Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.2
,
Jun
e
2
015
, pp
. 12
4
~
13
0
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
24
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Negative Impact of Abattoir
Activities and Management in
Residential Neighbourhoods in
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Auwa
lu Abdulla
hi
1
, Noriz
h
ar Kadarm
an
1
, Az
mi Hassan
2
,
Ibra
him Sula
iman Mado
bi
3
1
Fa
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Me
dic
i
n
e
,
De
pa
r
t
me
nt
o
f
C
o
m
m
unit
y
Medicin
e
,
Unive
r
sit
y
Sulta
n Z
a
in
al Abid
in (UniS
Z
A),
Kam
pus Kota,
Jalan Sultan M
a
hmud 20400 Kuala Terengganu
,
Malay
s
ia
2
Institute
for
Com
m
unity Deve
lo
pm
ent and
Quali
t
y
of
Lif
e
(i-CO
D
E), Univ
ersiti
Sultan
Zain
al
Abidin (UniSZA),
Kampus Gong Badak 21300
Kuala
Te
r
e
ngganu, Terengg
anu,
Malay
s
ia
3
Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, D
e
pa
rtment of An
imal Health
and
Husbandr
y
,
P.M.B. 3159
, Kano, Niger
i
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
May 05, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May 20
, 20
15
Accepted
May 29, 2015
Poor m
a
nagem
e
nt of abattoirs r
e
sults in air and
water pollution
especia
l
l
y
resident’s in
th
eir close proximity
. Th
e objevtive of
the stud
y
was
to
investigate the effect of
poor
management of
ab
attoirs on
the quality
of
life
and health
of r
e
sidents
in th
eir vi
cinity
. A
cross sectional s
u
rvey
was
conducted within two month period. Fift
y
s
i
x residents of build
ings located
approximately
five kilomete
rs radius to th
e ab
attoir were randomly
selected
for interv
iew using questionn
air
e
. Am
ong the 5
6
residents in
ter
v
iewed, 2
0
(35.7%) were sicked. Almost half (
33.9%) of the residents suspected the
s
i
cknes
s
to b
e
r
e
la
ted
to ab
at
toi
r
haz
a
rds
.
The
preval
enc
e
of d
i
s
eas
es
and
s
y
mptoms experianced b
y
the resi
dents wer
e
ty
phoid fev
e
r (14.4%),
Diarhoea (12
.
5
%), Coughing (
10.7%), Asthma (8.9%)
, Foot and Mouth
Disease (7.1%)
and Dengue (3.6
%). The ma
in
associated f
actors
of abatto
ir
activities on residents ‘s health
were
contamin
ation of air with pollutants
(odds ratio,15
.
52
; 95% confiden
ce inte
rv
al, 3.62-
10.52), water co
ntamination
(11.44; 3
.
17, 12
.28), gutters and
drain
a
ges b
l
ockage (6
.35; 1.26
, 9.9
9
) an
d
prevention of children from outdoor activ
ities (4.65; 1.33, 16.31)
. There was
also reported case of food poiso
ning among
the
residents. Ab
attoir activities
has direct and
indirect ne
g
a
tiv
e effect on r
e
sidents health who
are in
close
proximity
.
Keyword:
Ab
atto
i
r
Cro
s
s Section
a
l Surv
ey
Pre
v
alence
Po
llu
tan
t
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Au
wal
u
A
b
dul
l
a
hi
,
Facul
t
y
o
f
M
e
di
ci
ne,
De
part
m
e
nt
of
C
o
m
m
uni
t
y
M
e
di
ci
ne
,
Un
i
v
ersity Su
ltan
Zai
n
al Ab
idin
(Un
i
SZA),
Kam
pus K
o
t
a
,
Jal
a
n S
u
l
t
a
n M
a
hm
ud 2
0
4
0
0
Kual
a
Tere
ng
g
a
nu
, M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
Em
a
il: d
r
aak
ano
930
@g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Th
e pro
v
i
sion o
f
b
a
sic faci
lities an
d
serv
ices in
cities an
d
n
e
ighb
orh
ood
s is cru
c
ial to
th
eir
su
stain
a
b
ility an
d efficien
cy[1]. Howe
v
e
r, the d
i
sad
v
a
n
t
ag
e o
f
lo
cating
some o
f
t
h
ese
facilities in
residen
tial
n
e
igh
borhoo
d
s
ou
tweigh
s th
eir adv
a
n
t
ag
es.
