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r
atio
n
s
h
av
e
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
b
en
e
f
its
in
m
ag
n
if
y
in
g
th
e
s
p
atial
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eit
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
an
cial
is
s
u
e
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
ese
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
SEPs
,
s
u
ch
as
T
iO
2
[
8
]
,
Z
r
O
2
[
9
]
,
m
icr
o
s
p
h
er
es
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
SiO
2
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
,
wer
e
m
i
x
ed
wit
h
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
in
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
g
ettin
g
n
o
v
el
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
g
e
n
er
ated
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
titan
ia
(
T
iO
2
)
g
r
ain
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
with
0
.
1
%
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
u
s
ed
in
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
ca
s
e
,
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
h
ig
h
e
r
q
u
ality
[
1
3
]
.
As
a
p
ar
t
o
f
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
,
C
aCO
3
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
pc
-
L
E
Ds.
As
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
i
n
th
e
attain
ed
r
es
u
lts
,
wh
en
t
h
er
e
is
ad
d
ed
1
0
%
o
f
C
aCO
3,
th
e
s
p
atial
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
ca
n
b
e
in
a
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
ea
s
e
[
1
4
]
.
W
h
at
is
m
o
r
e,
SiO
2
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ater
ial
in
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
s
p
atial
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tr
o
l
wh
en
m
i
x
ed
in
to
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
B
esid
es,
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
in
s
o
m
e
s
h
ed
s
o
f
e
v
id
e
n
ce
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
SiO
2
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
lay
er
r
atio
n
ally
r
elate
s
to
th
e
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
SiO
2
p
ar
ticles
h
as
also
m
ad
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
en
tio
n
e
d
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
p
r
o
v
e
n
th
at
th
e
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
h
as
b
ee
n
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
ly
g
o
v
er
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
SEPs
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
aised
q
u
esti
o
n
is
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
SEPs
,
wh
ich
o
n
e
will
b
e
th
e
b
e
s
t
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
b
ett
er
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
o
s
e
g
iv
en
p
iece
s
o
f
ev
i
d
en
ce
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
SEPs
o
n
s
im
p
le
s
in
g
le
-
ch
ip
p
ac
k
a
g
es
with
lo
w
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
(
C
C
T
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
in
g
ettin
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
C
C
T
an
d
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
lo
wer
e
d
.
Actu
ally
,
if
b
ein
g
c
h
o
s
en
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
s
izes,
s
o
m
e
SEPs
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
th
o
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
lig
h
t.
Giv
e
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
ca
s
e
in
wh
ich
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
ticles
th
at
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
to
a
h
ig
h
er
s
tate:
C
a
C
O
3
,
C
a
F
2
,
SiO
2,
an
d
T
iO
2
,
ar
e
test
ed
f
o
r
s
ca
tter
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ar
e
th
e
b
est
SEP
f
ig
u
r
ed
o
u
t
to
s
er
v
e
th
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
b
u
t
also
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
SEPs
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
ese
two
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
ased
o
n
Mie
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
wh
at
h
as
b
ee
n
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
t
h
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
will
b
e
g
i
v
en
in
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
ec
tio
n
2
th
e
b
asic
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
.
Sectio
n
3
t
h
e
o
p
tical
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
SCAT
T
E
RING
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
t
h
eo
r
y
,
at
th
e
tim
e
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
f
r
o
m
SEPs
in
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
c
-
L
E
Ds,
MA
T
L
AB
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
co
m
p
u
tin
g
t
o
o
l
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
o
h
av
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t d
eter
m
in
ed
.
As m
en
tio
n
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
ap
er
s
[
1
6
-
2
5
]
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
S
1
(
θ)
an
d
S
2
(
θ
)
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
l
lo
win
g
th
ese
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
:
1
1
21
(
,
)
(
c
o
s
)
(
,
)
(
c
o
s
)
,
(
1
)
=
+
=+
+
n
n
n
n
n
n
S
a
x
m
b
x
m
nn
(
1
)
2
1
21
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
(
,
)
(
c
os
)
,
(
1
)
=
+
=+
+
n
n
n
n
n
n
S
a
x
m
b
x
m
nn
(
2
)
in
wh
ich
θ
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
(
d
e
g
r
ee
s
)
,
x
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
ize
p
ar
am
eter
an
d
m
is
t
h
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
a
n
an
d
b
n
ar
e
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
with
ev
en
an
d
o
d
d
s
y
m
m
etr
y
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
π
n
(
co
s
θ)
an
d
τ
n
(
co
s
θ)
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as th
e
an
g
u
lar
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
it
is
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
lize
th
at
th
e
a
n
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
o
f
SEPs
is
r
ec
k
o
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Ob
v
i
o
u
s
ly
,
with
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
r
is
e
in
th
e
em
itt
ed
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
th
e
SEPs
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
ei
r
ad
v
an
tag
es
to
th
e
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
to
b
e
ab
l
e
to
ex
p
lo
it
all
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
th
e
SEPs
,
it
i
s
v
ital
to
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
SEPs
h
av
in
g
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
e
q
u
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
2
6
9
0
-
2695
2692
b
etwe
en
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
(
4
5
5
n
m
)
an
d
y
ello
w
-
lig
h
t
(
5
9
5
n
m
)
.
I
f
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es o
f
th
em
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
is
cr
ep
an
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
An
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
m
p
litu
d
es o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds ad
d
in
g
C
aCO
3
(a
)
an
d
T
iO
2
(
b
)
3.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
N
AND
DI
S
CUSS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
L
ig
h
tTo
o
ls
8
.
1
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
c
alcu
late
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
SEPs
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
p
c
-
L
E
D’
s
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ep
t
h
,
in
n
e
r
an
d
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
.
