Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4,
Dec
2019
, p
p.
4
13
~
418
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v8
i
4.
203
9
8
413
Journ
al
home
page
: htt
ps://
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
E
motion
al eatin
g
,
sna
cking beh
av
i
or
and
n
utrition
al statu
s
amon
g ad
olescents
Yu
li
a R
achm
aw
at
i
1
,
S
apja A
na
n
tanyu
2
,
K
usnand
ar
3
1
Depa
rtmen
t of
Nutrit
ion
,
Pos
tgr
adua
t
ed
Program
,
Univer
si
ta
s Seb
el
as
Mar
et,
Indo
nesia
2,3
Facul
t
y
of
Agr
ic
ult
ur
e, Unive
rs
it
as
Seb
el
as
Mar
et
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
9
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
1
0
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov 15
, 201
9
The
te
nd
ency
to
ea
t
in
response
to
stress
known
as
emotiona
l
eat
ing
(EmE).
Indivi
dual
s
wi
th
EmE
usually
h
as
bee
n
cha
ng
e
the
ir
d
ie
t
ar
y
p
at
t
ern
towar
ds
m
ore
unhea
l
th
y
snac
king
whi
ch
cont
ribute
to
ov
erwe
ight.
Thi
s
st
ud
y
ai
m
s
t
o
exa
m
ine
the
i
nte
rre
la
t
ionship
b
et
wee
n
EmE,
snac
king
b
eha
vior
an
d
nutri
ti
on
al
st
at
us
among
adol
esc
e
nts.
Thi
s
was
an
ana
l
y
t
ic
observ
a
ti
onal
wi
th
a
cro
ss
sec
ti
on
a
l
design
stud
y
.
It
was
conduc
t
e
d
in
Suraka
rt
a,
on
Augus
t
2019.
Total
140
adol
esc
ent
s
ag
ed
14
-
17
y
e
ars
were
sel
ec
t
ed.
The
da
ta
o
f
EmE
were
m
eas
ure
d
b
y
Emoti
onal
Ea
t
er
Que
stionna
ir
e
(E
EQ),
da
ta
o
f
snac
king
beha
v
i
our
m
ea
sured
b
y
food
fre
que
nci
es
questi
onn
ai
re
(FF
Q),
and
BMI
were
m
ea
sured
usin
g
weight
sca
le
and
m
ic
rotoi
c
e.
Data
were
ana
l
y
z
ed
b
y
d
e
script
iv
e,
biva
r
i
at
e
and
bin
ar
y
logi
st
ic
using
SP
S
S
v.
23.
The
re
was
sig
nifi
c
ant
l
y
diffe
r
enc
e
of
EmE
and
snac
k
ing
beha
vior
in
under
weight,
norm
al
,
and
over
weight
ado
l
esc
en
ts.
W
e
f
ound
tha
t
under
weight
(
4.
17±3.16)
and
n
orm
al
indi
vidu
a
ls
(4.
97±4
.
19)
were
not
an
emotiona
l
ea
t
er,
and
le
ss
sw
ee
t
sn
ac
ks
and
sw
eet
drinks
consum
pti
on
while
over
weight
ind
i
vidua
ls
were
an
emotiona
l
eate
r
(14.
26±6.04)
a
nd
ea
t
m
ore
sw
ee
t
snac
ks,
a
nd
sw
ee
t
drinks
(p<
0.
001)
du
rin
g
nega
t
ive
emotiona
l
st
at
es
.
It
was
sho
wn
th
at
emotiona
l
e
at
i
ng
and
snac
king
beha
vior
were
found
higher
in
over
we
ight th
an
under
w
ei
ght
and
norm
al i
ndi
vidua
ls.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Adolesce
nt
Em
otion
al
e
at
i
ng
Nu
t
riti
on
al
s
ta
t
us
Ov
e
rwei
ght
Sn
ac
king
beh
a
vior
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yu
li
a Rac
hm
a
wati
Dep
a
rtm
ent
o
f Nu
t
riti
on
,
P
os
tgra
duat
ed U
niv
ersit
as
Sebela
s Maret
,
Jl. Ir S
utam
i No
.
36 A, P
uca
ngsawit
,
K
ec
. J
e
br
es
, Kota
Sur
akar
ta
,
Jaw
a
T
eng
a
h 5
7126
.
Em
a
il
:
yuli
a.rach
m
awati
66
@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Adolesce
nce
is
a
transiti
on
s
per
i
od
betw
een
chil
dhood
and
a
dult
ho
od.
P
ub
e
rtal
transiti
on
is
char
act
e
rized
by
ph
ysi
cal
ly
grow
t
h,
c
ogniti
ve
an
d
ps
yc
hos
o
ci
al
de
velo
pm
ent.
A
n
a
do
l
escent
will
experienc
e
a
‘p
e
rio
d
of
s
torm
and
stre
ss’
wh
ic
h
em
otion
al
te
ns
io
n
occ
urs
as
the
re
su
lt
of
physi
cal
,
ps
yc
hosoc
ia
l,
and
ho
rm
on
al
changes
.
T
his
sit
uation
m
ake
s
ad
olesce
nts
t
end
to
get
m
or
e
ps
yc
holo
gic
al
stress
a
nd
c
ause
neg
at
ive
em
oti
on
s
s
uch
as
a
nxie
ty
,
de
pr
e
ssion,
a
nd
stress
[
1].
I
n
t
he
sta
te
of
em
otion
al
te
ns
io
n
i
n
r
esp
ons
e
t
o
a
dif
ficult
ex
pe
rience
al
s
o
re
su
lt
s
in
ph
ysi
ol
og
ic
al
an
d
be
hav
i
or
al
c
ha
nges,
inclu
di
ng
e
at
ing
beh
a
vior
[2
]
.
