Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
15, pp
. 184
~191
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
84
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Model to Reduce HIV Related St
igma among Indonesian Nurses
Sismulyanto
1
,
S.
S
upriyan
to
2
, Nur
s
al
am
3
1,2
School of Public Health
, Air
l
an
gga
University
,
Surabay
a
, Indon
esia
3
School of Nursing, Airlangga Un
iversity
, Surab
a
y
a
, Indon
esia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
May 05, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
20
, 20
15
Accepted Aug 29, 2015
Stigmatization
of persons living w
ith HIV (PLWH) did b
y
health
professionals including nurses.
Stigma
was a barrier of nurses to implement
nursing care
to PLWH patients. The purpos
e of this stud
y
was to make model
of reducing stig
ma among nurses particul
arly
in the hospital,
district of
Ban
y
uwang
i
, I
ndonesia. Design used
in this stud
y
was
analy
t
ical
observation
a
l.
The population w
a
s all nurses wh
o worked in 4 h
o
spitals in
Ban
y
uwang
i
of I
ndonesia.
Total sample
recruited
were 77 respondents. Data
were collected
b
y
questionna
ire and analy
z
ed b
y
using
Smart
PL
S (Pa
r
tial
Leas
t S
quar
e
s
)
.
The result sh
owed that stig
ma existed among nurses
particular
ly
on
l
abelling
and
stereotyping
to PL
W
H
patient
.
Transcultural
components had influen
ce to nurses’ s
tigma on HI
V and AIDS patients; ther
e
were jobs f
acto
r
, facil
ities factor, valu
es facto
r
, and
knowled
g
e factor
.
Stigmatizing
attitudes were foun
d among nur
ses with quite satisfied. I
t
can
be conclud
e
d to
reduce th
e stigma of nurses by
interven
ing on
transcultural
components among other
factors
affecting
jobs factor, fa
cilities factor, valu
es
factor
and kno
wledge factor
.
Further
research
should apply
this model in
nursing car
e.
Keyword:
M
odel
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
H
I
V
Nurse’s Stig
m
a
Satisfactio
n
Transcu
ltural Nursing
Care
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Si
sm
ul
y
a
nt
o,
Scho
o
l
of Pub
lic Health
,
Airlangga Uni
v
ersity,
Airlangg
a
Un
i
v
ersity Cam
p
u
s
C, Mu
ly
o
r
ej
o,
Su
ko
lilo
, Surab
a
ya, 6
011
5, Indo
n
e
sia.
Em
a
il: sis_
m
u
l
y
an
to
@yah
oo
.co
.
id
1.
INTRODUCTION
One
of
t
h
e
m
a
jor pr
o
b
l
em
s of Hu
m
a
n I
m
m
uno
defi
ci
ency
Vi
rus (
H
I
V
) and A
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
Im
m
unodefi
ci
e
n
cy
Sy
n
d
r
o
m
e
(A
ID
S) case
s
was t
h
e st
i
g
m
a
and
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on agai
n
s
t
peo
p
l
e
l
i
v
i
n
g wi
t
h
HI
V an
d A
I
D
S
[1]
.
T
h
e em
erge
nce o
f
st
i
g
m
a
and di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on am
ong pe
opl
e l
i
v
i
n
g wi
t
h
H
I
V an
d AI
DS
n
a
m
e
l
y
f
ear
o
f
H
I
V
and
A
I
DS, stig
m
a
f
o
r
patien
t
s w
ith
n
e
g
a
tiv
e b
e
h
a
v
i
or
, and
lack
of
kn
ow
ledg
e about H
I
V
and
AIDS [2]. People with
HIV infec
tion
receive
d unfair treatm
e
nt (discr
imination) a
nd stigm
a
because of
hi
s o
r
he
r di
sea
s
e [1]
.
St
i
g
m
a
and
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on was
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
do
ne by
l
a
y
peo
p
l
e
wh
o
di
d
not
ha
ve s
u
ffi
ci
ent
k
now
ledg
e abou
t HIV
an
d
A
I
D
S
, bu
t also
can
b
e
do
n
e
b
y
h
ealth
p
e
rsonnel. H
ealth work
er
s in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
n
u
r
s
es
have
p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
d
o
st
i
g
m
a
and di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on on
H
I
V
a
n
d
AI
DS [
3
]
.
St
i
g
m
a
and di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on i
n
heal
t
h
care t
o
be o
n
e
of t
h
e
o
b
st
acl
es f
o
r
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
H
I
V
and
AI
D
S
to
ach
iev
e
a h
i
g
h
q
u
a
lity n
u
rsin
g
care, wh
ich
in
tu
rn
can
redu
ce th
e h
e
alth
statu
s
o
f
p
a
tien
t
s with
HIV and
AI
DS
[1]
.
T
h
e
stig
m
a
associated with
HI
V
and
AI
DS
ref
e
rre
d as a m
a
jor
pr
o
b
lem
an
d dis
r
u
p
ts fam
ily
life,
soci
al
, ec
on
o
m
i
c
and i
ndi
vi
dual
.
T
h
e stigma associated with HIV and
AIDS we
re
considere
d
as
a m
a
jor
bar
r
i
e
r t
o
pre
v
ent
i
o
n
,
ca
re, a
n
d t
r
eat
m
e
nt
of
HI
V a
n
d
A
I
DS
[
4
]
.
Th
e resu
lts o
f
a
p
r
elim
in
ary
stu
d
y
c
o
nducted at a
hospital in Bany
uw
ang
i
, I
ndo
n
e
sia, sh
ow
ed th
at
96
nu
rses
ha
ve
d
o
n
e st
i
g
m
a
and
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on
t
o
pat
i
e
nt
s
wi
t
h
HI
V
a
n
d AI
DS
a
s
descri
be
d 20
n
u
r
ses (2
0%)
p
u
t
on a speci
fi
c code
on
HI
V and
AI
DS pat
i
ent
s
, 2
4
nu
rs
es (2
5%)
used
speci
al
prot
e
c
t
i
on (
d
o
u
b
l
e
gl
o
v
es
,
m
a
sks),
24
nu
r
s
es (2
5 %)
wer
e
rel
u
ct
ant
t
o
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
e wi
t
h
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
H
I
V a
nd
AI
DS,
7 n
u
rse
s
(
7
.