Ab
atto
i
r
is
o
n
e of su
ch facilities. As
a resu
lt
of n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
ab
atto
ir laws, resi
d
e
n
t
s aro
und
ab
attoir v
i
cin
ity can be at a greater risk. T
h
e num
e
rous wast
e and
m
i
crobi
al
or
g
a
ni
sm
s obt
ai
ned d
u
ri
ng a
b
at
t
o
i
r
ope
rat
i
o
n p
o
se a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
ch
al
l
e
nge t
o
t
h
e ef
fect
i
v
e
en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
are
also
asso
ciated
with
d
e
creased
qu
ality o
f
life o
f
h
u
m
an
po
pu
lation
resid
i
ng
clo
s
e
to
th
ese ab
attoirs [2
]. Ai
r and
water
q
u
a
lities with
in
th
e resid
e
n
tial areas are also
affected
b
y
ab
atto
ir activ
ities esp
ecially
wh
ere m
o
d
e
rn o
r
effectiv
e
waste d
i
sp
osal syste
m
is n
o
t
p
r
acticed
[1
]. Med
i
cal
ex
p
e
rts were rep
o
rted
b
y
Oyed
em
i (2
0
0
4
)
to
h
a
ve a
sso
ci
ated
so
m
e
d
i
seases with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities
wh
ich
i
n
cl
ude
pne
um
oni
a,
di
arr
h
ea,
t
y
phoi
d fe
ver,
ast
h
m
a
, wool
sort
er
di
seases,
respi
r
at
ory
an
d
chest
di
seases
[1]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Negative Impact of A
battoir
Activities and
Manage
ment i
n
Resi
denti
a
l .... (A
uwal
u A
b
dullahi)
12
5
Path
og
en
s
p
r
esen
t in
an
im
al
car
casses
or s
h
ed in a
n
im
al
wastes m
a
y include
rotavirus
e
s,
h
e
pa
titis E viru
s,
S
a
l
mon
e
lla
spp
., Esch
erich
i
a
co
li O157
:H7
,
Yersi
n
i
a
en
t
e
ro
co
litica
,
Camp
yl
o
b
a
c
ter sp
p, Cryp
tosporid
ium
par
vum, Mycobacteri
um spp
and
Gia
r
d
i
a
la
mb
lia
[3],[4].These z
o
onoti
c
pathogens ca
n e
x
ceed m
i
llions
t
o
billions
pe
r
gra
m
of feces and m
a
y in
fect hum
a
ns through va
rious
routes
suc
h
as c
o
ntaminated air, c
ontac
t
with
liv
estock
an
im
a
l
s o
r
t
h
eir waste
produ
cts, exp
o
sure to
p
o
t
en
tial v
ector
s (su
c
h
as
flies, m
o
sq
u
ito
es,
water
f
o
w
l
,
an
d
ro
d
e
n
t
s)
, or
con
s
um
p
t
io
n
o
f
f
ood
o
r
w
a
ter
con
t
am
in
ated
b
y
an
i
m
al w
a
stes [
5
]. Th
e
o
b
j
ectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
stu
d
y
was to
i
n
v
e
stig
ate th
e
i
m
p
act o
f
abatto
ir activ
ities an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
resid
e
n
tial n
e
igh
bou
rh
oo
d
s
in
G
ong
Bad
a
k, Ter
e
ngg
anu
,
Malaysia.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Stud
y are
a
Th
e stud
y w
a
s
co
ndu
cted
in
G
ong
Bad
a
k
Ku
ala Ter
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
, Ter
e
ng
g
a
nu
, Malaysia f
r
om Jan
u
a
r
y
t
o
Febru
a
ry, 201
5. It is lo
cated
i
n
th
e
n
o
rth
e
rn
p
a
rt
o
f
t
h
e city o
f
Ku
ala Tereng
g
a
nu
wh
ich
has a to
tal p
opu
latio
n
o
f
337
,5
53[
6
]
.
G
ong
Bad
a
k
ab
atto
ir
is
situ
ated
with
in
th
e in
du
st
ri
al
areas
and s
u
r
r
o
u
nde
d fr
om
few
m
e
t
r
es by
Sup
e
rm
ark
e
ts,
resid
e
n
tial ho
uses and edu
catio
n
a
l
in
stitu
ti
ons. Th
e ab
atto
ir
p
e
rform
s
m
o
st o
f
th
eir activ
ities at
m
o
rning from
3:00am
to 8:00am
. The
m
a
jor anim
als
slaughte
r
ed
were c
a
ttle
and buffa
los. Thei
r operational
activ
ities are usu
a
lly on
d
e
m
a
n
d
b
y
t
h
e co
mm
u
n
ity o
r
du
ri
n
g
festiv
ities.
A cro
ss sect
i
o
n
a
l
survey
was
carri
ed
out
wi
t
h
i
n
2 m
ont
h pe
ri
o
d
. A t
o
t
a
l
of
10
0 resi
de
nt
s of b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
lo
cated
app
r
oxi
m
a
tel
y
with
in
5
k
ilo
m
e
ters rad
i
u
s
to
th
e abatto
ir were rand
o
m
ly se
lec
t
ed
fo
r in
terv
iew u
s
ing
st
ruct
u
r
e
d
ques
t
i
onnai
r
e;
vi
s
u
al
ob
sser
v
at
i
o
n
was
al
so m
a
de t
o
i
n
vest
i
g
at
e t
h
e e
ffect
s
o
n
t
h
ei
r heal
t
h
.
Data Co
llection
Data was coll
ected using a
structured
questionn
ai
re co
nsi
s
t
i
ng
of t
w
o sect
i
ons:
Se
ct
i
on A
wa
s
desi
g
n
e
d
t
o
ob
t
a
i
n
soci
o
dem
o
g
r
a
phi
c i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
on o
f
t
h
e
resp
o
nde
nt
s s
u
ch as
ge
n
d
er
,
age,
m
a
ri
t
a
l
stat
us
,
et
hni
ci
t
y
, ed
uc
at
i
onal
l
e
vel
,
em
pl
oym
ent
st
at
us,
ho
use st
a
t
us, a
v
era
g
e
h
o
u
r
s s
p
e
n
t
at
hom
e, an
d pe
r
i
od
of
been
resi
di
ng
i
n
t
h
e area
. Se
ct
i
on B
co
nsi
s
t
e
d of
q
u
est
i
o
ns re
gar
d
i
n
g t
h
e ef
fect
of a
b
at
t
o
i
r
on
resi
dent
i
a
l
n
e
igh
bou
rho
ods wh
ich
in
clude: sev
e
ral symp
to
m
s
an
d
d
i
se
ases th
at
m
a
y
b
e
asso
ciated
with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities
eith
er
th
ro
ugh air
b
o
r
n
e
,
w
a
ter
b
o
r
n
e
o
r
po
llu
tan
t
s.
