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DOI:
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Key
w
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:
s
i
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a
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s
i
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o
n
wa
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u
i
d
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s
,
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d
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s
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p
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n
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s
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wit
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Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
7
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
O
pti
c
al
wav
eg
u
i
d
e
s
wi
tc
h
es
are
k
e
y
c
om
po
ne
nt
i
n
m
od
ern
op
ti
c
al
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
ne
t
w
ork
s
.
Ma
n
y
d
i
f
f
erent
op
ti
c
a
l
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
tec
hn
o
l
og
i
es
are
c
urr
en
tl
y
a
v
a
i
l
ab
l
e
or
un
de
r
de
v
el
op
m
en
t.
In
prac
t
i
c
al
u
s
e
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
w
i
th
s
tab
l
e
an
d
l
o
w
dri
v
i
n
g
po
wer
as
w
e
l
l
as
po
l
aris
ati
on
i
ns
es
i
n
ti
v
es
are
al
s
o
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
T
he
s
e
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
c
h
arac
teri
s
ti
c
s
c
an
b
e
bu
i
l
t
us
i
ng
s
e
v
era
l
ef
f
ec
ts
s
uc
h
as
:
the
el
ec
tr
o
-
op
ti
c
ef
f
ec
t
[1]
[2]
,
the
the
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
(
T
O
)
eff
ec
t
[3]
-
[5]
,
or
m
ec
ha
ni
c
al
m
ea
ns
[6]
.
Rec
en
tl
y
,
o
ne
of
the
l
ea
di
n
g
tec
h
no
l
og
y
f
or
op
ti
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
gu
i
de
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
de
v
i
c
es
i
s
Ti
-
di
ff
us
i
on
i
n
Li
NbO
3
,
wh
ere
the
el
ec
tr
o
-
op
t
i
c
s
ef
f
e
c
ts
ha
v
e
be
e
n
us
e
d.
T
od
a
y
,
s
wi
tc
he
d
di
r
ec
ti
on
a
l
c
ou
p
l
ers
ba
s
e
d
on
Li
NbO
3
de
v
i
c
es
are
c
o
m
m
er
c
i
al
l
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
i
t
i
s
po
l
ari
z
at
i
on
s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
es
an
d
ex
pe
ns
i
v
e
ev
en
t
ho
u
gh
t
he
m
ai
n
be
ne
f
i
ts
of
s
uc
h
de
v
i
c
es
c
an
op
erat
e v
er
y
f
as
t
,
i
n t
he
s
u
b
-
na
n
os
ec
on
d re
gi
m
e.
P
ol
aris
at
i
on
i
ns
en
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
n
s
om
e
ap
pl
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
i
s
m
ore
i
m
po
r
tan
t
th
an
hi
gh
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
s
pe
ed
,
s
uc
h
as
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
i
n
L
A
N
wi
th
r
i
ng
to
po
l
o
gi
es
a
nd
v
i
d
eo
d
i
s
tr
i
b
uti
o
n
us
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
[
8][
1
9].
F
r
om
tho
s
e
av
ai
l
ab
l
e
tec
h
no
l
og
i
es
,
t
he
o
pti
c
a
l
wa
v
eg
ui
d
e
s
wi
tc
hi
n
g
b
as
ed
on
the
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
s
ef
f
ec
ts
w
ou
l
d
be
a
go
o
d
a
l
tern
at
i
v
es
,
be
c
au
s
e
no
t
o
nl
y
i
t
of
f
ers
po
l
aris
ati
on
i
nd
ep
e
nd
e
nt
ef
f
ec
t i
t a
l
s
o g
i
v
es
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g t
i
m
e
s
of
th
e o
r
de
r
of
m
i
l
l
i
s
ec
on
ds
.
T
he
T
O
eff
ec
ts
i
n
m
ate
r
i
al
i
s
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
of
i
nd
e
x
r
ef
r
ac
ti
on
d
ue
to
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
c
ha
ng
es
.
F
or
op
t
i
c
al
wav
eg
u
i
de
s
th
e
ph
as
e
s
hi
f
te
r
s
us
ua
l
l
y
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
thi
n
f
i
l
m
he
a
ter
de
po
s
i
ted
on
to
p
of
the
c
l
ad
d
i
ng
l
a
y
ers
of
bu
r
i
ed
c
h
an
ne
l
gu
i
d
es
.
In
c
on
v
en
ti
o
na
l
T
O
ph
as
e
s
hi
f
ters
a
thi
n
f
i
l
m
he
ate
r
de
po
s
i
ted
o
n
the
c
l
ad
d
i
ng
of
a
bu
r
i
ed
c
ha
n
ne
l
g
ui
de
,
us
ua
l
l
y
th
e
T
i
he
at
i
ng
e
l
ec
tr
o
de
ha
s
be
en
us
ed
.
