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1113
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M
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In
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3
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P
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d
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Com
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[7
-
11
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
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V
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18
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2
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A
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2
020:
1113
-
1121
1114
M
a
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r
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t
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a
l
s
ha
dow
s
.
S
e
v
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ra
l
m
e
t
hods
[12
-
15
]
h
a
ve
r
e
a
c
he
d
a
n
op
t
i
m
a
l
s
o
l
ut
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on
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
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y
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c
,
ne
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n
e
t
w
or
k,
f
i
re
fl
y
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m
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s
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k
[1
6
-
18
].
In
orde
r
t
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gu
l
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a
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,
t
he
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bus
t
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
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s
n
e
e
d
e
d
[19
-
21]
.
T
h
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m
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x
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pow
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obt
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e
i
s
e
xt
r
e
m
e
l
y
uns
t
a
bl
e
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
D
C
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
ke
e
p
a
nd
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
he
out
p
ut
v
ol
t
a
g
e
a
c
c
ordi
ng
t
o
t
he
r
e
fe
r
e
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
.
DC
-
D
C
c
on
ve
r
t
e
rs
a
re
a
r
e
a
l
for
m
of
D
C
vo
l
t
a
ge
r
e
gu
l
a
t
ors
for
s
t
e
p
up
,
s
t
e
p
d
ow
n,
o
r
bot
h
.
S
ys
t
e
m
dy
na
m
i
c
s
a
re
ne
e
d
e
d
t
o
de
s
i
gn
c
on
t
rol
l
e
rs
t
ha
t
a
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
a
c
hi
e
v
e
t
he
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
v
a
l
ue
.
P
ID
c
ont
r
ol
i
s
w
i
de
l
y
a
ppl
i
e
d
i
n
t
he
i
ndus
t
ri
a
l
w
or
l
d
w
i
t
h
a
va
ri
e
t
y
of
a
dj
us
t
m
e
nt
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
[
22
,
23
]
.
O
ne
of
t
he
a
da
pt
i
ve
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
M
ode
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R
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fe
r
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n
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A
d
a
pt
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ve
Cont
ro
l
(
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s
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c
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nc
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a
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t
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s
ys
t
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m
re
s
pons
e
ra
t
he
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
fi
x
e
d
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
P
ID
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
[
24
,
2
5
]
by
prov
i
di
n
g
a
r
e
f
e
re
n
c
e
m
ode
l
fol
l
ow
e
d
b
y
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
r
e
s
pons
e
.
M
I
T
r
ul
e
s
a
r
e
us
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
da
p
t
i
v
e
P
ID
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
[2
6
].
T
he
r
e
for
e
,
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
obj
e
c
t
i
v
e
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
i
s
t
o
e
m
ph
a
s
i
z
e
how
t
o
d
e
s
i
gn
a
n
M
P
P
T
s
ys
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
a
c
ons
t
a
nt
ou
t
put
vo
l
t
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ge
.
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ET
H
O
D
T
hi
s
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
us
i
ng
m
e
t
a
he
uri
s
t
i
c
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
for
M
P
P
T
t
o
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
i
n
P
V
a
rr
a
ys
unde
r
pa
r
t
i
a
l
s
h
a
dow
c
on
di
t
i
ons
.
P
S
O
a
s
M
P
P
T
m
e
t
hod
a
nd
a
da
p
t
i
v
e
c
on
t
rol
ba
s
e
d
o
n
M
RA
C
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
he
ory
us
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
pos
e
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h.
2.
1
.
P
V
ar
r
ay
mod
e
l
P
V
c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
de
f
i
ne
d
a
s
t
e
c
hnol
o
gi
e
s
t
ha
t
pro
duc
e
D
C
pow
e
r
s
upp
l
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
l
i
ght
e
ffe
c
t
.
A
s
l
on
g
a
s
t
he
s
e
m
i
c
on
duc
t
or
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
c
qu
i
re
s
s
un
l
i
ght
,
t
h
e
P
V
c
e
l
l
w
i
l
l
a
l
w
a
ys
g
e
ne
ra
t
e
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
a
nd
t
he
P
V
c
e
l
l
w
i
l
l
s
t
op
pr
oduc
i
ng
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
w
he
n
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
no
re
c
e
i
ve
d
s
unl
i
gh
t
.