O
t
h
e
r
q
u
e
stio
ns w
e
r
e
ask
e
d
wh
eth
e
r
th
ey su
sp
ect th
e
diseases to
be
related abattoir hazards, t
h
e
i
r source
of i
n
form
ation, com
f
ortab
ility w
ith the presence of
abat
t
o
i
r
i
n
t
h
e
i
r s
u
r
r
o
u
ndi
ng
s, s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
t
h
ei
r
d
r
i
n
ki
n
g
wat
e
r,
i
n
sect
s
and
fl
i
e
s
di
st
u
r
ba
nces,
bl
oc
k
a
ge
of
g
u
tters
o
r
drai
n
a
g
e
s b
y
ab
atto
ir effl
u
e
n
t
s an
d
p
o
s
sib
l
e relo
catio
n
d
u
e
to n
e
g
a
tiv
e effect o
f
ab
atto
ir activ
ities
o
n
th
eir h
ealth. Sectio
n B
u
tili
sed
b
i
n
a
ry scal
e of
0
(No
)
or
1
(Yes).
Da
ta
A
n
al
ysi
s
Data ent
r
y and analysis was
done
using
Statistical
Package for
Social Sc
ie
nce
(SPSS
) version 20.0
(A
rm
onk,
N
Y
:
IB
M
C
o
r
p
.
)
.
D
e
scri
pt
i
v
e
st
at
i
s
t
i
c
s was a
ppl
i
e
d f
o
r al
l
soci
o
dem
ogra
p
hi
c
dat
a
an
d
pr
ese
n
t
e
d as
freq
u
e
n
c
ies and
p
e
rcen
tag
e
s. Un
iv
ariate an
d Mu
ltip
le
Lo
g
i
stic Regressio
n
ware
u
s
ed
to d
e
term
in
e th
e
asso
ciated
facto
r
s o
f
ab
atto
ir activ
ities
o
n
resid
e
n
t
s h
ealth
. Th
e
lev
e
l o
f
si
g
n
i
fican
ce (
α
)
was set at p <
0
.05 for
th
e stud
y.
From
th
is stu
d
y
, th
e
v
a
lu
e
of Cro
n
b
a
ch
’s alph
a reliab
ility fo
r th
e to
tal scale
was
0
.
8
7
.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Dem
ogr
ap
hi
c char
acteri
s
t
ic
of the
respondents
A
to
tal
of 5
6
resid
e
n
t
s p
a
rticip
ated
i
n
th
e
st
u
d
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
a resp
on
se rate
of 5
6
%. Descri
p
tiv
e
statistics
of the
sam
p
les we
re
provide
d
in Ta
ble
1.
The m
ean a
g
e
of the
re
side
nts was
27.4
(7.1) years. T
h
e
sam
p
le
co
nsisted
o
f
m
o
stl
y
male
6
4
.
3
%
. Majo
rit
y
o
f
th
e residen
t
s h
a
d
attend
ed
Tertiary i
n
stitu
tio
n
s
9
2
.9
% and
60
.7
%
were
si
ngl
e.
M
a
j
o
ri
t
y
are
u
n
em
pl
oy
ed
(7
1.
4%
). M
o
st
of
t
h
em
were M
a
l
a
y
(
5
5
.
4%
).
H
o
we
ve
r, t
h
e
reside
nts are e
ither own a
house or re
nt 41.1%. T
h
e
m
ean avera
g
e tim
e
spe
n
t at hom
e
by the reside
nt
s was
6.
92
(
4
.
8
)
h
o
u
r
s
an
d m
ean av
erage
d
u
rat
i
on
of
bee
n
l
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
abat
t
o
i
r
vi
ci
ni
t
y
was
6.
7
1
(
7
.
6
)
y
ears.
Fi
ft
y
pe
r
cent of t
h
e residents
either m
e
t the
ab
att
o
ir
o
r
it was estab
lish
e
d afte
r th
ey started
liv
ing
i
n
th
e area.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJP
H
S V
o
l
.
4, No
. 2,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
12
4 – 1
3
0
12
6
Table 1. Dem
ogra
p
hic
cha
r
act
eris
tic o
f
th
e
resp
ond
en
ts (n
=5
6)
Var
i
able
no.
(
%
)
of the r
e
sp
ondents
Ag
e,
m
e
an
(S
D)
2
7
.
4
(7
.1
)*
Gender
M
a
le
36 (
63.
4)
Fem
a
le
30 (
35.
5)
Educational level
No
ed
u
catio
n
Pr
im
ary
education
Secondar
y
education
4 (
7
.
1
)
Ter
tiar
y
education
52 (
92.
9)
Marital
status
Single
34 (
60.
7)
M
a
rr
ied
18 (
32.
1)
Div
o
r
ced
4
(7
.1
)
Em
ploy
m
e
nt statu
s
E
m
ploy
ed
16 (
28.
6)
Une
m
p
l
oy
ed
40 (
71.
4)
House status
Land lor
d
(
Owner
)
23 (
41.
1)
Tenant (
R
ental)
23 (
41.
1)
Other
s
10 (
17.
9)
E
t
hnicity
M
a
lay
31 (
55.
4)
Ch
in
ese
2
(3
.6
)
In
d
i
an
s
2
(3
.6
)
Other
s
21 (
37.
5)
Aver
age hour
s spent at ho
m
e
,
m
e
an (SD)
6.
92 (
4
.
8
)
*
Per
i
od of r
e
siding in the ar
ea,
m
ean (SD)
6.
71 (
7
.
6
)
*
Met abattoir in the
area
Yes
28 (
50.
0)
No
28 (
50.
0)
Not
e
:
*S
D
= st
anda
r
d
devi
at
i
o
n
The effect
of
abattoir ac
tiviti
es and
m
a
nagement on
resi
d
enti
al neighbourhoods
Abou
t 67
.9
%
o
f
th
e ab
atto
ir resid
e
n
t
s
were no
t co
m
f
ortable with the
presence
of ab
atto
ir in
t
h
ei
r
vi
ci
ni
t
y
. The
pre
v
al
ence
of
Ty
ph
oi
d fe
v
e
r, Di
a
r
r
hoea
and C
o
u
ghi
ng
were
14
.4
%, 1
2
.
