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nf
a
n
t
i
l
e
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
d
i
a
r
r
h
e
a
l
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
;
a
n
d
f
r
e
que
n
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
ps
t
he
i
r
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
l
i
v
i
ng,
putt
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
n
a
r
o
ugh
c
y
c
l
e
,
w
hi
c
h
l
e
a
ds
t
o
un
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
gr
o
wt
h
a
n
d
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
[
1]
.
C
hil
d
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
ly
in
de
v
e
l
o
p
i
ng
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
,
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
c
a
us
e
s
o
f
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
n
d
de
a
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
wo
r
l
d
[
8]
.
I
t
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
in
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
or
f
o
r
di
s
e
a
s
e
i
nc
i
d
e
n
c
e
,
c
a
us
i
ng
a
ppr
o
xim
a
t
e
l
y
300,
000
de
a
t
h
s
a
y
e
a
r
,
a
n
d
i
s
r
e
s
po
ns
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
a
lf
o
f
a
ll
de
a
t
h
s
i
n
c
hil
dr
e
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
o
r
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
[
9]
.
Ab
o
ut
60
m
i
ll
i
o
n
a
n
d
13
m
il
li
o
n
c
hil
dr
e
n
wo
r
l
dw
i
de
s
u
f
f
e
r
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
d
i
n
g
ly
f
r
o
m
mi
l
d
to
s
e
r
i
o
us
a
c
ut
e
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
[
10]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
l
d
s
t
ud
y
r
e
ve
a
l
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
ge
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
o
ut
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g,
u
n
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
w
a
s
t
e
a
r
e
21.
9%
,
13.
4%
,
a
n
d
7.
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
gr
o
up
un
de
r
-
f
i
ve
[
11]
.
I
n
S
u
b
-
S
a
ha
r
a
n
Af
r
i
c
a
,
l
i
k
e
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
,
t
h
e
W
HO
ha
v
e
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
a
b
o
u
t
5.
4
m
i
ll
i
o
n
y
o
u
ng
c
hil
dr
e
n
pe
r
y
e
a
r
d
i
e
w
i
t
h
2.
7
m
il
li
o
n
de
a
t
h
s
[
12]
.
M
o
s
t
s
t
udi
e
s
n
o
t
e
t
h
e
phy
s
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
im
po
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
f
a
n
t
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
s
uc
h
a
s
p
hy
s
i
c
a
l
gr
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
m
o
t
o
r
de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
l
o
we
r
i
n
t
e
l
li
ge
n
c
e
q
uot
i
e
n
t
s
,
gr
e
a
t
e
r
b
e
ha
vi
o
r
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ge
s
,
l
a
c
k
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
us
c
e
pt
i
bi
li
t
y
.
C
hil
d
ma
l
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
hi
g
h
e
r
p
h
a
s
e
s
o
f
c
h
r
o
ni
c
d
is
e
a
s
e
s
in
a
du
l
t
h
o
o
d
,
a
s
m
a
l
n
o
ur
i
s
h
e
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
ke
ly
t
o
gi
ve
bi
r
t
h
to
l
o
w
-
we
i
g
h
t
b
a
bi
e
s
[
13
,
14]
.
M
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
i
s
n'
t
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
,
s
im
p
l
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
pr
o
bl
e
m
.
T
h
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
i
nv
o
l
v
e
s
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
a
n
d
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
ll
y
i
n
t
e
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
n
t
s
[
15]
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
a
r
e
i
ns
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
a
n
d
i
ll
ne
s
s
c
a
us
e
d
b
y
a
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
b
a
s
i
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
ve
s
:
i
ns
e
c
ur
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
f
o
o
ds
t
uf
f
s
,
poor
m
o
t
h
e
r
/
c
hil
d
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
po
or
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
b
a
s
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
t
h
e
a
b
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
a
f
e
wa
t
e
r
a
n
d
unh
e
a
l
t
hy
li
v
i
ng
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
,
s
uc
h
a
s
o
pe
n
de
f
e
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
16
,
17
]
.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
s
e
un
d
e
r
p
i
nni
ng
c
a
us
e
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
ve
s
a
r
e
i
nf
l
ue
r
e
d
by
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
,
po
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
o
-
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
u
n
de
r
-
f
i
ve
i
n
t
h
e
W
e
s
t
-
K
o
r
duf
a
n
pr
o
vi
nc
e
o
f
Al
-
n
u
h
ud
;
t
h
e
i
r
a
bil
i
t
i
e
s
,
we
a
l
t
h
,
t
h
e
e
n
vi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
go
v
e
r
na
n
c
e
[
18]
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1
.