E
xpon
e
nt
i
a
l
e
qua
t
i
o
ns
for
m
ode
l
i
ng
phot
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
de
r
i
ve
d
f
rom
t
he
phys
i
c
a
l
l
a
w
s
f
or
pn
j
unc
t
i
on
a
nd
a
r
e
ge
n
e
ra
l
l
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
a
s
re
pre
s
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
of
P
V
c
e
l
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
(
1).
=
ℎ
−
(
(
+
)
−
1
)
−
(
(
+
)
ℎ
)
(1)
w
he
re
ℎ
i
s
t
h
e
c
urr
e
nt
g
e
ne
r
a
t
e
d
by
t
he
di
ode
,
i
s
t
he
r
e
v
e
rs
e
s
a
t
ur
a
t
i
on
c
urr
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
di
od
e
,
is
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
ron
c
ha
rge
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
va
l
ue
of
1
.
602
×
10
19
Coul
o
m
bs
,
i
s
t
he
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
ur
e
i
n
K
e
l
v
i
n
,
i
s
t
he
di
m
e
ns
i
o
n
l
e
s
s
d
i
od
e
i
de
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
or
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
of
how
c
l
os
e
l
y
t
h
e
di
od
e
fol
l
ow
s
t
he
i
d
e
a
l
di
od
e
(1)
a
nd
i
s
t
h
e
Bol
t
z
m
a
nn
c
ons
t
a
n
t
w
i
t
h
t
he
va
l
u
e
o
f
38
×
10
−
23
/
.
P
V
e
qui
v
a
l
e
nt
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
p
e
c
i
fi
e
d
a
s
gi
v
e
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
.
T
he
out
put
of
P
V
m
odul
e
s
i
s
s
t
ron
gl
y
i
nf
l
u
e
nc
e
d
by
e
nvi
ron
m
e
nt
a
l
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
s
ol
a
r
ra
di
a
t
i
on
a
nd
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
ure
.
A
s
s
how
n
i
n
(2)
s
how
s
t
he
c
u
rre
nt
e
qua
t
i
on
g
e
ne
ra
t
e
d
by
pho
t
ons
,
ℎ
.
ℎ
=
[
+
1
(
−
298
)
]
100
(2)
w
he
re
i
s
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
s
h
ort
-
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
urre
nt
a
t
25
°
C,
i
s
c
o
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
of
s
ho
rt
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
ur
re
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
i
s
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
/
2
.
T
e
m
pe
ra
t
ure
c
h
a
ng
e
s
i
n
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
c
a
n
a
ff
e
c
t
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
urr
e
nt
s
,
,
a
s
s
how
n
by
(2)
a
n
d
s
a
t
ur
a
t
i
on
c
urr
e
n
t
s
of
di
ode
s
,
,
a
n
d
a
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
(3
).
(
)
=
[
]
3
⌊
(
−
1
)
⌋
(3)
w
he
re
i
s
t
he
re
ve
rs
e
s
a
t
ur
a
t
i
on
c
urr
e
nt
,
i
s
t
he
b
a
nd
ga
p
e
n
e
rgy
s
e
m
i
c
ondu
c
t
or
i
n
,
a
nd
i
s
t
he
t
e
r
m
i
na
l
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
s
ol
a
r
c
e
l
l
i
n
25
.
L
ow
vo
l
t
a
ge
s
g
e
ne
ra
t
e
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
i
s
n
ot
e
noug
h
t
o
be
us
e
d
c
om
m
e
rc
i
a
l
l
y
,
t
he
r
e
for
e
,
ph
ot
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
a
nd
c
onne
c
t
e
d
i
n
a
m
odul
e
t
o
prod
uc
e
t
he
l
e
a
s
t
vol
t
a
ge
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
t
o
c
ha
rg
e
12
v
ol
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
[
8]
.
T
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y
i
s
a
s
e
r
i
e
s
a
nd
/
or
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
c
om
bi
n
a
t
i
on
of
s
e
v
e
ra
l
P
V
m
o
dul
e
s
.
T
h
e
I
-
V
c
urv
e
of
t
h
e
P
V
a
r
ra
ng
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
a
c
urve
w
i
t
h
a
l
a
rge
r
s
c
a
l
e
t
h
a
n
t
he
I
-
V
c
u
rve
of
a
s
i
n
gl
e
m
odu
l
e
,
a
s
i
l
l
us
t
ra
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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1115
F
i
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1
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E
qui
va
l
e
n
t
c
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r
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ui
t
of
P
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l
l
F
i
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2
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a
y
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a
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ri
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l
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l
a
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ge
m
e
n
t
of
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o
dul
e
s
2.
