TE
LKOM
NI
KA
Te
le
c
om
munica
tion,
C
omp
u
tin
g,
El
e
ctroni
cs and
Contr
ol
Vo
l.
18
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2020
, pp.
57
~
71
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6930, acc
red
it
ed
First G
ra
de by
Kem
enr
ist
ekd
i
kti, D
ec
ree
N
o: 21/E/
KP
T/
2018
DOI: 10.
12
928/
TELK
OMN
I
KA.v1
8i1
.
13565
57
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
jo
ur
nal.
uad.ac
.id
/i
nd
ex.
php/TE
LKOMNIKA
T
he perf
or
m
ance
of the v
ehicula
r
co
mm
un
icat
i
on
-
clu
ster
in
g proc
ess
O
ma
r
D
aoud
1
,
A
hlam
D
am
at
i
2
,
Qadri
H
am
arsh
e
h
3
1
,3
Depa
rtment
of
Com
m
unic
at
ion
s a
nd
E
lectr
oni
c
s E
ngineeri
ng
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
and Te
chn
olog
y
,
Phila
del
ph
ia Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Jordan
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Fa
cul
t
y
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
an
d
Technol
og
y
,
P
hil
ad
el
phi
a
Univ
ersity
,
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
11
, 2
019
Re
vised
Oct
3
,
2019
Accepte
d
Oct
22
, 201
9
For
the
new
wire
l
ess
s
y
stems
and
be
y
ond
,
th
e
intelligen
t
tr
a
nsportat
io
n
s
y
stem
is
conside
red
as
one
of
the
m
ai
n
featur
es
tha
t
cou
ld
be
cove
red
i
n
the
new
rese
ar
ch
topi
cs.
Further
m
ore
,
both
high
-
spee
d
dat
a
tra
ns
m
ission
and
dat
a
pro
ce
ss
ing
play
a
c
ruc
i
al
r
ole
for
the
s
e
ge
ner
ations.
Our
work
cove
rs
two
m
ai
n
propositi
ons
in
orde
r
t
o
at
tain
an
impr
ovement
in
such
int
ellige
n
t
s
y
stems
per
form
anc
e
.
A
clus
te
ri
ng
al
gori
thm
is
proposed
and
pr
ese
nte
d
fo
r
grouping
m
obil
e
nodes
base
d
on
the
ir
spee
ds
with
som
e
m
o
difi
ed
he
ad
assignm
ent
s
proc
esses.
Thi
s
wil
l
be
combined
with
a
par
alle
l
-
proc
essing
te
chn
ique
tha
t
enha
nc
es
the
QoS
.
Mainly
,
this
work
conc
ern
s
enha
ncin
g
the
V2V
dat
a
tra
nsm
ission
and
the
proc
essing
spee
d.
Thus,
a
wave
l
e
t
proc
essing
stag
e
has
bee
n
impos
ed
to
opti
m
iz
e
th
e
tra
nsm
i
tt
ed
power
phenomenon.
In
orde
r
to
che
ck
the
va
li
di
t
y
of
s
uch
propositi
on
,
five
m
ai
n
eff
iciency
f
ac
tor
s
have
bee
n
inves
ti
gat
ed
;
nam
ely
complementa
r
y
cumulat
iv
e
distri
buti
ons,
bit
rat
es
,
en
erg
y
e
ffic
i
ency
,
th
e
lif
et
ime
of
cl
ust
er
hea
d
and
the
ord
ina
r
y
nod
es
reatt
ac
hing
-
h
e
ad
av
era
g
e ti
m
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cl
us
te
rin
g Alg
or
it
hm
Energy E
ff
ic
ie
ncy
IoV
U
W
B
-
MB
-
O
F
DM
V2V
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Om
ar D
ao
ud
,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd Elec
tro
nics
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Ph
il
adelp
hia
U
niv
e
rsity
,
Jeras
h
Hi
ghwa
y,
Amm
an,
1
9392,
Jor
dan.
Em
a
il
:
od
ao
ud@phil
adelp
hia.
edu.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Durin
g
the
la
st
deca
de,
ve
hicle
netw
orki
ng
becam
e
vital
par
t
in
t
he
la
te
st
wireless
syst
em
’s
gen
e
rati
on.
Th
eref
or
e
,
a
ra
pid
de
velo
pm
ent
has
bee
n
fou
nd
in
t
he
li
te
rature,
w
hich
is
bas
ed
on
the
I
nter
net
of
things
(
I
oTs).
Nowa
days,
e
nhanci
ng
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
o
f
t
he
Veh
ic
ular
Adh
oc
Netw
ork
(VA
NET)
st
and
a
r
d
(I
EE
E
80
2.11p
)
has
ac
quire
d
an
inc
reasin
gl
y
fr
eq
ue
nt
peti
ti
on
.
T
his
is
due
to
wh
at
is
be
ing
c
onsider
e
d
as
a
sp
eci
al
ad
-
hoc
m
ob
il
e
netw
ork
.
I
n
an
oth
e
r
way,
the
c
on
c
ept
of
Ve
hicle
to
Eve
ryt
hing
(V2X)
is
risi
ng
o
n
the
su
r
face
for
the
ve
hicle
network
i
ng
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
s
uch
a
s
veh
ic
le
-
to
-
ve
hicle
(V2V)
and
veh
ic
le
-
to
-
ro
a
dsi
de
(V2R)
.
T
ho
s
e
m
od
es
a
r
e
base
d
on
t
he
no
des
t
hem
s
el
ves
i.e.
bo
t
h
of
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
awar
e
ness
,
the
acce
ss
to
it
and
t
he
pre
dicti
on
t
o
no
des
tr
a
j
ect
ory
.
H
ow
ever,
V
A
NET
la
cks
reli
abili
ty
under
the
real
-
ti
m
e
data
distrib
utio
n.
T
his
is
tr
ue
due
to
t
he
ra
pid
c
ha
ng
i
ng
and
the
i
ns
ta
bi
li
ti
es
of
the
w
irel
ess
channels
[1
,
2].
Diff
e
re
nt
propositi
on
s
to
e
nhance
the
ve
hicle
networ
k
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
sta
nd
a
r
ds
ha
v
e
be
en
f
ound
i
n
li
te
ratur
es,
s
uc
h
as
t
he
c
ombinati
on
betw
een
the
V
ANET
an
d
t
he
L
ong
Te
rm
Evo
luti
on
(
LTE
)
m
ob
il
e
syst
e
m
s (
i.e. the n
ew
tr
en
d
f
or
the intell
igent
trans
portat
ion
syst
e
m
s).
I
n
s
uc
h
com
bin
ed n
et
work, the
V
AN
E
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
51
-
71
58
is
hav
i
ng
the perm
issi
on
to
ac
cess
the
inte
rnet
throu
gh
the ex
ist
ing
LTE
c
el
lular
net
work,
w
hich
c
ould
l
ead
t
o
huge
VANET
syst
e
m
i
m
pr
ove
m
ents
[3
-
6].
To
reali
ze
s
uc
h
com
bin
at
ion
m
od
es,
th
e
O
rth
ogonal
Fr
e
quency
Divisio
n
Mult
iplexin
g
(
OFDM)
m
od
el
has
bee
n
int
r
oduce
d
to
e
nhance
Q
ualit
y
of
Se
r
vi
ce
(QoS
).
Th
us
,
the
a
de
qu
at
e
ness
between
s
uc
h
syst
e
m
s
(the
V
AN
E
T
an
d
th
e
LTE)
was
a
tt
ai
ned
,
as
a
r
esult
of
lowe
rin
g
the
de
la
y
tim
e
and
getti
ng
t
he
high
s
peed
com
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
.