The
te
nde
ncy
to
eat
in
res
po
ns
e
to
t
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
em
otion
s
is
well
know
n
as
em
otion
a
l
eat
ing
(Em
E)
[
3].
So
m
e
ind
ivid
ua
ls
us
e
Em
otion
al
Eat
in
g
(Em
E)
as
a
m
et
ho
d
of
esca
ping
e
m
ot
ion
al
dist
re
ss.
Adolesce
nts
with
e
m
otion
al
eat
ing
dis
order
te
nd
to
feel
exce
s
sive
hu
ng
e
r
a
nd
inc
reasin
g
th
e
fr
e
quency
of
sn
ac
king
s
wee
t
high
energy
-
dense
f
oods
s
uc
h
as
cake,
ic
e
cream
,
ch
oco
la
te
an
d
soda.
Seve
ra
l
stud
ie
s
h
a
ve
sh
ow
n
that
inc
rease
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
of
sn
acki
ng
hab
i
ts
i
m
plicated
i
n
increase
d
bo
dy
weig
ht
and
risk
f
or
ove
r
weig
ht
and
obesi
ty
in
the
var
i
ous
ag
e
group
[
4
-
6].
Moreove
r,
usi
ng
foo
d
in
res
pons
e
to
stre
ss
has
bee
n
ide
nt
ifie
d
as
a
m
e
diator
betwee
n
stre
ssf
ul
li
fe e
xp
e
rien
ce an
d
in
dicat
or
of
obesi
ty
[
7]
.
Accor
ding
to
WHO,
a
ppr
oxim
at
ely
18
%
c
hildr
e
n
a
nd
ad
olescents
a
ge
d
5
-
19
ye
ars
a
r
e
co
ns
ide
re
d
ov
e
r
weig
ht
an
d
obese.
Chil
dren
a
nd
a
do
le
s
cent
with
over
weig
ht
and
ob
esi
ty
are
hig
he
r
risk
f
or
de
ve
lop
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
2252
-
88
06
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci. V
ol.
8
,
No.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
4
13
–
4
18
414
the
sam
e
prob
l
e
m
in
ad
ulth
ood
an
d
cause
m
any
chro
nic
disease
s
,
inclu
ding
c
oro
nar
y
hear
t
disease,
t
ype
2
diabe
te
s,
a
nd
certai
n
canc
ers
[8
-
9].
I
n
I
ndon
e
sia
,
ove
rwei
gh
t
a
nd
obes
it
y
is
still
hig
h
pre
valent.
In
2013
,
pr
e
valence
of
ov
e
rw
ei
ght
am
on
g
ad
olesc
ents
age
d
16
-
18
sti
ll
7
.
3
%
(5
.
7%
over
w
ei
gh
t
;
1
.
6%
obesi
ty
).
Ce
ntral
Java
is
on
e
of
the
hig
he
st
pr
e
valen
ce
of
obesi
ty
case
with
1
.
8%
,
and
S
ur
a
ka
rta
Ci
ty
is
the
hig
he
st
pr
e
valence
of
ov
e
r
weig
ht and
ob
e
sit
y ca
se w
it
h 6.4% a
nd
5.9%
[10].
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
was
a
n
an
al
yt
ic
ob
serv
at
ion
al
with
a
cr
os
s
sect
io
nal
de
s
ign
stu
dy.
It w
as
co
nducte
d
in
four
high
sch
oo
l
in
S
ur
a
kar
ta
,
on
Aug
ust
2019.
Total
popula
ti
on
in
t
his
stud
y
wa
s
2754
ad
olesce
nts,
an
d
sam
ple
siz
e
was
c
ounte
d
by
Op
e
n
Epi
a
pp
li
cat
io
n.
T
ot
al
140
ad
olesc
ents
a
ged
14
-
17
ye
ars
was
sam
pling
by
c
luster
rand
om
sa
m
pl
ing
te
ch
nique.
Su
bject
w
ho
con
s
u
m
ed
anti
-
de
pr
e
ssants
,
anti
-
an
xiety
,
m
oo
d
sta
bili
zers,
anti
-
ps
yc
ho
ti
c
m
edicat
ion
,
app
et
it
e
sti
m
ulant,
a
nd
dr
ugs
sti
m
ulate
weig
ht
gain
wer
e
not
i
nclud
e
d.
Also
,
s
ubj
ect
who was
on m
enstr
ual p
e
rio
d, or
fasti
ng
were exclu
de fr
om
the st
ud
y.
Dep
e
ndent
vari
able
on
this
s
tud
y
wa
s
nutri
ti
on
al
st
at
us
,
a
nd
i
nd
e
pe
nden
t
var
ia
ble
was
e
m
otion
al
eat
ing
a
nd
s
na
ckin
g
beh
a
vi
or.
De
finiti
on
of
nutrit
ion
a
l
sta
tus
in
thi
s
stud
y
was
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
of
ado
le
sce
nts
w
hi
ch
m
easur
ed
by
counted
we
igh
t
(kg
)
per
he
igh
t
(m
2
)
(B
MI)
pe
r
age.
D
efinit
ion
of
em
otion
a
l
eat
ing
in
this
s
tud
y
was
t
he
te
nd
e
ncy
to
eat
in
respo
ns
e
to
the
neg
at
iv
e
em
ot
ion
s
du
rin
g
a
m
on
th
ag
o
wh
ic
h
m
easur
ed
by
Em
otion
al
Eat
er
Q
uestio
nnai
re
(
EEQ
).