5
%)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Mod
e
l to
Reduce HI
V Rel
a
ted S
tigm
a
Am
ong In
don
esian
N
u
rses (S
ismu
lyan
to
)
18
5
were fear
t
o
h
o
l
d
pat
i
e
nt
s’ s dress
an
d pat
i
e
nt
s’s be
d,
7 nu
rses
(
7
.
5
%
)
we
re
fea
r
t
o
ca
re pat
i
e
nt
s’ w
o
u
n
d
, 7
nu
rses (
7
.
5
%
)
were fea
r
t
o
t
a
ke l
a
bo
rat
o
ry
sam
p
l
e
, such as
bl
oo
d a
nd
uri
n
e, 7
nu
rses (
7
.5%
)
we
re fear
t
o
d
o
i
n
fasi
ve
t
r
eat
m
e
nt
t
o
pat
i
e
nt
s,
suc
h
as i
n
fect
i
o
n
,
t
a
ki
ng
i
n
fu
si
on
an
d cat
et
e
r
.
Stigm
a
became problem
or new issue
in nursing practice i
n
health car
e setting. Stigm
a
is a part of
th
e cu
lt
u
r
e, becau
se
o
f
th
e st
ig
m
a
th
at appe
ars a
n
d rooted
cultural
bac
k
gro
und as
health workers, es
pe
cially
n
u
rses. Th
e cu
ltu
re t
h
at m
ean
was
jo
b
s
fact
o
r
, f
acilities
facto
r
, v
a
lu
es factor,
and
k
nowledg
e [8
].
Nu
rse’
s stigm
a
o
n
HI
V a
n
d
AI
DS
patients
has a
h
u
g
e impact, es
pecially in
th
e im
p
l
emen
tatio
n
o
f
n
u
rsing
care
for p
a
tien
t
s with
HIV an
d AIDS in
th
e Ho
sp
ital. Th
erefore, it
was
n
ecessary
to
red
u
ce th
e
stig
ma
of n
u
r
ses f
o
r t
h
e im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of
nu
rsi
n
g
care for
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
HI
V
and
AI
DS.
On
e of t
h
e sol
u
t
i
ons t
o
redu
ce stig
m
a
b
a
sed
o
n
nu
rses’
v
i
ew
was the cu
ltural
ap
p
r
oach
,
nam
e
l
y
the m
odel
t
o
re
duce
st
i
g
m
a
of
HI
V
related
d
i
seases b
y
n
u
rses in
th
e ho
sp
ital in
Ban
yuwang
i
, In
don
esia. Th
is
m
o
d
e
l was d
e
riv
e
d
fro
m
th
e t
h
eory
of
cul
t
u
re
by
L
e
i
n
i
nge
r
[4]
a
n
d m
i
xed wi
t
h
c
once
p
t
u
al
i
z
i
n
g
st
i
g
m
a
by
Li
nk
an
d P
h
el
an
[
5
]
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
The desi
gn
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
was o
b
se
rvat
i
o
nal
st
udi
e
d
, w
h
i
c
h wa
s de
vi
d
e
d i
n
t
w
o sect
i
ons
.
Whi
c
h
one
was
a
des
c
ri
pt
i
v
e e
x
pl
or
at
ory
res
earc
h
and
t
h
e t
w
o
was explanat
ory
researc
h
[9
], and
the
n
viewed by
fact
or
s conc
ei
ved as m
a
ni
fest
vari
abl
e
s. T
h
e ex
pl
anat
i
o
n
aim
e
d t
o
expl
ai
n t
h
e causal
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p be
t
w
een
l
a
t
e
nt
vari
abl
e
s [1
0]
. T
h
e
po
pul
at
i
o
n i
s
al
l
nu
rses
w
o
r
k
ing
in
four ho
sp
itals in
B
a
ny
u
w
an
gi
, In
d
one
si
a.
T
h
e
to
tal sa
m
p
le was 77
respo
n
d
e
n
t
s th
at m
e
t th
e in
clu
s
ion
criteria. In
clu
s
i
o
n
criteria were a
n
u
rse
who
work
ed
at
l
east
1 y
ear e
x
peri
e
n
ce i
n
a
h
o
spi
t
a
l
,
ha
vi
n
g
m
i
nim
u
m
di
pl
om
a degree
, a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g i
n
t
h
e H
I
V
an
d
AI
DS
car
e.
Sam
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
in th
is
r
e
sear
ch is clu
s
ter sam
p
l
i
n
g
.
Th
e i
n
stru
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
in th
is
study w
a
s a
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
, and t
h
e
obs
er
v
a
t
i
on sheet
.
A que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
was u
s
ed
to
measu
r
e tran
scu
ltu
ral, nu
rses’ stig
m
a
,
and
jo
b sat
i
s
fa
ct
i
on. T
h
e o
b
s
e
rvat
i
o
n sh
eet
was use
d
to measure
nursing care discrim
i
nation. The
re
search
pr
oce
d
u
r
e
was
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
1.
Fi
gu
re
1.
R
e
se
arch
Pr
oce
d
u
r
e
o
f
M
o
del
t
o
R
e
duce
Nurses’
stig
m
a
to
Patie
n
t
with HIV and
AIDS
Questions list:
1.
Transcultural fa
ctor:
a.
Jobs factor
b.
Facili
ties
fa
ctor
c.
Values
fa
ctor
d.
Knowledge f
actor
2. Nurses’s stig
ma
3.
Nursing car
e discrimination
4. Jobs satisf
action
1.
To anal
ys
e inf
l
u
e
nce of job fa
ct
or to
nurse
s’stigma
2.
To ana
l
y
s
e inf
l
uenc
e of f
aci
l
ities
factor
to
nurses’
stigma
3.
To an
al
ys
e
influ
e
nce
of v
a
lues
f
actor
to nurse
s’ stigm
a
4.
To analy
s
e inf
l
uence of knowledge
factor
to nurses’
stigma
5.
To
an
al
ys
e
I
n
f
l
ue
nce
o
f
nu
rse
s
’
st
igma
t
o
nurs
i
ng care
dis
c
r
i
min
a
tion
6.
To
an
al
ys
e I
n
flu
e
n
c
e of
nu
rs
es
’
st
igma
t
o
job sa
ti
sfac
ti
on
7.
To an
al
ys
e Inf
l
uen
c
e
of nurs
i
n
g
c
a
r
e
dis
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
ti
on
t
o
job
s
a
tis
fa
c
t
io
n.
