
p
a
ce
is
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
p
ar
t
icles.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
alo
n
g
with
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
tic
les
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
we
r
is
g
r
ea
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
th
r
ee
Z
n
O
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
th
e
S
-
Z
n
O
e
x
h
ib
its
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
in
th
e
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
7
5
-
2
.
5
%,
wh
ic
h
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
Fr
o
m
th
is
,
it
is
clea
r
t
h
at
u
s
in
g
Z
n
O
at
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
h
o
m
o
g
en
ize
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
wer
,
y
et
th
e
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
also
m
u
ch
s
tr
o
n
g
er
as
a
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
er
g
y
is
alr
ea
d
y
h
i
g
h
(
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
5
)
ev
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
Z
n
O
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
is
lo
w
at
0
.
2
5
%.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
,
a
n
d
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
l
ev
el
o
f
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
lig
h
t e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
S
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles with
d
if
f
er
en
t d
ia
m
eter
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Scatter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
3.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
N
AND
DI
S
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
L
ig
h
tT
o
o
ls
8
.
1
.
0
is
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Z
n
O
-
d
o
p
i
n
g
f
ilm
s
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
E
ac
h
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Z
n
O
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
an
d
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
to
g
iv
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
th
at
c
an
h
elp
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
an
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
W
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
iag
r
am
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
E
ac
h
elem
en
t
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ca
r
ef
u
lly
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
ted
m
o
d
el
is
id
en
tical
to
th
e
r
ea
l
W
L
E
D.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
96
3
-
96
7
966
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
L
E
D
r
ef
lecto
r
ar
e
2
.
1
m
m
d
e
p
th
,
8
m
m
in
n
er
d
iam
eter
,
an
d
1
0
m
m
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
.
Fo
r
th
e
Z
n
O
-
d
o
p
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
co
atin
g
th
e
n
in
e
em
b
e
d
d
ed
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
,
its
th
ick
n
ess
is
s
et
at
0
.
0
8
m
m
.
L
e
a
d
fr
a
me
:
4
.
7
m
m
Je
n
tec
h
S
ize
-
S
L
ED
c
h
ip
:
V4
5
H
Die
a
tt
a
c
h
:
S
u
m
it
o
m
o
1
2
9
5
S
A
Go
ld
W
ire
:
1
.
0
m
il
Ph
o
sp
h
o
r:
ITC
NY
AG
4
_
EL
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a
)
Ph
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
W
L
E
Ds s
am
p
le,
(
b
)
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
(
c)
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
2
D
W
L
E
Ds m
o
d
el,
an
d
(
d
)
th
e
s
im
u
lated
W
L
E
Ds m
o
d
el
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ie
s
o
f
Z
n
O
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
in
ter
n
a
l
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
will
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
u
s
in
g
Z
n
O
as
a
d
if
f
u
s
er
lay
e
r
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
Z
n
O
-
b
ase
d
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es a
t
a
3
5
0
m
A
d
r
iv
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
Z
n
O
d
if
f
u
s
er
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
n
th
e
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
C
T
an
d
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
,
as
well
a
s
th
e
lu
m
en
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
d
o
p
e
d
in
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
a
n
aly
s
es,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
an
g
l
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
a
n
d
lu
m
i
o
u
s
in
ten
s
ity
as
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
e
m
in
u
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
o
n
e.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
s
p
atial
an
g
les
u
tili
ze
d
to
ap
p
r
aise
th
e
an
g
u
la
r
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
an
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
in
ten
s
ity
ar
e
f
r
o
m
−
7
0
°
to
7
0
°,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
f
th
e
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
is
o
u
t
o
f
th
is
r
an
g
e
,
it
is
wea
k
an
d
e
v
en
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
“h
alo
ef
f
ec
t”
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
len
s
o
r
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
W
L
E
Ds
with
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
Z
n
O
s
izes
a
n
d
am
o
u
n
ts
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
Z
n
O
w
as
r
elativ
ely
h
i
g
h
(
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
.
3
2
m
cd
)
,
it
p
r
esen
ted
p
o
o
r
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
Z
n
O
-
d
o
p
e
d
lay
er
s
,
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ca
n
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
.
W
h
en
N
-
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
ca
n
y
ield
h
ig
h
er
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
Z
n
O
b
ec
a
u
s
e
its
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
iv
ity
is
b
etter
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
S
-
Z
n
O
an
d
R
-
Z
n
O
-
b
ased
W
L
E
Ds
r
esu
lt
in
b
etter
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
S
-
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles,
as
its
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
is
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
two
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies.