EE
Q
c
on
sist
e
d
of
10
qu
est
i
on
a
bout
em
otion
a
l
eat
ing
with
Like
rt
Sc
or
e
0
for
ne
ve
r
,
1
for
s
om
et
i
m
es,
2
f
or
usu
al
ly
,
and
3
f
or
al
ways.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
of
EE
Q
would
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
4
wh
ic
h
0
-
5
was
“non
e
m
ot
ion
al
eat
er”;
6
-
10
was
“Lo
w
em
otion
al
eat
er”;
11
-
20
was
“Em
otion
al
eater
”;
and
20
-
30
was
“Ver
y
E
m
ot
ion
al
Eat
er
”.
S
nac
king
be
hav
i
or
is
fr
e
qu
ency
of
sal
ty
-
s
weet
high
fat
an
d
e
nergy
-
dense
s
nacks
co
nsum
ption
durin
g
a
m
on
th
ag
o
w
hich
m
easur
ed
by
Food
F
re
qu
e
ncy
Qu
est
i
onnaire
(F
F
Q).
FF
Q
will
con
sist
e
d
of
hi
gh
de
ns
i
ty
sn
ack
or
dr
ink
with
Li
kert
scor
e
0
for
nev
e
r,
1 for
2
-
3
ti
m
es
a m
on
th, 2
f
or 2
-
3 t
i
m
es a w
e
ek,
3 f
or
daily
, 4
for
a c
ouple t
i
m
es a d
ay
.
Stat
ist
ic
al
anal
yse
s
wer
e
perf
or
m
ed
with
S
P
SS
V
.23
(
SPS
S
Inc.,
C
hicag
o,
IL,
USA)
.
Norm
al
i
ty
of
data d
ist
ri
bu
ti
on
was
e
xam
ine
d by K
olm
og
orov
-
Sm
irnov
a
nd
non param
et
rics test
w
ere
use
d bec
au
se the
dat
a
wer
e
a
bnorm
al.
Bi
var
ia
te
te
st
betwee
n
eac
h
var
ia
ble
was
e
xam
ined
by
K
r
us
ka
ll
-
W
al
li
s
and
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ney
U
te
st.
Muti
var
ia
te
te
st
was
exa
m
ined
by
Bi
na
ry
Re
gr
e
ssio
n.
Value
of
P<
0
.
005
was
c
onsidere
d
as
sig
nif
ic
ant.
Ano
nym
it
y,
c
onfide
ntial
it
y,
and
w
ritt
en
in
form
ed
con
se
nt
wer
e
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
al
l
su
bject
s.
T
he
tria
l
was
appr
ov
e
d
by
the
Ethic
s
Com
m
ittee
of
Me
dicine
F
acult
y
of
Se
belas
Ma
ret
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
S
ur
a
kar
t
a
No.31
4/UN2
7.06
/
KEPK/2
01
9
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
stic of su
bj
e
cts
At
the
be
ginning
of
the
st
udy,
144
sub
j
ect
s
pa
rtic
ipate
d
in
this
stud
y,
bu
t
f
our
s
ubj
e
ct
s
did
not
com
plete
the
quest
io
nn
ai
re
a
nd
excl
ud
e
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
anal
ysi
s
was
perform
ed
on
140
s
ubj
ect
s
who
c
om
pleted
the
stu
dy.
Characte
risti
cs
of
the
stu
dy
popu
la
ti
on
in
cl
ud
in
g
a
ge,
grade
,
po
c
ket
m
on
ey
,
par
e
nt’s
e
duca
ti
on
,
par
e
nt’s
occupati
on,
a
nd
fam
il
y
income
wer
e
pr
es
ented
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
m
ajor
it
y
of
su
bject
s
(
58.6%)
wer
e
11
th
grade
stu
den
t
i
n
high
sc
hool
,
a
nd
the
rest
were
10
th
gra
de.
B
ased
on
the
av
erage
poc
ket
m
on
ey
,
77.
9%
of
s
ubj
ect
s
had
a
n
av
era
ge
po
c
ke
t
m
on
ey
w
hich
was
20.807.00
ID
R
pe
r
day.
The
m
ajo
riti
es
of
s
ubj
ect
’s
par
e
nt
wer
e
ba
chelo
r,
a
nd
worked
as
pr
i
vate
em
plo
ye
es,
or
e
ntre
pr
e
neurs,
wh
il
e
t
he
m
ajo
rity
of
s
ubj
ec
t’s
m
oth
ers
we
re
hous
e
wives
.
The
m
a
j
or
it
y
of
sub
j
ect
'
parents
had
an
in
com
e
above t
he
S
ura
kar
ta
Ci
ty
Regi
on
al
Mi
nim
u
m
W
a
ge
in
20
19
wh
ic
h
was 1.
802.7
00.
00 IDR
p
e
r
m
on
th
.
Table
1.