5
an
d
10.
7
%
resp
ectiv
ely
(Tab
le 2); th
ese were th
e commo
n
p
r
ob
lem
s
in
th
eir area in
wh
ich 33
.9
%
b
e
liev
e
d to
b
e
associated with
abatto
ir acti
v
ities. There
were als
o
high num
b
er
of
flies, s
m
elly odou
r, c
ontam
ination of
wat
e
r
wi
t
h
a
b
a
t
t
o
i
r
effl
ue
nt
, e
ffect
on
b
r
eat
h
i
ng
or
cause
re
spi
r
at
o
r
y
di
sea
s
es as
wel
l
as bl
oc
kage
o
f
gu
t
t
e
rs
an
d
d
r
ai
n
a
ges
with
waste m
a
terials fro
m
ab
atto
ir wh
ic
h
acco
un
t of
abou
t 4
2
.9
%
,5
5.
4%
, 30
.4
%, 4
1
.
1
% an
d
26
.8
% res
p
ec
t
i
v
el
y
(Tabl
e
2)
. The m
a
jor
sou
r
ce
of
dri
n
ki
n
g
wat
e
r by
t
h
e resi
de
nt
s
was t
a
p
wat
e
r
83
.9%
while those of
inform
ation were sch
ool and
TV program
4
1
.1% each (Ta
b
le
2). The improper
m
a
nagement of
th
e ab
atto
ir affect th
eir ch
ildren
ou
tdoo
r act
iv
ities said
b
y
2
6
.8% of th
e
resid
e
n
t
s.
Howev
e
r, 32
.1
%
o
f
th
e
ab
atto
ir n
e
i
g
hb
ouring
co
mmu
n
ity are lik
ely to
relo
cate
from
t
h
ei
r ho
us
es as a resul
t
of
po
or m
a
nag
e
m
e
nt
activ
ities b
y
th
e ab
att
o
ir. B
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e in
terv
iewed
m
a
d
e
to
t
h
e resi
d
e
n
t
s t
h
ere
were rep
o
rted
cases of
di
arr
h
oea,
fre
q
u
ent
c
o
ug
hi
n
g
and
i
n
ci
de
nces
o
f
f
o
od
p
o
i
s
on
i
ng am
on
g t
h
e
resi
de
nt
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Negative Impact of A
battoir
Activities and
Manage
ment i
n
Resi
denti
a
l .... (A
uwal
u A
b
dullahi)
12
7
Tab
l
e
2
.
Effect of ab
atto
ir acti
v
ities and
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
resid
e
n
tial n
e
i
g
hbo
urh
ood
s
Variable
Responde
nt Respo
n
se; no.
(
%
)
*
No
Yes
Happy
with pr
esen
ce of abattoir
38 (
67.
9)
18 (
32.
1)
Fam
i
ly
sickness
36 (
64.
3)
20 (
35.
7)
T
y
phoid fever
48 (
85.
7)
8 (
14.
4)
Dengue
54 (
96.
4)
2 (
3
.
6
)
Coughi
ng
50 (
89.
3)
6 (
10.
7)
Asth
m
a
51 (
91.
1)
5 (
8
.
9
)
Diar
r
h
ea
49 (
89.
5)
7 (
12.
5)
Foot and
m
outh Disease
52 (
92.
9)
4 (
7
.
1
)
Sickness due to abattoir h
azards
37
(66.1)
19
(33.9)
Sour
ce of inform
ation
Hospital
41 (
73.
2)
15 (
26.
8)
School
33 (
58.
9)
23 (
41.
1)
Fa
m
i
ly
and Fr
iends
53 (
94.
6)
3 (
5
.
4
)
Radio pr
ogr
am
48 (
85.
7)
23 (
41.
1)
TV pr
ogr
a
m
33 (
58.
9)
41 (
73.
2)
Newspaper
s
and
m
a
gazine
41 (
73.
2)
15 (
26.
8)
I
n
ter
n
et
49 (
87.
5)
7 (
12.
5)
Sm
ell odor
fr
o
m
abattoir
25 (
44.
6)
31 (
55.
4)
Difficulty
in br
eathing or
r
e
spir
ator
y diseases
33 (
58.
9)
23 (
41.
1)
Prevent children outdoor activ
ities 41
(73.2)
15
(26.8)
Sour
ce of dr
inking
water
Tap water
47 (
83.
9)
Bor
e
holes
7 (
12.
5)
Well w
a
ter
2 (3.6)
Conta
m
inated
wat
e
r with abattoir
effluents
39 (
69.
6)
17 (
30.
4)
Blockages of g
u
tter
s
and dr
ainages with
waste
m
a
terials
41 (
73.
2)
15 (
26.
8)
High nu
m
b
er of fli
e
s within the environ
m
ent
32 (
57.
1)
24 (
42.
9)
Relocation because of
aba
ttoir 38
(67.9)
18
(32.1)
no
.
(%)
*
=
n
u
m
ber and
pe
rc
ent
a
ges
Uni
v
ari
a
bl
e
a
n
al
ysi
s
o
f
fac
t
ors ass
o
ci
a
t
ed
w
i
th
a
b
a
t
t
o
i
r
acti
vi
ti
es on
r
e
si
denti
a
l
nei
g
hbo
urh
o
o
d
’s
heal
t
h
Tab
l
e 3 illu
strates th
e resu
lts
o
f
Un
iv
ariab
l
e
an
alysis
o
f
fact
o
r
s
asso
ciated
with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities o
n
resid
e
n
t
s’
h
ealth
. Th
e m
o
st im
p
o
r
tan
t
ab
att
o
ir
related
,
statistically signifi
cant ass
o
ciated factors identified on
resid
e
n
t
s h
ealth
were,
con
t
a
m
in
atio
n
o
f
air
qu
ality
(od
d
s
ratio [OR], 1
5
.52
;
9
5
% CI, 3.62
-10
.
