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d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t [
13
]
.
Gh
o
b
r
ial,
in
1
9
8
0
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
wate
r
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
d
u
s
t
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
p
a
r
ticles,
an
d
th
e
r
aise
in
th
e
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
a
r
t
is
m
o
r
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
[
14
]
.
H
o
wev
er
f
o
r
a
d
u
s
t
s
tu
d
y
in
Kh
ar
to
u
m
,
Su
d
a
n
,
wh
en
th
e
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
is
8
2
%,
th
e
p
ar
ticle
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
will
b
e
5
.
1
p
er
ce
n
t
by
p
ar
ticle
weig
h
t.
Dir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
lex
p
e
r
m
it
tiv
ity
an
d
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
is
cr
ea
ted
[
15
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
at
th
e
d
r
y
-
s
an
d
ca
s
e,
th
er
e
is
v
er
y
s
m
all
o
r
n
eg
lig
ib
ly
ch
an
g
es
in
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
o
f
co
m
p
lex
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
Ho
w
ev
er
,
c
lear
c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
im
a
g
in
ar
y
p
ar
t
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
(
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
)
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
wh
e
n
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
t
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
t
o
2
4
GHz
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticle
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
[
1
,
16
,
17
]
.
Ob
s
er
v
ati
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ize
o
f
s
o
il
s
am
p
les
(
s
an
d
,
s
ilt,
cl
ay
)
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
p
r
im
ar
ily
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
with
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
te
n
t.
Af
ter
f
ea
t
ch
an
g
e
o
v
er
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
v
a
lu
e,
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
h
ar
p
ly
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
th
e
r
aise in
th
e
i
m
ag
in
ar
y
p
ar
t o
f
clay
s
am
p
le
i
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
s
an
d
an
d
s
ilt s
am
p
les
[1
8
].
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
e
twee
n
atten
u
atio
n
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
th
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atten
u
atio
n
at
1
4
GHz
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
Dielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
t
icles
is
f
o
u
n
d
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
co
n
s
tan
t
h
as
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
u
s
t
s
am
p
les
an
d
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
All m
o
d
els
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
lar
g
ely
u
n
d
e
r
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t.
Dielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
-
esti
m
ated
with
r
el
ativ
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
ed
icted
atten
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
er
i
n
h
u
m
id
th
a
n
d
r
y
d
u
s
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
2.
AT
T
E
NU
AT
I
O
N
P
RE
D
I
CT
I
O
N
Du
s
t
s
to
r
m
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
m
icr
o
wav
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
is
v
er
y
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
0
GHz
.
Few
an
al
y
tical
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
s
elec
ted
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
els
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ay
leig
h
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
,
m
ie
t
h
eo
r
em
a
n
d
n
u
m
er
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
2
.
1
.
Ra
y
leig
h
a
pp
ro
x
ima
t
io
n
m
o
del
Ah
m
e
d
et
al
i
n
1
9
8
7
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
R
ay
leig
h
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
an
d
d
e
r
iv
e
d
s
ig
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
i
n
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
u
s
t
s
t
o
r
m
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
e
a
s
il
y
.
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
a
t
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wa
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
i
s
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
al
l
y
d
e
c
a
y
s
w
it
h
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
c
a
u
s
e
d
a
t
t
e
n
u
at
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
ex
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
as
[
19
]:
=
566
.
97
(
1
0
)
(
)
(
)
[
d
B/
k
m
]
(1
)
w
h
er
e
:
α
is
th
e
Atten
u
atio
n
λ
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
wav
ele
n
g
th
in
m
eter
s
G
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t w
h
ich
r
elies o
n
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles.
V
0
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
in
k
il
o
m
eter
s
.
r
e
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
r
a
d
iu
s
of
th
e
p
ar
ticles
in
m
eter
s
.
G
=
[
′′
(
′
+
2
)
2
+
′′
2
]
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
′
is
th
e
p
h
ase
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
′′
is
th
e
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
a
r
ticles
.
T
h
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
n
ly
an
d
n
o
v
alid
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
l
o
s
es
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
as
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
d
u
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
G
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
lex
p
er
m
itt
iv
ity
o
f
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticles wh
ich
h
as ig
n
o
r
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
i
d
ity
.
2
.
2
.
M
ie
s
ca
t
t
er
ing
m
o
del
A
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
S.
M.