C
har
a
ct
erist
ic
o
f
s
ub
j
ect
s
Categ
o
ry
F
%
Ag
e (
y
ears
)
14
15
16
17
5
57
68
10
3
.6
4
0
.7
4
8
.6
7
.1
Grade
1
0
(
1
st
g
rade)
1
1
(
2
nd
g
rade)
58
82
4
1
.4
5
8
.6
Po
ck
et M
o
n
ey
*
Un
d
er
Av
erage
Ab
o
v
e Average
109
31
7
7
.9
2
2
.1
Fath
er
Edu
catio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Em
otional e
ating, s
nacki
ng
be
ha
vi
or
and n
ut
rit
ion
al stat
us
amo
ng ad
olesc
ents (
Yu
li
a R
ac
hmawa
ti
)
415
Ele
m
en
ta
ry
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Un
iv
ersity
5
12
57
66
3
.6
8
.6
4
0
.7
4
7
.1
Fath
er
Oc
cu
p
atio
n
Civ
il servan
ts
State
-
O
wn
E
n
terpr
ises
Enterp
reneu
r/priv
a
te e
m
p
lo
y
ee
Far
m
e
r/L
ab
o
rer
Retired
34
7
81
15
3
2
4
.3
5
.0
5
7
.9
1
0
.7
2
.1
Fath
er
Inco
m
e*
*
<Reg
io
n
al M
in
i
m
u
m
W
ag
e
≥Reg
io
n
al M
in
i
m
u
m
W
ag
e
18
122
8
.6
9
1
.4
Moth
er
Edu
catio
n
Ele
m
en
ta
ry
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Un
iv
ersity
6
10
59
65
4
.3
7
.1
4
2
.1
4
6
.4
Moth
er
Occup
atio
n
Civ
il servan
ts
State
-
O
wn
E
n
terpr
ises
Enterp
reneu
r/priv
a
te e
m
p
lo
y
ee
Far
m
e
r/L
ab
o
rer
Ho
u
sewiv
es
29
2
39
1
69
2
0
.7
1
.4
2
7
.9
0
.7
4
9
.3
Moth
er
Inco
m
e*
*
No
inco
m
e
<Reg
io
n
al M
in
i
m
u
m
W
ag
e
≥Reg
io
n
al M
in
i
m
u
m
W
ag
e
69
20
51
4
9
.3
1
4
.3
3
6
.4
No
te:
(*)
Average
of
po
ck
et
m
o
n
ey
2
0
.80
7
,0
0
I
DR p
er
day
(**
)
Su
rakarta
Reg
io
n
al M
in
i
m
u
m
W
ag
e 20
1
9
was 1.8
0
2
.70
0
,00
I
DR p
er
m
o
n
th
3.2.
Bi
vari
at
e
a
n
aly
sis
Nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
distri
bu
ti
on
ba
sed
on
ge
nd
e
r
is
pr
ese
nted
i
n
Table
2.
It
can
be
seen
tha
t
the
m
ajo
rity
of
sub
j
ect
s
(
53.
6%)
are
fem
ale.
The
prevale
nce
of
unde
rwei
gh
t
a
do
le
sce
nts
in
t
his
stu
dy
wa
s
8.5%,
with
a
higher
pr
e
vale
nce
of
un
derw
ei
gh
t
am
on
g
boys
(
5.0%)
th
an
girls
(3.6
%
).
Most
(
67.
1%
)
of
su
bject
s
wer
e
norm
al
with
t
he
pr
e
valence
of
norm
al
a
m
on
g
girls
(40.0%
)
we
re
highe
r
than
bo
ys
(
27.
1%).
T
he
pr
e
valenc
e
of
ov
e
r
weig
ht
in
this
stu
dy
is
relat
ively
high
at
24.
3%
with
the
pr
e
va
le
nce
of
over
weig
ht
a
m
on
g b
oys
(14.3%)
h
i
gh
e
r
t
han g
i
rls (1
0.0
%).
Table
2.
C
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s o
f
subj
ect
base
d o
n nu
t
riti
on
al
stat
us
a
nd
gender
Bo
y
s
Girls
Total
P
*
n
%
n
%
n
%
Un
d
erwe
ig
h
t
7
5
.0
5
3
.6
12
8
.5
0
.12
6
No
r
m
al
38
2
7
.1
56
4
0
.0
94
6
7
.1
Ov
erwe
ig
h
t
20
1
4
.3
14
1
0
.0
34
2
4
.3
Total
65
4
6
.4
75
5
3
.6
140
100
*
C
hi
-
sq
u
are
test w
ith
sig
n
if
ican
t p<0
.
0
5
These
present
stud
y
s
howe
d
that
the
pr
e
val
ence
of
a
dole
s
cents
wit
h
no
r
m
al
nu
trit
ion
al
sta
tus
was
67.1%,
u
nder
weig
ht
was
only
aro
und
8.5
%
;
wh
il
e
over
weig
ht
was
relat
ively
hig
h
at
24.3
%
.
T
his
r
esult
is
consi
ste
nt
with
the
sit
uation
in
I
ndonesi
a
w
hich
sti
ll
exp
er
ie
ncing
double
burd
e
n
pro
ble
m
s
[1
1].
The
present
resu
lt
s
s
uppo
rt
the
pr
i
or
rese
arch
w
ho
f
ou
nd
a
hi
gh
e
r
pr
e
valence
of
underweig
ht
am
on
g
m
al
e
ado
le
scent
s
than
fem
al
e
ado
le
scents
[
12]
.
Howe
ver
,
fro
m
the
chi
-
squa
re
te
st
the
differenc
e
of
nutrit
ion
al
sta
tus
ba
sed
on
gende
r
was
not
sta
ti
sti
cally
sign
ific
a
nt.
T
his
was
al
so
c
on
sist
e
nt
with
the
pr
i
or
res
e
arch
who
f
ou
nd
t
hat
gende
r
di
ff
e
re
nces
wer
e
not
relat
ed
to
nutri
ti
on
al
sta
tus
[13].
But
a
no
t
he
r
stu
dy
f
ound
that
over
weig
ht
was
cl
os
el
y c
orrelat
ed wit
h gende
r
[14
]
.
The
di
ff
e
ren
ce
of
em
otion
al
eat
ing
an
d
s
nac
king
be
ha
vio
r
base
d
on
the
nutrit
ion
al
sta
tu
s
of
s
ubj
ect
s
wer
e
prese
nted
in
Ta
ble
3.
It
ca
n
be
se
e
n
that
the
a
ve
rag
e
of
em
otion
al
eat
ing
sc
or
e
of
s
ubj
ect
s
with
unde
rw
ei
gh
t,
norm
al
,
and
ove
rw
ei
ght
we
re
4.17±
3.16,
4
.