5
2
),
cont
am
i
n
at
i
on of
wat
e
r wi
t
h
abat
t
o
i
r
ef
fl
ue
nt
s 1
1
.
44
(3
.1
7, 1
2
.
2
8)
, bl
oc
kage
of
gut
t
e
r
s
and
drai
nage
s 6
.
3
5
(1.26
,
9
.
9
9
) and
prev
en
tion
of ch
ildrensfrom o
u
t
do
or
activ
ities 4
.
6
5
(1.33
,
1
6
.31
)
. Howev
e
r, odo
r sm
ell fro
m
ab
atto
ir 1.47
(0
.3
4, 6
.
34
), h
i
gh
er
n
u
m
b
e
r of flies 0
.
39
(0
.87, 9
.
0
5
) and
po
ssib
ility o
f
relo
catio
n
du
e to
abatto
ir
activ
ities 2
.
80 (0.96
,
10
.07
)
were no
t statisticall
y
si
g
n
i
fican
t. After app
l
yin
g
m
u
ltip
le lo
g
i
stic reg
r
essio
n
,
som
e
abattoir a
ssociated
f
actors
were
rem
o
ved
by the a
n
aly
s
is and
th
ey were n
o
t
statistically
sig
n
i
fican
t.
Tab
l
e
3
.
Un
iv
ariab
l
e an
alysis o
f
factors associated
with ab
atto
ir activ
ities o
n
resi
d
e
n
tial
n
e
igh
bou
rho
od’s
h
ealth
Factor
OR (
95% CL
)
p-
value
Sm
ell odour
fr
o
m
abattoir
1.
47 (
0
.
34,
6.
34)
0.
604
Conta
m
ination for
air quality
15.52 (3.62, 10.52)
< 0.001
Prevent children outdoor activitie
s
4.65 (1.33, 16.31)
0.016
Contam
ination of water
with abattoir
effluent
11.
44 (
3
.
17,
12.
28)
< 0.
001
Blockages of g
u
tter
s
and dr
ai
nages
6.
35 (
1
.
26,
9.
99)
0.
025
High nu
m
b
er
s of flies
0.
39 (
0
.
87,
9.
05)
0.
295
Relocation due to abattoir ac
tivities
2.80
(0.96,
10.07)
0.085
No
te: OR
= odd
s ratio
.
C
I
= c
onfide
n
ce inte
rva
l
Ass
o
ci
at
ed fac
t
ors
w
i
th ab
at
toi
r
acti
vi
ti
es on
re
si
denti
a
l
nei
g
hb
our
h
o
o
d
’s heal
t
h
b
y
Mul
t
i
p
l
e
L
ogi
sti
c
Regre
ssi
on
m
o
del
On
ly 3
ab
atto
i
r
related
factors on
resid
e
n
t
’s h
ealth
rem
a
i
n
ed
after Mu
ltip
le Lo
g
i
stic Reg
r
essi
on
m
o
d
e
l was ap
plied
(Tab
le 4).
Th
ese were, con
t
amin
ati
o
n
of air q
u
a
lity 1
5
.
5
2
(3
.62
-
10
.5
2), con
t
am
in
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJP
H
S V
o
l
.
4, No
. 2,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
12
4 – 1
3
0
12
8
wat
e
r
wi
t
h
a
b
at
t
o
i
r
ef
fl
ue
nt
s 1
1
.
44
(
3
.
1
7
,
12
.2
8
)
an
d
bl
o
c
kage
o
f
gut
t
e
rs a
nd
d
r
ai
na
g
e
s 6.
3
5
(
1
.
2
6,
9.
99
).
These
a
ssociat
ed factors were
all statistical
ly
sign
ifican
t.
Tab
l
e
4
.
Asso
ciated
factors
with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities on
resid
e
n
tial n
e
ighb
ou
rh
ood
’s h
ealth
b
y
Mu
ltip
le Log
i
stic
R
e
gressi
on
m
odel
Variable
Regr
ession
coef
f
i
cient
Adjusted odds Rati
o
a
(
95%CI
)
Wald
statistic
p-
value
Effect on air quality and
breathing 2.742
15.
52 (3.62, 10.52)
13.638 <0.001
Wate
r conta
m
inati
on with
effluent
2.
437
11.
44 (
3
.
17,
12.
28)
13.
850
<0.
001
Gutter
s
and dr
ainages blockages
1.
848
6.
35 (
1
.
26,
9.
99)
5.
014
0.
025
Backward LR
M
u
ltipl
e
Logisti
c
Regression
m
odel
was appl
ied
Multicol
inearit
y
and Int
e
ractions
term
were ch
eck
ed and
not
found
Hos
m
er-Lem
es
how tes
t
, (p
=0.3
42), cl
as
s
i
fic
a
tio
n tabl
e (over
a
ll
corre
ctl
y
cl
as
s
i
fied per
cen
tage
=86.5%)
and ar
e
a
s
under th
e ROC
curve (85
.
8%) were app
lied
to
ch
eck th
e model fitn
ess.
Our
resu
lts ind
i
cated
con
t
amin
atio
n
o
f
air
with
p
o
llu
tan
t
s to b
e
th
e
maj
o
r
ass
o
ciated factor on
resi
de
nt
’s
heal
t
h
as res
u
l
t
o
f
abat
t
o
i
r
act
i
v
i
t
i
e
s (4
1.
1%)
.
Ty
ph
oi
d
fe
ver
has
hi
g
h
er
p
r
eval
ence am
ong t
h
e
diseases e
xpe
rienced
by the
resident
s in
cl
ose p
r
ox
imity
t
o
ab
atto
i
r
en
vi
ro
nm
ent
.