Sh
ar
if
in
2
0
1
5
,
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticles d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
p
h
e
r
ical
p
ar
ticle
s
h
ap
e
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
as f
o
llo
ws
[
1
,
6,
2
0
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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p
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t E
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tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
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r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
6
4
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371
366
=
1
1
.
07
[
1
"
+
2
"
3
+
3
"
4
]
[
d
B/
k
m
]
(3
)
w
h
er
e:
A
P
is
atten
u
atio
n
tak
i
n
g
in
to
a
cc
o
u
n
t
th
e
s
ize
of
th
e
p
a
r
ticle.
c
״
1
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״
2
an
d
c
״
3
C
o
n
s
tan
ts
th
at
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
n
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle.
1
"
=
5
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757
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255
×
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12
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(
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3
"
=
3
.
853
×
10
−
7
3
(
6
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w
h
er
e
1
=
6
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(
′
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2
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2
+
"
2
(
7
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2
=
"
{
6
5
(
7
′
2
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7
"
2
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4
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−
20
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(
(
′
+
2
)
2
+
"
2
)
2
+
1
15
+
5
3
(
(
2
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3
)
2
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4
"
2
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}
(
8
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3
=
4
3
{
(
′
−
1
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2
(
′
+
2
)
+
[
2
(
′
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1
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)
−
9
]
+
"
4
(
(
′
+
2
)
2
+
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2
)
2
}
(
9
)
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
b
ased
o
n
s
in
g
le
p
ar
ticle
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
r
m
u
tu
al
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[
1
,
6,
2
0
]
.
I
t
also
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
a
r
tic
le
as
s
p
h
er
ical
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
in
r
ea
li
ty
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
n
l
y
an
d
n
o
v
alid
atio
n
h
as b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
C
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
lex
p
er
m
itti
v
i
ty
o
f
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticles
wh
ich
h
as ig
n
o
r
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
id
ity
.
2
.
3
.
Num
er
ic
a
l m
o
del
T
h
e
f
in
ite
-
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
(
FDTD
)
an
d
th
e
tu
r
n
in
g
b
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
wav
e
atten
u
atio
n
in
s
an
d
an
d
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
1
0
-
1
0
0
GHz
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
b
y
Hsi
n
g
-
Yi
et
al.
in
2
0
1
2
to
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alcu
late
atten
u
atio
n
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t sto
r
m
s
as g
iv
en
b
elo
w
[
2
1
]
.
=
8
.
686
×
10
3
∑
(
∆
)
(
∆
)
∆
=
1
[
d
B/
k
m
]
(1
0
)
w
h
er
e:
K
is
an
in
teg
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
max
/∆r
r
max
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ar
ticle
r
ad
iu
s
in
th
e
s
to
r
m
∆r
is
th
e
in
cr
em
en
tal
r
ad
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s
σ
ext
is
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
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d
its
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ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
d
iele
ctr
ic
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n
s
tan
t.
is
th
e
t
o
tal
p
ar
ticle
d
en
s
ity
in
n
u
m
b
er
p
er
m
3
=
8
.
05
×
10
−
7
(
1
.
2
+
1
)
0
.
3
×
"
[
(
′
+
2
)
2
+
"
2
]
[
m
2
]
(1
1
)
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ass
u
m
ed
s
p
h
er
ica
l
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticle
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h
ap
e
an
d
lo
g
n
o
r
m
al
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticle
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ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
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h
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ati
o
n
s
h
av
e
r
estricte
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th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
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f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
lim
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r
ed
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tio
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m
s
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ce
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
m
u
ltip
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s
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tter
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g
th
eo
r
ies
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y
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eter
m
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e
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lu
ctu
atio
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c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
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e
wav
e.
So
th
at
al
l
th
e
m
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ltip
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if
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r
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ter
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er
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ce
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f
ec
ts
s
h
o
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ld
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e
in
clu
d
e
d
.
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wev
e
r
,
in
p
r
ac
tice,
it
is
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
tain
a
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
wh
ich
ca
n
i
n
clu
d
e
all
th
es
e
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
,
6,
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
c
o
m
p
lex
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticles wh
ich
h
as ig
n
o
r
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
i
d
ity
.
3.
M
E
A
SUR
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
e
clim
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
at
Kh
ar
to
u
m
,
Su
d
a
n
f
o
r
one
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
d
u
r
in
g
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
u
p
to
Ma
y
2
0
1
5
.
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
co
llected
f
r
o
m
wea
th
er
s
tatio
n
s
o
f
Kh
ar
to
u
m
Air
p
o
r
t
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
s
ig
n
al
lev
els
f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
wa
v
e
lin
k
o
f
2
.