Mu
lt
iband
OFDM
(MBOF
DM)
[
7
-
10]
te
chn
iq
ue
is
f
ound
in
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
to
at
ta
in
the
re
qu
i
rem
ents
fo
r
t
he
ap
plica
ti
on
of
high
-
data
rate.
A
ve
ry
prom
i
sing
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
was
s
how
n
with
ove
r
10
0
Mbp
s
dow
nlink
c
onnecti
on
s.
It
is
co
ns
id
ered
a
s
a
prom
isi
ng
te
chn
i
qu
e
due
to
it
s
ro
bustn
ess
in
the
dis
persi
ve
cha
nnel
s
(i.
e.
av
oid
s
t
he
c
hannel'
s
waste
,
du
e
t
o
the
inter
sym
bo
l
i
nterf
e
re
nc
e
(ISI
))
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
it
has
the
capa
bili
ty
of
re
du
ci
ng
th
e
co
ns
um
ed
powe
r
by
m
anag
ing
t
he
li
m
it
ed
fr
e
quency
res
ource
s.
H
oweve
r,
it
su
f
fer
s
f
ro
m
hig
h
im
ple
m
entat
ion
c
om
plexit
y
that
le
ads
to
high
c
os
t
[
11
-
20
]
.
T
hu
s
,
th
is
w
ork
ta
ckles
this
Q
oS
issues
by
proposi
ng
a
m
ult
i
-
par
al
le
l
pr
oc
essing
reclusteri
ng
tec
hn
i
qu
e
for
the m
ul
ti
ban
d
O
F
DM (
MP
-
RC
-
MB
OF
DM
).
I
t
co
ns
ist
s of tw
o
par
ts;
the f
ac
il
it
ating
par
t
of
re
us
in
g
the
sp
at
ia
l
r
eso
ur
ces
by
re
cl
us
te
rin
g
the
huge
num
ber
of
m
ob
il
e
no
de
s
(i.e.
ve
hicle
s)
a
nd
the
en
hanci
ng
par
t
of
overc
om
ing
the
sp
e
ct
ru
m
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s.
T
hus,
t
he
QoS
feat
ur
es
will
be
at
ta
ined
s
uch
as lo
w power
c
on
s
um
ption
s,
low po
wer
ef
fe
ct
s,
hi
gh d
at
a
r
at
es, f
le
xi
bili
ty and low c
os
t.
Fo
r
t
he
facil
it
at
ing
pa
rt,
a
sing
le
hop
cl
ust
ering
V2V
ba
sed
on
LTE
s
yst
e
m
s
throu
gh
the
IEE
E
802.1
1p
a
rc
hitec
ture
was
int
rod
uced.
I
n
thi
s
cl
us
te
rin
g
sy
stem
,
a
cl
us
te
r
weig
hting
fac
tor
(
CWF
)
has
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
ba
se
d
on
the
relat
ive
velocit
ie
s,
the
com
m
un
i
cat
ion
s
m
axi
m
um
ran
ge,
an
d
a
sp
eci
fi
c
ad
aptive
weig
ht
fact
or
(
AWF
).
T
his
pa
rt
i
ntr
oduces
a
cr
it
erion
t
hat
c
hoose
s
the
he
a
d
of
the
cl
us
t
er,
as
well
as
a
crit
erio
n
that m
ai
ntains
an
a
ccepta
ble o
ve
r
head
f
or
up
dating
the
cl
us
te
r’s
hea
d.
H
e
nce,
t
he
re
-
cl
ust
erin
g
par
t
is base
d on the
previ
ou
sly
m
e
ntion s
pecifica
ti
on
s
to
m
anag
e
the
veh
ic
le
s i
n t
he
cl
ust
ers.
Fo
r
the
e
nhan
ci
ng
of
MB
O
FD
M
par
t,
t
he
QoS
has
bee
n
stu
died
by
pro
po
si
ng
a
m
ul
ti
-
par
al
le
l
processi
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
the
MB
OFDM
(
MP
-
MB
OFD
M).
T
his
propositi
on
has
be
en
a
naly
zed
e
xtensi
vely
by
m
aking
us
e
of
the
wa
velet
s
dec
om
po
sit
io
n
c
rite
ria.
T
his
is
to
sho
w
the
powe
rfulne
ss
of
sen
ding
the
data
betwee
n
the
c
luster
hea
ds
a
nd
the
LT
E
syst
e
m
in
the
par
al
le
l
proces
s.
As
a
res
ult,
we
can
ove
r
com
e
the
ba
ndwi
dth
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s
s
uch
as
the
on
es
f
or
t
h
e
I
nt
ern
et
of
Ve
hi
cl
es
(IoV).
T
his
feat
ur
e
ha
s
bee
n
inv
est
igate
d
by
check
in
g
som
e
cru
ci
al
factor
s
su
c
h
as
the
energy
eff
i
ci
ency
(EE)
f
act
or
,
com
plem
entary
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
f
un
ct
ion
(CCD
F)
c
urves,
an
d
the
bit
er
r
or
rate
s
(BER)
,
t
he
syst
e
m
throughput,
the
sp
ect
ral
effi
ci
ency,
and
th
e
eff
ect
of
the
m
od
ulati
on
rin
g
rati
o
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Thu
s
,
the
ta
rg
et
is
to
enhance
the
Q
oS
un
de
r
the
f
ollo
w
ing
par
am
et
ers;
nam
ely
lo
wer
i
ng
the
c
om
plexity
iss
ues
an
d
op
ti
m
iz
ing
the d
at
a
rates.
The
rest
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
is
orga
ni
zed
as
fo
ll
ows.
Sect
io
n
2
detai
le
d
s
om
e
relat
ed
wor
k
i
n
a
ddit
ion
t
o
the
syst
e
m
m
o
del.
The
perfor
m
ance
of
the
pro
posed
cl
ust
er
ing
te
ch
nique
and
the
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
ent
par
t
bas
ed
on
the
m
ulti
-
par
a
ll
el
pr
oce
ssin
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
a
re
giv
e
n
in
s
ect
ion
3
.
Sec
ti
on
4
pr
e
sen
te
d
the
analy
sis
of
the sim
ulati
on
s in order
to
e
va
luate
the
pro
posed
sc
hem
es. Fi
nally
, th
e c
on
c
lusio
n
is
dr
a
w
n i
n
sect
io
n
5
.
2.
SY
STE
M MO
DEL FO
R
TH
E L
TE
-
BASE
D V2V
COM
MUNI
CA
TI
O
NS
E
NHAN
C
EMENT
At
any
m
o
m
en
t,
the
m
ov
in
g
node
(
ve
hicle
)
in
any
cl
us
te
re
d
netw
ork
i
s
cl
assifi
ed
as
ei
th
er
a
cl
us
te
r
head
or
as
a
norm
al
no
de
(
m
e
m
ber
s).
Ac
cordin
gly,
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
is
consi
der
e
d
a
s
the
co
ordina
tor
f
or
the
norm
al
no
des
(m
e
m
ber
s)
.
They
can
ta
lk
to
each
ot
he
r
by
a
sp
eci
fic
neighb
our
ta
bl
e,
wh
ic
h
is
f
orm
e
d
accor
ding
to
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
b
et
wee
n
the
cl
us
te
r
head
a
nd
the
m
e
m
ber
s.
The
sco
pe
of
this
wo
r
k
is
lim
it
ed
to
pro
po
si
ng
a
n
en
ha
ncem
ent
ov
er
th
e
cl
ust
ering
al
go
rith
m
s
in
the
li
te
r
at
ur
e,
wh
il
e
cr
eat
ing
the
nei
ghbor
ta
ble w
il
l be
d
e
ferred
to
a
noth
er
work.