2
.
M
P
P
T
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p
ar
t
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s
w
ar
m
op
t
i
mi
z
at
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a
b
l
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c
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P
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s
t
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he
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c
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t
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r
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s
o
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
pos
i
t
i
on
i
s
a
nd
t
h
e
be
s
t
va
l
ue
i
s
P
V
(
)
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
t
ha
t
pos
i
t
i
on
.
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om
e
P
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O
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
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s
t
ha
t
a
r
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c
onv
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o
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1
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t
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m
s
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p
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t
e
p
t
o
s
t
a
rt
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
i
s
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
va
l
u
e
o
f
t
he
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
us
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
gor
i
t
h
m
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
he
nu
m
b
e
r
of
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
(
),
t
h
e
w
e
i
g
ht
of
i
ne
rt
i
a
(
),
c
ogn
i
t
i
on
-
on
l
y
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
f
a
c
t
or
(
1
),
a
nd
s
oc
i
a
l
-
onl
y
l
e
a
rni
ng
fa
c
t
or
(
2
).
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
nd
s
t
e
p
i
s
t
o
i
ni
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
s
t
re
s
s
va
l
ue
a
nd
t
h
e
i
ni
t
i
a
l
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
.
T
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
vol
t
a
g
e
i
s
a
rr
a
nge
d
r
a
ndo
m
l
y
i
n
t
he
s
e
a
rc
h
s
pa
c
e
w
he
re
i
t
i
s
pos
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
fi
ne
l
oc
a
l
p
e
a
k
.
P
a
rt
i
c
l
e
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
i
n
t
hi
s
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
t
h
e
ra
ng
e
of
vo
l
t
a
ge
i
nc
re
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
m
ove
s
.
T
he
ve
l
oc
i
t
y
o
f
e
a
c
h
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
s
g
i
ve
n
a
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
va
l
ue
of
z
e
ro
,
t
he
n
t
h
e
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
w
i
l
l
v
a
ry
a
c
c
ord
i
ng
t
o
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
ve
l
oc
i
t
y
e
q
ua
t
i
on
for
P
S
O
(4)
a
nd
(5)
.
(
)
(
)
j
i
b
e
s
t
j
i
i
b
e
s
t
j
i
j
i
P
G
r
a
n
d
C
P
P
r
a
n
d
C
V
W
V
−
+
−
+
=
+
2
2
,
1
1
1
(4)
j
i
j
i
j
i
P
V
P
+
=
+
+
1
1
(5)
T
he
n
e
xt
s
t
e
p
i
s
t
o
m
ul
t
i
p
l
y
t
h
e
v
ol
t
a
g
e
(
)
a
nd
c
ur
re
n
t
(
)
of
e
a
c
h
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
i
n
ord
e
r
t
o
obt
a
i
n
t
he
pow
e
r
(
).
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
pow
e
r
w
i
l
l
be
c
o
m
pa
re
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
re
vi
o
us
be
s
t
pow
e
r
(
)
t
h
a
t
ha
s
b
e
e
n
s
a
v
e
d
by
t
he
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
.
If
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
pow
e
r
i
s
h
i
gh
e
r
t
h
a
n
,
t
he
n
t
he
va
l
u
e
of
w
i
l
l
be
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
by
t
h
e
va
l
u
e
of
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
he
vo
l
t
a
ge
t
h
a
t
produ
c
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
by
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
W
h
e
n
t
he
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
t
e
ra
t
i
on
doe
s
,
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
do
e
s
no
t
h
a
ve
t
h
e
s
a
ve
d
p
re
v
i
ous
l
y
,
s
o
t
he
c
ur
re
n
t
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
p
ow
e
r
a
ut
om
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
be
c
o
m
e
s
t
he
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
va
l
ue
of
t
h
e
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
.
T
he
n
,
t
he
b
e
s
t
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
om
p
a
re
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
b
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
of
t
h
e
group
.
If
t
h
e
be
s
t
va
l
ue
of
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
s
i
s
hi
ghe
r,
t
he
n
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
of
t
he
g
roup
w
i
l
l
be
re
pl
a
c
e
d
by
t
h
a
t
v
a
l
u
e
.
Bu
t
i
f
t
h
e
re
i
s
no
c
ha
n
ge
d
,
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
he
gr
oup
w
i
l
l
re
m
a
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
.
T
hi
s
s
t
e
p
i
s
c
a
rri
e
d
ou
t
by
5
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
s
o
ne
by
one
a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
e
l
y
.