7
k
m
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
4
.
4
GHz
was
also
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
.
Du
s
t
s
am
p
les
wer
e
co
llected
an
d
test
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
A
lo
ca
tio
n
m
a
p
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
lin
k
s
an
d
th
e
Au
to
m
atic
W
ea
th
er
s
tatio
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Du
r
in
g
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
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m
en
t
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o
r
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
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u
n
e
,
2
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4
to
Ma
y
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2
0
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5
in
K
h
ar
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u
m
,
a
2
2
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
wer
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
atten
u
atio
n
an
d
v
is
ib
ilit
y
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
F
ig
u
r
es
2
an
d
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffects o
f h
u
mid
ity
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
s
t str
o
m
a
tten
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a
tio
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p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
.
.
.
(
E
lta
h
ir
I
d
r
is
E
lta
h
ir
Mo
h
a
med
)
367
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
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esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
at
th
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s
am
e
tim
e
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g
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en
th
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e
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iv
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s
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R
esu
lts
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n
b
e
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r
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ted
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f
ig
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r
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g
r
ap
h
s
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tab
les
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d
o
th
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s
t
h
at
m
ak
e
th
e
r
ea
d
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ea
s
ily
[
2
,
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
in
s
ev
e
r
al
s
u
b
-
ch
ap
te
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
ca
tio
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o
f
1
4
.
4
GH
z
m
icr
o
wav
e
lin
k
an
d
wea
th
e
r
s
tatio
n
[
1
,
6
]
3
.
1
.
M
ea
s
ured
dielect
ric
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
du
s
t
s
a
m
ple
E
ig
h
t
s
am
p
les
wer
e
co
llected
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
t
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
p
ar
ticle
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
C
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
is
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
with
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n
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Dis
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er
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iv
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ay
Flu
o
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escen
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Sp
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tr
o
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eter
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
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v
esti
g
ate
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ch
e
m
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
s
am
p
les
s
o
lid
,
liq
u
id
,
an
d
p
o
w
d
er
with
a
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
C
6
to
U
92
with
s
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p
le
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ize
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3
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1
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m
m
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d
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o
f
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2
is
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e
m
aj
o
r
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o
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p
o
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n
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f
o
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n
d
in
th
e
s
am
p
les.
All
co
m
p
o
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n
d
s
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
with
th
ei
r
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es
in
to
tal
in
g
r
ed
ien
ts
.
E
ls
h
ei
k
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
]
a
n
d
A
n
s
a
r
i
[
1
6
]
s
h
o
ws
a
s
l
ig
h
t
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
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i
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t
h
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tti
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it
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th
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q
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cy
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g
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z
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
l
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e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
p
e
r
m
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t
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i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
we
r
e
a
p
p
li
ed
t
o
1
4
GHz
[
1
,
1
6
]
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
c
h
e
m
ic
al
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o
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n
d
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n
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ti
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s
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i
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e
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lc
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la
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
le
x
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er
m
itt
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it
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
lle
cte
d
d
u
s
t
s
am
p
les'
c
o
m
p
l
ex
p
e
r
m
itti
v
i
ty
is
4
.
2
7
1
-
j
0
.
1
0
9
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
a
g
r
ee
wit
h
s
o
m
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
es
u
lts
[
1
1
,
1
4
,
2
2
,
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
two
s
am
p
les
S
a
mp
l
e
1
I
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
S
a
mp
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e
2
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n
g
r
e
d
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e
n
t
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i
O
2
6
3
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5
3
8
S
i
O
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6
5
.
1
6
9
Al
2
O
3
1
6
.
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4
4
Al
2
O
3
1
3
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8
1
4
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2
O
3
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1
4
Fe
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O
3
1
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3
9
3
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5
.
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9
1
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.
4
9
6
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1
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2
4
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2
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1
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4
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3
9
Ti
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2
1
.
7
0
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3
1
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1
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0
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1
4
6
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5
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2
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C
u
O
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8
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4
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C
r
2
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3
0
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0
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4
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O
0
.
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3
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Zn
O
0
.
0
2
0
Cr
2
O
3
0
.
0
3
0
C
u
O
0
.
0
1
3
N
i
O
0
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0
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8
N
i
O
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0
0
7
N
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O
0
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0
0
7
Y
2
O
3
0
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0
0
7
Y
2
O
3
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
s
o
m
e
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
[
2
5
]
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
Є'
-
j
Є
''
S
i
O
2
4
.
