Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
6, N
o.2, Ju
ne 201
7,
pp. 1
46
~
150
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/.
v6
i
2.664
5
146
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Sp
otlight o
n
Neuroimm
u
nology: I
llu
stra
ti
ons from
Neurode
ge
n
erative Dis
ea
ses
Ab
del
az
i
z
Gha
nemi
1
, Bes
m
a
B
ou
ber
takh
2
1
Ke
y
La
bor
at
or
y
of
Anim
al Model
s a
nd
Hum
an Dis
ea
se
Me
cha
n
ism
s,
Kunm
ing
Instit
ute of Zoolo
g
y
Chine
se
Aca
dem
y
of
Sc
i
enc
es,
Kunm
ing 650223,
Yunnan
Province,
Ch
ina
1
Univer
sit
y
of
C
hine
se
Ac
ade
m
y
of
Sci
ences,
B
eijing, 10049, China
2
Stat
e
Ke
y
La
bo
rat
or
y
of
Natur
al Medi
c
ine
s,
Chi
na
Pharm
aceut
i
c
al
Univ
ersity
,
N
anj
ing
210009,
China
Ar
ticl
e
In
fo
ABST
RACT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 2, 2
017
Re
vised
Ma
y
8, 20
17
Accepte
d
Ma
y
23, 201
7
The
imm
une
sy
stem
p
lay
s
k
e
y
role
s
in
the
def
ense
of
th
e
orga
n
ism
.
How
eve
r,
the
ef
fec
ts
of
th
e
imm
une
s
y
stem
ar
e
not
li
m
ited
to
the
imm
une
func
ti
ons
and
have
impacts
be
y
ond
th
e
an
ti
-
pa
thogenes
role.
Inde
ed,
neur
oi
m
m
unology
is
a
rep
r
ese
ntativ
e
fie
ld
of
how
the
imm
une
s
y
stem
aff
e
ct
s
non
-
imm
une
bi
ologi
c
al
and
ph
y
sio
-
pa
thol
ogi
cal
fun
ct
ions.
Here
in,
we
ha
ve
select
ed
a
num
ber
of
neu
rode
gene
r
at
iv
e
disea
ses
as
il
lustrative
ex
a
m
ple
s
to
put
a
spotli
gh
t
o
n
thi
s
impo
rta
nt
field.
Im
porta
ntly
,
c
la
r
if
y
ing
th
e
li
nks
a
nd
intera
c
ti
ons
b
et
wee
n
the
imm
une
s
y
st
em
and
the
n
erv
ou
s
s
y
st
em
rep
r
ese
nts
k
e
y
elem
e
nts
for
th
e
un
der
standi
ng
neur
odege
n
erati
ve
dise
ase
s
sin
ce
it
wi
ll
lead
to
n
ew
th
eor
i
es
about
the
pat
hogen
esis
an
d
the
m
ec
h
ani
sm
s
under
l
y
ing
t
he
relate
d
pro
ces
ses
and
thus,
provide
us
wit
h
new
data
an
d
novel
to
ols
t
o
both
desc
r
ibe
the
r
el
a
te
d
pat
hwa
y
s
and
d
eve
lop
n
ew
th
e
rap
eutic
appr
o
a
che
s
as
we
ll
as
di
agnosti
c
appr
oac
h
es
and
r
ese
arc
h
m
et
hodo
logi
es
b
ase
d
on
such
new
discov
e
rie
s.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Alzheim
er'
s D
i
sease
Mult
iple Scl
er
os
is
My
ast
hen
ia
Gr
avis
Neur
od
e
ge
ner
a
ti
ve
Diseases
Neur
oim
m
un
olo
gy
Op
s
ocl
onus
-
My
oclonus
Syndro
m
e
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
ci
en
ce.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Abdelazi
z Gha
nem
i,
Key La
borato
r
y of A
nim
al
M
od
el
s
and
H
uma
n Disea
se Me
chan
ism
s,
Kunm
ing
Insti
tute o
f
Z
oolo
gy Chinese
A
ca
dem
y of
Scie
nc
es,
Kunm
ing
65
0223, Yu
nnan
P
r
ov
i
nce,
C
hin
a
.
Em
a
il
:
gh
anem
ia
bd
el
azi
z@
hot
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Neur
oim
m
un
olo
gy,
a
fiel
d
t
ha
t
com
bin
es
both
ne
uroscie
nce
s
a
nd
im
m
un
olo
gy,
is
a
ra
pid
l
y
gro
wing
file
d,
an
d
m
eet
ing
s
a
re
orga
nized
w
or
l
dw
i
de
t
o
discu
ss
it
s
la
te
st
adv
a
nces,
pa
rtic
ula
rly
those
relat
ed
t
o
neur
ov
asc
ular
and
ne
uro
deg
e
ner
at
ive
disea
s
es
[1
]
-
[
8],
sho
wing
the
im
po
rta
nce
of
this
new
a
rea
a
nd
th
e
adv
a
nces
it
w
il
l hav
e
.