Indept-in
t
erview:
nurse
s
Applied of
instrument
Made of
model
Making of
Instr
u
ment
Res
u
lt anal
ys
ed
:
Th
e
m
e
arran
ged
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
1
84
–
19
1
18
6
Fi
rst
st
ep o
f
re
search
pr
oce
d
u
r
e was
beg
u
n
t
h
r
o
ug
h
ind
e
p
t
in
terv
iew to
nurses u
s
ed
q
u
e
stio
n
list, the
resul
t
of i
nde
p
t
-i
nt
ervi
e
w
wa
s anal
y
s
ed t
o
m
a
ke i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
, i
n
st
rum
e
nt
was a
p
pl
i
e
d t
o
nu
rses t
o
an
al
y
s
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce
of
fa
ct
or eac
h
ot
he
r
.
The
res
u
l
t
o
f
i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nts analyzed
was
used to m
a
ke “m
odel to reduce HIV
rel
a
t
e
d st
i
g
m
a
am
ong
I
n
do
nes
i
an n
u
r
ses”.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Th
e resu
lt o
f
path
an
alysis is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Tab
l
e 1
.
Tab
l
e 1 sh
ows th
at all in
d
i
cato
r
s
o
f
t
r
an
scu
ltural
com
pone
nt
s w
e
re st
at
i
s
t
i
cal
ly
si
gni
fi
cant
a
nd
ha
ve i
n
fl
ue
nced
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
t
o
nu
rses
’
s
st
i
g
m
a
(al
l
t>1.
96
).
Transcultural
com
pone
nts are job fact
or
(t
=2
.026), f
acilities factor (t=
3
.084), va
l
u
e
factor (t=
2
.801), a
n
d
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
fac
t
or
(t
=2.178)
,
nu
rses
’s st
i
g
m
a
ha
ve i
n
fl
ue
n
ced si
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
t
o
n
u
rsi
n
g
care
di
scri
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
(t>1
.96
)
, nurses’s stig
m
a
hav
e
influ
e
n
c
ed
sign
ific
an
tly
to
j
o
b
satisfactio
n
(t>1
.96), b
u
t
nu
rsi
ng
care
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on
di
d
n
o
t
ha
ve i
n
fl
ue
nced
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
t
o
j
o
b s
a
t
i
s
fact
i
on
(t
<1
.9
6)
.
Tabl
e
1.
Param
e
t
e
r o
f
Pat
h
C
o
effi
ci
ent
t
o
Lat
e
nt
co
nst
r
uct
a
s
di
rect
i
n
fl
uen
ce an
d i
n
di
rect
i
n
fl
ue
nce
No
Direct
and indirect
inf
l
uence between
endogen
ous and ex
ogeno
us var
i
able
Path
Coef
f
i
cient
par
a
m
e
ter
Sa
m
p
le
Mean
(M)
Stand
a
rd
E
rro
r
T-
S
t
a
t
Value
p
value
1
I
n
flu
e
nc
e
o
f
jo
b f
actor
t
o
nur
ses’
sti
g
m
a
0.
17
4
0.
18
2
0.
08
6
2.
02
6
0.
04
6
2
Inf
l
uen
c
e
of
f
a
cilities
f
a
cto
r
to
nu
rs
es
’
s
t
ig
m
a
0.
27
7
0.
30
3
0.
09
0
3.
08
4
0.
00
3
3
Inf
l
uen
c
e of
v
a
lu
e f
a
cto
r
to
n
u
r
s
e
s
s
t
ig
m
a
.
0.
29
4
0.
29
1
0.
10
5
2.
80
1
0.
00
6
4
Inf
l
uen
c
e
of
kn
o
w
ledg
e f
acto
r
to
n
u
r
s
e
s
’
stig
m
a
0.
25
0
0.
27
5
0.
11
5
2.
17
8
0.
03
2
5
Inf
l
uen
c
e of
nu
rs
es
’ s
t
ig
m
a
to
n
u
r
s
i
ng
care
dis
c
r
i
m
i
nati
on
0.
68
2
0.
69
5
0.
06
0
11.
42
2
0.
00
0
6
Inf
l
uen
c
e of
nu
rs
es
’ s
t
ig
m
a
to
jo
b
s
a
tisf
a
ctio
n
0.
47
6
0.
49
6
0.
13
1
3.
63
2
0.
00
1
7
I
n
flu
e
nc
e o
f
n
u
r
s
i
ng c
a
r
e
d
i
scr
i
m
i
natio
n t
o
j
ob
sati
s
f
acti
o
n.
0.
01
1
0.
19
1
0.
12
7
0.
08
5
0.
93
3
M
odel
t
o
red
u
ce HI
V rel
a
t
e
d
st
i
g
m
a
am
on
g I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
n nu
rses
wa
s
m
a
de
t
o
un
d
e
rst
a
n
d
h
o
w
t
r
ansc
ul
t
u
ral
c
o
m
pone
nt
s ha
ve i
n
fl
uence
d
t
o
red
u
ce n
u
r
s
e
s’s st
i
g
m
a
i
n
nu
rsi
n
g care
.
The m
odel
t
o
red
u
ce
HI
V
rel
a
t
e
d st
i
g
m
a
am
ong
In
do
nesi
a
n
nu
rse
s
i
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
2.
Fi
gu
re
2.
M
o
d
e
l
t
o
re
d
u
ce
HI
V r
e
l
a
t
e
d st
i
g
m
a
am
ong
n
u
r
s
es bas
e
d
o
n
p
a
t
h
way
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Mod
e
l to
Reduce HI
V Rel
a
ted S
tigm
a
Am
ong In
don
esian
N
u
rses (S
ismu
lyan
to
)
18
7
Fig
u
re
2 shows th
at all i
n
d
i
cato
rs of tran
scu
ltu
ra
l co
m
p
onen
t
s
were statistically sig
n
i
fican
t an
d h
a
v
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce
d
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
t
o
n
u
rses
’s st
i
g
m
a
(al
l
t
>
1.9
6
).
Tran
scul
t
u
ral
com
pone
nt
s ar
e jo
b fact
or
(t
=2
.
026)
,
facilities factor (t=
3
.08
4
),
value fact
or (t=2
.801), and knowledge factor
(t=2.1
78),
nurses
’s stigm
a
ha
ve
in
flu
e
n
c
ed
si
gn
ifican
tly to nu
rsi
n
g care d
i
scrimin
a
tio
n
(t
>1
.9
6), nu
rses’s stig
m
a
h
a
v
e
i
n
flu
e
n
ced sign
ifican
tly
t
o
j
ob
sat
i
s
fac
t
i
on (t
>
1
.