S
i
nc
e
i
n
a
s
i
l
i
c
a
-
on
-
s
i
l
i
c
on
o
pt
i
c
a
l
w
a
v
eg
ui
d
e,
the
g
l
as
s
c
on
du
c
ti
v
i
t
y
i
s
l
arger
tha
n
ai
r
,
he
a
t
wi
l
l
be
c
on
d
uc
ted
to
the
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
s
ub
s
tr
ate
,
whi
c
h
ac
ts
as
a
he
at
s
i
nk
.
In
the
s
tea
d
y
-
s
ta
te
c
on
d
i
ti
on
,
t
he
r
es
ul
t
i
s
a
l
i
n
ea
r
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
gra
di
en
t
be
t
w
e
en
t
he
he
at
er
an
d
th
e
s
ub
s
tr
ate
,
whi
c
h
wi
l
l
r
i
s
es
th
e
av
erag
e
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
of
the
c
ore.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
i
n
thi
s
s
c
he
m
e
r
el
ati
v
e
l
y
hi
gh
p
o
wer
c
on
s
um
pti
on
i
s
ne
ed
e
d
an
d
l
ate
r
a
l
h
ea
t
d
i
f
f
us
i
on
i
n
s
i
de
th
e
gl
as
s
m
ay
c
au
s
e
a
t
he
r
m
al
c
r
os
s
tal
k
be
t
w
ee
n
t
wo
c
l
os
el
y
s
pa
c
ed
g
ui
de
s
[
9]
[
10
].
T
he
s
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
ti
es
m
ay
be
r
ed
uc
ed
b
y
us
i
ng
a
brid
ge
-
s
us
pe
n
de
d
wav
e
gu
i
de
or
us
i
ng
etc
h
ed
gro
ov
e
wav
eg
u
i
d
e
s
tr
uc
ture
s,
w
h
i
c
h
c
an
l
o
w
e
r
s
the
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
dri
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
an
d
r
ed
uc
es
th
e
the
r
m
al
c
r
os
s
tal
k
[7]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
t
i
m
e requ
i
r
e
d i
s
l
en
gth
en
e
d p
r
o
po
r
ti
on
al
l
y
.
T
he
m
ai
n
pu
r
po
s
e
of
thi
s
arti
c
l
e
i
s
to
ex
p
l
ai
n
on
th
e
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
us
i
ng
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er
i
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erf
erom
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r
(
M
Z
I)
s
tr
uc
tures
.
A
the
r
m
o
op
ti
c
ph
as
e
s
hi
f
ter
c
on
s
i
s
ti
ng
of
thi
n
f
i
l
m
he
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po
s
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t
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on
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of
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M
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wn
t
o
b
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v
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i
ts
ba
l
an
c
e
d
f
orm
)
a
nd
as
a
m
ul
ti
pl
ex
er
or
de
m
ul
t
i
pl
ex
er
(
i
n
i
ts
un
ba
l
a
nc
ed
f
orm
)
an
d
i
t
i
s
a
de
v
i
c
e
th
at
c
an
us
ed
t
he
T
O
eff
ec
ts
ex
c
el
l
en
tl
y
[
11
]
.
T
he
MZI
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
t
w
o
ba
c
k
to
b
ac
k
Y
-
j
un
c
ti
o
ns
,
c
on
ne
c
te
d
b
y
l
i
nk
i
ng
w
a
v
e
gu
i
de
s
.
Int
r
o
du
c
i
n
g
a
ph
as
e
de
l
a
y
to
on
e
l
i
nk
i
ng
g
ui
d
e
v
i
a
the
t
he
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
ef
f
ec
t
e
na
b
l
es
the
MZI
t
o
be
us
ed
as
a
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
de
v
i
c
e
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
(
a).
T
he
p
ha
s
e
s
hi
f
ter
c
an
b
e
p
ut
i
n
ei
t
he
r
or
bo
t
h
of
the
s
tr
a
i
gh
t
arm
s
to
al
l
o
w
th
e
r
el
at
i
v
e
p
ha
s
e
of
th
e
r
ec
om
bi
ni
ng
c
o
m
po
ne
nts
to
be
al
t
ered
[12
][1
3]
.
If
i
t
i
s
i
n
the
p
ha
s
e t
he
gu
i
de
d o
u
tpu
t i
s
h
i
gh
an
d
i
f
i
t
i
s
ou
t
-
of
-
ph
as
e,
i
t
i
s
l
o
w
.
W
h
en
the
p
ha
s
e
s
h
i
f
ter
or
he
at
er
i
s
o
n,
t
he
wa
v
eg
ui
d
e
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
be
n
ea
th
th
e
he
at
er
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
,
th
en
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
op
t
i
c
al
s
tr
a
i
gh
t
arm
l
en
gt
h
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
b
y
T
L
dT
dn
,
he
r
e
dT
dn
i
s
the
the
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
c
on
s
tan
t
of
th
e
s
i
l
i
c
a
wav
eg
u
i
de
,
L
i
s
th
e
he
at
er
l
en
gt
h
a
nd
T
i
s
th
e
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
r
i
s
e [
17
]. T
he
t
y
pi
c
a
l
v
a
l
ue
of
dT
dn
f
or s
i
l
i
c
a i
s
10
-
5
o
C
-
1
. For
ex
am
pl
e,
he
a
ti
n
g a
10
m
m
l
on
g g
u
i
d
e
b
y
1
5.2
3
o
C
wi
l
l
pro
du
c
e
a
r
ad
i
a
ns
ph
as
e
s
hi
f
t
at
1.5
2
3
m
w
a
v
el
en
g
th
[
14
].