Cl
us
te
rin
g
al
gorit
hm
s
obj
ect
ives
div
er
ge
ac
cordin
g
to
t
he
need
e
d
QoS
optim
iz
at
ion
process
for
s
uc
h
syst
e
m
s;
su
ch
as
the
cl
us
te
r
s
sta
bili
ty
,
the
cost,
a
nd
the
qual
it
y.
In
t
he
LTE
-
base
d
V2V
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
,
the
fo
l
lowing
iss
ues
are
ta
ke
n
int
o
consi
der
at
io
n;
the
be
ha
viour
of
t
he
m
ob
il
e
nodes
(v
e
hicle
s)
an
d
the stabil
it
y t
hat b
ri
ng
s
the l
ow c
os
t.
The
beh
a
viou
r
of
t
he
m
ob
il
i
ty
no
de
s
co
ns
i
sts
of
dif
fer
e
nt
m
ob
il
it
y
beh
avio
r
su
c
h
as
the
relat
ive
sp
ee
d,
t
he
dire
ct
ion
of
m
ov
ing
no
des.
For
instance
,
cl
ust
ering
acco
r
din
g
to
t
he
relat
ive
s
peed
co
ul
d
on
ly
br
i
ng
c
os
t
penal
ti
es;
this
is
du
e
t
o
the
V
2V
net
wor
k
res
tric
ti
on
s.
From
this
i
m
pairm
e
nt,
the
re
is
ne
ed
f
or
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
i
n
orde
r
to
re
-
cl
us
te
r
the
nodes
based
on
cal
c
ulati
ng
the
weigh
t
par
am
et
er.
This
pa
ram
et
er
will
be
ba
sed
on
the
sp
ee
d
of
t
he
m
ov
in
g
no
des,
so
as
to
c
hoose
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
a
ppr
opriat
el
y.
The
n,
an
opti
m
iz
at
ion
crit
erion
will
be
de
rive
d
to
at
ta
in
bo
t
h
the
sta
bi
li
ty
and
the
low
cost
m
ai
nte
nan
ce
.
Af
te
r
that,
a
n
im
pr
ov
em
ent
on
V
AN
E
T
prot
oco
l
will
be
in
vestigat
ed
base
d
on
the
MP
-
MB
OF
DM.
T
hi
s
wil
l
enh
a
nce t
he Q
oS
of the
LTE
base
d
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
Figure
1
s
how
s
the
LTE
-
base
d
V
2V
to
polo
gy
.
In
this
fig
ure,
the
veh
ic
le
s
(no
des)
at
dif
f
eren
t
trac
ks
and
la
nes
a
re
gro
up
e
d
int
o
c
lusters.
T
his
figure
s
hows
t
ha
t
N
ind
e
pende
nt
m
ov
i
ng
ve
hi
cl
es
are
co
ns
id
ered.
They
are
m
ov
i
ng
with
diff
e
re
nt
directi
ons
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
range
f
or
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
is
de
fine
d
a
s
R
ma
x
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Th
e
perf
or
m
an
ce of the
ve
hicular co
mmu
nic
ation
-
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pr
oc
ess
… (
O
ma
r
Da
oud
)
59
The
sco
pe
of
this
wor
k
will
be
lim
i
te
d
to
on
e
-
hop
only
that
cou
ld
relat
e
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
with
the
m
e
m
ber
s.
The
node
s
a
re
assum
ed
to
be
eq
uippe
d
with
the
dep
ic
te
d
transm
it
te
r
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2,
w
hich
is
adequa
te
to
the
LTE
sta
nd
ard.
T
heir
LT
E
-
ba
sed
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
will
be
th
r
ough
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d,
wh
ic
h
is
c
onsi
der
e
d
as the c
oor
din
a
tor for t
he othe
r nodes
(i.e.
th
e ordi
nar
y
node
s).
Figure
1. LTE
-
base
d V2V
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
topolo
gy
Figure
2
.
UW
B
-
MB
OFDM
t
ran
sm
it
te
r
'
s sch
em
atic d
ia
gr
a
m
.
2.1. Rel
at
e
d
w
ork
The
cl
us
te
rin
g
issue
of
the
M
ob
il
e
A
d
ho
c
ne
tworks
has
be
en
exte
ns
ivel
y
done
in
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
[
21
]
.
Diff
e
re
nt
cl
us
te
rin
g
te
chn
i
ques
hav
e
been
f
ound
base
d
on
diff
e
ren
t
ob
j
e
ct
ives.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
sc
op
e
of
this
work
will
be
lim
it
ed
to
cov
e
r
the
m
ob
il
it
y
-
at
te
nt
ive
a
nd
/
or
the
l
ow
m
ai
ntenan
ce.
The
m
ob
il
it
y
-
base
d
cl
us
te
rin
g
w
ork
is
try
ing
to
reg
r
oup
th
e
m
ov
ing
ve
hicle
s
with
res
pec
t
to
so
m
e
sp
eci
fic
m
ob
il
e
m
et
rics,
su
c
h
as
the
ex
plici
t
relat
ive
s
peed,
the
direc
ti
on
.
H
oweve
r,
tho
se
te
chn
i
ques
ha
ve
m
uch
i
m
pair
m
ent
su
ch
as
the r
i
pp
le
e
ff
ec
t, the c
os
t, t
he reso
urce ef
fici
ency ap
pro
pr
ia
te
ness [22
-
25]
.
I
n
order
to
ov
erco
m
e
su
c
h
i
m
pair
m
ents,
ano
t
her
re
-
cl
us
t
erin
g
wor
k
has
bee
n
f
ound
in
the
li
te
ratu
re
su
c
h
as
the
Distrib
uted
D
ynam
ic
Cl
us
ter
in
g
Al
gorith
m
(D
DC
A)
th
at
trie
s
t
o
reduce
the
rip
ple
eff
ect
.
Howe
ver,
it
br
in
gs
so
m
e
c
os
t
on
path
f
ind
in
g.
T
his
is
du
e
to
that,
reg
ar
dless
of
the
hop
distance,
ever
y
m
ov
in
g
veh
ic
le
h
as
it
s
own
path
t
o
ot
her
s
[
26
]
.
A
no
t
her
pro
posit
ion
to
incr
ease
the
thr
oughput
is
base
d
on
re
gion
cl
ust
eri
ng
m
echani
s
m
;
each
reg
i
on
is
li
m
it
ed
to
a
sp
eci
fic
nu
m
ber
of
m
ov
in
g
no
des,
s
o
that
the ch
a
nnel
c
onte
ntio
ns
c
ould
b
e a
voide
d [27].
The wo
r
k
of
G
un
te
r
et
. al.
[28
]
ca
m
e u
p
wit
h t
he
idea
of g
i
vi
ng
t
he
cl
us
te
r head
the
ro
le
of m
anag
ing
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
of
th
e
i
ntra
-
cl
us
te
r.
T
his
is
as
a
res
ult
of
c
om
batin
g
t
he
bur
de
n
load
of
the
hi
dd
e
n
te
rm
inal.
Th
us,
the
M
AC
la
ye
r
will
be
i
m
pr
ove
d
ac
cordin
gly.
H
oweve
r,
t
his
bri
ngs
the
ove
rh
ea
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s a
nd c
ou
l
d
af
fect t
he w
ho
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s sta
bili
ty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
51
-
71
60
Accor
ding
to
Tresti
an
a
nd
Mun
te
a
n
[
29
]
,
a
propositi
on
has
bee
n
m
a
de
in
or
der
t
o
en
ha
nce
the
sta
bili
ty
of
the
cl
us
te
rin
g
proce
ss.
Th
us,
a
ne
w
protoc
ol
has
bee
n
st
ud
ie
d
t
o
m
inim
iz
e
the
re
-
cl
us
te
rin
g
issues;
i.e.
l
ow
m
ai
ntenan
c
e
cl
us
te
rin
g.