97±
4.1
9,
14.
26±
6.0
4,
res
pe
ct
ively
.
Fr
om
the
Kru
sk
al
W
al
li
s
te
st,
ob
ta
i
ned
p
value<
0.001
wh
ic
h
m
eans
there
w
ere
dif
fer
e
nces
in
e
m
ot
ion
al
eat
ing
sc
or
es
base
d
on
the
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
of
s
ubj
ect
s.
In
Ta
ble
3
al
so
co
uld
be
se
en
the
f
re
qu
e
nc
ie
s
of
sn
ac
k
co
ns
um
ption
with
in
dicat
or
s
of
s
weet
sn
ac
ks
,
sal
ty
sn
acks,
on
e
m
eal
dish
an
d
sweet
dr
i
nk
s
.
The
sc
ore
of
s
weet
sn
a
ck
c
onsu
m
ption
i
n
unde
rw
ei
gh
t,
norm
al
,
and
over
weig
ht
s
ubje
ct
s
wer
e
1.3
9±0
.57,
2.41±
0.79,
5.08±
1.81
resp
e
ct
ively
,
with
p
val
ue<0.0
01.
T
he
sco
re
of
sal
ty
sn
a
cks
co
nsum
ption
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
2252
-
88
06
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci. V
ol.
8
,
No.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
4
13
–
4
18
416
unde
rw
ei
gh
t,
norm
al
and
ov
e
r
weig
ht
subj
ect
s
we
re
2.06±
0.57,
3.34±
1.19,
5.40±2.1
9,
res
pect
ively
,
with
a
p
val
ue
<0.001.
The
scor
e
of
one
dish
m
eal
consum
ption
in
unde
r
weig
ht,
norm
al
and
ov
e
rw
ei
gh
t
su
bject
s
we
re
1.81
±
0.73,
2.6
0±1
.
22,
3.8
6
±
1.47
res
pecti
ve
ly
,
with
p
val
ue<0.0
01.
The
sco
re
of
s
wee
t
sn
ac
k
consum
ption
i
n
unde
rw
ei
gh
t
,
no
rm
al
,
and
over
weig
ht
s
ubj
ect
s
we
re
1.93±
0.94,
2.8
6±1.5
0,
4.7
4±2.2
6
resp
ect
ively
,
with
p
val
ue<
0.001.
T
her
e
f
ore,
there
wer
e
sign
ific
ant
di
ff
e
ren
ces
in
th
e
sn
acki
ng
be
hav
i
or
(sw
eet
sn
ac
k, s
al
ty
sn
ack,
one
d
is
h
m
eal
, s
weet dr
i
nk)
am
on
g u
nder
weig
ht
, nor
m
al
an
d o
verweig
ht s
ubje
ct
s.
Table
3.
Dif
fere
nce
of
em
otion
al
eati
ng
a
nd
sn
ac
king
beh
a
vior
based o
n n
utriti
on
al
stat
us
Un
d
erwe
ig
h
t
No
r
m
al
Ov
erwe
ig
h
t
p
*
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Emotio
n
a
l E
a
tin
g
No
n
-
EE
LEE
EE
VEE
Rerata
2
.38
7
.75
-
-
4
.17
1
.68
2
.06
-
-
3
.16
2
.62
8
.14
1
4
.00
2
1
.50
4
.97
1
.99
1
.41
1
.41
0
.71
4
.19
2
.50
7
.86
1
4
.71
2
1
.86
1
4
.26
3
.53
1
.21
2
.93
1
.36
6
.04
<0
.00
1
*
<0
.00
1
*
<0
.00
1
*
<0
.00
1
*
<
0
.00
1
*
Sn
acki
n
g
Beh
av
io
u
r
Sweet Snack
s
Salty
Sn
acks
On
e dis
h
m
eal
Sweet
D
rink
1
.39
2
.06
1
.81
1
.93
0
.57
0
.57
0
.73
0
.94
2
.41
3
.34
2
.60
2
.86
0
.79
1
.19
1
.22
1
.50
5
.08
5
.40
3
.86
4
.74
1
.81
2
.19
1
.47
2
.26
No
te:
No
n
-
EE
:
No
n
-
E
m
o
tio
n
al
Eate
r
;
LE
E:
Low
E
m
o
ti
o
n
al
Eater
;
E
E:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
E
ater;
V
EE
:
Ve
ry
E
m
o
tio
n
al
Eater
Eater;
*
Uji
Krus
k
al W
a
llis test
sig
n
if
ik
an
p<
0
.05
Fr
om
the
pres
ent
res
ults,
em
otion
al
eat
i
ng
occurre
d
am
ong
49.3
%
of
s
ubj
ect
s
both
bo
ys
and
gi
rls.
Howe
ver,
the
pr
e
valence
of
e
m
otion
al
eat
ing
am
on
g
girl
s
was
sli
gh
tl
y
higher
t
ha
n
bo
ys.
It
wa
s
co
nsi
ste
nt
with
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
resea
rch
wh
ic
h
f
ound
t
hat
em
otion
al
eat
ing
we
re
higher
pr
e
vale
nt
in
gi
rls
tha
n
boy.
This
was
bec
ause
w
om
en
te
nd
to
e
xper
ie
nced
neg
at
i
ve
em
otion
s
su
c
h
as
stres
s
(p
e
rceive
d
stre
ss),
worr
y
(wo
rr
ie
s
),
a
nd
an
xiety
(anxiet
y)
ps
y
cho
l
og
ic
al
ly
,
wh
il
e
m
en
te
nd
to
ex
pe
rienc
ed
neg
at
ive
e
m
ot
ion
s
on
ly
c
onfusio
n
(con
fu
se
d
m
oo
d)
f
eel
ing
[
15]
.