T
he
po
wer
ne
ed
ed
an
d
the
r
es
po
ns
e
ti
m
e
are
he
a
v
i
l
y
d
ep
e
nd
o
n
the
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
of
c
l
ad
di
ng
l
a
y
er,
t
he
r
m
al
c
on
du
c
ti
v
i
t
y
of
s
i
l
i
c
a
wav
eg
ui
d
es
an
d
th
e
l
o
w
er
s
u
bs
tr
ate
m
ate
r
i
a
l
us
e
d.
I
n
th
e
c
as
e
of
s
i
l
i
c
a
o
n
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
s
tr
uc
ture,
where
the
he
at
s
up
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
th
e
T
i
he
ate
r
di
f
f
us
es
i
nto
the
l
o
w
er
S
i
s
ub
s
tr
ate
throug
h
th
e
M
gF
2
c
l
ad
d
i
n
g
l
a
y
ers
i
m
m
i
di
ate
l
y
b
el
o
w
the
h
ea
t
er
an
d
th
en
throu
gh
S
i
O
2
l
a
y
er
i
m
m
ed
i
ate
l
y
be
ne
ath
t
he
M
gF
2
.
T
hi
s
i
m
m
i
di
ate
h
ea
t
di
ff
us
i
on
be
t
w
ee
n
th
e
thr
ee
m
ate
r
i
al
l
a
y
ers
du
e
to
the
th
erm
al
c
on
du
c
ti
v
i
t
y
of
S
i
i
s
m
uc
h
l
arger
t
ha
n
th
at
of
S
i
O
2
,
M
gF
2
a
nd
th
e
s
urr
ou
n
di
ng
ai
r
.
A
n
y
l
at
eral
he
at
f
l
o
w
i
nto
th
e
c
l
a
dd
i
ng
g
l
as
s
i
s
s
m
al
l
,
an
d
a
l
l
t
he
g
l
as
s
r
e
ac
he
s
the
r
m
al
eq
u
i
l
i
bri
um
v
er
y
qu
i
c
k
l
y
[15
]
[
17].
T
he
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
of
ou
tpu
t
po
wer
of
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er
i
nte
r
f
erom
ete
r
s
c
an
ea
s
i
l
y
be
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
b
y
us
i
ng
t
he
c
ou
p
l
ed
m
od
e
the
or
y
.
In
t
he
s
i
m
pl
es
t
c
as
e,
as
s
u
m
i
ng
no
l
os
s
an
d
per
f
ec
t
y
-
branc
he
s
w
i
t
h a
3
-
dB
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
r
ati
o,
t
he
o
utp
u
t p
o
wer
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
[
1
6
]
[18]
:
)
(
c
o
s
P
P
in
out
2
2
(
1)
where
P
o
u
t
an
d
P
in
are
t
he
op
t
i
c
al
ou
tpu
t
an
d
i
np
ut
po
w
ers
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
an
d
i
s
t
he
ph
as
e
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
t
w
ee
n
the
t
wo
pa
ths
.
A
p
ha
s
e
di
f
f
erenc
e
m
a
y
be
c
ha
n
ge
d
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
the
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
de
x
of
on
e
arm
w
i
th
r
es
pe
c
t
to
th
e
oth
er.
If
the
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
i
s
proport
i
on
al
to
th
e
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e
c
ha
ng
e,
i
t
m
us
t
al
s
o
b
e
proporti
on
al
to
th
e
po
w
er
di
s
s
i
pa
te
d
i
n
the
h
ea
t
er, s
o t
h
e o
utp
u
t i
nt
en
s
i
t
y
i
s
gi
v
en
b
y
:
)
(
c
o
s
P
P
in
out
P
P
2
2
(
2)
where
R
V
2
P
i
s
t
he
el
ec
tr
i
c
po
we
r
di
s
s
i
pa
ted
i
n
th
e
h
ea
t
er,
V
i
s
the
ap
pl
i
ed
v
ol
t
ag
e
,
R
i
s
th
e
m
ea
s
ured h
ea
ter r
es
i
s
t
an
c
e,
an
d
P
i
s
th
e p
o
wer
w
h
i
c
h g
i
v
es
a
r
a
di
an
s
ph
as
e s
hi
f
t.