This
protoc
ol
is
base
d
on
two
c
rite
ria;
Highest
-
De
gree
an
d
Lo
west
-
I
D.
T
his
pro
posit
ion
w
orks
an
d
reduces
the
r
e
-
ass
ociat
ion
tim
es
of
the
cl
us
te
rs
by
tol
erati
ng
the
cha
ng
i
ng
of
the
cl
us
te
rin
g
hop
in
a g
iv
en
range.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
re
are som
e
con
cer
ns
t
o
be
use
d
i
n
real
-
tim
e
V2V
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s.
The
lo
west
-
ID
-
base
d
cl
us
t
erin
g
has
be
en
em
ph
asi
zed
in
the
w
ork
of
Ge
rla
et
al
and
Ma
sle
kar
et
al
.
[
25,
30
]
,
w
here
the
ID
is
t
he
on
ly
us
e
d
te
rm
to
identify
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d.
I
t
can
be
per
i
odic
al
l
y
ob
ta
ine
d
duri
ng
the
broad
ca
s
ti
ng
process
,
a
nd
the
n
c
l
us
te
r
hea
d
updatin
g
proces
s
will
be
s
om
eho
w
s
ta
ble.
Th
us
,
it
w
il
l
ta
ke
lo
ng
ti
m
e
to
be
update
d,
which w
il
l
m
inim
iz
e
the
m
ai
nt
enan
ce
co
st
un
der
t
he
im
pairm
ent
of
sh
ort
li
fetim
e
for
the
w
ho
le
cl
us
te
r.
The
r
efore,
the
distrib
uted
cl
us
te
r
ing
al
gorithm
is
intro
duce
d
under
the
gen
e
rali
zat
ion
of
the
lowe
st
-
ID
to
weig
ht
-
base
d
w
ork.
T
hu
s
,
the
weig
ht
ing
te
rm
is
a
vi
ta
l
ro
le
fo
r
dea
li
ng
with the
m
ov
in
g nodes
(vehicl
es)
a
nd cho
os
i
ng the cl
us
te
r
hea
d.
This
opens
a
r
esearch
sc
op
e
to
choose
the
best
te
chn
i
qu
e
of
wei
gh
ti
ng
a
ssign
m
ents.
Th
eref
or
e
,
our
work
prese
nts
an
a
dap
ti
ve
c
luster’s
wei
gh
t
ing
facto
r,
whic
h
will
ta
ke
i
nto
c
onside
rati
on
both
t
he
re
la
ti
ve
distance
a
nd
the
relat
ive
ve
locit
y.
It
aim
s
to
at
ta
in
the
cl
us
te
rin
g
sta
bili
ty
in
add
it
io
n
to
pro
pose
the MP
-
MB
OFDM i
n o
rd
e
r
t
o re
du
ce
the c
ost
f
act
or.
2.2. Pr
oposed
clusterin
g
sc
h
eme
In
orde
r
to
a
vo
i
d
the
pe
na
lt
ie
s
that
were
fou
nd
i
n
th
e
li
te
ratur
e;
su
ch
a
s
the
ri
pp
le
e
ff
ect
,
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
lusterin
g
cost,
this
cl
us
te
ri
ng
w
ork
is
bas
ed
on
opti
m
iz
i
ng
a
cl
us
te
rin
g
w
ork
fact
or
(
CWF
).
This
is
at
ta
in
ed
t
hroug
h
a
n
a
da
ptive
pa
ram
et
er
to
ch
oo
s
e
the
crit
e
rio
n
that
sho
uld
be
co
ns
id
ered,
and
to
a
rran
ge
the
pri
ori
ti
es
am
on
g
the
us
e
d
par
am
et
ers.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
the
CWF
in
a
n
urba
n
road
is
cal
c
ulate
d
unde
r
the
assum
ption
that
the
rel
at
ive
distance
has
the
hig
hest
pri
or
it
y.
Af
te
r
that
the
no
de
tha
t
has
the
highest
CWF
will
be
ch
os
en
as
a
cl
us
te
r
head.
The
CWF
is
base
d
on
so
m
e
m
ob
il
e
m
et
rices
that
cou
ld
be
consi
der
e
d
as
basic
m
ob
il
e
pa
ram
et
ers;
su
ch
as
the
m
axi
m
u
m
ran
ge,
th
e
locat
io
n
a
nd
the
relat
ive
sp
e
ed
[26]
.
Th
us
,
we
ca
n
m
ake
a
m
odific
at
ion
base
on
the
lo
we
st
-
ID
cl
us
te
rin
g
al
go
rithm
by
def
i
ning
a
n
AWF
.
This
AWF
con
sist
s
of
two
par
ts
t
ha
t
li
nk
both
the
relat
ive
locat
io
n
an
d
the
relat
ive
sp
ee
d.
T
he
n,
the
a
ver
a
ge
degree
of
the
li
nk
de
pende
nc
e
is
de
fine
d
by
the
di
visio
n
ov
e
r
t
he
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of
neig
hbouri
ng
nodes
.
The follo
wing
equ
at
io
n
c
oncl
ud
e
s the
prop
ose
d
CWF
as:
=
{
0
cos
(
)
≤
0
∑
(
1
(
−
√
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
)
+
2
(
m
in
(
,
)
m
ax
(
,
)
)
)
=
1
.
.
(1)
w
he
re
J
is
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
neig
hbori
ng
nodes
of
node
i
,
the
m
axim
u
m
ran
ge
for
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
is
def
in
ed
as
R
ma
x
,
(
x
i
,
y
i
)
de
picti
ng
the
(
x
,
y
)
locat
ion
detai
ls
for
no
de
i
,
v
i
sta
nds
f
or
the
vel
ocity
for
no
de
i
,
and
δ
k
s
ta
nd
s
for
AWF
(i.e.
the
nee
de
d
pri
or
it
y
fo
r
the
m
ob
il
e
no
des
par
am
et
ers
in
the
scena
rios
them
sel
ves)
.
H
ere,
the
su
m
m
at
ion
of
t
ho
s
e
AWF
sho
uld
e
qu
a
l
to
1.
θ
;
def
in
ing
t
he
a
ng
l
e
(the
directi
on)
betwee
n
the
tw
o
m
ov
in
g
node
s.
Ba
sed
on
(
1),
CWF
cou
l
d
be
determ
ined
for
al
l
m
ov
ing
nodes
.
Accor
dingly
,
t
he
head
no
de
will
be
sel
ect
ed
an
d
t
he
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
ai
ntenance
of
each
node
will
be
execu
te
d
c
onti
nuously
.
Figure
3,
descri
bes
the
proces
s
of
sel
ect
ing
t
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
d;
H
i
,
a
m
on
g
set
s
of
neig
hbori
ng
m
ov
in
g
nodes
f
or nod
e
i
;
nam
el
y
N
i
.
CWF
is
co
ns
ide
red
as
the
m
ai
n
facto
r
t
ha
t
play
s
a
vital
r
ole
in
assig
ning
t
he
cl
us
te
r
head.
The
n,
t
he
insp
ect
io
n
pr
ocess
dep
e
nd
on
the
num
ber
of
neig
hbori
ng
nodes;
if
the
ne
ighborin
g
no
de
j
has
lowe
r
CWF
,
the
n
th
e
sta
tus
w
ou
l
d
be
ch
ecke
d
w
hethe
r
it
is
a
m
e
m
ber
of
cl
ust
er
i.
I
f
it
is
t
ru
e
,
it
c
ou
l
d
be
declare
d
that
t
he
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
is
the
no
de
i
.