4
3
-
j
0
.
0
4
A
l
2
O
3
1
2
.
6
6
-
j
1
.
3
1
Fe
2
O
3
1
6
.
5
8
-
j
0
.
9
3
CaCO
3
8
.
2
2
-
j
0
.
1
2
M
g
C
O
3
5
.
0
3
j
0
.
1
7
C
a
S
O
4
5
.
0
1
-
j
0
.
0
8
3
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ured
v
is
ibi
lity
a
nd
a
t
t
enua
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
o
f
r
a
d
io
lin
k
,
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
h
ar
d
war
e.
T
h
e
lin
k
u
n
d
er
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
was
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
4
.
4
GHz
with
2
.
7
k
m
len
g
th
an
d
it’s
lo
ca
ted
at
No
r
th
E
ast
Kh
ar
to
u
m
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
W
ea
th
er
Statio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
6
4
-
371
368
at
Kh
ar
to
u
m
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ai
r
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
is
ab
o
u
t
6
Km
f
r
o
m
th
e
lin
k
.
Me
teo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
s
tatio
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
v
is
ib
ilit
y
(
V)
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
T
)
,
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
(
H)
,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
u
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
atten
u
atio
n
in
Kh
a
r
to
u
m
at
1
4
.
4
G
Hz
l
in
k
f
r
o
m
J
u
n
e,
2
0
1
4
t
o
Ma
y
,
2
0
1
5
[
1
,
6
]
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
v
i
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
r
o
m
J
u
n
e
,
2
0
1
4
t
o
M
a
y
,
2
0
1
5
i
n
K
h
a
r
t
o
u
m
[
1
,
6
]
3
.
3
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
re
la
t
i
v
e
hu
m
idi
t
y
o
n dielec
t
ric
co
ns
t
a
nt
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
of
t
h
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
p
ar
ticle
r
elativ
e
to
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
en
as
(
1
2
)
:
=
ε
′
+
′′
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
ε
′
an
d
′′
ar
e
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
a
r
ts
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
o
f
d
u
s
t
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
W
h
en
th
e
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
in
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
[
2
6
,
2
7
]
.
S.
M.
Sh
ar
if
in
2
0
1
1
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
n
em
p
ir
ical
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
c
o
n
s
tan
ts
v
er
s
u
s
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
as f
o
llo
w
[
1
5
]
:
′
=
′
+
0
.
04
−
7
.
78
10
−
4
2
5
.
56
10
−
6
3
(
1
3
)
ε
′′
H
=
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+
0
.
02H
−
3
.
71X
10
−
4
H
2
+
2
.
76X
10
−
6
H
3
(
1
4
)
w
h
e
r
e
H
is
th
e
r
e
lat
iv
e
h
u
m
id
i
ty
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
in
2
0
1
4
at
Kh
ar
to
u
m
,
Su
d
an
,
it
was
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
ar
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
with
a
s
ev
er
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
u
s
t
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
p
ar
ticle
is
p
r
o
n
e
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
an
d
as a
r
esu
lt th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
th
e
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticle
m
ay
ch
an
g
e
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
ly
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
n
ew
v
alu
es
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticle
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
ased
o
n
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
,
a
v
er
ag
e
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
h
u
m
id
ity
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
ev
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
u
p
to
Ma
y
2
0
1
5
.
Me
asu
r
ed
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
(
1
3
)
an
d
(
1
4
)
t
o
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
elat
iv
e
h
u
m
id
ity
o
n
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
p
ar
ticle
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticle
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lev
els
o
f
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
in
Ta
b
le
(
3
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
v
alu
es
s
m
all
ch
an
g
es
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
o
f
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
V
i
s
i
b
l
i
t
y
i
n
M
e
t
e
rs
Cu
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
D
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffects o
f h
u
mid
ity
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
s
t str
o
m
a
tten
u
a
tio
n
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
.
.
.
(
E
lta
h
ir
I
d
r
is
E
lta
h
ir
Mo
h
a
med
)
369
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t.
On
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
ar
t
(
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
)
.
At
1
0
0
%
h
u
m
id
ity
,
ε"
H
th
e
v
alu
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es
alm
o
s
t
1
0
tim
es
th
an
d
r
y
v
alu
e.