T
he
s
tr
uc
ture
of
the
M
ac
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er
Int
erf
ero
m
ete
r
s
1x
1
s
i
ng
l
e
m
od
e
op
t
i
c
al
s
w
i
tc
he
s
us
ed
to
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
t
e
the
r
m
o
-
op
ti
c
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
i
n
i
r
r
ad
i
ate
d
w
a
v
e
gu
i
de
s
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
T
he
de
v
i
c
e
h
as
t
w
o
s
tr
a
i
gh
t
ar
m
s
of
10
m
m
l
en
gth
an
d
a
n
ad
d
i
t
i
on
al
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
of
T
i
m
eta
l
,
to
ac
t
as
a
he
at
er el
ec
tr
od
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
D
ec
em
be
r
201
7
:
16
8
2
-
1688
1684
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
(
a)
L
a
y
o
ut
of
th
er
m
o
-
op
ti
c
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
n
de
r
i
nt
erf
ero
m
etri
c
s
w
i
tc
h
es
,
(
b) Cr
os
s
s
ec
ti
on
of
a
s
tr
ai
gh
t g
ui
de
of
a
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er i
nt
erf
ero
m
ete
r
wi
th
an
M
gF
2
c
l
ad
di
ng
la
y
er an
d a
n a
dd
i
ti
o
na
l
T
i
h
ea
ter
T
he
w
a
v
eg
ui
de
s
w
ere
f
or
m
ed
i
n
P
E
CV
D
s
i
l
i
c
a
-
on
-
s
i
l
i
c
on
.
Ir
r
ad
i
at
i
on
p
aram
ete
r
s
of
1.0
6
C/c
m
2
c
ha
r
ge
do
s
e
at
30
k
eV
en
er
g
y
wer
e
c
ho
s
en
to
ob
ta
i
n
es
s
en
t
i
al
l
y
p
ol
ari
z
at
i
on
i
nd
ep
e
nd
e
nt
i
ns
erti
on
l
os
s
es
of
1
dB
a
t
=
1.
52
3
m
f
or 3.4
c
m
l
en
gth
s
of
s
tr
ai
gh
t
gu
i
de
w
i
t
h a
n o
i
l
c
l
ad
di
ng
.
T
he
gu
i
de
wi
d
th
w
as
7
m
,
an
d
the
i
nd
ex
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
t
ween
t
he
c
ore
a
nd
b
uf
f
er
l
a
y
er
was
n
6x
10
-
3
.
I
ns
erti
on
l
os
s
e
s
f
or
an
el
ec
tr
od
el
es
s
i
nte
r
f
erom
ete
r
m
ea
s
ured
us
i
ng
an
o
i
l
c
l
ad
d
i
n
g
wer
e
2.
0
d
B
(
T
E
)
an
d
2.
5
dB
(
T
M),
wi
th
the
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
i
ng
as
c
r
i
be
d
to
s
l
i
g
ht
bi
r
ef
r
i
ng
e
nc
e.
T
he
he
ate
r
was
de
po
s
i
t
ed
ab
o
v
e
on
e
arm
of
ea
c
h
i
nt
erf
ero
m
ete
r
b
y
p
att
er
ni
n
g
a
0.1
m
thi
c
k
l
a
y
er
of
s
pu
tte
r
ed
T
i
m
eta
l
i
nto
50
m
wi
d
e
s
tr
i
ps
f
ed
b
y
4
m
m
w
i
d
e
bu
s
ba
r
s
,
an
d
a
du
m
m
y
el
ec
tr
od
e
was
pl
ac
ed
a
bo
v
e t
he
un
he
at
ed
arm
to
av
oi
d a
n
y
p
ha
s
e
or am
pl
i
tu
de
i
m
ba
l
an
c
e [
14
].
T
he
c
urr
en
t
f
or
the
he
ate
r
was
s
up
pl
i
ed
b
y
a
s
i
gn
al
g
en
erat
or.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
du
e
to
t
he
v
er
y
l
o
w
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
ol
tag
e
(
1
0
V
)
prov
i
de
d
b
y
the
s
ou
r
c
e,
a
hi
gh
po
w
er
dr
i
v
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
as
n
e
ed
ed
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
s
ho
w
s
th
e
dri
v
er
u
s
ed
i
n
t
he
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ts
.
It
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
two
tr
an
s
i
s
t
ors
(
T
R1
an
d
T
R2)
,
whi
c
h
ar
e
us
ed
as
a
po
wer
s
w
i
tc
he
s
.
A
m
i
ni
m
u
m
driv
i
ng
v
ol
t
ag
e
of
0.7
V
turns
o
n
the
tr
a
ns
i
s
tor
T
R1
w
hi
c
h
i
n
t
urn
s
w
i
tc
h
e
s
tr
an
s
i
s
tor
T
R2
on
an
d
of
f
al
l
o
w
i
ng
t
he
s
up
pl
y
v
ol
t
a
ge
of
+
V
t
o
be
dropp
ed
ac
r
os
s
th
e
h
ea
ter.
W
i
th
a
s
ui
t
ab
l
e
D
C
s
up
p
l
y
,
thi
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
pro
v
i
de
s
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ou
tpu
t
of
up
to
65
V
[
14
].