Othe
rw
ise
,
if
t
he
CWF
of
node
j
is
higher
tha
n
th
e
one
of
node
i
,
the
sta
tus
of
node
j
is
con
sid
ered
as
the
cl
ust
er
head
;
if
it
is
true,
it
wo
ul
d
be
an
nounce
d
as
a
cl
us
te
r
head,
el
se, no
de
i
will
b
e as
ke
d
to
jo
in the cl
us
te
r
wi
th
H
j
.
The
sc
op
e
of
t
his
w
ork
is
li
m
it
ed
to
app
ly
the
propose
d
cl
us
te
rin
g
te
ch
nique
un
der
th
e
scenari
o
of
strai
gh
t
r
oad.
I
n
this
scena
rio
,
the
ro
le
of
th
e
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
is
kep
t
uncha
nged
.
T
his
m
ea
ns
that
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nt
up
datin
g
of
t
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
is
reduce
d.
A
ccordin
gly,
th
e
res
ulted
ov
e
rh
ea
d
from
chan
gi
ng
the
cl
ust
er
is
reduce
d;
there
fore,
t
he
sta
bi
li
ty
of
the
cl
us
te
r
st
ru
ct
ur
e
is
at
ta
ined.
This
will
le
ad
to
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
the
pro
po
se
d
i
n
(
3)
to
chec
k
the
nee
d
f
or
updatin
g
t
he
c
luster
hea
d.
A
th
reshold
that
co
uld
op
ti
m
ize
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
c
ha
ng
i
ng
cri
te
rion
is
def
i
ne
d
as
.
T
he
f
ollow
i
ng
e
qu
at
io
n
def
i
nes
t
he
der
i
ved
ne
w
factor f
or tw
o nodes
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Th
e
perf
or
m
an
ce of the
ve
hicular co
mmu
nic
ation
-
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pr
oc
ess
… (
O
ma
r
Da
oud
)
61
=
{
0
(
)
≤
0
1
(
−
√
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
)
+
2
(
(
,
)
(
,
)
)
.
.
(2)
w
he
re
is t
he
cl
us
te
rin
g weig
ht
ing
factor b
et
ween t
he
t
wo nod
e
s
.
Figure
4,
sho
w
s
the
pro
po
se
d
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
ain
te
na
nce
to
lo
wer
t
he
resu
lt
e
d
ov
e
rhead
fro
m
ch
ang
in
g
cl
us
te
r
hea
d.
This
proc
ess
sta
rts
with
se
par
at
e
nodes
that
are
not
belo
ng
i
ng
t
o
a
def
in
ed
cl
ust
er.
Be
fore
gro
up
i
ng
th
os
e
nodes
,
the
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
was
ch
os
e
n
on
the
ba
sis
of
the
process
t
hat
was
ex
hib
i
te
d
in
Figure
3.
Af
te
r
that,
the
or
di
na
ry
nodes
s
ta
rt
send
in
g
a
j
oi
nt
req
uest
to
f
orm
a
cl
us
te
r.
Then
the
cl
us
te
r
head
would
distri
bute
the
res
ource
s
to
the
or
din
a
ry
node
s
insi
de
their
cl
us
te
r.
At
the
final
sta
ge,
dynam
ic
al
l
y
and
rep
et
it
ively
,
or
din
a
ry
no
des
would
cal
culat
e
their
,
this
fac
tor
will
be
co
m
par
ed
with
th
e
thres
holds
in
order t
o kee
p
t
he
cl
ust
erin
g m
ai
ntenan
ce
process.
Figure
3. Sele
c
ti
ng
the
cluste
r
h
ea
d flo
wch
a
r
t
Figure
4. Cl
us
t
erin
g
m
ai
ntenan
ce
process
f
lo
wch
a
rt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
51
-
71
62
3.
LTE
-
BASED
V2V CO
M
M
UN
I
C
ATIO
N
S PER
FO
RMANCE E
NHA
NC
E
MENT
The
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
propose
d
cl
us
te
r
ing
te
ch
nique
has
been
si
m
ula
te
d
and
com
par
ed
to
the
w
ork
of
Tr
est
ia
n
and
M
unte
an
a
nd
Ger
l
a
et
al
.
[
25
,
29
-
3
0
]
.
This
c
omparis
on
c
onta
ins
the
ef
fect
of
both
the
m
axi
m
u
m
sp
ee
d
and
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
ra
ng
e
f
or
a
li
fetim
e
on
the
cl
us
te
r’
s
hea
d.
The
sim
ulati
on
has
been
lim
it
ed
t
o
tw
o
-
la
nes
c
r
os
s
ro
a
d,
a
m
axim
u
m
sp
eed
up
to
20
km
/h,
a
nd
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
’s
r
ang
e
up
to
50
km
.
Figure
5
(a
)
de
picts
the
ef
fe
ct
of
the
ve
hic
le
sp
ee
d
on
th
e
li
fe
ti
m
e
of
t
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
d.
It
is
cl
early
sh
ow
n
that
an
i
nv
e
r
se
pro
portio
na
l
relat
ion
s
hip
i
s
draw
n
betwe
en
the
li
feti
m
e
cl
us
te
r'
s
hea
d
an
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
sp
ee
d;
the
fast
er
the
m
ov
ing
nodes
the
m
ore
the
cl
us
te
r
w
ou
l
d
resu
lt
i
n
i
ns
ta
bili
t
y.
Mor
eov
e
r,
ano
t
her
m
et
ric
’s
eff
ect
ha
s
be
en
chec
ke
d
in
Figure
5
(
b)
;
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
’s
range
f
r
om
dep
ic
te
d
resu
lt
s,
our
pro
posed
work
has
e
xtr
a
sta
bili
ty
ov
e
r
the
lo
west
-
I
D
DCA
w
ork
[
25,
29
-
3
0
]
.
This
is
beca
use
our
pro
po
se
d w
ork
h
as
b
ee
n b
uilt
b
ase
d on
the a
dap
ti
ve
p
a
ram
e
te
r
.
Figure
5
.
Cl
us
t
er'
s h
ead
av
e
ra
ge
li
feti
m
e v
ersu
s
:
(
a) m
axi
m
um
sp
eed
,
(
b)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
’s
r
a
nge
Anothe
r
m
et
ric
has
bee
n
i
nvol
ved
in
this
pe
rfor
m
ance
te
st
and
de
pic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
6;
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
ai
ntenan
ce
a
ver
a
ge
ti
m
e.
It
has
bee
n
c
hos
en
due
to
t
he
fact
that
it
has
a
direct
im
pa
ct
on
the
c
os
t
factor
as
a
res
ult
of
r
e
-
cl
us
te
ri
ng.
A
no
t
her
posit
ive
res
po
ns
e
has
been
draw
n
from
the
dep
ic
te
d
re
su
lt
s
in
Figure
6
for
t
he
pro
po
se
d
wor
k
ver
s
us
the
work
of
Tr
est
ia
n
an
d
Mu
ntean
[
29
]
a
nd
Ger
la
et
al
.
[
25
]
.
It
is
cl
ea
rly
s
how
n
that
the
cl
us
te
r’
s
head
re
-
a
tt
aching
ti
m
e
has
bee
n
re
du
ced,
w
hic
h
is
relat
ed
to
th
e
adequ
at
enes
s
for
the
ch
os
e
n
val
ues;
i.e.
the
use
d
weig
ht
fact
or
f
or
the
giv
e
n
sce
nar
i
o.
Thi
s
co
nclusi
on
w
il
l
be
exam
ined
in
detai
l
in
fu
ture
w
ork
,
sinc
e
there
is
a
diff
ere
nce
in
the
us
e
d
scena
rios
su
ch
as
urba
n
transpo
rt,
highway
s
,
or eve
n
a
sub
urban.
Figure
6
.