S
t
u
d
y
d
e
s
ign
an
d
s
am
p
l
in
g
T
h
i
s
c
o
m
m
un
i
t
y
b
a
s
e
d
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
v
e
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
udy
,
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
do
n
e
i
n
A
l
-
N
o
h
o
ud
l
o
c
a
l
i
t
y
,
S
uda
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
udy
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
un
de
r
-
f
i
v
e
y
e
a
r
s
i
n
A
l
-
N
o
h
o
ud
t
o
wn
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
m
o
t
h
e
r
.
T
h
e
i
n
c
l
us
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
we
r
e
a
l
l
a
ge
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
b
e
l
o
w
f
i
v
e
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
n
s
t
udy
a
r
e
a
.
A
n
d
e
x
c
l
us
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
we
r
e
a
l
l
a
ge
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
a
b
o
v
e
f
i
v
e
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
n
s
t
udy
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
pl
e
si
z
e
wa
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
s
t
udy
a
r
e
a
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ul
a
f
o
r
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
ur
v
e
y
s
.
I
t
wa
s
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
pr
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
50%
a
n
d
de
s
i
gn
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
1.
5.
S
a
m
pl
e
s
i
z
e
wa
s
384.
A
s
a
m
ul
t
i
s
t
a
ge
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
wa
s
wo
r
ki
n
g
t
o
i
de
n
t
i
f
y
s
t
udy
s
ub
j
e
c
t
s
,
a
de
s
i
gn
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
2
wa
s
us
e
d;
t
h
us
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
s
a
m
pl
e
s
i
z
e
wa
s
768.
T
h
e
m
ul
t
i
s
t
a
ge
c
l
us
t
e
r
-
s
a
m
pl
in
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
wa
s
f
o
l
l
o
we
d
f
o
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
udy
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
.
2.
2
.
Dat
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
ion
Que
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
wa
s
us
e
d
f
o
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
da
t
a
.
P
ub
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
f
f
i
c
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
m
m
un
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
i
a
n
s
we
r
e
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
o
n
que
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
t
o
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
ds
.
I
n
a
c
c
o
r
da
n
c
e
wi
t
h
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
ds
o
f
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
gui
de
l
i
n
e
s
,
a
n
t
h
r
o
po
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
c
h
i
l
d
(
m
i
d
-
uppe
r
b
r
a
i
n
di
a
m
e
t
e
r
-
M
UA
C
,
we
i
gh
t
a
n
d
l
e
n
gt
h
/
h
e
i
gh
t
)
we
r
e
t
a
ke
n
.
F
o
r
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
wi
t
h
o
ut
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
t
h
e
b
o
dy
we
i
gh
t
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
a
h
a
n
gi
n
g
b
a
b
y
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
15
g
(
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
h
a
n
gi
n
g
b
a
b
y
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
up
t
o
15
kg
o
r
25
kg
S
E
C
A
3
10)
.
A
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
di
a
l
we
i
gh
i
n
g
s
c
a
l
e
,
m
a
n
uf
a
c
t
ur
e
d
i
n
J
a
pa
n
,
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
us
e
d
f
o
r
e
l
de
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
wi
t
h
a
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
o
f
130
kg.
F
o
r
l
i
gh
t
c
l
o
t
h
e
s
,
wi
t
h
o
ut
s
h
o
e
s
,
b
o
t
h
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
we
r
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
f
o
r
0.
1
kg
a
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
a
s
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
;
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
s
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e
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l
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d.
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f
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a
n
d
a
f
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r
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ur
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r
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c
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l
ly
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a
r
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f
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ll
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li
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a
t
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i
g
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do
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s
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ng
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ne
l
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t
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m
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h
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t
a
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ur
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t
s
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e
d
to
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a
s
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r
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l
dr
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r
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t
hs
o
f
a
ge
(
h
e
i
g
h
t
o
v
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r
o
r
e
qua
l
to
85
c
m
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,
wh
o
l
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ng
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e
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o
w
24
m
o
n
t
h
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o
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ge
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l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
85
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m
.