P
EC
V
D
S
il
ica
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
Charac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
of
O
v
erdr
i
v
en
S
i
l
i
c
a
on
S
i
l
i
c
o
n S
w
i
tc
h
i
ng
Dev
i
c
es
(
A
r
y
S
y
ah
r
i
ar)
1685
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
Dr
i
v
er c
i
r
c
ui
t
us
ed
to
c
on
tr
o
l
t
he
T
i
he
ate
r
3.
Re
sult
s
a
n
d
A
n
al
y
s
is
T
he
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
of
s
w
i
tc
hi
ng
c
ha
r
ac
t
eris
ti
c
s
was
pe
r
f
or
m
ed
us
i
ng
a
l
as
er
at
a
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
of
1.5
23
m
.
T
he
i
nc
i
de
nt
l
i
g
ht
w
as
bu
t
t
-
c
ou
pl
e
d
i
nt
o
the
i
np
u
t
en
d
f
ac
et
of
the
de
v
i
c
e
us
i
ng
a
s
i
ng
l
e
m
od
e
f
i
bre.
T
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
of
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
w
as
us
ed
to
s
u
pp
l
y
c
urr
en
t
t
o
the
he
at
er
an
d
he
nc
e
ob
ta
i
n
a
ph
as
e
s
hi
f
t.
T
he
ou
tpu
t
l
i
gh
t
w
as
de
t
ec
ted
us
i
ng
a
ph
o
t
od
et
ec
tor,
an
d
the
t
i
m
e v
aria
t
i
o
n o
f
th
e
de
t
ec
ted
s
i
gn
a
l
w
as
di
s
p
l
a
y
ed
on
a
n o
s
c
i
l
l
os
c
op
e.
T
hree
t
y
pe
s
of
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
t
w
ere
c
arr
i
ed
ou
t.
In
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
t,
the
v
aria
ti
on
of
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
w
i
t
h
he
at
er
po
w
er
w
as
m
ea
s
ured
b
y
ap
pl
y
i
ng
a
l
o
w
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
q
ua
r
e
-
w
a
v
e
v
o
l
tag
e
of
v
ar
y
i
n
g
am
pl
i
tu
d
e
to
th
e
he
a
ter.
In
t
he
s
ec
o
nd
,
f
as
ter
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
i
gn
al
s
wer
e
us
ed
an
d
the
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
r
es
po
ns
e
of
the
s
wi
tc
h
w
as
m
ea
s
ured.
In
the
t
hi
r
d
,
ov
e
r
dr
i
v
en
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
w
er
e
m
ea
s
ured.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
ari
ati
on
of
no
r
m
al
i
s
ed
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
w
i
th
he
at
er
po
wer
,
whi
c
h
f
ol
l
o
ws
the
c
o
nv
en
t
i
on
al
s
i
n
us
oi
d
al
f
orm
.
P
oi
nts
are
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ta
l
d
ata
;
th
e
s
ol
i
d
l
i
n
e
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
the
c
al
c
ul
ate
d
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
as
gi
v
en
b
y
a
be
s
t
f
i
t
to
E
qu
ati
on
(
2).
S
wi
tc
h
i
ng
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
w
as
es
s
en
t
i
a
l
l
y
s
i
m
i
l
ar
to
de
v
i
c
es
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
d
b
y
o
the
r
tec
h
no
l
og
i
es
[3]
[15
]
.
T
he
l
ac
k
of
ph
as
e
b
i
as
i
n
the
c
urv
e
s
ug
ge
s
ts
th
at
t
he
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e
i
s
n
o
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ha
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e
s
h
i
f
t
be
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ween
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e
t
wo
-
i
nte
r
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r
ar
m
s
,
al
t
ho
ug
h
th
e
r
el
a
ti
v
e
l
y
p
oo
r
ex
ti
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ti
on
r
at
i
o
(
10
d
B
)
s
ug
ge
s
ts
un
eq
ua
l
s
pl
i
tt
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
Y
-
j
un
c
ti
on
s
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
ex
ti
nc
t
i
on
w
as
o
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i
ne
d
at
a
po
wer
of
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W
w
hi
l
e
t
he
s
ec
on
d
w
as
ob
ta
i
n
ed
at
a
p
o
w
er of
1.6
W
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
V
ari
ati
on
of
no
r
m
al
i
z
e
d
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
wi
th
he
ate
r
po
wer
f
or a th
erm
o
-
op
ti
c
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er i
n
terf
erom
ete
r
m
o
du
l
ato
r
f
orm
ed
b
y
i
r
r
ad
i
at
i
o
nl
F
i
gu
r
es
4
(
a),
(
b),
(
c
)
s
ho
w
s
w
i
tc
h
c
ha
r
ac
ter
i
s
ti
c
s
ob
ta
i
ne
d
us
i
n
g
a
s
q
ua
r
e
wav
e
he
at
er
driv
e
at
f
r
eq
ue
nc
i
es
of
12
5
Hz
,
50
0
H
z
an
d
1
k
Hz
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
Com
pl
ete
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
i
s
c
l
ea
r
l
y
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
at
th
e
l
o
w
es
t
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
.