Cl
us
t
erin
g
m
ai
ntenan
ce a
ver
a
ge
ti
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Th
e
perf
or
m
an
ce of the
ve
hicular co
mmu
nic
ation
-
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pr
oc
ess
… (
O
ma
r
Da
oud
)
63
3.1.
Perf
orm
ance
enh
an
ce
m
ent
b
as
e
d mul
ti
-
p
ara
ll
el
pr
oc
essing
In
this
s
ub
sec
ti
on
,
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
propose
d
cl
ust
ering
te
ch
ni
que
has
been
i
nv
e
sti
gated
thr
ough
the
da
ta
rate
and
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
sp
ee
d.
The
i
de
a
of
m
ulti
-
par
al
le
l
pr
ocessin
g
has
been
im
po
s
e
d.
This
e
nh
a
nce
m
ent;
m
ulti
-
par
al
le
l
proc
essing
recl
ust
ering
te
ch
niq
ue
f
or
the
m
ult
iband
OFDM
(MP
-
RC
-
MB
O
FD
M);
is
cl
ea
rly
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fig
ure
7.
I
n
this
syst
em
,
the
transm
issi
on
s
pee
d
w
ould
be
enh
a
nce
d
by
K
fact
or
w
hile
re
duci
ng
t
he
ge
ne
rati
on
c
om
plexit
y
to
1
,
wh
e
re
K
is
th
e
total
num
ber
of
the
OFDM
ge
ner
at
io
n
sta
ge
s
.
This
m
eans
that
a
r
oo
m
of
deali
ng
with
K
-
OFDM
sig
na
ls
at
the
sa
m
e
tim
e
durati
on
with
out
any
extra
ca
lc
ulati
on
tim
e
i
s
create
d
(
i.e
.
r
econst
ru
ct
in
g/r
egen
e
rati
ng
K
-
OFDM
sign
al
s
with
processi
ng
ti
m
e
equ
al
s
the
proces
sin
g
tim
e
of
one
OF
D
M
sign
al
).
T
he
refor
e
,
the
spe
ct
ru
m
l
i
m
i
ta
tio
ns
for
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
am
on
g t
he c
lusters
’ head
th
rou
gh the L
TE
syst
e
m
s h
ave
be
en
m
it
igate
d.
Figure
7
.
The
p
r
opos
e
d
MP
-
RC
-
MB
OF
DM
t
ran
sm
it
te
r
'
s sch
em
at
ic
d
ia
gr
a
m
In
this
par
t,
the
sim
ulatio
n
par
am
et
ers
ha
ve
bee
n
li
m
i
te
d
to
the
E
CM
A
-
36
8
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s,
wh
e
re
the
U
WB
te
chn
i
qu
e
us
ually
al
locat
es
the
sp
ect
r
um
into
14
di
ff
e
ren
t
sub
-
ba
nd
s
eac
h
of
528
MH
z
band
width
[
8],
an
d
a
zer
o
-
pa
dd
e
d
guar
d
int
erv
al
has
bee
n
i
m
po
sed
with
0.25
durati
on
of
t
he
OFDM
sy
m
bo
l
durati
on,
i.e
.
60.61
ns
.
The
TFC
ho
pp
i
ng
ought
to
be
co
nf
irm
ed
w
it
h
15.
6%
of
the
gu
a
r
d
in
te
rv
al
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
use
d
U
WB
channel
is
ba
s
ed
on
[
3
1
,
3
2
]
.
Furtherm
or
e,
the
m
od
ulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
li
m
it
ed
to 16
-
am
plit
ud
e phase s
hift
ke
yi
ng
(16
-
APS
K)
[
3
3
,
3
4
].
T
he
idea
of
t
he
OFDM
syst
e
m
s
was
pro
pose
d
by
Cha
ng
[
15
]
,
i
n
ord
er
to
al
lo
w
hi
gh
data
rates
(p
a
rall
el
low
bit
rate
cha
nne
ls)
tran
sm
issi
o
n
at
the
syst
e
m
's
com
plexit
y
of
×
2
(
)
.
T
his
w
ould
give
the
pr
i
vilege
of
fu
lfil
li
ng
the
need
e
d
hi
gh
-
s
peed
data
requ
irem
ents
and
ov
erc
om
ing
the
al
locat
ed
sp
ect
ru
m
'
s
lim
it
at
ion
s.
Th
is
will
al
so
al
low
al
l
m
ov
in
g
veh
ic
le
s
(no
de
s)
to
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
with
the
he
ad
node.
T
he
n,
the
head
nodes
would
com
m
un
ic
ate
with
each
oth
er
th
r
ough
the
L
TE
syst
e
m
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
f
or
bette
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
en
ha
ncem
ent,
the
MP
-
RC
-
MB
O
FD
M
syst
em
has
bee
n
pro
pose
d
t
o
ov
e
rc
om
e the h
ead
no
des
s
pe
ct
ru
m
lim
it
a
ti
on
s.
MB
OF
DM
si
gn
al
ca
n
be
expresse
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
(3).
The
tra
ns
m
itted
data
is
di
vid
ed
i
nto
-
gro
ups,
eac
h
of
wh
ic
h
ha
s
-
sym
bo
ls
with
an
ave
rage
transm
itt
ed
energy
of
bef
ore
ente
ri
ng
the
-
point I
FF
T stage.
(
)
=
√
∑
(
)
×
(
2
+
)
−
1
=
0
(3)
w
he
re
n
has
va
lues
betwee
n
0
an
d
-
1,
sta
nds
f
or
the
f
reque
ncy
offset.
As
a
res
ult,
a
pr
oblem
cou
ld
aris
e
du
e
t
o
the
su
m
m
at
ion
of
in
-
phase
sig
nals
as
found
in
[
9].
This
pro
blem
c
an
be
e
xpresse
d
as
in
(
4)
a
nd
den
te
d
by the
pea
k
-
to
-
aver
a
ge p
ow
e
r rat
io (PA
PR):
=
×
(
=
0
,
.
.
−
1
|
(
)
|
2
)
∑
|
(
)
|
2
−
1
=
0
(4)
At
the
receive
r
side
an
d
after
the
assum
ption
of
perfect
sy
nc
hro
nizat
ion
,
t
he
receiv
ed
si
gnal
from
k
path wit
h
gai
n coe
ff
ic
ie
nt a
nd a
̂
noise
sam
ple of t
he
M
th
-
gro
up is ex
pres
sed
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
51
-
71
64
(
)
=
√
(
)
∑
(
)
−
1
=
0
×
(
−
2
)
+
̂
(
)
(5)
16
-
po
i
nts
am
pl
it
ud
e
ph
ase
sh
i
ft
keyi
ng
(
16
-
AP
S
K)
has
be
en
us
ed
as
a
m
odulato
r
an
d
a
dem
od
ulato
r
in
the
tran
sm
i
tt
ing
a
nd
recei
ving
sta
ges,
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Ma
ny
di
ff
e
ren
t
16
-
AP
S
K
c
onst
el
la
ti
on
s
ha
ve
bee
n
fou
nd
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
.
This
pa
per
is
lim
it
ed
to
(4
+
12)
-
APSK
in
orde
r
to
of
reduce
the
av
erag
e
powe
r.
This
will
br
ing
a
n
enh
a
ncem
ent
fo
r
re
duci
ng
th
e
PA
PR.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
aver
a
ge
pow
er
cou
ld
be
easi
ly
li
nk
ed
to
the
inn
e
r
and
the
rad
ii
of
the
oute
r
rin
gs
r
1
and
r
2
res
pe
ct
ively
.
In
order
to
c
hoos
e
the
best
fit
of
r
1
and
r
2
and
thei
r
eff
ect
on
the
OFDM
syst
em
’s
per
fo
rm
ance,
an
opti
m
iz
at
ion
proces
s
sh
ould
be
ap
plied.