But,
f
ro
m
the
res
ults
of
the
aver
a
ge
em
otion
al
eat
in
g
sc
ore
by
gende
r,
it
was
fou
nd
t
hat
the
aver
a
ge
em
oti
on
al
eat
in
g
sc
ore
am
on
g
bo
ys
was
hi
gher
th
an
gi
rls,
al
th
ough
not
sign
ific
a
ntly
diff
ere
nt.
T
his
cou
l
d
be
ca
use
d
by
the
pr
e
va
le
nce
of
over
weig
ht
boys
w
as
higher
t
han
girls
.
This
was
s
up
ported
by
pr
i
or
resea
rch
wh
i
ch
f
ound
that
e
m
otion
al
eat
ing
wer
e
hig
he
r
prevale
nt
am
on
g
ov
e
r
weig
ht tha
n unde
rw
ei
gh
t
ind
ivi
du
al
s
[16]
.
Em
otion
al
eat
ing
wa
s
us
ua
ll
y
cause
d
by
se
ve
ral
fact
or
s
suc
h
as
al
exithy
m
ia
,
e
m
otion
al
re
gu
la
ti
on,
and
ge
netic
dis
orders.
Gen
et
ic
facto
rs
wer
e
r
el
at
ed
to
the
H
ypoth
al
am
ic
Pi
tuit
ary
A
dr
e
nal
(H
PA)
respo
nse
t
o
stress
by
co
rtisol
secreti
on,
th
rou
gh
a
syst
em
ca
ll
ed
the
s
ero
t
on
e
rg
ic
br
ai
n
syst
em
.
In
the
ser
otone
rg
i
c
br
ai
n
syst
e
m
,
the
se
ro
t
on
i
n
trans
porter
gen
e
(
5
-
HTT
-
SLC
6A4
)
had
to
regul
at
e
sero
to
nin
secreti
on
wh
ic
h
will
sta
bili
ze
app
et
it
e
and
body
weig
ht.
I
f
the
re
was
a
dis
r
up
ti
on
in
the
sero
t
on
e
r
gic
brai
n
syst
em
s
uch
a
s
the o
cc
urren
ce
of
po
ly
m
or
phis
m
s
in
the 5
-
HT
TLPR al
le
le
g
ene,
it
w
il
l caus
e a d
ecrease i
n sero
t
on
i
n
secre
ti
on
and cau
se f
eel
i
ng
s
of
de
pr
es
sion an
d
ca
us
e
e
m
ot
ion
al
eati
ng
disorde
rs [
17]
.
The
prese
nt
res
ults
sh
owe
d
a
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
s
nac
king
fr
eq
ue
ncies
wi
th
nu
t
riti
on
al
s
ta
tus
us
in
g
BM
I
per
age
i
nd
ic
at
ors.
W
e
fou
nd
t
hat
higher
fr
e
quencie
s
of
sn
ac
king
would
posit
ive
ly
aff
ect
s
the
BM
I
scor
e
.
T
his
res
ults
suppo
rted
by
a
co
hort
s
tud
y
w
hich
f
ound
that
peopl
e
who
highly
fr
e
qu
e
nt
of
s
na
ckin
g
exp
e
rience
d
si
gn
i
ficant
wei
ght
gain
duri
ng
the
f
ollow
-
up
stud
y.
Indivi
dual
s
with
high
ly
fr
eq
uen
t
s
na
ckin
g
beh
a
vior
ha
d
69%
hi
gh
e
r
risk
of
over
weig
ht
and
obesi
ty
[1
8].
F
ro
m
the
pr
ese
nt
res
ults
was
al
so
f
ound
tha
t
unde
rw
ei
gh
t
t
o
norm
al
ado
le
scents
pr
e
ferr
ed
to
co
nsum
e
the
ty
pe
of
sa
lt
y
sn
acks.
O
ve
rw
ei
gh
t
a
dole
scents
pr
e
ferred
the
t
ype
of
s
weet
s
nacks
an
d
s
uga
ry
dri
nks.
Foo
d
pr
e
fer
e
nces
ba
sed
on
nutrit
ion
al
sta
t
us
the
or
y
was
repor
te
d
that
i
nd
i
viduals
wit
h
ove
rw
ei
gh
t
and
obese
te
nd
to
li
ke
s
nac
ks
wit
h
sweet
ta
ste
(b
rea
d,
cakes,
biscuits,
c
hoco
la
te
),
or
s
weet
an
d
m
i
lky
dri
nk
s
(tea,
c
off
ee,
ch
oc
olate
).
U
nde
rw
ei
gh
t
ind
ivi
du
al
s
te
nd
t
o
choose
boil
ed snac
ks
, fr
uit an
d dairy
product
s.
3.3.
M
ultiv
ari
at
e
a
na
l
ys
is
Mult
ivariat
e
analy
sis
betwee
n
em
otion
al
e
at
ing
,
s
nac
king
beh
a
vior
a
nd
nu
trit
io
nal
s
ta
tus
we
re
pr
ese
nted
in
T
able
4.
It
was
known
t
hat
th
e
em
otion
al
eat
ing
va
riable
ha
d
p
val
ue=0.
008
a
nd
sweet
sn
ac
k
var
ia
bles
ha
d
p
value
<
0.001
,
so
it
was
sta
ti
sti
cal
ly
sign
ific
ant.
I
n
ot
her
w
ords,
em
otion
a
l
eat
ing
va
riabl
es
an
d
sweet
sn
ac
k
c
onsu
m
ption
sim
ultaneo
us
ly
af
f
ect
the
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
of
s
ubj
ect
s
.