Ho
wev
er,
as
the
dri
v
e
f
r
eq
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nc
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i
s
r
a
i
s
ed
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0
0
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1
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2
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4
0
.
5
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0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
D
r
i
v
e
pow
e
r
(
W
a
t
t
)
N
or
m
a
l
i
s
e
r
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
.
Th
e
o
r
y
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
D
ec
em
be
r
201
7
:
16
8
2
-
1688
1686
r
es
po
ns
e
of
th
e
s
w
i
tc
h
qu
i
c
k
l
y
l
i
m
i
t
i
ts
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
r
e
ac
h
the
O
N
an
d
O
F
F
s
tat
es
f
ul
l
y
.
Mi
ni
m
u
m
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
ti
m
es
of
0.5
m
s
are
s
l
i
gh
tl
y
s
ho
r
ter
tha
n
r
es
ul
ts
ob
ta
i
ne
d
w
i
t
h
top
o
g
r
ap
hi
c
gu
i
de
s
wi
th
a m
uc
h t
hi
c
k
er s
i
l
i
c
a c
l
ad
d
i
ng
,
f
or
m
ed
b
y
f
l
am
e h
y
drol
y
s
i
s
de
po
s
i
t
i
o
n [
1
7]
.
Heat
er
dri
v
e o
f
f
(
a)
Heat
er
dri
v
e
of
f
(
b)
Heat
er
dri
v
e o
f
f
(
c
)
F
i
gu
r
e
4
(
a).
M
ac
h
-
Z
eh
nd
er
Int
erf
erom
ete
r
s
w
i
tc
h
i
ng
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
ob
ta
i
ne
d u
s
i
n
g a
s
qu
are
wav
e h
e
ate
r
driv
e a
t
(
a) 12
5 H
z
, (b)
50
0 H
z
, (c
)
1
k
Hz
.
In
th
e
prev
i
o
us
s
et
of
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ts
,
the
s
w
i
tc
h
w
as
dri
v
en
us
i
ng
a
v
ol
t
ag
e
e
x
ac
tl
y
s
uff
i
c
i
en
t
to
r
e
ac
h
the
f
i
r
s
t
ex
ti
nc
ti
on
.
F
as
t
er
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
s
pe
ed
s
c
an
i
n
f
ac
t
be
ac
hi
ev
e
d
b
y
us
i
n
g
l
arger
dr
i
v
i
n
g
v
ol
t
ag
es
.
F
or
ex
am
pl
e,
F
i
gu
r
e
5
(
a)
s
ho
ws
the
s
wi
tc
h
c
h
arac
t
eris
ti
c
o
bta
i
ne
d
us
i
n
g
a
s
qu
are
w
a
v
e
of
v
ol
tag
e
6
4
V
at
a
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
of
12
5
H
z
.
Her
e,
t
he
he
ate
r
po
wer
i
s
s
uff
i
c
i
en
t
to
1 m
se
c
H
ea
t
e
r
dr
i
v
e on
1 m
se
c
H
ea
t
e
r
dr
i
v
e on
Hea
ter
d
r
iv
e
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
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S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
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0
Charac
teri
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i
c
s
of
O
v
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on
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n S
w
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ng
Dev
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c
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(
A
r
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y
ah
r
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ar)
1687
driv
e
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s
wi
tc
h
pa
s
t
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
ex
ti
nc
ti
o
n,
thro
ug
h
t
he
f
ol
l
o
wi
n
g
m
ax
i
m
u
m
,
an
d
the
n
to
the
s
ec
on
d
ex
ti
nc
ti
on
.
Due
to
th
e
i
nc
r
ea
s
ed
dri
v
e
po
wer
,
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
ex
ti
nc
ti
o
n
i
s
r
ea
c
he
d
ex
tr
em
el
y
r
ap
i
dl
y
.
F
i
gu
r
e
5
(
b) s
ho
w
s
t
he
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
n
g t
r
ac
e
ob
ta
i
n
ed
a
t 3
k
Hz
.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
5
. O
v
erdr
i
v
e
n s
w
i
tc
h
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
ob
ta
i
n
ed
us
i
ng
a
s
q
ua
r
e
wa
v
e h
ea
t
er dr
i
v
e
w
i
th
a
v
o
l
tag
e o
f
64
V
a
nd
a f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
of
(
a) 125
H
z
, (b)
3 k
H
z
.
In
th
i
s
c
as
e,
t
he
dri
v
e
s
i
g
na
l
f
a
l
l
s
to
z
ero
ex
ac
tl
y
a
s
the
f
i
r
s
t
ex
ti
nc
ti
o
n
i
s
r
e
ac
he
d,
al
l
o
w
i
ng
an
ap
prox
i
m
ate
l
y
t
hree
-
f
ol
d
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
i
n
m
od
ul
ati
o
n s
pe
ed
ov
er th
e
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
n
g res
u
l
t
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
(
c
)
.