The cross sect
i
onal
desi
g
n
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
co
ncu
rre
nt
wi
t
h
o
b
se
rvat
i
on m
a
de t
o
t
h
e
abat
t
o
i
r
nei
g
h
b
o
u
r
h
o
ods
, m
e
di
um
sam
p
l
e
size and
en
g
a
g
i
ng
l
o
cal facilitato
r in
creased th
e lik
elih
o
o
d
t
h
at th
e asso
ciated
facto
r
s and
d
i
seases id
en
tified
t
o
be
accurate In a
d
dition,
our
use
appr
opriate statistical
m
e
thod and utili
zation of random
sam
p
ling
technique
in
creases g
e
n
e
ralizab
ility o
f
ou
r find
ing
s
.
In
th
is stud
y th
ere was sig
n
ifican
t asso
ciatio
n
b
e
twee
n
abattoir efflue
nts and
diseas
es affecting
abat
t
o
i
r
n
e
i
g
hb
ou
ri
n
g
com
m
uni
t
y
(Tabl
e
3 a
nd
4)
. Acc
o
r
d
i
ng t
o
[
7
]
rep
o
r
t
ed t
h
at
abat
t
o
i
r
effl
uent
s c
o
n
t
ai
n a
l
o
t
o
f
di
sease
causi
n
g
or
ga
ni
sm
s. Sim
i
l
a
rl
y m
e
di
cal
expe
rt were
re
porte
d
to ha
ve
ass
o
ciated som
e
diseases
with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities wh
ich in
clud
e:
p
n
e
um
o
n
i
a, d
i
arr
hoea, typ
h
o
i
d
fev
e
r, asth
m
a
,
woo
l
so
rter
d
i
seases,
respi
r
atory a
nd chest
diseases
[1]. In
t
h
i
s
st
udy
few
cases
of
t
y
ph
oi
d
fe
ver
,
di
a
r
r
h
oea,
res
p
i
r
at
o
r
y
di
seases,
co
ugh
ing
,
foo
t
an
d
m
o
u
t
h
d
i
seases an
d
d
e
ng
u
e
h
a
s b
e
en
asso
ciated
with
ab
atto
ir activ
ities (Tab
le 2
)
. Th
ese
diseases can s
p
rea
d
from
th
e abattoir to the nei
g
h
b
o
u
r
i
ng c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
t
h
ro
ug
h vect
ors
,
ani
m
al
s or by
e
pr
o
duct
s
of a
n
im
al
ori
g
i
n
. El
evat
i
on
o
f
so
m
e
sym
p
t
o
m
s
am
ong
resi
de
n
t
s of i
n
t
e
nsi
v
e
l
i
v
est
o
ck
op
e
r
at
i
ons
whi
c
h i
n
cl
u
d
e
:
hea
d
ache
,
ru
nni
ng
nose
,
s
o
re
t
h
roat
,
ex
cessi
ve c
o
ug
hi
ng
, s
h
ort
n
ess
of
b
r
eat
h
,
nau
s
ea
o
r
v
o
m
itin
g
,
d
i
arrho
ea,
bu
rn
ing eyes, sk
i
n
rash
o
r
i
rrita
tion
an
d d
e
crease qu
ality o
f
life [8
].
In
t
h
is stu
d
y
ex
cessiv
e
coug
h
i
n
g
,
breath
i
n
g
d
i
fficu
lty, d
i
arrho
ea
an
d
d
ecrease qu
ality o
f
life to
t
h
e ch
ild
ren
o
f
ab
atto
ir
resi
de
nt
s. Si
m
i
l
a
r sym
p
t
o
m
s
have
been
rep
o
rt
e
d
by
[1]
a
m
ong t
h
e resi
d
e
nt
s of a
b
at
t
o
i
r
nei
g
h
b
o
u
r
ho
o
d
s suc
h
as headac
he,
excessi
ve c
o
u
ghi
ng
, sh
ort
n
e
ss of
breat
h,
heart
b
u
r
n
,
di
arr
hoea
or
dy
sent
ery
,
g
e
ne
r
a
l
body
weak
ness
,
feve
r a
n
d
t
y
ph
oi
d
f
e
ver
.
In
th
is st
u
d
y
there was statistically sig
n
i
fican
t con
t
amin
ati
o
n
o
f
air
qu
ality aro
und
th
e resid
e
n
t
s
who
are in close proxim
i
ty to aba
ttoir
en
vi
r
onm
ent
(Ta
b
l
e
4
)
.
Thi
s
m
a
y
be associ
at
ed
wi
t
h
bad
o
d
o
u
r
pe
r
cei
ved
fr
om
t
h
e abat
t
o
i
r
e
nvi
ro
nm
ent
w
h
i
c
h ca
us
es ai
r p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n an
d
p
o
ssi
bl
e
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on
of ai
r
b
o
r
n
e
p
a
t
h
o
g
en
s
t
h
at
resul
t
i
n
re
spi
r
at
o
r
y
di
sea
s
es such as ast
h
m
a
and exces
si
ve co
ug
hi
n
g
seen am
ong t
h
e resi
dent
s
.
Pol
l
ut
ant
s
fro
m
ab
atto
ir a
c
tiv
ities h
a
v
e
d
i
rect and
in
d
i
rect effect
s on
h
u
m
an
an
d
th
e lo
cal b
u
ilt en
viron
m
en
t, esp
ecially
th
o
s
e in
clo
s
e p
r
ox
im
it
y to
ab
atto
ir [1
].
Adv
e
rse eff
ect
o
f
ab
atto
ir activ
ities wh
ich is o
f
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
sig
n
i
fican
ce
du
e to
d
ecrease h
ealth
an
d
quality o
f
life
o
f
in
d
i
v
i
du
al’s resid
e
n
t
s around
in
ten
s
iv
e livesto
ck
ope
rat
i
o
ns [
8
]
.