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i
d
-
uppe
r
a
r
m
c
i
r
c
u
m
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
M
U
A
C
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wa
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
us
i
ng
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hil
dr
e
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i
n
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n
t
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m
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s
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n
d
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o
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y
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m
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A
t
t
h
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mi
dd
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t
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t
we
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n
t
h
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e
l
b
o
w
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
l
de
r
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
f
t
a
r
m
,
w
hil
e
t
h
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a
r
m
wa
s
r
e
l
a
x
e
d.
I
n
o
r
de
r
to
t
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s
t
s
e
v
e
r
e
pr
ot
e
i
n
-
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
(
P
E
M
)
,
whi
c
h
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
ns
o
f
kwa
s
hi
o
r
ko
r
;
c
l
i
ni
c
a
l
e
x
a
mi
na
t
i
o
ns
o
f
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
h
o
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
m
a
l
n
o
ur
i
s
h
e
d
we
r
e
un
d
e
r
t
a
ke
n
.
2.
3
.
S
t
at
is
t
ical
an
al
ys
is
A
f
t
e
r
t
he
da
t
a
c
o
ll
e
c
t
i
o
n,
t
he
d
a
t
a
w
a
s
im
p
li
e
d
a
nd
c
o
nve
y
e
d
i
nt
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
ly
d
e
s
i
g
ne
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
t
o
be
a
p
pr
o
pr
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ut
e
r
f
e
e
d
i
ng
.
An
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
hi
s
q
u
a
r
e
)
wa
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
f
ind
t
he
s
i
g
n
if
ic
a
nc
e
o
f
s
t
ud
y
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
be
t
we
e
n
t
wo
o
r
m
o
r
e
gr
o
u
p
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
.
T
he
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
nc
e
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
vi
e
w
(
S
P
S
S
ve
r
s
i
o
n
22)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8806
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
ubl
i
c
He
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
,
Vo
l
.
9,
No.
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
20
2
0
:
3
52
–
3
57
354
2.
4
.
E
t
h
ical
c
on
s
id
e
r
at
ion
s
T
h
e
pr
o
po
s
a
l
wa
s
s
ub
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
po
s
t
gr
a
dua
t
e
b
o
a
r
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
c
ul
t
y
o
f
pub
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
o
r
a
ppr
o
v
a
l
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
duc
t
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
ut
h
o
r
i
t
y
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h
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d
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dm
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pul
a
t
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)
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t
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i
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t
i
a
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r
v
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e
a
c
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po
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n
t
i
a
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s
ub
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c
t
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s
i
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f
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m
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d
a
b
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t
h
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a
t
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,
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po
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a
n
d
b
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f
i
t
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t
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udy
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n
d
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pa
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a
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a
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t
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r
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y
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wn
.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
T
I
ON
3.
1
.
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
F
i
gur
e
1
s
h
o
ws
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
pr
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
b
e
l
o
w
t
h
e
a
ge
o
f
f
i
ve
.
T
h
e
f
i
gur
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
h
a
t
17.
6%
o
f
c
hil
dr
e
n
we
r
e
w
a
s
t
e
d
(
W
H
Z
<
_2)
,
13.
5%
we
r
e
s
t
un
t
e
d
(
HA
Z
<
_2)
,
a
n
d
16.
7%
we
r
e
un
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
(
W
A
Z
<
_2)
.
M
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
wa
s
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
m
a
i
nly
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
i
t
h
2
y
e
a
r
s
’
a
ge
,
a
nd
o
f
t
hi
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
19.
1%
we
r
e
s
t
un
t
e
d
(
H
A
Z
<
_2)
,
26.
2%
we
r
e
wa
s
t
i
n
g
(
W
H
Z
<
_2)
,
a
n
d
21.
8%
we
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
we
i
g
h
t
(
W
A
Z
<
_2)
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
s
t
r
a
t
i
f
i
e
d
by
a
ge
a
n
d
s
e
v
e
r
i
t
y
.
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
nc
e
o
f
wa
s
t
i
n
g
wa
s
s
im
il
a
r
b
e
t
we
e
n
c
hil
dr
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
a
ge
o
f
3
a
n
d
5
y
e
a
r
s
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
.