Hen
ce
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as
g
r
e
at
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
ig
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
u
s
t sto
r
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
v
s
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
d
u
s
t e
v
e
n
t a
t 3
r
d
o
f
J
u
ly
2
0
1
4
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
r
ela
tiv
e
p
er
m
i
ttiv
ity
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
u
m
id
ity
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
%
ε'
H
ε"
H
Dry
4
.
2
7
1
0
.
1
0
9
20
4
.
8
0
4
0
.
3
8
3
45
5
.
0
0
2
0
.
5
0
9
70
5
.
1
6
9
0
.
6
3
8
1
0
0
6
.
0
5
1
1
.
1
5
0
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Mo
d
els
th
at
p
r
ed
ict
m
icr
o
wav
e
s
ig
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
n
ee
d
s
s
o
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
th
e
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
u
ch
as
v
is
ib
ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticle
s
h
ap
e,
s
ize,
m
o
is
tu
r
e,
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t.
Du
s
t
s
to
r
m
atten
u
ati
o
n
is
p
r
ed
i
cted
u
s
in
g
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
(1
-
1
1
)
at
1
4
GHz
u
s
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
o
f
4
.
2
7
1
-
j0
.
1
0
9
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
is
ib
ilit
y
as
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
a
n
d
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
atten
u
atio
n
u
s
in
g
o
b
tain
e
d
d
i
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
at
d
r
y
ca
s
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atten
u
atio
n
at
14
GHz
an
d
t
h
e
s
m
all
win
d
o
w
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
u
p
p
e
r
co
r
n
er
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
at
1
4
GH
z.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
tice
clea
r
ly
th
at
at
th
e
wo
r
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
v
is
ib
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
0
8
3
6
6
k
m
,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
ed
icted
atten
u
atio
n
is
0
.
0
9
3
8
,
0
.
0
0
4
2
8
,
an
d
0
.
0
0
2
3
2
1
d
B
/k
m
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
R
ay
leig
h
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
,
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
Nu
m
er
ical
m
eth
o
d
m
o
d
el
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
il
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atten
u
atio
n
is
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
as 6
.
3
1
2
d
B
/
k
m
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
s
ev
er
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
in
Ah
m
ed
’
s
m
o
d
el
in
1
9
8
7
was
b
ased
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
n
o
v
alid
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
v
ia
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
S.
M.
Sh
ar
if
m
o
d
el
in
2
0
1
5
,
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
s
in
g
le
p
ar
ticle
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
th
eo
r
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
i
s
a
v
er
y
co
m
p
licated
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
an
d
s
in
g
le
p
ar
ticle
th
eo
r
y
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
.
Hsi
n
g
-
Yi
m
o
d
el
in
2
0
1
2
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le,
s
in
ce
it
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ets
o
f
ar
b
itra
r
ily
o
r
ien
ted
p
ar
ticles.
Hen
ce
ea
ch
o
r
ien
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle,
it
n
ee
d
s
to
d
o
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
ag
ai
n
with
r
esp
ec
t to
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
wav
e
[
1
9
-
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
d
icted
atten
u
atio
n
at
1
4
GHz
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atten
u
atio
n
at
th
e
d
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
6
4
-
371
370
Hu
m
id
ity
is
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
all
th
r
ee
m
o
d
els,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
i
t
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
ig
n
al
lev
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(1
-
1
1
)
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
att
en
u
ati
o
n
at
1
4
GHz
u
s
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
with
1
0
0
%
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
(
p
o
s
s
ib
le
wo
r
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
th
e
s
m
all
win
d
o
w
in
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
u
p
p
er
c
o
r
n
er
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
at
1
4
GHz
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
wo
r
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
h
u
m
id
ity
.
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wev
er
,
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
e
d
icted
atten
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atio
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e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
;
p
r
ed
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n
s
ar
e
s
till
f
ar
b
elo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
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r
e
d
atten
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atio
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r
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t
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e
o
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v
is
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ilit
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0
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0
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6
k
m
,
th
e
c
o
r
r
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n
d
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g
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e
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icted
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atio
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0
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an
d
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d
B
/k
m
f
o
r
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ay
l
eig
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p
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atio
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,
Mie
s
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tter
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d
Nu
m
e
r
ical
m
eth
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r
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ely
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ig
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im
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r
o
v
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t
in
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h
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elec
ted
m
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els’
p
r
e
d
ictio
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s
at
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4
GHz
is
n
o
ticed
u
s
in
g
wet
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ar
ticles
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ath
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th
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d
r
y
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ar
ticles.