It
was re
po
rt
e
d
by
[
9
]
u
nuse
d
abat
t
o
i
r
by
-
p
ro
d
u
ct
s were s
een wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
abat
t
o
i
r
e
nvi
r
o
nm
ent
u
n
d
e
rgo
i
ng
b
a
cterial d
eco
m
p
o
s
itio
n. Th
is can
po
llu
te
air
q
u
a
lity resu
ltin
g
in
tran
sm
issi
o
n
of p
a
t
h
og
en
s and
u
n
p
l
easan
t odou
r to
t
h
e ab
attoir
n
e
i
g
hbo
ur
ing
co
mm
u
n
ity.
The ne
gat
i
v
e e
ffect
s o
f
g
u
t
t
e
rs and d
r
ai
na
ge
s bl
ocka
ge by
abat
t
o
i
r
wast
e
m
a
t
e
ri
al
s were st
at
i
s
ti
cal
ly
sig
n
i
f
i
can
t
in
t
h
is stud
y (Table 3
an
d 4)
.
Similar
r
e
su
lt was fo
und
b
y
[1] in
wh
ich
bo
nes, b
l
o
o
d
,
dung
and
othe
r wa
ste m
a
terials were
dis
c
harge
t
o
the
nearby stre
am
without t
r
eatm
e
n
t
resulting in
draina
ges
bloc
kages,
pollution of surface and unde
r
ground
water.
In addition, [10] Ayoola et al., 20
12 re
porte
d
that polluta
nt
such
as ani
m
al dun
g, re
f
u
se,
do
m
e
st
i
c
wast
e
were
not
pr
o
p
e
rl
y
dum
ped l
eadi
n
g t
o
drai
nage
s bl
oc
ka
g
e
s an
d
causing
hazardous
effect to hum
a
n
existenc
e and als
o
to the health
of the
inha
bitants
of the a
r
ea.
As in all survey studies,
m
easurem
ent of
pr
obl
em
s and
di
ffe
re
n
ces bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e abat
t
o
i
r
nei
g
hb
o
u
r
h
oo
d
s
ot
he
r t
h
a
n
t
h
e exp
o
s
u
re
o
f
i
n
t
e
rest
co
ul
d
have i
n
fl
uence
d
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
. Ho
we
ver
,
bi
as
es ar
e
i
ssues i
n
any
s
t
udi
es.
It
i
s
po
ssi
bl
e t
h
at
re
si
dent
s l
i
vi
n
g
i
n
pr
o
x
i
m
it
y
t
o
abat
t
o
i
r
e
n
vi
ro
nm
ent
m
i
ght
r
e
po
rt
a
greater
num
b
er of
sym
p
tom
s
and diseases because of
ne
gative feelings
about the
effec
t
of the
operati
o
n on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S I
S
SN
:
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2-8
8
0
6
Negative Impact of A
battoir
Activities and
Manage
ment i
n
Resi
denti
a
l .... (A
uwal
u A
b
dullahi)
12
9
t
h
ei
r l
i
v
es
an
d
en
vi
r
onm
ent
.
Thi
s
was
o
b
se
rve
d
t
o
be l
i
m
i
t
e
d o
r
n
o
t
ha
ve
bee
n
do
ne
as som
e
di
seas
es n
o
t
related
to
ab
atto
ir activ
ities were i
n
clud
ed
in
th
e qu
estions as a ch
eck
.
Stu
d
y
was no
t
ab
le to
ev
al
uate th
e
lev
e
ls o
f
im
p
act o
n
resi
d
e
n
t
s
with
in
th
e sam
e
area bu
t at
a
d
i
stan
ce to
ab
atto
ir. Possib
ility o
f
d
i
fferen
t lev
e
l o
f
effect
m
i
ght
v
a
ri
es d
u
e t
o
di
ffe
rences
i
n
di
st
ance,
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g t
y
pe,
di
rect
i
o
n
,
phy
si
cal
b
a
rri
er
, am
ount
of
t
i
m
e
sp
en
t at h
o
m
e
an
d
d
u
ration
o
f
liv
ing
in
abatto
ir v
i
ci
n
ity. Qu
an
titativ
e ev
alu
a
tion
of
ex
po
su
re
d
i
fferen
ces
b
e
tween
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls wou
l
d
i
n
crease th
e abilit
y o
f
an
ep
i
d
em
io
lo
g
i
c stu
d
y
to
id
en
tify h
ealth
effects o
f
air
bo
r
n
e em
i
ssi
ons.
Th
e st
u
d
y
was no
t ab
le to
ev
alu
a
te t
h
e clin
ical
or
bi
ol
ogi
cal
m
easur
es o
f
o
u
t
c
om
e t
h
at
wo
ul
d
st
ren
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on abo
u
t
t
h
e rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
bet
w
ee
n resi
de
nt
’s e
x
p
o
su
res t
o
em
issi
ons
fr
om
abat
t
o
i
r
activ
ities an
d
t
h
eir
h
ealth
.
Th
e stud
y
was
also
no
t ab
le to
ev
alu
a
te sp
ecific p
opu
lation
th
at m
a
y b
e
m
o
re
susce
p
tible to health im
p
act
of e
nvironm
ental expos
ure
s
from
aba
ttoir activities.
Chil
dre
n
, asthm
a
tic and
el
derl
y
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
s wi
t
h
dec
r
e
a
se cardi
o
v
asc
u
l
a
r o
r
p
u
l
m
onary
fu
nct
i
o
n
s
m
a
y
be am
ong t
h
e gro
u
p
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
opu
latio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Th
e stud
y foun
d
o
u
t
th
at, abatto
ir activ
ities
h
a
v
e
d
i
rect an
d
ind
i
rect n
e
g
a
tiv
e effects
o
n
th
e lo
cal
b
u
ilt env
i
ro
nmen
t an
d
p
e
op
le h
ealth
especially ab
atto
i
r
n
e
i
g
hbo
urhoo
d
resid
e
n
t
s.