9
6
)
,
but
nu
rsi
n
g ca
re di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
i
on
di
d
n
o
t
ha
ve i
n
fl
ue
nced
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
t
o
j
o
b
satisfactio
n
(t<1
.9
6).
3.
1.
Influence
of jobs factor to
n
u
rses
s
t
igm
a
T
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
Infl
ue
nce
of
oc
c
u
pati
onal fa
ct
or t
o
nurses
’ sti
g
m
a
wit
h
t-stati
s
ti
c 2.
0
2
6
(
t
-
statistic>1
.9
6), th
e resu
lt of job
s
fact
o
r
m
a
n
i
fest were
6
8
n
u
r
ses (
8
8.
3%)
a
n
swe
r
e
d
di
d
n
o
t
get
re
wa
rd i
n
t
h
ei
r
jo
bs a
n
d 5
4
n
u
r
ses (
7
0.
1%) a
n
swe
r
e
d
di
d n
o
t
get
heal
t
h
a
ssura
nce
fr
om
HI
V co
nt
a
g
i
o
u
s
. That
s
h
o
w
e
d
j
o
b
s
factor of
nurse
s
we
re
felt decreasing.
Health work
ers
m
u
st be abl
e
to understa
nd the occup
a
tiona
l risk of HIV infection relati
ve to other
infectious di
sea
s
e
s
that are
m
o
re highly
transm
i
ssi
bl
e and co
mm
o
n
ly
found in heath care se
ttings. Underst
a
nding
the associ
ation
of HIV and
AIDS with a
s
su
m
e
d i
m
m
o
ral
and i
m
proper
behaviour
s is
e
s
sential to c
onfronting
perception
s
that
pro
m
ote sti
g
matizing attitudes toward individuals living with
HIV (ny
m
blad
e, co
m
b
ati
ng sti
g
m
a
).
Programmes need to i
n
creas
e jobs
factor
are s
u
pply re
ward a
n
d hea
lth assurance
from
HIV
co
n
t
ag
iou
s
. Reward
is ad
dressed
to p
e
op
le to
rep
a
ir
o
r
i
n
crease th
ei
r pro
d
u
c
tiv
ities. Health
assuran
c
e as
a
form
of c
o
m
p
ensation is
given t
o
worker from
job accide
nt in their offices.
In this
c
a
se,
form
of
health
assur
a
nce
t
o
n
u
rses
i
s
heal
t
h
assur
a
nce
f
r
om
HI
V c
o
nt
agi
o
us.
3.
2.
Influence of
fa
cilities fa
cto
r
to
nurses’ sti
g
ma
There
was
infl
uence
of facilities
factor
t
o
nurses
’ s
tigm
a
with t-statistic
3
.
084 (t
-statistic>1.96), the
result s
h
owe
d
that 26
nurses
(34%
) a
n
s
w
ered less
of
uni
versal precauti
on
num
b
er
a
n
d 32 nurses (41.6%
)
answere
d
less of unive
r
sal
precaution condition.
It m
eans
that available
of num
b
er
and c
o
ndition of
uni
versal
preca
ution tool
we
re still current issue
,
that
problem
shoul
d
be
repaire
d
.
Health w
o
rkers' fears and
m
i
sconc
eption
s a
bout HIV
tran
sm
ission
m
u
st
also b
e
addre
s
sed. Fear of
acquiring HIV
through every
d
ay
contact leads peo
p
le to
take unnec
e
ssa
r
y, often stig
m
a
tising acti
ons.
Thus
progra
m
m
e
s n
e
ed to provide h
ealth workers
with co
m
p
lete i
n
for
m
atio
n abo
u
t how HIV is
and is not transm
itte
d
and how
practi
c
ing univer
s
al
precaution
s
ca
n
allay
their fears. In addition
to basi
c HIV e
p
ide
m
iology
, health
workers
m
u
st
b
e
able
to u
nderstand the
oc
cupa
tional risk
of H
I
V infection
rel
a
tive to
other in
fectious disea
s
e
s
tha
t
are
m
o
re highly
transm
i
s
sable a
nd co
mm
only
found in heath c
a
re setting
s
[
11].
In the phy
sical
environ
m
ent,
progra
m
mes n
e
ed to ensure that health wor
k
ers hav
e
the
infor
m
ation,
supplie
s and eq
uip
m
ent nece
ssary
to
practice universal prec
a
u
tions and prev
ent occupatio
n
a
l
transm
i
s
sion o
f
HIV
.
This include
s gloves for invasive proce
dures, sharp
s
cont
ainers, adequat
e
water and so
ap or disinfect
ant for
handwa
s
hing,
a
nd po
st-expo
su
re prophy
laxis i
n
ca
se of
work-related, potenti
al expo
sure to
HIV. Posting
re
levant
policies, h
a
ndw
ashing
procedur
es or oth
e
r critical infor
m
at
ion
in key
areas in t
h
e health
care
setting ena
b
les
h
ealth
worker to
m
a
int
a
in better qualit
y
of patient care [
11].
3.
3.
Influence
of
values
fac
t
or to nurses
’
s
t
igm
a
There
was i
n
fl
uence
of val
u
e
s
factor to
nurses’ s
tig
m
a
with
t-statistic 2
.
8
0
1
(t-statistic>1
.9
6), t
h
e
r
e
su
lt sh
ow
ed
t
h
at 30
nu
r
s
es (3
9%)
an
sw
er
ed
th
at
H
I
V
wa
s a da
nger dise
ase, 30
nurse
s
(39%
) answe
r
e
d
that
HI
V c
oul
d c
o
n
t
agi
o
u
s
by
sex
u
al
co
nt
act
a
n
d
bl
o
o
d
.
That
m
ean
HI
V c
o
ul
d
vul
nera
bl
e easi
l
y
.
W
h
ile health workers living w
ith HIV
may
face the sa
me k
i
nds of stig
ma
as their patient
s
beca
use o
f
perceived i
m
pr
oper or imm
o
ral behaviours, t
h
eir self-bla
m
e
and sha
m
e
m
a
y
be com
p
ound
ed by
their relatively
higher social an
d educational
st
atus in the co
mm
unity
[
11].
Si
m
ilarly
a
m
on
g health care w
o
rkers, research
sugge
st
s that fear of casual co
ntact and
m
o
ral
j
udgem
e
nt
s
contribute
s
to st
ig
m
a
and discrim
i
n
a
tion direct
ed at clients liv
ing
W
i
th HIV.