A
p
e
r
i
od
i
c
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
at
s
i
m
i
l
ar
s
pe
ed
m
a
y
b
e
o
bta
i
ne
d
us
i
n
g
s
ha
p
ed
dr
i
v
e
pu
l
s
e,
w
he
r
e a
n
i
n
i
t
i
al
l
y
l
arge s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g v
ol
t
ag
e i
s
f
ol
l
o
wed
b
y
a s
m
al
l
er ho
l
d
i
ng
v
ol
ta
ge
.
4
. Con
clus
ion
s
W
e
ha
v
e
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
ed
th
e
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
de
v
i
c
es
ba
s
ed
on
Ma
c
h
Z
eh
n
de
r
i
nt
erf
erom
ete
r
where
t
hi
n
l
a
y
ers
of
e
v
ap
orated
Mg
F
2
c
a
n
be
us
ed
as
a
c
l
ad
di
ng
f
or
w
a
v
eg
ui
de
s
f
or
m
ed
b
y
el
ec
tr
on
be
am
i
r
r
ad
i
at
i
on
o
f
P
E
CV
D
s
i
l
i
c
a
-
on
-
s
i
l
i
c
o
n.
S
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
c
an
be
r
ea
l
i
z
e
d
b
y
us
i
n
g
a
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
he
ate
r
to
i
nd
uc
e
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
c
ha
ng
es
i
n
w
a
v
eg
u
i
de
s
tr
uc
tures
.
A
n
un
eq
ua
l
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
i
n
the
Y
-
j
un
c
ti
o
ns
r
es
ul
ts
i
n
p
oo
r
ex
ti
nc
ti
on
,
ho
wev
er,
a
m
a
j
or
di
s
ad
v
an
t
ag
e.
S
w
i
tc
he
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
di
r
ec
ti
on
a
l
c
ou
pl
ers
w
o
ul
d
be
a
g
oo
d
al
t
ernat
i
v
e,
bu
t
he
at
i
ng
on
e
wa
v
eg
ui
d
e
w
i
t
ho
ut
af
f
ec
ti
ng
the
o
the
r
i
n s
uc
h
a c
l
os
e
l
y
-
s
pa
c
ed
g
eo
m
etr
y
i
s
ex
tr
em
el
y
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
HS
Hin
to
n
.
Ph
o
to
n
i
c
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
re
c
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
e
rs
.
I
EEE
Com
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
g
.
1
9
8
7
;
2
5
:
1
6
-
26.
1
st
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
1
st
E
x
tin
ctio
n
2
nd
E
x
tin
ct
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
D
ec
em
be
r
201
7
:
16
8
2
-
1688
1688
[2
]
O
M
i
to
m
i
,
H
M
i
y
a
z
a
w
a
,
K
Nog
u
c
h
i
.
W
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
-
ty
p
e
L
i
NbO
3
high
-
s
p
e
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
s
w
i
tc
h
e
s
.
NTT
Rev
i
e
w
.
1
9
9
5
;
7
:
3
5
-
4
0
.
[3
]
M
Ha
ru
n
a
,
J
Ko
y
a
m
a
.
T
h
e
rm
o
o
p
ti
c
d
e
f
l
e
c
ti
o
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a
n
d
s
w
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tc
h
i
n
g
i
n
g
l
a
s
s
.
Ap
p
l
.
O
p
t
.
1
9
8
2
;
2
1
:
3
4
6
1
-
3
4
6
5
.
[4
]
M
Ha
ru
n
a
.
T
h
e
rm
o
o
p
t
i
c
w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
d
e
v
i
c
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s
.
J
AREC
T
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
De
v
i
c
e
s
&
F
i
b
e
r
s
.
1
9
8
5
;
1
7
:
6
9
-
81.
[5
]
M
Haru
n
a
,
J
Ko
y
a
m
a
.
Th
e
r
m
o
-
o
p
ti
c
wav
e
g
u
i
d
e
i
n
te
rf
e
ro
m
e
tri
c
m
o
d
u
l
a
to
r
/s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
l
a
s
s
.
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
Pt
.
H.
1
9
8
4
;
1
3
1
:
3
2
2
-
3
2
4
.
[6
]
E
O
l
l
i
e
r,
P
L
e
b
e
y
e
,
F
Rev
o
l
.
M
i
c
ro
-
o
p
to
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
s
w
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tc
h
i
n
te
g
ra
te
d
o
n
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
.
El
e
c
t.
L
e
tt
.
1
9
9
5
;
3
1
:
2003
-
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
A
Su
g
i
ta
,
K
J
i
n
g
u
j
i
,
N
T
a
k
a
t
o
,
K
Ka
to
h
,
M
Ka
w
a
c
h
i
.
Bri
d
g
e
-
s
u
s
p
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n
d
e
d
s
i
l
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c
a
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w
a
v
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rm
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s
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h
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n
d
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t
s
a
p
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o
M
a
c
h
-
Ze
h
n
d
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r t
y
p
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o
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i
c
a
l
s
w
i
tc
h
.
IEI
CE Tra
n
s
.
El
e
c
tr
o
n
.
1
9
9
0
;
E
-
7
3
:
1
0
5
-
1
0
9
.