A
ft
e
r
g
e
t
t
i
ng
t
he
be
s
t
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
v
a
l
ue
s
a
nd
t
h
e
be
s
t
group
v
a
l
u
e
s
,
t
he
vo
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
of
e
a
c
h
pa
rt
i
c
l
e
a
re
upda
t
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
P
S
O
e
qu
a
t
i
on.
T
h
e
c
o
nve
r
g
e
nc
e
c
r
i
t
e
ri
a
i
s
t
he
di
ff
e
re
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
pow
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
pow
e
r
o
f
e
a
c
h
p
a
rt
i
c
l
e
i
s
z
e
r
o
a
nd
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
1
.
In
t
hi
s
c
ondi
t
i
o
n,
t
he
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
t
o
ps
a
t
t
he
m
a
xi
m
u
m
po
i
nt
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
f
i
t
i
s
n
ot
m
e
t
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
go
ri
t
h
m
w
i
l
l
re
p
e
a
t
t
he
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
pow
e
r
of
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
m
a
xi
m
um
po
i
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
,
V
ol
.
18
,
N
o.
2
,
A
pri
l
2
020:
1113
-
1121
1116
2.
3
.
Bu
c
k
c
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
T
he
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
on
of
b
uc
k
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gure
3.
T
he
de
s
i
re
d
out
p
ut
vo
l
t
a
ge
i
s
a
s
t
e
p
-
d
ow
n
vol
t
a
ge
w
hi
c
h
i
s
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
d
by
t
he
P
ul
s
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
(P
W
M
)
.
P
W
M
s
e
t
s
t
h
e
i
gn
i
t
i
on
o
n
t
he
bu
c
k
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
ba
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
du
t
y
c
yc
l
e
v
a
l
ue
.
In
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y,
bu
c
k
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
o
pe
r
a
t
e
s
i
n
CCM
(
c
on
t
i
nuo
us
c
ondu
c
t
i
on
m
od
e
)
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
ndu
c
t
or
c
urre
n
t
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
gre
a
t
e
r
t
ha
n
z
e
ro
.
T
he
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
e
s
of
bu
c
k
c
onfi
gura
t
i
o
n
a
re
hi
gh
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y,
s
i
m
pl
e
c
i
rc
u
i
t
,
n
o
n
e
e
d
for
t
r
a
ns
for
m
e
rs
,
l
ow
s
t
re
s
s
l
e
ve
l
on
s
w
i
t
c
h
c
om
p
one
n
t
s
,
a
nd
s
m
a
l
l
r
i
pp
l
e
a
t
t
he
out
put
vol
t
a
g
e
,
furt
he
rm
ore
,
t
he
f
i
l
t
e
r
ne
e
de
d
i
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
m
a
l
l
.
T
he
bu
c
k
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
c
i
rc
u
i
t
do
e
s
no
t
h
a
ve
a
n
i
s
ol
a
t
i
on
c
o
m
p
one
nt
t
o
m
a
i
nt
a
i
n
t
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
i
nput
a
nd
out
pu
t
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
O
N
s
t
a
t
e
a
nd
O
F
F
s
t
a
t
e
a
r
e
de
p
i
c
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gure
4.
F
i
gure
3
.
B
uc
k
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
F
i
gure
4
.
B
uc
k
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
w
h
e
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
N
a
nd
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
F
F
T
he
v
e
c
t
or
ha
v
e
t
w
o
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
,
1
i
s
re
p
re
s
e
nt
e
d
a
s
t
he
i
ndu
c
t
or
c
urr
e
nt
a
nd
2
i
s
re
pre
s
e
nt
e
d
as
t
he
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
or
vol
t
a
g
e
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
N
,
t
h
e
de
r
i
va
t
i
ve
of
1
a
nd
2
a
re
d
e
fi
ne
d
i
n
(
6
)
a
nd
(
7
)
re
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y.
N
ow
t
he
de
r
i
va
t
i
v
e
of
1
a
nd
2
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
F
F
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
(8)
a
nd
(9)
.
T
he
s
t
a
t
e
s
pa
c
e
a
v
e
r
a
ge
d
m
ode
l
i
s
obt
a
i
n
e
d
by
c
om
bi
n
i
ng
t
he
O
N
a
nd
O
F
F
c
ond
i
t
i
on,
t
h
e
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
e
xpr
e
s
s
i
on
f
or
buc
k
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
(10)
.
in
V
L
x
L
x
1
1
2
1
+
−
=
(6)
2
1
2
1
1
x
RC
x
C
x
−
=
(
7
)
2
1
1
x
L
x
−
=
(8)
2
1
2
1
1
x
RC
x
C
x
−
=
(9)
in
V
L
d
x
x
RC
C
L
x
x
+
−
−
=
0
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
1
(10)
2.