Studies in Nige
ria, Mexico, Ethiopia
and Tanza
n
ia h
a
ve found
high
levels of fear
of contagio
n
a
m
on
g he
alth w
o
rkers, which
i
s
related
to a l
ack of
understa
nding o
f
how HIV i
s
a
nd is not
transm
itte
d, and ho
w to protect
on
eself in th
e wor
kplace throu
gh
universa
l
precaution
s
[
1
1
]
.
Health worker
s' fears and
m
i
sc
onception
s abo
u
t HIV tr
ansm
i
ssio
n
m
u
st also
be addressed [11]. Fear o
f
acquiring HIV
through every
d
ay
contact leads peo
p
le to
take unnec
e
ssa
r
y, often stig
m
a
tising acti
ons.
Thus
progra
m
m
e
s n
e
ed to provide h
ealth workers
with co
m
p
lete i
n
for
m
atio
n abo
u
t how HIV is
and is not transm
itte
d
and how
practi
c
ing univer
s
al
precaution
s
ca
n
allay
their fears. In addition
to basi
c HIV e
p
ide
m
iology
, health
workers
m
u
st
b
e
able
to u
nderstand the
oc
cupa
tional risk
of H
I
V infection
rel
a
tive to
other in
fectious disea
s
e
s
tha
t
are
m
o
re highly
transm
i
s
sable a
nd co
mm
only
found in heath c
a
re setting
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
1
84
–
19
1
18
8
3.
4.
Influence
of
k
n
owledge
fa
ctor
to nurse
s stigma
Th
e resu
lt sh
owed
th
ere was in
flu
e
n
ce o
f
k
nowledg
e to
n
u
rses’ stig
m
a
with
t-statisti
c 2
.
1
7
8
(t-
statistic>1
.9
6)
. Th
e
r
e
su
lt sho
w
ed
t
h
at 76
nu
r
s
es (9
8.7%)
k
n
e
w
abo
u
t
H
I
V
tr
an
sm
issio
n
,
71
n
u
r
s
es
(
92.2
%
)
kne
w a
b
o
u
t
H
I
V
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
and
7
2
n
u
r
se
s (9
3.
5%
) k
n
e
w
ab
o
u
t
H
I
V
t
r
eatm
e
nt
. Tha
t
m
ean kn
owi
ng
o
f
nurses was
ave
r
age
.
Actionabl
e key
cau
ses of HI
V-related
stig
ma in th
e co
mm
unity
setting: o
f
awareness of
what
stig
m
a
looks lik
e and
why
it is da
m
a
ging; fear o
f
casual
conta
c
t
ste
m
m
i
n
g
from
in
co
m
p
let
e
knowledg
e abo
u
t HIV
transm
i
ssion;
a
nd value
s
linki
ng people
with
HIV to i
m
pro
p
er or i
m
m
o
ral
behavior
si
m
i
l
a
rly
a
m
ong
hea
lth care
workers [
11].
Studies in
Nige
ria, Mexic
o
, Ethiopia a
nd Tan
zania
have
fou
nd high
level
s
of fear of co
nt
agion a
m
ong
health worker
s, which is relate
d
to a lack of understandi
ng
of how HIV is and
is not transm
itt
e
d, and how to protect
oneself in th
e
workplace thro
ugh univer
s
al p
r
ecaution
s. In
India, a study
of hospital
worke
r
s found that th
ose wh
o
expressed
grea
ter agree
m
e
n
t
with
stig
m
a
t
i
zing st
ate
m
e
n
ts abo
u
t pe
op
le living
with
HIV an
d h
o
spital
discri
m
i
natory
practice
s
were m
o
re likely
to ha
ve incorrect kn
owledge ab
out HIV transm
i
ssi
on [
11].
Knowled
g
e i
s
as a b
e
ing of t
r
ancultural co
mponent. So, int
e
rvention to re
duce
stig
m
a
i
s
addressed to
increase aw
aren
ess a
m
on
g heal
th workers of
w
h
at stig
m
a
is
an
d the ben
e
fits o
f
reducing it is
critical [
11]. Raising
awarene
s
s abou
t stig
m
a
and al
lowing for criti
cal reflection o
n
the neg
a
tive
conse
quen
ces
o
f
stig
m
a
for pa
tients,
such a
s
reduce
d
quality
of care and patient
s
' unwillingne
ss to disclo
se their
HIV statu
s
an
d adhere to treat
m
e
n
t
regi
m
e
ns, are i
m
porta
nt first steps in a
n
y
stig
m
a
-redu
ction p
r
ogra
m
m
e
.
A b
e
tter underst
a
n
d
ing of what
sti
g
m
a
is,
how it
m
a
nife
st
s an
d wh
at th
e
negative
con
s
e
quence
s
are ca
n
help re
duce
sti
g
m
a
an
d di
scri
m
i
n
a
tion
and i
m
prov
e
patient-provider
interactions.
Health w
o
rkers' fears and
m
i
sconc
eption
s a
bout HIV
tran
sm
ission
m
u
st
also b
e
addre
s
sed. Fear of
acquiring HIV
through every
d
ay
contact leads peo
p
le to
take unnec
e
ssa
r
y, often stig
m
a
tising acti
ons.
Thus
progra
m
m
e
s n
e
ed to provide h
ealth workers
with co
m
p
lete i
n
for
m
atio
n abo
u
t how HIV is
and is not transm
itte
d
and how practic
ing universal pr
ecaution
s
can al
lay
their
fears [11].
3.
5.
Influence
of nurses’ stigma to
nursin
g
c
a
r
e
discrimination
Th
e
r
e
su
lt study sh
ow
ed
th
er
e w
a
s inf
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
nu
r
s
es’
stigma to
n
u
r
s
ing
car
e d
i
scr
i
m
i
n
a
tio
n
w
ith
t-
statistic 1
1
.
4
2
2
(t-statistic>1.96
)
, th
e resu
lt sh
owed
th
at
29
nu
rses (
3
7.
7%) u
s
ed s
p
e
s
i
f
i
c
pr
ot
ect
i
on w
h
en
cont
act
e
d
t
o
H
I
V an
d A
I
D
S
pat
i
e
nt
, 3
5
n
u
r
s
es (4
5.