I
t
i
s
s
h
o
wn
t
ha
t
wa
s
t
i
n
g,
s
t
un
t
i
n
g,
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
we
i
g
h
t
a
r
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
g
e
gr
o
up
(
p
-
v
=
,
000)
.
C
hi
l
d
h
o
o
d
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
pr
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
c
o
u
l
d
v
a
r
y
b
e
t
we
e
n
m
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
due
to
un
e
qua
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
f
o
o
d
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
s
e
x
wa
s
hi
g
hl
y
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
f
o
r
s
tun
t
i
n
g,
wa
s
t
i
n
g/t
hi
nn
e
s
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
we
i
g
h
t
(
p
-
v
a
l
ue
<
.
000)
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
bl
e
2
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
M
a
l
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
pr
e
v
a
l
e
nc
e
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
T
a
bl
e
.
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
ge
M
a
ln
ut
r
it
io
n
c
a
te
g
or
y
A
ge
gr
o
ups
1
y
e
a
r
N
o
(
%
)
2
y
e
a
r
s
N
o
(
%
)
3
y
e
a
r
s
N
o
(
%
)
4
y
e
a
r
s
N
o
(
%
)
5
y
e
a
r
s
N
o
(
%
)
T
ot
a
l
N
o
(
%
)
p
-
v
W
a
s
ti
ng
22(
6,0)
96(
26.2)
7(
1.9)
3(
0.8)
7(
1.9)
135(
36.8)
.000
S
tu
nt
in
g
10(
2.7)
70(
19.1)
16(
4.4)
2(
0.5)
6(
1.6)
104(
28.3)
U
nde
r
w
e
ig
ht
27(
7.4)
80(
21.8)
17(
4.6)
1(
0.3)
3(
0.9)
128(
38.9)
T
ot
a
l
59(
16.1)
246(
67.1)
40(
10.8)
6(
1.6)
16(
4.4)
367(
100)
T
a
bl
e
2.
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
ge
n
de
r
M
a
ln
ut
r
it
io
n
c
a
te
g
or
y
S
e
x
M
a
le
N
o
(
%
)
F
e
m
a
l
e
N
o
(
%
)
T
ot
a
l
N
o
(
%
)
p
-
v
W
a
s
ti
ng
64(
17.4)
71(
19.3)
135(
36.8)
.000
S
tu
nt
in
g
47(
12.8)
57(
15.5)
104(
28.3)
U
nde
r
w
e
ig
ht
63(
17.2)
65(
17.7)
128(
38.9)
T
ot
a
l
174(
47.4)
193(
56.6)
367(
100)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
ubl
i
c
He
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8806
P
r
e
v
alen
c
e
of
malnutr
it
io
n
among
unde
r
-
f
ive
c
hil
d
r
e
n
in
Al
-
N
ohoud
pr
ov
ince
.
.
.
(
E
lmans
s
ur
y
,
A
.
E
lna
dif
)
355
T
a
bl
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
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n
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
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e
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ge
o
f
a
ba
by
,
m
o
t
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r
'
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c
a
t
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n
,
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n
d
f
a
mi
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nc
o
m
e
w
i
t
h
i
nf
a
n
t
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
u
n
de
r
5
y
e
a
r
s
,
(
p=
.
000,
X2
=
57.
40)
(
p=
.
004
,
X2
=
41.
00)
(
p=
.
000,
X2
=
32.
74
)
.
S
o
n
s
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
26
-
30
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
l
e
s
s
li
ke
ly
(
un
d
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
wa
s
t
e
a
n
d
s
t
un
ni
ng)
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
a
l
n
o
ur
i
s
h
e
d
66(
8.
6)
,
63(
8.
2)
,
55(
7
.
5)
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
.
W
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
t
o
s
c
h
o
o
l
i
ng
f
o
r
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
s
t
udy
s
h
o
ws
t
h
a
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
o
n
da
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
h
a
n
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
hi
g
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
t
o
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
133(
17.
3)
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
mi
ly
po
v
e
r
t
y
(
a
s
o
f
2000)
wa
s
200(
26.