Wh
il
e
ot
her
var
ia
bles
su
c
h
as
the
sal
ty
sn
acks
(
p=
0.080),
one
m
eal
dis
h
(
p=0.19
1),
a
nd
s
weet
dri
nk
s
(p
=
0.1
49)
c
onsu
m
ption
were
not
sta
ti
sti
cally
si
gn
i
ficant
(>0.0
5)
so
these
va
riables
wer
e
not
sim
ultaneousl
y
aff
ect
t
he
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
t
us
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Em
otional e
ating, s
nacki
ng
be
ha
vi
or
and n
ut
rit
ion
al stat
us
amo
ng ad
olesc
ents (
Yu
li
a R
ac
hmawa
ti
)
417
su
bject
s.
F
ro
m
the
resu
lt
s
a
bove
we
obta
in
ed
the
re
gressi
on
eq
uatio
n
Y
=17.13
1+0.18
3
X
1+2.21
3
X2
-
0.4
93
X3
-
0.3
81
X4
-
0.3
04 X5 a
nd
re
su
lt
ed
as
R
2
68
.9
%
.
Tabel
4.
Re
gr
e
ssion o
f
em
otion
al
eati
ng, sn
ack
beh
a
vior
a
nd nutrit
io
nal s
ta
tus
Nu
trition
al Status
(Bo
d
y
M
ass
Ind
ex
)
B
t
CI 95
%
p*
R
2
Lower
Up
p
er
Emotio
n
a
l E
a
tin
g
0
.18
3
2
.71
1
0
.05
0
0
.31
7
0
.00
8
*
0
.
689
Sn
acki
n
g
Beh
av
io
u
r
Sweet Snack
s
Salty
Sn
acks
On
e dis
h
m
eal
Su
g
ary
D
rink
2
.21
3
-
0
.49
3
-
0
.38
1
-
0
.30
4
5
.58
7
-
1
.76
4
-
1
.31
4
-
1
.45
2
1
.42
9
-
1
.04
6
-
0
.95
3
-
0
.71
8
2
.99
6
0
.06
0
0
.19
2
0
.11
0
<0
.00
1
*
0
.08
0
0
.19
1
0
.14
9
No
te: Non
-
EE
:
No
n
-
Emotio
n
a
l E
a
ter
; L
E
E:
Lo
w
Emoti
o
n
a
l
Eater
; E
E:
E
mo
tio
n
a
l
Eater
; VE
E:
Very
Emotio
n
a
l E
a
ter E
a
ter
; *B
in
ary
L
in
ier
Reg
ressio
n
test
sig
n
if
ican
t
p
<0
.05
In
this
st
udy,
it
was
kn
own
t
hat
the
re
was
a
relat
io
nship
bet
ween
e
m
otion
al
eat
ing,
s
nac
king
beh
a
vior
,
an
d
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
t
us
.
Em
otion
al
eat
ing
disor
ders
can
cha
nges
t
he
s
nac
king
be
hav
i
or
an
d
co
nt
ribu
te
to
c
hange
d
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tu
s.
In
an
oth
e
r
w
ords,
in
div
id
ual
with
em
otion
al
eat
ing
or
known
as
em
otion
al
eat
e
r
te
nd
t
o
c
on
s
um
ed
highe
r
f
r
equ
e
nt
of
sn
ac
king
wh
ic
h
ca
us
e
higher
bo
dy
m
ass
ind
ex
w
hich
c
ontrib
utes
t
o
ov
e
r
weig
ht.
T
his
res
ult
s
upported
by
pr
e
vious
st
ud
y
w
hich
f
ound
th
at
ov
e
r
weig
ht
ind
i
viduals
t
end
t
o
ov
e
reati
ng
du
r
ing
em
otion
al
sta
te
s
com
par
ed
to
unde
rw
ei
gh
t
or
norm
al
ind
ivi
du
al
s
[
18]
.
Pr
evi
ous
res
earc
h
al
so
f
ound
tha
t
ado
le
sce
nts
wh
o
e
xp
e
rienc
ed
em
otion
al
eat
ing
te
nd
to
consum
e
swe
et
high
ene
r
gy
-
de
nse
foo
ds
[
15]
.
T
hi
s
was
al
s
o
found
t
hat
em
oti
on
al
eat
in
g
wa
s
posit
ively
rel
at
ed
to
highe
r
consum
ption
of
hi
gh
energy
-
dense,
sweet, a
nd
high
fat sn
ac
k [
20]
.
Chil
dr
e
n
or
ad
olescents
w
ho
wer
e
ex
pe
rien
ced
em
otion
al
eat
ing
te
nd
to
had
re
strai
ne
d
eat
er
hab
it
s
befor
e
.
Indivi
dual
s
who
usual
ly
restrained
eat
ing
wer
e
us
ua
ll
y
able
to
con
tr
ol
their
eat
i
ng
strat
e
gies
w
hen
th
e
e
m
otion
al
sta
t
e
is
neu
tral
or
po
sit
ive
,
bu
t
w
hen
e
xp
e
rience
d
st
ress
or
a
nother
ne
gative
e
m
ot
ion
s,
it
bec
a
m
e
un
c
ontr
ollable
so
it
aff
ect
ed
the
eat
ing
beh
a
vior
[
21
]
.
The
interrela
ti
on
s
hip
bet
we
en
em
otion
al
eat
ing
,
sn
ac
king
be
ha
vior
an
d
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
al
so
supporte
d
by
pr
io
r
stu
dy
wh
ic
h
fou
nd
that
f
ood
was
a
com
fo
rting
age
nt
that
p
r
ov
i
de
s
com
fo
rt
afte
r
co
ns
um
ed
[
22]
.