H
o
wev
er
,
w
h
en
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
Z
n
O
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ec
o
m
es lo
wer
,
an
d
th
is
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
is
m
o
r
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
S
-
Z
n
O
n
an
o
p
ar
t
icles.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
es o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
Z
n
O
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ies
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t,
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
Z
n
O
h
a
s
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
t
h
e
W
L
E
Ds’
q
u
ality
d
u
e
to
its
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Z
n
O
ca
n
d
r
a
m
atica
lly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
its
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
lea
d
s
to
th
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
in
ten
s
ity
is
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
with
th
e
S
-
Z
n
O,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
th
e
r
p
ac
k
ag
es
with
o
th
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f Zn
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es to
imp
r
o
ve
th
e
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
967
Z
n
O
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies.
Af
ter
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
f
lu
x
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Z
n
O
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
e
0
.
2
5
% f
o
r
N
-
Z
n
O,
0
.
7
5
%
f
o
r
S
-
Z
n
O,
an
d
0
.
2
5
%
f
o
r
R
-
Z
n
O.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
b
etter
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
lay
er
,
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
o
f
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ic
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
X.
Li
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
ro
jec
ti
o
n
li
t
h
o
g
ra
p
h
y
p
a
tt
e
rn
e
d
h
i
g
h
-
re
so
l
u
ti
o
n
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts/t
h
i
o
l
-
e
n
e
p
h
o
to
-
p
o
ly
m
e
r
p
ix
e
ls
f
o
r
c
o
l
o
r
d
o
wn
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
"
O
p
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
8
6
4
-
3
0
8
7
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
M
.
Du
p
o
n
t
-
Niv
e
t,
C
.
I.
Wes
t
b
ro
o
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
c
h
wa
rtz,
"
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f
trap
sy
m
m
e
try
i
n
a
n
a
to
m
-
c
h
i
p
i
n
terf
e
ro
m
e
ter
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
Bo
se
-
Ei
n
ste
in
c
o
n
d
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
t
h
re
sh
o
l
d
,
"
2
0
1
9
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
L
a
se
rs
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
-
Op
ti
c
s
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
d
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
Qu
a
n
t
u
m E
lec
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
OSA
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Di
g
e
st,
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Am
e
rica
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
S
.
Ra
so
u
li
e
t
a
l.
,
"
C
o
lo
rf
u
l
ra
d
ial
Talb
o
t
c
a
rp
e
t
a
t
th
e
tran
s
v
e
rse
p
lan
e
,
"
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
3
5
-
1
7
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
S
.
P
.
G
ro
th
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Circ
u
lan
t
p
re
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
in
teg
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
sili
c
o
n
p
h
o
to
n
ics
,
"
J
.
Op
t.
S
o
c
.
Am.
A,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
pp.
1
0
7
9
-
1
0
8
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
Z.
Wen
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
P
r
3
+
-
d
o
p
e
d
Ba
,
S
n
,
Zr
,
M
g
,
Ta.
O
3
tran
s
p
a
re
n
t
c
e
ra
m
ic
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r,
"
Op
t.
L
e
tt
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
8
-
2
4
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
S
.
Lee
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
ri
n
ted
c
y
li
n
d
r
ica
l
len
s
p
a
ir
fo
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
th
e
s
e
a
m
c
o
n
c
e
a
lme
n
t
in
ti
led
d
is
p
lay
s,
"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
2
4
-
8
3
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
B.
S
wia
tcz
a
k
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
fu
n
d
u
s
re
flec
ti
v
i
ty
d
u
ri
n
g
m
y
o
p
ia
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
ick
e
n
s,"
Bi
o
me
d
.
Op
t
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
2
-
1
8
4
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
Z.
Z
h
u
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Op
ti
m
a
l
ITO
tra
n
sp
a
re
n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
lay
e
rs
f
o
r
I
n
G
a
N
-
b
a
se
d
a
m
b
e
r/red
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s,"
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
1
1
-
1
2
3
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
J.
Ru
sc
h
e
l
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Cu
r
re
n
t
-
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
li
fe
ti
m
e
p
re
d
ict
io
n
o
f
3
1
0
n
m
u
lt
ra
v
i
o
let
l
ig
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s,"
Ph
o
t
o
n
.
Res
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
B3
6
-
B4
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
J.
Li
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Do
u
b
le
o
p
ti
c
a
l
g
a
ti
n
g
fo
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
h
i
g
h
flu
x
iso
late
d
a
tt
o
se
c
o
n
d
p
u
lse
s in
t
h
e
so
ft
X
-
ra
y
re
g
ime
,
"
Op
t
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
8
0
-
3
0
2
8
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Be
ld
i
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hi
g
h
Q
-
fa
c
to
r
n
e
a
r
in
fra
re
d
a
n
d
v
isi
b
le
Al2
O
3
-
b
a
se
d
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
-
p
late
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
k
in
e
ti
c
in
d
u
c
tan
c
e
d
e
tec
to
rs,"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
1
9
-
1
3
3
2
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
B.