5%) i
s
ol
at
ed t
e
rm
o
m
et
her an
d t
e
nsi
m
et
er whi
c
h c
ont
act
ed
t
o
HI
V a
n
d
A
I
DS
pat
i
e
nt
,
2
6
n
u
rses
(
3
3.
8
%
) i
s
ol
at
ed
w
o
u
n
d
ca
re t
ool
w
h
i
c
h
co
nt
act
ed t
o
HI
V a
n
d
A
I
D
S
pat
i
e
nt
,
22
n
u
r
ses (
2
6.
6%)
were
fear t
o
c
l
ose wi
t
h
H
I
V
and
A
I
D
S
p
a
t
i
e
nt
, 1
2
n
u
r
se
s (1
5.
6%
)
wer
e
fear
cont
act
e
d
wi
t
h
HIV a
nd A
I
D
S
pat
i
e
nt
’s bl
o
o
d
,
an
d 30
nu
r
s
es (3
9%)
wer
e
fear t
o
get
st
abbe
d nee
d
l
e
aft
e
r
cont
act
e
d
t
o
H
I
V
an
d
AI
DS
p
a
t
i
e
nt
.
Ot
he
r st
u
d
y
co
nd
uct
i
n
g by
Li
nk a
n
d Phel
a
n
(2
0
0
1
)
i
n
our co
n
c
ep
tu
alization
,
stig
m
a
ex
ists wh
en
th
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
i
n
t
e
rrel
a
t
e
d
com
pone
nt
s c
o
nve
r
g
e.
I
n
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
com
pone
nt
,
peo
p
l
e
di
st
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
an
d l
a
bel
h
u
m
a
n
di
ffe
re
nces.
I
n
t
h
e sec
o
nd
,
d
o
m
i
nant
cul
t
u
r
a
l
bel
i
e
fs
link lab
e
led
p
e
rsons
to
un
d
e
sirab
l
e
ch
aracteristics—to
negative
stere
o
types. In the third, la
beled
persons are
place
d in
distinct categories so as t
o
accom
p
lish s
o
m
e
deg
r
ee
of
se
p
a
rat
i
o
n
o
f
“
u
s
”
fr
om
“t
hem
.
” I
n
t
h
e f
o
ur
t
h
, l
a
bel
e
d
pe
rso
n
s e
x
peri
e
n
ce st
at
us l
o
ss
an
d
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on t
h
at
l
ead t
o
une
q
u
al
o
u
t
c
o
m
es. Fi
nal
l
y
,
stig
m
a
tizat
io
n
is en
tirely co
ntin
g
e
n
t
o
n
access to
so
cial, economic, an
d
po
litical p
o
w
er th
at allo
w
s
th
e id
en
tification
of d
i
fferen
tn
ess, th
e con
s
tru
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
stereo
typ
e
s, the sep
a
ratio
n of lab
e
led
p
e
rson
s i
n
to
d
i
s
tin
ct
categ
ories, and
th
e fu
ll
ex
ecu
tio
n of
d
i
sapp
rov
a
l
,
reject
i
o
n, e
x
cl
usi
o
n, a
n
d di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on.
Th
us,
we ap
p
l
y
t
h
e t
e
r
m
st
i
g
m
a
when e
l
em
ent
s
of l
a
bel
i
n
g
,
stereo
typ
i
ng
, sep
a
ration
,
statu
s
lo
ss, an
d
d
i
scrim
i
n
a
tio
n
co
-o
ccu
r
i
n
a po
wer situ
atio
n
th
at allows th
e
com
pone
nt
s o
f
st
i
g
m
a
t
o
unf
o
l
d.
W
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
br
i
e
f expl
i
cat
i
o
n of t
h
e st
i
g
m
a
conce
p
t
as bac
k
gr
o
u
n
d
,
we t
u
r
n
t
o
a
m
o
re detailed exam
ination of each com
p
one
n
t we ide
n
tifie
d. Stigm
a
is cons
ist of la
belling,
stere
o
typing until
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on.
Di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on i
s
as
a m
a
ni
fest
of
st
i
g
m
a
l
a
bel
l
i
ng a
n
d st
e
r
eot
y
pi
ng
[
4
]
.
W
ith regard to general
stig
m
a
experienc
e
d b
y
AIDS workers in thi
s
study
, it appear
s that
the gen
e
ra
l
stig
m
a
regardi
ng HIV
⁄
AI
DS
is still
very
m
u
ch pre
s
ent,
although
educ
a
tion-both in
ge
neral and
spec
ific to
HIV
⁄
AIDS – i
s
viewed a
s
bein
g associate
d
wi
th lower stig
m
a
.
W
h
ile it see
m
s that working
with PLHA
m
a
y
not
alway
s
elicit ne
gative resp
onse
s
fro
m
other
s
, and therefore
ma
y
only
be consi
d
ered a
m
i
l
d
ad
verse attribute,
there
is a high degr
ee of stereoty
ping of HIV
⁄
A
I
DS workers a
s
being HIV
positive th
e
m
selves. Such n
e
gativ
e
stereoty
ping, it
can b
e
a
s
su
med
,
carries in
nate
potential for l
o
ss of
statu
s
withi
n
the
co
mmu
n
ity
where HIV
⁄
AIDS
stig
m
a
is
still quite strong, and is further reflected in th
e percep
tion of lower pay
and less professio
n
al respe
c
t [4].
3.
6.
Influence
o
f
n
u
rses’ stig
ma
to
j
o
b
s
a
tisf
ac
tion
There
wa
s i
n
fl
uence
o
f
n
u
rse
s
’ st
i
g
m
a
t
o
j
o
b sat
i
s
fact
i
o
n
wi
t
h
t
-
st
at
i
s
t
i
c
3
.
632 (t
-st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c>1.
96
).
J
o
b
sat
i
s
fact
i
on
de
scri
bes
h
o
w
p
e
opl
e
feel
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
ei
r
jo
bs
-wh
e
t
h
er th
ey
lik
e or
d
i
slik
e th
eir job
s
[12
]
. Jo
b
di
ssat
i
s
fact
i
o
n has bee
n
ci
t
e
d
as t
h
e pri
m
ary
reaso
n
f
o
r hi
g
h
t
u
rn
o
v
er a
nd a
b
se
nt
eei
sm
, whi
c
h i
n
t
u
r
n
p
o
s
es a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Mod
e
l to
Reduce HI
V Rel
a
ted S
tigm
a
Am
ong In
don
esian
N
u
rses (S
ismu
lyan
to
)
18
9
th
reat to
org
a
nizatio
n
s
’ cap
a
cities to
p
r
ov
ide q
u
a
lity se
rv
i
ce an
d
m
eet th
e n
eed
s
o
f
cu
sto
m
ers [1
2
]
. Stu
d
i
es
have s
h
own that dissatisfied em
ployees
are
m
o
re likel
y to
q
u
it th
eir j
o
b
s
or b
e
ab
sen
t
th
an
satisfied
e
m
ployees [12]. There
f
ore, i
n
creasi
ng
job
satisfacti
on a
n
d o
r
ga
ni
zat
i
o
n
a
l
com
m
itm
ent are p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
l
y
go
od
st
rat
e
gi
es f
o
r r
e
duci
n
g
ab
sent
eei
sm
and t
u
r
n
ove
r i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
ns
[
12]
.