T
her
e
fore,
t
her
e
sh
ould
be
diff
e
ren
t
in
put
back
-
off
(
IBO
)
val
ues
ta
ke
n
into
co
ns
i
derat
ion
s;
this is cl
early
presente
d
in
Fig
ur
e
8.
Figure
8
.
UWB
-
base
d APS
K
p
e
rfor
m
ance (a)
t
he
ef
fect o
f t
he
A
PS
K
ri
ng
s r
a
dii rati
o o
n t
he
P
AP
R
,
(b)
t
he
r
i
ng
s
r
a
dii rati
o value
s
r
el
at
ed
t
o
the
IB
O
va
lues
As
m
entioned
earli
er,
the
sp
ect
r
um
lim
it
a
ti
on
s
f
or
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
m
on
g
the
cl
us
te
rs
’
hea
d
thr
ough
the
L
TE
syst
e
m
s
sh
ou
l
d
be
m
itigated.
Th
us,
MP
-
RC
-
MB
OFD
M
is
pr
opose
d.
In
t
his
pro
posit
ion
,
we
are
keen
t
o
chec
k
the
e
f
fici
ency
of
t
he
propose
d
w
or
k
base
d
on
t
w
o
facto
rs;
the
need
e
d
power
and
the
al
lowa
ble
data
rate.
T
hus,
an
oth
e
r
pa
ra
m
et
er
was
involve
d
in
this
s
i
m
ulati
on
;
it
is
denoted
by
an
d
it
check
s
the
ef
fect
of
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
power
t
o
the
capaci
ty
of
the
U
W
B
-
base
d
syst
em
s.
The
EE
factor
is
cl
early
def
i
ned
in
(6),
w
her
e
EE
(
n
)
is
the
ene
r
gy
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
n
-
th
car
rier
,
(
)
,
sta
nd
s
f
or
t
he
c
on
s
um
ed
powe
r
by
the
ci
rcu
it
,
th
e
tra
ns
m
itted
ene
rgy
is
de
fine
d
by
(
)
,
the
recei
ve
d
e
nergy
is
de
fine
d
by
(
)
,
the n
-
th
cha
nn
el
'
s g
ai
n
facto
r;
|
ℎ
(
)
|
2
,
re
pr
ese
nts th
e noise
den
sit
y d
ur
i
ng the tr
an
sm
issi
on
per
io
d of
.
(
)
=
∑
2
(
(
(
)
×
|
ℎ
(
)
|
2
)
)
−
1
=
0
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
)
(6)
Figure
9
(a)
dep
ic
ts
the
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
bet
ween
t
he
spe
ct
ral
ef
fici
enc
y
in
bp
s
pHz
and
t
he
EE
.
Fr
om
th
os
e
cu
rv
es
,
a
directi
on
al
relat
io
nsh
ip
betwee
n
th
e
s
pectral
e
f
fi
ci
ency
a
nd
the
data
r
at
es
has
be
en
extracte
d.
F
or
exam
ple,
ta
ken
from
Figure
9
at
-
6d
B
EE
;
s
pe
ct
ral
ef
fici
e
nc
y
increase
d
at
a
rati
o
of
12%
wh
e
n
the
data
rate
ha
s
inc
rease
d
f
r
om
1
M
bps
t
o
6
M
bps.
F
ro
m
the
der
i
ved
EE
f
or
m
ula
in
(6)
,
it
is
obvious
t
hat
in
Figure
9
(b)
the
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
t
he
sp
eci
fic
data
r
at
e
of
the
O
F
DM
si
gn
al
a
nd
the
EE
is
di
rectl
y
pro
portion
al
.
As
a
res
ult,
a
tra
de
-
of
f
bet
ween
t
he
s
pe
ct
ral
ef
fici
enc
y
an
d
the
EE
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
i
nto
consi
der
at
io
n i
n order
to
m
anag
e the
UWB
-
MB
OF
DM
syst
e
m
s capacit
y
.
Fu
rt
her
e
nha
nc
e
m
ent
ste
p
has
been
ta
ke
n
in
to
co
ns
ide
rati
on
by
i
nvolv
i
ng
the
wa
velet
f
un
ct
io
ns
i
n
the
rec
onstr
uction
sta
ge.
T
his
ste
p
is
us
e
d
t
o
diff
e
re
ntiat
e
the
pa
rall
e
l
tra
ns
m
issi
on
f
rom
diff
eren
t
cl
us
te
r
s
’
head.
14
Da
ubechies
wa
velet
s
ba
by
functi
ons
(
db1,
db
2,
db3,
db
4,
db5,
db7,
db10,
db13,
db20,
db25,
db30
,
db35,
db40,
db45
)
ha
ve
bee
n
us
e
d
in
t
his
work.
T
he
sc
op
e
of
this
w
ork
is
lim
it
ed
to
Da
ub
ec
hies
du
e
t
o
the
ch
oi
ce
of
dif
fer
e
nt
va
nish
i
ng
m
o
m
e
nts
in
w
hich
they
trace
t
he
natu
re
of
the
us
e
d
sig
nal.
At
the
deco
m
po
sit
ion
sta
ge,
the
c
om
ple
m
entary
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
f
un
ct
i
on
(CC
DF)
curves
ha
ve
bee
n
us
e
d
to
disti
ng
uish
a
m
on
g
the 14 d
iffe
ren
t wa
velet
aby
f
unct
io
ns
;
t
he
on
e
with
the
lo
west
CC
D
F
val
ue
is
the
be
tt
e
r
in
the
dec
om
po
sit
ion
sta
ge
.
I
n
order
to
ch
oose
t
he
best
C
CDF
c
urves
,
t
wo
m
ai
n
facto
rs
hav
e
be
en
de
fine
d;
the
wa
velet
de
com
po
sit
ion
le
vel
an
d
the p
er
form
ance
disti
nguis
hing
crit
eria.
I
n
this
w
or
k,
the
m
axi
m
um
us
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Th
e
perf
or
m
an
ce of the
ve
hicular co
mmu
nic
ation
-
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pr
oc
ess
… (
O
ma
r
Da
oud
)
65
deco
m
po
sit
io
n
le
vel
is
set
to
be
ei
ght,
w
hile
ei
gh
t
perform
ance
crit
eria
have
been
i
nclu
ded
i
n
the d
ist
in
guishi
ng stage:
-
The
s
um
o
f
t
he
ab
s
olu
te
dif
fere
nce
betwee
n
t
he reco
ns
tr
ucte
d OF
DM sig
na
ls,
-
The
m
axi
m
u
m
abso
l
ute
val
ue
of
th
e
sam
ple
diff
e
ren
ces
.
The
rec
onstr
uc
te
d
sig
nals
ha
ve
bee
n
ta
ke
n
directl
y from
t
he reco
ns
tr
ucte
d
str
uctu
re,
-
The
m
axi
m
u
m
abso
l
ute
val
ue
of
th
e
sam
ple
diff
e
ren
ces
.
The
rec
onstr
uc
te
d
sig
nals
ha
ve
bee
n
ta
ke
n
directl
y from
each reco
ns
tr
uct
ed
si
gn
al
se
pa
r
at
el
y,
-
The
c
orrelat
ion m
a
tri
x
bet
wee
n
the
r
ec
onstr
uc
te
d
an
d
t
he o
bse
rv
e
d OF
DM
sign
al
s,
-
The
si
gn
al
t
o n
oise r
at
io
,
-
The
m
ean squa
red er
ror bet
we
en
the
r
ec
onstr
ucted
a
nd th
e
obser
ve
d OF
D
M si
gn
al
s
,
-
The pea
k
sig
na
l t
o
noise
rati
o,
-
The rel
at
ive er
ror.