0
)
m
o
r
e
l
ike
l
y
t
h
a
n
hi
g
h
e
r
-
i
nc
o
m
e
f
a
mi
li
e
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
a
l
n
o
ur
i
s
h
e
d.
T
a
bl
e
3
.
F
a
c
to
r
s
l
i
nke
d
to
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
D
e
m
o
gr
a
phi
c
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
C
a
te
gor
y
M
a
ln
ut
r
it
io
n
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
W
a
s
ti
ng
N
o
(
%
)
S
tu
nt
in
g
N
o
(
%
)
U
nde
r
w
e
ig
ht
N
o
(
%
)
T
ot
a
l
N
o
(
%
)
X
2
p
-
v
A
ge
of
m
o
th
e
r
s
≤ 25
40(
5.2)
31(
4.0)
38(
4.9)
109(
14.2)
57.40
.000
26
-
30
y
e
a
r
s
63(
8.2)
55(
7.5)
66(
8.6)
184(
24.0)
31
-
35
y
e
a
r
s
12(
1.6)
7(
0.9)
11(
1.4)
30(
3.9)
≥ 36
20(
2.6)
11(
1.4)
13(
1.7)
44(
5.7)
T
ot
a
l
135(
17.6)
104(
13.5)
128(
16.7)
367(
47.8)
E
duc
a
ti
o
n
of
m
o
th
e
r
s
I
ll
it
e
r
a
te
22(
2.9)
14(
1.8)
15(
2.0)
51(
6.6)
41.00
.004
P
r
im
a
r
y
s
c
h
oo
l
40(
5.2)
34(
4.4)
36(
4.7)
110(
14.3)
S
e
c
o
nda
r
y
a
nd high
s
c
hoo
l
46(
6.0)
38(
4.9)
49(
6.4)
133(
17.3)
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
26(
3.4)
10(
1.3)
21(
2.7)
57(
7.4)
P
o
s
t
gr
a
dua
t
e
1(
.2)
8(
1.0)
7(
0.9)
16(
2.1)
T
ot
a
l
135(
17.6)
104(
13.5)
128(
16.7)
367(
47.8)
F
a
m
il
y
i
n
c
o
m
e
s
iz
e
≤ 20
00
72(
9.4)
57(
7.4)
71(
9.2)
200(
26.0)
32.74
.000
2001
-
5000 S
P
50(
6.5)
39(
5.1)
51(
6.6)
140(
18.2)
>
5010 S
P
13(
1.7)
8(
1.0)
6(
0.8)
27(
3.5)
T
ot
a
l
135(
17.6)
104(
13.5)
128(
16.7)
367(
47.8)
3.
2.
Dis
c
u
s
s
ion
I
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
,
t
h
e
pr
o
por
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
hil
dr
e
n
u
n
de
r
t
he
a
ge
o
f
f
i
ve
,
w
h
o
we
r
e
13.
5%
a
n
d
17.
6%
,
wa
s
s
h
o
w
n
to
b
e
l
e
s
s
we
i
g
h
t
,
s
t
un
ni
ng
a
n
d
wa
s
t
i
n
g.
T
wo
t
h
i
r
d
s
(
67
pe
r
c
e
n
t
)
o
f
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
we
r
e
24
m
o
n
t
hs
o
f
a
ge
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
to
t
h
e
a
ge
o
f
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
udy
.
W
o
m
e
n
we
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
ke
ly
t
h
a
n
m
a
l
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
t
o
b
e
un
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
.
T
h
r
o
ugh
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
f
a
m
il
i
e
s
,
a
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
ll
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
ge
to
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
(
p=
.
000,
X
2
=
57.
40)
(
p=
0.
004,
X
2
=
41.
00
)
a
m
o
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
u
n
de
r
t
h
e
a
ge
o
f
f
i
ve
(
p=
.
000,
X
2
=
32
.
7
4)
.
M
ot
h
e
r
’
s
a
ge
gr
o
up
(
26
-
30
y
e
a
r
s
)
we
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
ke
ly
t
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
(u
n
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
,
wa
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
t
un
t
i
n
g
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
,
66(
8.
6)
,
63(
8
.
2)
55(
7.
5)
.
R
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
m
o
t
h
e
r
’
s
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
t
ud
y
o
bs
e
r
ve
d
t
h
a
t
s
e
c
o
n
da
r
y
a
n
d
hi
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
w
e
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
ke
ly
t
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
133(
17.