Th
e stud
y indicated
co
n
t
am
in
atio
n
o
f
air and
wat
e
r q
u
a
lity, p
o
ssib
le tran
sm
iss
i
o
n
of d
i
seases as well as
b
l
ock
a
g
e
s o
f
gu
tt
ers o
r
d
r
ai
n
a
g
e
s
with ab
atto
ir effl
u
e
n
t
s and
o
t
h
e
r
waste m
a
terial
s d
u
e
th
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e i
m
p
act o
f
ab
atto
ir activ
ities o
n
resid
e
n
tial n
e
ig
hbo
urh
ood
s.
Th
ere
were also
li
m
ited
o
u
t
do
or activ
ities b
y
th
e ch
ild
ren
,
in
creased
num
b
e
r o
f
flies around the area a
n
d c
h
a
n
ces
of rel
o
cation
by s
o
m
e
t
h
e resi
de
nt
s t
o
a
not
her
area
fr
e
e
o
f
a
b
at
t
o
i
r
se
t
t
i
ngs.
The abat
t
o
i
r
m
a
nagem
e
nt
sy
st
em
shoul
d i
n
c
l
ude a wast
e m
a
nagem
e
nt
pl
an desi
g
n
e
d
f
o
r abat
t
o
i
r
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
.
Legi
sl
at
i
v
e m
e
asure
s
wi
t
h
re
gar
d
s t
o
l
a
n
d
u
s
e, wast
e
di
s
p
osal
m
e
t
hods,
abat
t
o
i
r
m
a
nag
e
m
e
nt
, o
d
o
u
r
c
ont
rol
an
d
p
r
ov
ision
o
f
assessm
en
t
criteria for all ab
atto
irs
s
h
o
u
l
d
be en
fo
rce
d
. E
f
f
o
rt
s
h
o
u
l
d be m
a
de t
o
war
d
s
public a
w
are
n
ess and enlightenm
e
nt on
possible im
pact
o
f
po
llu
tion
fro
m
ab
atto
ir
wastes b
y
all
relev
a
n
t
agenci
es
w
h
e
n
fo
rm
ul
at
i
ng ne
w
pol
i
c
i
e
s f
o
r
bet
t
e
r m
a
nage
m
e
nt
.
Furt
her research
should be
condu
cted
to
p
r
ov
id
e b
e
tter u
n
d
e
rstand
ing
on
th
e
h
ealth
effects
of
ab
atto
ir
n
e
ighb
ouring
co
mmu
n
ity b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g ind
i
v
i
dual’s exposures
assessm
ent,
clinical evaluation of
hum
an an
d m
e
nt
al
heal
t
h
an
d
peri
odi
c m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
o
f
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
nei
g
hb
o
u
ri
n
g
c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
REFERE
NC
ES
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y
edemi DTA., "Th
e
impact of
abattoir
act
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d management
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residen
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y
of Og
bomoso, Nigeria",
J Soc Sci
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121-127, 2009
.
[2]
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emo OK., “Unhy
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ir
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:
2
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06
IJP
H
S V
o
l
.
4, No
. 2,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
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12
4 – 1
3
0
13
0
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Auw
a
lu Abullahi
Universit
y
Sul
t
a
n
Za
inal
Abidin
,
Mala
ysi
a
,
Mast
ers invi
ew
Digital
Bridg
e
I
n
stitute, Kano
2013
Nigerian
Institu
t
e
of M
a
nagem
e
n
t
(NIM), FCE
C
e
ntre, Gom
b
e St
ate.
2009
to201
0
Usmanu Danfodio University
So
koto, S
okoto
State, Niger
i
afrom2001 to 2008
Associate Pro
f
.
Dr. Noriz
h
ar Kadarman
M
y
pr
es
ent
pos
t
is
as
an
As
s
o
ciat
e P
r
ofes
s
o
r
in
th
e Publi
c
He
alth
Departm
e
nt w
ith
Sultan
Zain
al Abid
in U
n
iversit
y
in Ku
al
a T
e
rengg
anu
ef
fective
from 6 S
e
ptember 201
2 to date
I also
attended
a
Basic Forens
ic
Course conducted at Sultan
a
h A
m
inah Hospital in Johore
Bahru in
2005.
. I
rec
e
iv
ed m
y
M
a
s
t
er Degr
ee
i
n
Com
m
unit
y
H
eal
th from
Nat
i
o
n
al Univ
ers
i
t
y
M
a
la
y
s
ia
in
1996 and majoring in Occupatio
nal Health
.
I s
t
udied
P
h
arm
a
c
y
cours
e
a
t
S
c
ie
nce Univ
ersity
, Penang
befor
e
continuing m
y
M
e
dical
Degree at Natio
n
al Univ
ersity
Malay
s
ia and
gr
aduated in
1987
Assoc
i
ate
Pr
of.
Dr
.
Az
mi Hassan
Director
At Inst
i
t
ut Pem
b
angunan
Kom
uniti Dan
KualitiHidup
, U
n
iSZA
Graduated
as m
e
dical Doctor
fro
m
Un
iversiti K
e
bangsaan
Malaysia in
1988
Master in
Com
m
unit
y
Med
i
cin
e
f
r
om
Universiti
Kebangsaan
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
.
(MCom
M
(OM)
in1996
Dr.
Ibr
a
him S
u
laiman M
a
dobi
Head of
Department (Animal S
c
ien
c
e and Hu
sb
andr
y
)
Audu B
a
ko College o
f
A
g
ricultu
re
Danbatta, Kano
State, Nig
e
ria-
2
013 to pr
esent.
P
HD inview-Ba
y
ero
Univers
i
t
y
Kano
(B.U.K.), Nigeria.
M sc. B
.
U.K. 20
12
D.V.M. Usman
Danfodiy
o
Univ
ersity
Sokoto
,
Nigeria-1995
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