Figure
9
.
The
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of the
cons
um
ed
e
ne
rg
y
:
(a)
sp
ect
ral
ef
fici
ency with
res
pect to
EE
,
(
b)
d
at
a rates
relat
ion
s
hi
p
wit
h
E
E
Th
us
,
each
cl
ust
er
head
tra
nsm
itti
ng
sign
al
thr
ough
the
LTE
syst
e
m
is
pr
oces
sed
f
or
ei
gh
t
hu
ndred
and
nin
et
y
si
x
ti
m
es
(
14
(
wavel
et
baby
f
un
cti
ons
)
×
8
(
)
×
8
(
)
).
Accor
dingly
, th
e b
est
-
dec
ompo
s
ed
sig
nal wi
th the lo
west CC
DF
v
al
ue
s w
il
l be ch
os
e
n t
o
be
proces
se
d
duri
ng
the
U
WB
ch
a
nn
el
.
Fig
ur
e
10
de
picts
the
CC
DF
m
easur
e
m
ents
for
di
f
fe
re
nt
proce
sse
d
pe
rfo
rm
ance
crit
eria
com
par
ed
t
o
th
e original
one.
Figure 1
0
sho
ws
a noti
ceable
en
han
cem
ent
of
the
si
gn
al
s'
pro
bab
il
it
y
that
exceede
d
ce
rtai
n
thre
sho
l
d
dB
values
.
Th
e
dep
ic
te
d
res
ults
in
Figure
10
s
how
that
the
SoD
m
e
t
hod
gi
ves
the
best
CC
DF
curve
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
o
dif
fer
e
ntiat
e
tho
se
c
rite
ria,
ano
t
her
te
st
w
as
done
in
ord
er
to
ch
oose
th
e
best
one
that
giv
es
the
best
CC
D
F
val
ues
am
on
g
the
869
te
st
sign
al
s.
T
he
se
res
ults
ha
ve
been
su
m
m
arized
in
Ta
ble
1.
Fr
om
the
dep
i
ct
ed
resu
lt
s
in
Table
1,
the
be
st
value
f
or
the
Su
m
of
Dif
fer
e
nce
(So
D)
perform
ance
crit
erion
would be
by u
s
ing
the
db
40
a
nd
7 dec
om
po
sing
lev
el
s.
T
his step
will
h
el
p i
n
dec
om
po
sin
g
the m
ov
in
g n
od
e
’
s
transm
itted sig
nal b
y c
hoosi
ng the
b
e
st o
f
th
e b
est
s.
Fr
om
the
il
lustrate
d
resu
lt
s
in
bo
t
h
Fi
gure
10
a
nd
Table
1,
the
be
st
scena
rio
for
the
dec
om
po
sit
io
n
process
would
be
the
SoD
at
le
vel
7
and
usi
ng
db40.
A
da
ptively
,
this
pro
posit
ion
is
capab
le
of
pr
oc
essing
a
huge
nu
m
ber
of
ge
ner
at
e
d
OFDM
sig
nals
at
the
sam
e
tim
e.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
this
wo
r
k
gi
ves
a
posit
ive
i
m
pact
on
the
abili
ty
to
increase
the
syst
e
m'
s
data
rates.
This
br
in
gs
the
Qo
S
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
withou
t
the s
pectru
m
li
m
it
a
ti
on
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
51
-
71
66
Figure
10
.
OFDM Dec
om
po
s
it
ion
b
a
sed
on t
he best
perfor
m
ance cr
it
er
io
n
a
nd the
dec
om
po
sit
ion
leve
l
Table
1.
T
he
be
st perf
or
m
ance cr
it
eria
value
for
dec
om
po
sit
ion
pur
po
se
s
Metho
d
The Bes
t Values
The Level
The Wav
elet
Ty
p
e
The Value
So
D
7
db40
6
0
.31
SNR
7
db40
1
1
.96
7
Co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
Ratio
8
db10
6
8
.21
%
PSNR
7
db40
2
3
.04
6
No
r
m
7
db40
0
.25
2
Max. Abs
.
7
db35
0
.68
MSE
7
db40
0
.06
3
Co
rr
elatio
n
7
db40
0
.96
8
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
In
orde
r
to
ch
eck
the
pro
pos
ed
work
pe
rfo
rm
ance,
a
fe
de
ral
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
C
omm
i
ssion
(F
CC
)
base
d
si
m
ulatio
n
was
pe
rform
ed.
In
this
c
onte
st,
the
f
ollo
wing
facto
rs
ha
ve
bee
n
ta
ke
n
into
consi
de
ra
ti
on
in
order
to
c
hec
k
the
validit
y
of
our
pro
po
sit
io
ns
;
na
m
ely
the
CC
DF
c
urves
,
the
BER
c
urv
es
an
d
t
he
qu
al
it
y
of
the tra
ns
m
itted d
at
a.
The
syst
e
m
'
s p
aram
et
ers
ha
ve bee
n
li
m
it
ed
and
set
to:
-
128 OF
DM s
ubcar
rier
(
10
0 d
at
a subcar
riers,
12 pil
o
ts,
10
guar
ds)
-
242.4
2 ns, sy
m
bo
l i
nter
val
-
4.125 M
Hz, su
bcarrie
r fre
que
ncy s
pacin
g
-
2/3
c
odin
g rate
-
16
-
A
PS
K
m
odulati
on
tec
hniq
ue
-
CM
1
an
d
CM
4
–
U
W
B
ch
a
nn
el
s
a.
0.023
3,
0.0
667 cl
us
te
r
a
rr
i
val
rate (
per ns),
r
e
sp
ect
ively
b.
2.5, 2.1
ray ar
r
ival rate
(p
e
r n
s
),
res
pect
ively
c.
(3.5,
3.4 dB)
(
σ
1
,
σ
2
, res
pecti
vely
)
d.
LOS
,
N
LO
S,
r
especti
vely
-
Tw
o
la
nes
cr
ossroa
d,
-
node spee
d 1
0
-
25 k
m
/h,
-
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n’
s
range
up
to
50
km
in
te
rm
s
of
the
cl
us
te
r’
s
hea
d
li
fe
tim
e
and
the
cl
us
te
ri
ng
m
ai
ntenan
ce a
ver
a
ge
ti
m
e.
-
Ti
m
e o
f
c
ha
ng
i
ng the
he
a
d
e
qual
s
2
s.
-
eN
od
eB
co
ve
ra
ge of
7
km
Figure
11
de
picts
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
t
he
propose
d
MP
-
RC
-
MB
O
FD
M.
It
use
s
a
cl
us
te
ri
ng
te
chn
iq
ue
base
d
on
and
V
2V
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
(I
E
EE
802.11p
sta
ndar
d
ba
sed)
th
rou
gh
LTE
syst
em
s.
It is d
i
vid
e
d
int
o
f
our
sect
io
ns;
secti
on
(a) de
picts t
he pr
oba
bili
ty
o
f
the
P
AP
R t
hat e
xce
eds
ce
rtai
n
th
re
sh
ol
ds
.
This
pe
rfor
m
ance
te
rm
is
in
vestigat
ed
to
c
heck
the
validi
ty
of
send
i
ng
huge
data
rate
ov
e
r
the
co
nne
ct
ion
s.
Sect
ion
s
(
b
-
to
-
d),
the
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
f
unct
io
n
h
as
been
in
vest
igate
d
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
cl
ust
ering
crit
eria.
Th
us,
three
m
or
e
di
ff
ere
nt
m
et
ric
s
ha
ve
bee
n
i
nvolv
e
d;
nam
el
y,
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
du
rati
on,
c
luster
m
e
m
ber
dur
at
i
on and cl
us
te
r head
ch
a
nge
ra
te
.
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