K.
Tsa
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
E
x
p
o
su
re
st
u
d
y
o
n
UV
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
TF
E
a
n
d
c
e
ra
m
ic
o
p
t
ica
l
d
iffu
s
e
rs,"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
5
-
1
2
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
S
.
F
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
l
o
r
le
n
sle
ss
in
-
li
n
e
h
o
lo
g
ra
p
h
ic
m
icro
sc
o
p
e
with
su
n
li
g
h
t
il
lu
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
w
e
a
k
ly
-
sc
a
tt
e
re
d
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
o
b
jec
ts,"
OS
A
C
o
n
ti
n
u
u
m,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
L.
He
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
AlG
a
N
-
b
a
se
d
3
6
5
n
m
u
lt
ra
v
io
let
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
with
a
b
a
n
d
-
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
las
t
q
u
a
n
tu
m
b
a
rrier,"
Op
t.
L
e
tt
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
-
5
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
W.
Li
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
a
n
i
p
u
lati
o
n
o
f
LI
P
S
S
o
rien
tati
o
n
o
n
si
li
c
o
n
su
rfa
c
e
s
u
sin
g
o
rt
h
o
g
o
n
a
ll
y
p
o
lariz
e
d
fe
m
to
se
c
o
n
d
las
e
r
d
o
u
b
le
-
p
u
lse
train
s,
"
Op
t.
Exp
re
s
s,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
7
8
2
-
9
7
9
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
T.
R.
Da
stid
a
r
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Wh
o
le
sli
d
e
ima
g
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
d
e
e
p
le
a
rn
in
g
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
to
m
a
ted
f
o
c
u
sin
g
,
"
Bi
o
me
d
.
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
8
0
-
4
9
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
A.
Ud
u
p
a
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
e
lec
ti
v
e
a
re
a
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rse
n
ic
o
x
id
e
-
rich
o
c
tah
e
d
ra
l
m
icro
c
r
y
sta
ls
d
u
rin
g
p
h
o
to
c
h
e
m
ica
l
e
tch
in
g
o
f
n
-
ty
p
e
G
a
As
,
"
Op
t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
-
2
9
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
J.
Wan
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ra
p
id
3
D m
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
c
o
l
o
rfu
l
o
b
je
c
ts em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
RG
B
c
o
lo
r
li
g
h
t
p
r
o
jec
ti
o
n
,
"
Ap
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
7
-
1
9
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
C.
J.
C.
S
m
y
t
h
e
t
a
l.
,
"
2
7
.
5
W
/m
2
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
s
o
lar
las
e
r
u
sin
g
a
d
iff
u
se
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
c
o
o
l
in
g
li
q
u
id
,
"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
4
0
0
8
-
4
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
C.
M
c
Do
n
n
e
ll
e
t
a
l.
,
"
G
re
y
-
sc
a
le
sili
c
o
n
d
iffr
a
c
ti
v
e
o
p
ti
c
s
fo
r
se
lec
ti
v
e
las
e
r
a
b
latio
n
o
f
th
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
fil
m
s,"
Ap
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
6
9
6
6
-
6
9
7
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
K.
Orz
e
c
h
o
ws
k
i
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
c
u
b
ic
b
l
u
e
p
h
a
se
li
q
u
i
d
c
ry
sta
l
i
n
p
h
o
to
n
ic
m
icro
str
u
c
tu
re
s,"
O
p
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
7
0
-
1
4
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
R.
De
e
b
e
t
a
l.
,
"
De
e
p
s
p
e
c
tral
re
flec
tan
c
e
a
n
d
il
lu
m
i
n
a
n
t
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
se
lf
-
in
terre
flec
ti
o
n
s,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
O
p
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
A
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
T.
S
h
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Ne
two
rk
se
lec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
M
AD
M
a
n
d
VH
-
b
a
se
d
m
u
l
ti
-
u
se
r
a
c
c
e
ss
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
i
n
d
o
o
r
VLC
h
y
b
rid
n
e
two
r
k
s,"
Op
t.
Exp
r
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
9
5
-
3
0
8
1
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
H.
Jia
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hig
h
-
tra
n
sm
issio
n
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
-
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
c
ti
v
e
p
las
m
o
n
ic
c
o
lo
r
fil
ters
,
"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
0
4
-
7
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
X.
S
u
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
R
u
n
-
t
ime
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
le
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
LDP
C
c
o
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,"
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
1
9
-
2
9
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
6
]
D.
M
o
lt
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Tera
h
e
rtz
c
ro
ss
-
c
o
rre
latio
n
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
d
ri
v
e
n
b
y
i
n
c
o
h
e
re
n
t
li
g
h
t
fr
o
m
a
su
p
e
rlu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
d
io
d
e
,
"
O
p
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
5
9
-
1
2
6
6
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.