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h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
p
r
ed
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n
s
u
s
in
g
h
u
m
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ity
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d
d
r
y
ca
s
e
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
icted
atten
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atio
n
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
tim
es f
o
r
all
th
r
ee
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
d
icted
atten
u
atio
n
at
1
4
GHz
at
d
r
y
ca
s
e
an
d
1
0
0
% p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
p
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ed
icted
atten
u
atio
n
at
th
e
d
r
y
ca
s
e
an
d
wo
r
s
t c
ase
o
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m
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ity
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m
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A
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a
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l
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se
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0
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R
e
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4
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7
I
mp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
6
.
4
8
.
7
6
.
3
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Du
s
t
s
to
r
m
atten
u
atio
n
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
R
ay
leig
h
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
,
Mie
eq
u
atio
n
s
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
Dielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
ar
e
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
u
s
t sam
p
les an
d
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
All
m
o
d
els
lar
g
ely
u
n
d
e
r
e
s
tim
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
at
1
4
GHz
.
Hu
m
id
ity
is
also
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
.
Hen
ce
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
ar
e
r
e
-
esti
m
ated
with
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
av
ailab
le
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
atten
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
tim
es
f
o
r
all
th
r
ee
m
eth
o
d
s
at
th
e
wo
r
s
t
h
u
m
id
ity
lev
el
o
f
(
1
0
0
%).
R
ay
leig
h
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
h
ig
h
est
at
b
o
th
d
r
y
an
d
h
u
m
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
e
d
icted
atten
u
atio
n
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
;
p
r
ed
i
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
s
till
f
ar
b
elo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atten
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
m
o
d
els b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
o
th
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
p
r
o
jec
t is
p
a
r
ti
all
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
I
n
te
r
n
at
io
n
a
l
I
s
l
am
ic
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
Ma
la
y
s
i
a
P
u
b
li
ca
t
io
n
R
ese
ar
c
h
I
n
iti
ati
v
e
G
r
a
n
t
Sc
h
e
m
e
N
o
.
P
-
R
I
GS
1
8
-
0
0
3
-
0
0
0
3
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
El
fa
ti
h
A
.
A.
El
sh
e
i
k
h
,
M
d
.
Ra
fi
q
u
l
Isla
m
,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
H.
Ha
b
a
e
b
i,
Ah
m
a
d
F
.
Ism
a
il
,
Al
h
a
re
th
Zy
o
u
d
,
“
Du
st
S
t
o
rm
Atten
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
in
S
u
d
a
n
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
vol
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
0
-
4
2
0
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffects o
f h
u
mid
ity
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
s
t str
o
m
a
tten
u
a
tio
n
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
.
.
.
(
E
lta
h
ir
I
d
r
is
E
lta
h
ir
Mo
h
a
med
)
371
[2
]
M
a
n
h
a
l
Alh
i
lali,
M
u
sta
fa
G
h
a
n
im,
Ja
fri
Din
,
Ho
n
g
Yi
n
Lam
,
“
A
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
p
re
c
ise
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
in
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
o
n
terre
strial
m
il
li
m
e
tre
wa
v
e
li
n
k
s
fro
m
ra
in
d
ro
p
s
ize
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
9
-
2
1
4
6
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
M
u
sa
,
a
n
d
S
.
O.
Ba
sh
ir
a
n
d
Aish
a
H.
Ab
d
a
ll
a
,
“
Re
v
iew
a
n
d
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Wav
e
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
in
S
a
n
d
a
n
d
Du
st
S
t
o
rm
s
a
t
M
icro
wa
v
e
a
n
d
M
il
li
m
e
ter
Wav
e
Ba
n
d
s
P
a
rt
I
,”
Pro
g
re
ss
In
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
M
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
p
p
.
91
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
E.
A.
A.
El
sh
e
ik
h
,
M
.
R.
Isla
m
,
J.
Ch
e
b
il
,
S
.
Ba
sh
ir,
a
n
d
A.
F
.
Ism
a
il
,
“
P
re
li
m
in
a
ry
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
d
u
st
s
to
rm
e
ffe
c
tso
n
m
icro
wa
v
e
li
n
k
s
m
e
a
su
re
d
i
n
k
h
a
rto
u
m
,”
In
Pro
c
.
M
a
l
a
y
sia
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
-
1
8
5
,
Se
p.
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
M
.
R.
Isla
m
,
E.
A.
A.
El
s
h
e
ik
h
,
A.
F
.
Ism
a
il
,
S
.
O.
Ba
sh
ir
,
a
n
d
J.