Ph
ysi
ol
og
ic
a
ll
y,
sn
ack,
esp
eci
al
ly
sweet
sn
ack
s,
con
ta
ine
d
t
rypt
opha
n
wh
ic
h
c
an
help
i
ncr
eas
ed
the
ser
otoni
n
horm
on
e
w
hi
ch
raise
sense
of
ha
ppiness
,
calm
,
and
reducin
g
t
he
ne
gative
e
m
ot
ion
s
[
23]
.
Con
se
quently
,
increase
d
of
cal
or
ie
intake
and
im
balance
su
ga
r,
high
fat,
l
ow
fiber
diet
co
ntribute
s
to
higher
BM
I
an
d
risk
of
over
weig
ht
a
nd
obesi
ty
[24].
So
m
ehow,
it
coul
d
be
al
so
becom
e
a
recipr
oc
al
relat
ion
sh
i
p
wh
ic
h
in
div
i
du
al
with
ove
rw
ei
gh
t
a
nd
obesi
ty
cou
l
d
be
ver
y
e
m
oti
on
al
eat
ing
a
nd
in
flue
nced
the
fr
e
quencies
of
sna
ckin
g
that
cause
the
over
weig
ht
or
ob
esi
ty
cou
l
d get w
ors
e [
25
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
c
rease
d
f
re
quency
of
high
densi
ty
sn
ack
consum
ption
due
to
em
otion
a
l
eat
ing
c
orrela
te
d
with
an
increase
d
of
body m
ass ind
ex
and
c
ontrib
utes
to
over
weig
ht.
A
nd it
w
as s
how
n
that em
otion
al
eati
ng
diso
r
der
and
sweet
-
hi
gh
de
ns
it
y
sn
ac
king
be
ha
vior
wer
e
fou
nd
hi
gh
e
r
in
over
w
ei
gh
t
tha
n
unde
rw
ei
gh
t
a
nd
norm
al
ind
ivi
du
al
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
are
tha
nkf
ul
to
the
sub
j
e
ct
who
kindly
pa
rtic
ipate
d
in
this
tria
l.
W
e
al
so
decla
red
there
is
none
confli
ct
o
f
inte
rest.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Miche
ls,
N.
,
e
t
al.,
“
Stress,
Emotiona
l
E
a
ti
ng
Beha
v
ior
and
Dietar
y
P
at
t
ern
in
Chil
dre
n”.
Appe
t
ite
,
59:
762
-
769.
20
12.
[2]
W
ard
le
,
J.,
e
t
al
.
,
“
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ity
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A
m
eta
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B.
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at
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Sc
al
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Mea
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t
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ng
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eha
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t
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SSN
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88
06
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci. V
ol.
8
,
No.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
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:
4
13
–
4
18
418
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F.E
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et
a
l.
,
“
Relat
ion
be
t
wee
n
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at
ing
hab
it
s
and
a
high
bo
d
y
m
ass
inde
x
a
m
ong
fre
shm
an
student
s:
a
cro
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-
sec
ti
on
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stud
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”
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J Am
Col
l
Nutr
31(3):167
-
74.
20
12.
[6]
Sm
et
ani
na,
N.
,
e
t
al.,
“
Preva
le
n
c
e
of
over
weigh
t/obesit
y
in
re
latio
n
to
die
t
ar
y
hab
i
ts
and
li
fest
y
l
e
a
m
ong
7
–
17
y
ea
r
s
old
ch
il
dre
n
and
adol
esc
ent
s in
L
i
thua
ni
a”
.
BMC
Publ
ic Health
1
5,
1001:1010
.
20
15.
[7]
Gree
nfield,
E
.
A.
,
Marks,
N.
F.,
“
Viole
nce
fro
m
par
ent
s
in
chi
ldhood
and
obe
sit
y
in
adu
lt
hoo
d:
Us
ing
food
in
response
to
st
res
s a
s
a
m
edi
at
o
r
o
f
risk”.
Soc
ial Sc
ie
nc
e
&
Me
dic
in
e,
68
,
791
–
798
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2009.
[8]
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N.
,
et
al.,
“
Infla
m
m
at
ion
as
a
li
nk
bet
we
en
obesi
t
y
,
m
etabolic
s
y
ndrom
e
and
t
y
p
e
2
di
abe
t
es”
.
Diabete
s
Re
search
and
Cl
ini
cal P
rac
ti
c
e,
105,
141
–
150
.
2
014.
[9]
La
vi
e,
C.
J
.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Obesit
y
and
c
ard
iova
scu
la
r
di
sea
se:
Risk
facto
r,
par
adox
,
and
i
m
pac
t
of
weight
loss”.
Journal
o
f
the
Ame
rican
Co
ll
eg
e
of
Cardiol
ogy,
53
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–
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932.
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[10]
Sant
oso,
B.
,
et a
l.
,
“
Basic
Hea
l
th
Resea
r
ch
of
Ce
ntra
l
Java
Provin
ce
y
e
ars
of
2013
”
.
Li
tb
angke
s:
Ja
kar
ta.
2013
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[11]
Hana
ndita,
W
.
,
Ta
m
pubolon,
G.,
“
The
doub
l
e
burde
n
of
m
al
nutrition
in
In
donesia
:
Soc
ia
l
det
ermin
ant
s
a
nd
geogr
aphica
l
var
ia
ti
ons”
.
SS
M
–
P
opulat
ionHea
l
th
:
16
–
25.
2009.
[12]
Araúj
o
,
C,
L
.
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Nutrition
al
stat
us
of
adolesce
nts:
th
e
11
-
y
e
ar
foll
ow
-
up
of
the
1993
Pel
ota
s
(Bra
zil)
bir
th
cohor
t
stud
y
”
.
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ad
Saude Publ
i
c
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26(10):
1895
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[13]
Salva
dor,
C.
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.
Z
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“
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i
onal
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at
us
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