4
.
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
c
on
tr
ol
T
h
e
P
ID
c
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
h
a
s
a
s
i
m
pl
e
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
r
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
a
p
pl
y
i
n
m
a
ny
s
ys
t
e
m
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
P
ID
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
r
h
a
s
a
c
ha
ra
c
t
e
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
ui
t
a
b
l
e
f
or
s
e
t
t
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
a
s
i
ng
l
e
i
npu
t
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
s
i
n
gl
e
o
ut
pu
t
(S
IS
O
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
no
t
a
bl
e
t
o
c
om
pe
ns
a
t
e
v
a
ri
ous
c
on
di
t
i
ons
i
n
t
h
e
a
c
t
ua
l
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nt
.
D
e
s
i
gn
i
n
g
a
n
a
da
pt
i
v
e
c
o
nt
ro
l
a
c
c
ord
i
n
g
t
o
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
m
od
e
l
(
M
RA
C)
i
s
o
ne
t
yp
e
o
f
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
nt
ro
l
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
by
d
e
v
e
l
op
i
n
g
a
da
pt
a
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urb
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F
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u
t
put
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t
a
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ri
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t
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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:
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R
EF
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EN
C
ES
[
1]
C
ha
o,
K
.
H
.
,
C
ha
n
g,
L
.
Y
.
,
&
L
i
u
,
H
.
C
.
,
“
M
a
xi
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um
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ow
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od
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s
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n
t
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r
nat
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o
nal
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nal
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f
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t
o
e
ne
r
gy
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vo
l
.
20
13
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
N
ove
m
be
r
2013
.
[
2]
J
.
L
i
u
,
J
.
L
i
,
J
.
W
u,
W
.
Z
hou
,
"
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l
oba
l
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P
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g
or
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hm
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oor
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of
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,
vo
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.
2
017
,
no.
1
3,
pp
.
778
-
78
2,
2017
.
[
3]
S.
K
.
K
ol
l
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m
a
l
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a
,
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.
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s
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r
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on
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g
y
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v
ol
.
5,
no
.
3
,
pp.
7
18
-
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,
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y
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.
[
4]
B
a
l
a
s
ub
r
a
m
a
ni
a
n,
I
.
R
.
,
I
l
a
n
go
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a
ne
s
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n
,
S
.
,
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h
i
l
a
ka
pa
t
i
,
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.
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m
p
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t
of
pa
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t
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s
ha
d
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on
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ut
put
pow
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of
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s
ys
t
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m
s
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p
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l
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ha
d
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ond
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on
s
,
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r
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l
e
c
t
r
on
i
c
s
,
vol
.
7,
no
.
3,
p
p.
65
7
-
6
66
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
14
.
[
5]
M
.
A
.
M
.
R
a
m
l
i
,
S
.
T
w
a
ha
,
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.
I
s
ha
q
ue
,
a
nd
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.
A
.
A
l
-
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ur
k
i
,
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e
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on
m
a
xi
m
um
p
ow
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p
oi
n
t
t
r
a
c
ki
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f
o
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phot
ovo
l
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s
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
i
t
hou
t
s
h
a
d
i
ng
c
ond
i
t
i
o
ns
,
”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
and
Sus
t
a
i
nab
l
e
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
v
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e
w
a
s
,
vol
.
6
7,
pp.
14
4
–
15
9,
J
a
nua
r
y
20
17.
[
6]
S
.
M
.
R
.
T
ou
s
i
,
M
.
H
.
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o
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a
d
i
,
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.
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.
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a
s
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r
,
a
nd
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.
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m
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f
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ba
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m
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on
.
,
v
ol
.
3
1,
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.
3,
p
p.
21
20
–
2
128
,
M
a
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h
2
016
.
[
7]
L
.
A
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j
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,
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on
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nt
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o
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g
(
I
J
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)
,
vo
l
.
6,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
144
-
15
2,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2017
.
[
8]
A
.
B
a
di
s
,
M
.
H
.
B
o
uj
m
i
l
,
M
.
N
.
M
a
ns
our
i
,
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o
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p
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s
o
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of
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oba
l
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P
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t
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19]
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22]
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23]
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.
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