Ch
e
b
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
e
m
p
i
rica
l
d
u
st
sto
r
m
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
p
re
d
icti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
m
icro
wa
v
e
li
n
k
s
in
a
rid
a
re
a
-
a
p
ro
p
o
se
d
fra
m
e
wo
rk
,”
Pro
c
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(ICCC
E)
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
-
2
2
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
E.
A.
A
.
El
s
h
e
ik
h
,
M
.
R
.
Isla
m
,
A
.
F
.
Ism
a
il
,
M
.
H.
Ha
b
a
e
b
i
, “
D
u
st
sto
rm
s a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts at
1
4
G
Hz
a
n
d
2
1
G
Hz
in
S
u
d
a
n
,”
Pro
c
.
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
Co
n
tro
l,
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(ICCNE
EE
)
,
p
p
.
11
-
16,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
M
.
R.
Isla
m
,
E
.
A
.
A.
El
sh
e
ik
h
,
A
.
H.
M
.
Z.
Ala
m
,
a
n
d
O.
O.
K
h
a
li
f
a
,
“
P
ro
p
o
si
n
g
a
h
o
rizo
n
tal
p
a
th
a
d
ju
stm
e
n
t
fa
c
to
r
fo
r
m
icro
wa
v
e
li
n
k
'
s
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
p
re
d
ictio
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
d
u
st
st
o
rm
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
,”
Pro
c
.
M
a
la
y
sia
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s (M
ICC),
IEE
E
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
48
.
[8
]
Z.
E.
O.
El
sh
a
i
k
h
,
M
.
R.
Isla
m
,
O.
O.
Kh
a
li
fa
,
a
n
d
H.
E
.
Ab
d
-
El
-
Ra
o
u
f
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
th
e
p
re
d
icti
o
n
o
f
m
icro
wa
v
e
sig
n
a
l
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
d
u
e
to
d
u
ststo
rm
,
”
Pro
g
re
ss
In
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
M
.
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
5
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[9
]
Z.
A.
S
h
a
m
sa
n
,
“
Du
st
st
o
rm
a
n
d
d
iffr
a
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
fo
r
5
G
sp
e
c
tru
m
wire
les
s
fix
e
d
li
n
k
s
i
n
a
rid
r
e
g
io
n
s
,”
IE
E
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
J.
G
o
ld
h
irs
h
,
“
Atten
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
sc
a
tt
e
r
fro
m
a
d
e
riv
e
d
two
-
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
l
d
u
ststo
rm
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
A
n
te
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
3
-
1
7
1
1
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
1
]
J.
H.
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
,
“
Du
st
c
lo
u
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
e
ffe
c
ts
fo
r
fo
r
ra
d
a
r
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
o
d
e
s
,”
Ce
n
ter
fo
r
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
t
u
d
ies
,
S
a
n
t
a
Ba
r
b
a
r
a
,
1
9
7
8
.
[1
2
]
L.
Y.
Ah
m
e
d
a
n
d
L.
J.
A
u
c
h
terl
o
n
ie
,
“
M
icro
wa
v
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
o
n
d
u
st,
u
si
n
g
a
n
o
p
e
n
re
so
n
a
t
o
r
,”
El
e
c
tro
n
.
L
e
tt
e
r
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
4
5
-
4
4
6
,
Au
g
.
1
9
7
6
.
[1
3
]
Ab
d
u
lwa
h
e
e
d
M
u
sa
a
n
d
Ba
b
u
S
e
n
a
P
a
u
l
,
“
Du
st
p
a
rti
c
les
'
p
e
rm
it
ti
v
it
y
i
n
m
icro
wa
v
e
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
:
A
Re
v
iew
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
, v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
0
.
[1
4
]
G
h
o
b
rial
S
.
I,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
h
y
d
ro
sc
o
p
ic
wa
ter
o
n
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
o
f
d
u
st
a
t
X
-
b
a
n
d
,”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
8
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
M
a
y
1
9
8
0
.
[1
5
]
S
h
a
rif
S
.
M
,
“
Du
st
sto
rm
s
p
r
o
p
e
rt
ies
re
late
d
to
m
icro
wa
v
e
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
”
U
n
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
Kh
a
rto
u
m
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
(Uo
fK
EJ)
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
An
sa
ri
A.
J.
a
n
d
B.
G
.
Ev
a
n
s
,
“
M
icro
wa
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
in
sa
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
st
st
o
rm
,”
Pr
o
c
.