[8
]
W
K
R
i
tc
h
i
e
.
O
v
e
rv
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e
w
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
d
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v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
BT.
T
e
c
h
.
J
.
1
9
8
9
;
7
:
7
-
1
6
.
[9
]
T
Ao
k
i
,
Y
Nis
h
i
m
u
ra
.
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
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n
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s
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tro
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h
a
n
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c
a
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d
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v
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c
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s
.
IEI
CE
Tra
n
s
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
1
9
9
4
;
E7
7
-
C: 1
5
3
6
-
1
5
4
4
.
[1
0
]
Y
In
o
u
e
,
K
Ka
t
o
h
,
M
Ka
w
a
c
h
i
.
Po
l
a
r
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z
a
ti
o
n
s
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n
s
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ti
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ty
o
f
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s
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l
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c
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w
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d
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th
e
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m
o
o
p
ti
c
p
h
a
s
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s
h
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ft
e
r
fo
r
p
l
a
n
a
r
l
i
g
h
tw
a
v
e
c
i
rc
u
i
t
.
IE
EE Ph
o
to
n
.L
e
tt
.
1
9
9
2
;
4
:
3
6
-
3
8
.
[1
1
]
M
O
k
u
n
o
,
A
Su
g
i
ta
,
T
M
a
ts
u
n
a
g
a
,
M
Ka
w
a
c
h
i
,
Y
O
h
m
o
ri
,
K
Ka
to
h
.
8
x
8
o
p
ti
c
a
l
m
a
tri
x
s
w
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tc
h
u
s
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n
g
s
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l
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c
a
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b
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d
p
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r l
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g
h
tw
a
v
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c
i
rc
u
i
t
.
IEI
CE Tr
a
n
s
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
1
9
9
3
;
E7
6
-
C, 1
2
1
5
-
1
2
2
3
.
[1
2
]
Y
Hid
a
,
H
O
n
o
s
e
,
S
I
m
a
m
u
ra
.
Po
l
y
m
e
r
w
a
v
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g
u
i
d
e
th
e
r
m
o
o
p
ti
c
s
w
i
tc
h
w
i
th
l
o
w
e
l
e
c
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
t
1
.3
m
.
IEEE
Ph
o
to
n
.
L
e
tt
.
1
9
9
3
;
5
:
7
8
2
-
7
8
4
.
[1
3
]
M
BJ
Die
m
e
e
r,
J
J
Br
o
n
s
,
ES
T
ro
m
m
e
l
.
Po
l
y
m
e
r
i
c
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
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s
w
i
t
c
h
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
th
e
rm
o
o
p
ti
c
e
ff
e
c
t
.
IEEE
J
.
L
i
g
h
twa
v
e
Te
c
h
n
o
l
.
1
9
8
9
;
L
T
-
7
:
4
4
9
-
4
5
3
.
[1
4
]
A
Sy
a
h
ri
a
r,
RR
A
Sy
m
s
,
T
J
Ta
te
.
T
h
e
rm
o
o
p
ti
c
i
n
t
e
rfe
ro
m
e
t
ri
c
s
w
i
tc
h
e
s
fa
b
ri
c
a
te
d
b
y
e
l
e
c
tro
n
b
e
a
m
i
rra
d
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a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
i
l
i
c
a
-
on
-
s
i
l
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c
o
n
.
I
EEE J
.
L
i
g
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
1
9
9
8
;
L
T
-
1
6
:
8
4
1
-
8
4
6
.
[1
5
]
H
M
Pre
s
b
y
,
CA
E
d
w
a
rd
s
.
Pa
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
o
f
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a
s
s
w
a
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u
i
d
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s
i
l
i
c
o
n
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
O
p
t.
En
g
n
g
.
1
9
9
2
;
3
1
:
1
4
1
-
143.
[1
6
]
RR
A
Sy
m
s
,
T
J
T
a
te
,
J
J
L
e
w
a
n
d
o
w
s
k
i
.
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a
r
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re
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o
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s
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i
c
o
n
s
u
b
s
tr
a
te
s
.
IEEE
J
.
L
i
g
h
t
wav
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
1
9
9
4
;
L
T
-
1
2
:
2
0
8
5
-
2
0
9
1
.
[1
7
]
M
Ka
w
a
c
h
i
.
Si
l
i
c
a
w
a
v
e
g
u
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d
e
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s
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o
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to
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r
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d
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ti
c
c
o
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p
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e
n
t
s
.
O
p
t.
Q
u
a
n
t.
El
e
c
t
.
1
9
9
0
;
2
2
:
3
9
1
-
4
1
6
.
[1
8
]
N
T
a
k
a
to
,
K
J
i
n
g
u
j
i
,
M
Y
a
s
u
,
H
T
o
b
a
,
M
Ka
w
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c
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.
Si
l
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w
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v
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o
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ti
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a
l
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t
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rfe
ro
m
e
t
e
rs
.
IEEE
J
.
L
i
g
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
1
9
8
8
;
L
T
-
6
:
1003
-
1
0
1
0
.
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