Spect
or
’
s
j
o
b sat
i
s
fact
i
o
n
su
r
v
ey
asse
sses
job satisfaction through
nine
job facets: pay, prom
otion, supe
rvision,
fringe be
nefits, continge
nt re
wards
,
ope
rat
i
n
g pr
oc
edu
r
es,
co
-
w
o
r
kers
, nat
u
re of wo
rk
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on
[
1
2
]
.
UNAIDS
d
e
fin
e
s HIV-related
stig
m
a
as “a
p
r
o
cess
o
f
d
e
v
a
lu
ation
of
peo
p
l
e eith
er liv
ing
with
or
associated wit
h
HIV”
[12] . Our study ide
n
tified t
h
re
e differen
t
categories related to
stig
m
a
b
a
sed
o
n
th
e
so
urce an
d
targ
et o
f
sti
g
m
a
t
i
zatio
n
:
i) stigma to
ward
k
e
y
p
opu
latio
n
s
at
risk
s in
so
ciety, ii) stig
m
a
tiz
atio
n
of
p
a
tien
t
s with
HIV-related
illn
esses, an
d
iii) stig
m
a
ex
p
e
rien
ced
b
y
h
ealth
wo
rk
ers
o
r
i
g
in
atin
g
fro
m
so
ciety,
co
lleag
ues, and
fam
ilies. Th
e th
ird
categ
ory o
f
stig
m
a
is
recogn
ized
as “asso
ciated
st
ig
m
a” o
r
“p
erceiv
e
d
stig
m
a
”
th
at in
clu
d
e
s
b
o
t
h
stig
m
a
h
ealth
wo
rk
ers create
and the stigm
a
they expe
rience
as a result of thei
r
work [
1
2]
.
C
onsi
s
t
e
nt
wi
t
h
ot
her st
udi
e
s
, we s
h
ow t
h
at
heal
t
h
w
o
r
k
ers are i
n
fl
ue
n
ced by
c
o
m
m
on
ne
gat
i
v
e
attitu
d
e
s associated
with
drug
u
s
ers and sex
work
er
s [1
2
]
.
As p
a
rt o
f
so
ciety, h
ealth
workers are
un
de
rst
a
n
d
abl
y
i
n
fl
ue
nced
b
y
soci
et
al
nor
m
s
, at
t
i
t
udes,
and
pre
j
udi
ces
[1
2]
.The
ref
o
r
e
, we co
ncl
u
d
e
t
h
at
stig
m
a
to
ward
s th
is profession
h
a
s a n
e
g
a
tive i
m
p
act o
n
em
p
l
o
y
ees’ p
e
rcep
tio
n of th
ei
r wo
rk
,
and
u
lti
m
a
tel
y
t
h
ei
r j
ob sat
i
s
f
act
i
on. Se
veral
st
udi
es ha
ve hi
g
h
l
i
ght
e
d
co
nsi
d
e
r
abl
e
rel
u
ct
ance i
n
si
gni
fi
cant
pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
ons
o
f
h
ealth
staff that wou
l
d
prefer no
t to
wo
rk
with
HI
V-po
sitiv
e p
a
tien
t
s if g
i
v
e
n
th
e ch
o
i
ce [12
]
. Fear
of
i
n
fect
i
o
n i
s
a s
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
co
nt
ri
b
u
t
i
ng
fact
o
r
t
o
t
h
i
s
rel
u
ct
an
ce [1
2]
. Si
m
i
l
a
rl
y
,
ot
he
r st
u
d
i
e
s i
n
Vi
et
nam
have
f
oun
d
a r
e
lu
ctan
ce to
pr
ov
id
e
ser
v
i
ces [
12]
.
In t
h
e
prese
n
t
st
udy
, “
s
ocial evils”
and HIV
asa punis
h
ment
for
practicing soci
ally unacce
ptable
beha
viors
were
attitude
s that cam
e up in t
h
e i
n
tervi
e
ws and disc
ussi
on
gr
o
ups
.
3.
7.
Influence
of nursing care
di
scri
minati
on t
o
job
s
a
tisf
ac
t
i
on
There
was n
o
t
i
n
fl
ue
nce o
f
n
u
rsi
ng ca
re di
s
c
ri
m
i
na
tio
n
to
j
o
b
satisfaction
with
t-statistic 0
.
0
8
5
(t
-
statistic>1
.9
6).
Facto
r
s related
to
j
o
b
d
i
ssatisfactio
n
i
n
clud
ed
un
satisfact
o
r
y
co
m
p
en
satio
n
,
lack
o
f
p
o
sitiv
e
feed
bac
k
an
d
sup
p
o
rt
fr
om
supe
r
v
iso
r
s,
wo
rk
-related
stres
s
fr
om
a heav
y
wo
rkl
o
ad
, fe
ar o
f
in
fection
,
a
n
d
HIV-related stigm
a
because of association
with PLHIV.
An adjuste
d
Spec
tor’s m
odel of
job satisfaction for
HI
V se
rvi
c
e
he
al
t
h
w
o
r
k
er
s
w
a
s de
vel
o
pe
d f
r
o
m
t
h
ese res
u
l
t
s
[
12]
.
Facto
r
s related to
job
d
i
ssatisfactio
n
in
cl
u
d
e
d
u
n
s
atis
fact
o
r
y co
m
p
en
sation
,
lack
o
f
po
sitiv
e feedb
a
ck
and s
u
p
p
o
rt f
r
o
m
supervis
ors
,
wo
rk
-relate
d stress fr
om
a
h
eavy workl
o
a
d
, fear of in
fecti
o
n, and HIV-related
stigm
a
because of ass
o
cia
tion with PL
HIV.