I
n
st.
El
e
c
tr.
E
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
2
9
,
1
9
8
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
5
-
3
2
2
.
[1
7
]
Y.
Las
n
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
sa
li
n
it
y
o
n
th
e
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
g
e
o
lo
g
ica
l
m
a
teria
ls:
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
so
il
m
o
istu
r
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
b
y
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
ra
d
a
r
re
m
o
te
se
n
sin
g
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ge
o
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
4
-
1
6
8
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
Ha
fid
Tah
a
b
a
l
-
Ha
fid
,
B
R
Vish
v
a
k
a
rm
a
,
“
Co
m
p
lex
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
o
f
sa
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
st
p
a
rti
c
e
les
a
t
1
1
G
Hz
a
s
a
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
ist
u
re
c
o
n
ten
t
,”
I
n
d
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
a
d
io
&
S
p
a
c
e
P
h
y
sic
s
, v
ol
.
14
,
pp
.
21
-
24
,
1
9
8
5
.
[1
9
]
Ah
m
e
d
A.
S
.
,
Ali,
A.
A.,
Al
h
a
id
e
r,
M
.
A.
,
“
Airb
o
rn
e
d
u
st
siz
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
fo
r
tr
o
p
o
sp
h
e
ric
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
il
li
m
e
tri
c
wa
v
e
s in
to
d
u
st
sto
rm
s
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ge
o
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Re
mo
te S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
G
E
-
2
5
,
p
p
.
5
9
3
-
5
9
9
,
1
9
8
7
.
[2
0
]
S
a
m
i
M
.
S
h
a
rif
,
“
Atten
u
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
d
u
sty
m
e
d
ia
u
sin
g
m
ie
s
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
s
o
lu
t
io
n
,
”
Pr
o
g
re
ss
I
n
E
l
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
M
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
8
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
H.
Y.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
C
.
C.
Ku
, “
Ca
lcu
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
wa
v
e
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
i
n
sa
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
st sto
rm
s b
y
th
e
F
DTD an
d
tu
rn
i
n
g
b
a
n
d
s
m
e
th
o
d
s a
t
10
-
1
0
0
G
Hz
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
An
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
1
-
2
9
6
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
E.
I.
El
tah
ir,
E
lfatih
A.
A.
El
sh
e
i
k
h
,
A.
Aw
a
d
Ba
b
ik
e
r
a
n
d
Kh
a
li
d
Ha
m
id
Bil
a
l
,
“
1
0
G
Hz
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
u
d
a
n
e
se
Du
st
Ev
e
n
t
P
a
rti
c
les
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
,
”
Pro
c
.
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
Co
mp
u
te
r
,
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
(ICCCEE
E)
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
A.
M
u
sa
a
n
d
S
.
O.
Ba
sh
i
r
,
“
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
wa
v
e
s
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
in
d
u
st
sto
rm
s
a
t
m
il
li
m
e
tre
wa
v
e
b
a
n
d
,
”
J
.
Eme
rg
.
T
re
n
d
s E
n
g
.
Ap
p
l.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
-
1
6
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
G
h
o
b
rial,
S
.
I
.
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
rief
,
“
M
icro
wa
v
e
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
ro
s
s
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
in
d
u
st
st
o
rm
s,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
1
8
-
4
2
5
,
1
9
8
7
.
[2
5
]
S
h
a
rif,
S
.
M
.
,
“
M
in
e
ra
l
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ica
l
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
d
u
st
a
n
d
it
s
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
,
”
IE
E
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ge
o
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Rem
o
te S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
M
a
r
.
1
9
9
5
.
[2
6
]
S
in
g
h
H.,
S
a
x
e
n
a
K.
,
K
u
m
a
r
V.,
Bo
n
e
v
B
.
a
n
d
P
ra
sa
d
R.
,
“
An
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
p
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
il
li
m
e
ter wa
v
e
s
,”
W
ire
les
s P
e
r
so
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
.
[2
7
]
S
o
wd
e
n
M
.
,
Blak
e
D
.
,
C
o
h
e
n
D.,
Ata
n
a
c
io
A.
a
n
d
M
u
e
l
ler
U.,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
i
n
fra
re
d
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
to
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
g
ro
u
n
d
-
lev
e
l
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
a
l
,
p
a
rt
icle
siz
e
,
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
it
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
u
sin
g
Him
a
wa
ri
-
8
,”
A
tmo
sp
h
e
ric
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
M
a
r
ch
2
0
2
0
.
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