1
m
m
,
8
m
m
,
an
d
1
0
m
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a
)
Ph
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
W
L
E
Ds s
am
p
le,
(
b
)
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
2
D
W
L
E
Ds m
o
d
el
T
h
e
n
in
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
ar
e
co
ate
d
with
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
h
av
i
n
g
0
.
0
8
m
m
f
ix
ed
th
ick
n
ess
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
C
aCO
3
is
1
.
6
6
wh
ile
th
at
o
f
T
iO
2
i
s
eq
u
al
to
2
.
8
7
.
B
esid
es,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
all
th
e
SEPs
ar
e
s
p
h
er
ical
with
a
0
.
5
µm
r
a
d
iu
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticle
h
as
a
n
av
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
of
7
.
2
5
μ
m
an
d
a
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
of
1
.
8
3
at
all
wav
elen
g
th
s
in
th
e
v
is
ib
le
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
ilico
n
e
g
lu
e
h
as
a
1
.
5
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
.
T
h
e
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
ar
ticle
is
a
d
ju
s
ted
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
C
C
T
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ef
f
icac
y
.
1
0
0
%
.
+
+
=
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
S
E
P
W
W
W
(
3
)
W
silicone,
W
phosphor,
an
d
W
SEP
in
d
icate
th
e
weig
h
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
th
e
s
ilico
n
e,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
a
n
d
SEP
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
weig
h
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
SEPs
,
th
e
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
’
s
w
eig
h
t
h
av
e
to
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
C
C
T
v
alu
e
at
8
5
0
0
K.
I
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
l
ig
h
t
q
u
ality
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds,
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
C
C
T
v
alu
es
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
g
l
es
is
in
n
ee
d
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
it
is
ea
s
ier
to
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
lig
h
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
ally
,
a
s
h
ar
p
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
an
g
les
ca
u
s
es
th
e
y
el
lo
w
r
in
g
to
o
cc
u
r
an
d
th
en
g
e
n
er
ate
i
n
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
co
l
o
r
f
o
r
wh
ite
li
g
h
ts
at
m
a
n
y
an
g
les.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
a
n
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f c
a
lciu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
a
te
a
n
d
t
ita
n
ia
p
a
r
ticles o
n
i
mp
r
o
vin
g
…
(
Th
in
h
C
o
n
g
Tr
a
n
)
2693
Δ
C
C
T
=
C
C
T
(Max)
–
CCT
(Mi
n)
(
4
)
in
wh
ich
CCT
(Max)
is
th
e
m
ax
im
al
C
C
T
at
0
0
an
d
C
C
T
(Min)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
in
im
al
C
C
T
at
9
0
0
v
iewin
g
an
g
les.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
at
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
in
o
p
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
is
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
ch
ex
is
tin
g
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
.
Her
e
is
th
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
p
o
in
t,
it
is
ab
le
to
g
r
ea
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
th
is
C
C
T
d
ev
ia
tio
n
,
as
lo
n
g
as
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
p
r
o
m
o
ted
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
th
e
d
ev
iated
v
alu
e
o
f
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
wh
ich
is
s
m
aller
th
an
th
at
o
f
T
iO
2
g
r
ain
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
SEPs
,
wh
en
C
aC
O
3
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
,
it
ca
n
o
p
tim
ally
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
es
in
r
ad
ian
t
i
n
ten
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
ed
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
an
d
th
e
em
itted
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
wh
it
e
lig
h
t
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
eith
er
th
e
co
n
v
er
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
o
r
th
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
,
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
in
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
in
C
C
T
w
ill in
cr
ea
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lack
o
r
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
o
f
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
i
n
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
th
e
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
eo
u
s
ly
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
all
th
e
k
ey
p
o
in
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ten
d
to
d
ec
lin
e
in
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
ca
s
e
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
th
at
th
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
6
7
0
K
to
2
0
5
0
K
with
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
3
0
% C
aCO
3
,
d
r
o
p
p
ed
b
y
6
2
0
K
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
th
e
ca
s
e
n
o
t
u
s
in
g
an
y
SEP.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds ad
d
in
g
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
ticles
C
aCO
3
an
d
T
iO
2
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
s
ize.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
th
e
a
p
p
lied
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
SEPs
is
f
r
o
m
0
to
5
0
%,
in
r
eg
ar
d
to
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
n
m
to
1
0
0
0
n
m
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
C
aCO
3,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
h
as
a
clo
s
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
its
ch
an
g
es
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
izes.
I
t
is
u
n
d
en
ia
b
le
th
at
in
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
lar
g
er
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
th
e
s
c
atter
in
g
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
will
b
e
lo
wer
,
an
d
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
is
p
r
o
m
o
ted
to
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
in
t
h
is
way
.
W
ith
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
T
iO
2
,
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
y
ab
o
u
t
0
-
1
0
%,
an
d
wh
en
th
e
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
g
o
es
u
p
at
all
p
ar
ticle
s
izes,
it
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
e
ase.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
SEPs
,
th
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
la
w
an
d
th
e
Mie
th
e
o
r
y
a
r
e
ap
p
li
ed
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
SEPs
’
s
ca
tter
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
Mie
-
t
h
eo
r
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Mie
-
th
eo
r
y
also
h
el
p
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ticles
to
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
elo
w.
B
esid
es,
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
l
aw,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t p
o
we
r
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
k
o
n
ed
:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
5
)
wh
er
e
I
0
,
L,
an
d
µ
ext
a
r
e
th
e
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
p
o
wer
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
an
d
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
µ
ext
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
a
s
:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.C
ext
,
in
wh
ich
N
r
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
tic
les
(
m
m
-
3
)
,
an
d
C
ext
(mm
2
)
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
In
(
5
)
h
as
co
m
e
u
p
with
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
SEPs
is
,
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
b
ec
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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2695
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