An a
d
justed Spector’s
m
odel
of
job satisfac
tion for
HIV s
e
rvic
e
heal
t
h
wo
r
k
ers
was
de
vel
o
pe
d
fr
om
t
h
ese re
sul
t
s
. S
o
,
t
h
at
was c
o
r
r
ect
nu
rsi
n
g ca
re
di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
i
on
di
d
not
ha
s
in
flu
e
n
ce with
j
o
b
satisfactio
n
[1
2]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Nu
rses s
h
owe
d
st
i
g
m
a
t
i
z
at
ion
w
h
i
l
e
doi
ng
n
u
rsi
ng c
a
re t
o
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
HI
V
and
A
I
D
S
.
Stig
m
a
tizatio
n
was greatest in
lab
e
lled
stig
ma an
d
stereo
t
ypes. Transcultural factors
ha
ve
an i
n
fl
ue
nce o
n
t
h
e
stig
m
a
o
f
nu
rses to
p
a
tien
t
s
with
HIV and AIDS on
t
h
e wo
rk
setting
,
facility, v
a
lu
e and
n
u
rses’
facto
r
.
Di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on am
ong
nu
rses
fo
u
nd t
o
be
pre
v
al
ent
i
n
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
H
I
V /
AI
DS.
T
h
i
s
m
odel
can
be
re
fe
rence
t
o
re
d
u
ce st
i
g
m
a
am
ong
n
u
r
s
es i
n
ca
ri
n
g
H
I
V/
A
I
DS
pat
i
e
nt
s
based
o
n
t
h
ei
rs cul
t
u
re.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The aut
h
o
r
s wi
sh t
o
t
h
an
k t
h
e
research t
eam
s i
n
B
a
ny
uwa
n
gi
, In
d
one
si
a. Thi
s
pa
per w
o
ul
d n
o
t
hav
e
b
een po
ssi
b
l
e
with
ou
t th
ei
r i
n
nov
ativ
e
work
an
d d
e
d
i
cation
to redu
cing
HIV stig
m
a
in
h
ealth
facilities
.
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NC
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[1]
Par
y
ati T., R
a
ksanagar
a A. S
.,
Afriandi I., “Factors that Inf
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HIV and AIDS Patients: Lite
r
a
ture Rev
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[2]
D
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chand A.
, “
A
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[3]
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[4]
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T.
, La
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s
ona M
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h
a
rris
A.,
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IV-related s
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ig
m
a
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eal
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y
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in
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e
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,
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES
OF AUTH
ORS
Sismuly
a
nto
E-m
a
il
:
sis_m
u
l
y
anto@
y
ahoo
.co
.
id
Education:
1. Doctor
al stud
ent of
health
sc
ience in airlangga university
,
2011
.
2. Master
of
Society
S
c
ien
c
e in
UNS, 2010
3. Bachelor’s degree of
Nursing
in Nursing Scien
ce Schoo
l, 2007
4. Diploma III
in
Nursing
science school, 2002
Organisation
an
d Working Exp
e
riences:
1. Associate nur
se in Gen
t
eng
Hosp
ital, September 2002
to ok
tob
e
r 2006
2. Lecture in nur
sing health s
c
ien
ce, 2008
to 2012
3. Lecture in q
a
marul huda nursing he
alth
scien
c
e,
june 2012 up
to now
Stefanus Supriy
anto
P
r
ofes
s
o
r in Dep
a
rtem
ent
of P
ubl
ic He
alth
S
c
i
e
nc
e, Air
l
angg
a Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
Education:
1.
Doctor degr
ee at Pascasarja
na air
l
angga university
, 1994
2.
Master degr
ee at Pascasarja
na air
l
angga university
,1983
3.
Bachelor’s degr
ee at Med
i
cal Faculty
,
Airla
ngg
a University
,
1977
Organisation
And Working Exp
e
riences:
1.
Lecture in Public Health
Depar
t
emen
t, airlangga university
,
1982
to
now
2.
The second d
e
kan assistance
in h
ealth sc
ience, air
l
angga university
, 2000
to 2007
3.
Chief of
talen
t
in
MPK Pascasarjana
, airlangg
a u
n
iversity
, 1998
to now
4.
Chief
in AKM-FKM, airlangga u
n
iversity
, 1995
–
2000
5.
Chief of
talen
t
A
KK (S2) IKM, airlangg
a univ
e
rsity
, 1995
- 1999
Publication:
1. Books
= 6
2. Acr
e
dited jour
nal
& (n
ation
a
l)
= 23
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Mod
e
l to
Reduce HI
V Rel
a
ted S
tigm
a
Am
ong In
don
esian
N
u
rses (S
ismu
lyan
to
)
19
1
Prof. Dr. Nursalam, M.Nurs (Hons) 081339650000
Professor in Nursing,
Airlangga University
.
E-mail: nursalam@fkp.unair.ac.id
Education:
1. Doctor
, Mod
e
l of Nursing
Car
e
for
HIV-AIDS, Postgraduate Programme,
Airlangga University
, 2005
2. Honours Master of
Nursing,, Univ
ersity
of Wollongong, New
South
Wales, Australia, 1997
3. Master
of
Nursing (Coursework),
Univ
. Wollo
ngong, NSW, Australia,1996
4. Med
.
Surgical Nursing,
Lambton Co
llege, Sarn
ia Ontario
Can
a
da, 1991
5. Diploma III
in
Nursing, Sutoma Surabay
a
1988
Organisation
an
d Working Exp
e
riences:
1. Lecturer
and
nurse in Dip
l
oma III
in Nursing
,
Anes
thes
ia,
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
of He
al
th,
RI S
u
raba
ya
(1988 – 1997)
2. Lecturer
in School of Nursing
,
Facu
lty
of
Med
i
cin
e
/ Facu
lty
of
Nursing, Airlan
gga
University
(sin
ce 1998)
3. Vice, Head
, S
c
hool of
Nursing
,
Facu
lty
of
Medicin
e
, UA (1999– 2008)
4. Vice Head, PPNI Educatin
&
Train
i
ng, Ea
st J
a
va Nursing
Association (2000
–
2010)
5. Dean, Facu
lty
of Nursing Air
l
angga University
(2008 –
2010)
6. Nursing Man
a
ger, Airlangg
a
U
n
iversity
Hospital (2011-now)
Publication:
1. Books
= 15
2. Acr
e
dited jour
nal
& (n
ation
a
l
& international)
= 100
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.