3)
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
ve
l
s
.
An
d
s
t
ud
y
a
l
s
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
mi
ly
i
nc
o
m
e
(
≤
2000)
we
r
e
m
o
r
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
to
m
a
l
nut
r
i
t
i
o
n
200(
26.
0)
t
h
a
n
ho
us
e
h
o
l
ds
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
nc
o
m
e
gr
o
up
.
T
h
e
f
i
nd
i
ngs
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
16
.
1
pe
r
c
e
n
t
,
15.
3
pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
n
d
14.
8
pe
r
c
e
n
t
,
o
f
whi
c
h
w
e
r
e
un
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
s
t
un
t
e
d,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
a
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
R
o
l
l
t
's
m
a
l
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
pr
e
v
a
l
e
nc
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
f
o
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
o
f
u
n
de
r
-
f
i
ve
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
-
a
ge
c
hil
dr
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
M
i
l
o
t
Va
l
l
e
y
,
H
a
i
t
i
[
1
9]
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
pr
e
va
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
u
n
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
by
Ab
e
r
a
e
t
a
l
,
Or
j
i
M
C
e
t
a
l
a
n
d
T
e
k
il
e
e
t
a
l
wa
s
m
uc
h
hi
g
h
e
r
(
27.
6%
)
,
(
24
.
5
%
)
,
(
23.
3
%
)
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
udy
[
20
-
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
ud
y
o
f
Ha
wa
s
s
a
Z
ur
i
a
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
un
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
wa
s
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
i
-
Ai
n
i
E
r
i
t
r
e
a
n
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
by
33.
4
pe
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
c
hil
dr
e
n
,
a
n
d
24.
6
pe
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
,
we
r
e
un
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
wa
s
t
e
f
u
l
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
,
wa
s
t
e
d
by
31.
9
pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
n
d
23.
6
pe
r
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
[2
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
mi
g
h
t
b
e
due
t
o
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
l
a
t
e
r
s
t
udy
wa
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
a
m
o
n
g
r
e
f
ug
e
e
c
a
m
p,
c
hil
dr
e
n
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
we
r
e
de
pe
n
de
n
t
o
n
h
u
m
a
ni
t
a
r
i
a
n
a
i
d
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
a
n
d
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
E
a
r
l
i
e
r
s
t
ud
i
e
s
[
2
5
,
26]
,
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
s
i
m
il
a
r
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
r
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
ge
o
f
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
I
t
i
s
e
vi
de
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
po
r
t
t
h
a
t
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
y
o
u
n
ge
r
t
h
a
n
t
wo
y
e
a
r
s
a
r
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
a
ge
gr
o
ups
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
t
h
e
l
o
w
l
e
ve
l
s
o
f
e
x
c
l
us
i
ve
b
r
e
a
s
t
f
e
e
d
i
ng
a
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
W
a
s
t
i
n
g,
s
t
un
t
i
n
g,
a
n
d
u
n
de
r
we
i
g
h
t
a
m
o
n
g
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
a
ge
gr
o
up
(
p
-
v
=
.
000)
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
by
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
o
f
A
s
f
a
w
,
e
t
a
l
a
n
d
Hu
i
J
i
e
W
o
n
g
e
t
a
l
[
27
,
28
].
Ne
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
hi
s
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
a
s
t
ud
y
i
n
B
u
l
e
Ho
r
a
,
Or
o
m
i
a
D
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
a
n
d
Do
l
l
o
p
A
do
D
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
P
a
s
to
r
a
l
Gr
o
up
,
S
o
m
a
li
a
,
w
hi
c
h
s
t
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
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[1
]
A
n
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n
,
y
mo
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s
,
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N
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[2
]
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,
Maj
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zzat
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Mat
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at
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]
M.
,
P.
V
.
,
an
d
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V
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P.
,
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an
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Ch
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's
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2009.
[6
]
O
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aard
,
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.
,
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,
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,
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,
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(G
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l
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e
].
A
v
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:
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:
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/
[8
]
J
an
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c
,
T
.
,
P
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ro
v
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c
,
O
.
,
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el
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.
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[9
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m
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.
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,
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.
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:
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1
0
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.
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1
1
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2
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