Fo
r
insta
nce,
f
act
or
s
su
c
h
as
the
los
s
of
bl
ood
-
brai
n
ba
rri
er
integ
rity
in
flue
nce
nu
m
ero
us
ce
ntral
nerv
ou
s
syst
e
m
(CNS
)
disor
der
s
[9
]
since
i
t
m
ay
al
low
m
or
e
factors
an
d
m
o
le
cule
to
go
into
the
C
NS
wh
ic
h
m
ay
hav
e
a
n
im
pact
on
ho
w
the
im
m
un
e
syst
e
m
influ
enc
es
the
nerv
ou
s
syst
e
m
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
bl
ood
s
oluble
bio
m
olecules
s
uch
as
a
dipo
ne
ct
in,
a
n
a
dipoc
yt
ok
ine
release
d
by
the
adi
pose
ti
ssu
e,
ha
ve
i
m
po
rta
nt
f
un
ct
ion
s
within
t
he
i
nf
l
a
m
m
a
tory
pr
oc
esses
wh
ic
h
m
ay
hav
e
a
path
ophysiol
og
ic
al
r
ole
in
ne
uro
de
gen
e
rati
ve
dis
orders
[10].
Dive
rs
im
m
un
ologica
l
cel
ls
an
d
m
ediat
or
s
[
11]
,[12
]
ha
ve
bee
n
s
hown
to
in
flue
nc
e
the
ne
r
vous
syst
e
m
and
vice
ve
rsa
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
im
po
rta
nt
r
oles
of
in
flam
m
a
ti
on
in
in
it
ia
ti
ng
ti
ssu
e
dam
age
ha
ve
be
e
n
strongly
pro
ve
d
t
hro
ugh
cl
in
ic
al
ex
per
im
ents;
ne
ver
t
heless,
it
is
sti
ll
dif
ficult
to
e
xpla
in
t
he
c
onti
nu
i
ty
of
neur
od
e
ge
ner
a
ti
on
after
t
he
dam
age
has
be
gun
i
n
sp
it
e
of
that
m
agn
et
ic
resonan
ce
im
aging
(MR
I)
has
sh
own
no
ne
w
i
nf
la
m
m
at
ion
[
5].
Ne
uroim
m
un
olo
gy
needs
m
or
e
inv
e
sti
gations
a
nd
m
or
e
li
gh
t
sh
oul
d
be
pu
t
on
t
he
diff
e
re
nt
relat
ed
aspects
,
es
pecial
ly
fo
r
th
e
neurode
ge
ne
rati
ve
diseases
in
order
t
o
e
lucidat
e
the
r
el
at
ed
path
ways
a
nd
m
echan
ism
s
bo
t
h
as
pat
ho
-
phys
iolo
gy
proces
s
a
nd
as
pri
nci
ples
ba
sed
on
w
hic
h
no
vel
thera
pies ca
n b
e
dev
el
op
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
147
2.
NEU
ROIM
M
UNOLOG
Y A
ND N
E
UROD
EGE
NER
ATI
VE DISEA
SE
S
Spotli
gh
t
on N
eur
oimmu
nolo
gy: Illustr
ations fro
m
Ne
ur
od
egen
e
ra
ti
ve
Diseases
(
A
bdel
azi
z Ghane
mi)
Neur
od
e
ge
ner
a
ti
ve
diseases
c
on
sti
tu
te
ty
pic
al
il
lustrati
on
s
of
t
he
interac
ti
on
s
betwee
n
the
ne
rvo
us
syst
e
m
and
the
i
m
m
un
e
syst
e
m
.
In
deed,
ne
uroi
m
m
un
ology
giv
es
div
e
rs
exam
ple
a
bout
ho
w
neur
oim
m
un
olo
gy
co
uld
be
a
key
f
or
the
m
edical
f
uture
of
the
se
se
ver
e
hu
m
an
path
ologies.
For
eac
h
stud
ie
s
exam
ple, w
e c
an obse
r
ve how the
un
der
ly
ing m
echan
ism
s ar
e
desc
ribe
d wit
h
a
n
e
uroi
m
m
un
ologica
l
con
te
xt.
Am
on
g
t
he
ne
uro
deg
e
ner
at
i
ve
diseases
,
Alz
heim
er
'
s
disease
(AD
)
is
a
c
hr
on
ic
disease
c
ha
racteri
zed
by
the
l
oo
se
of
c
ogniti
ve
f
unct
ions
a
nd
ne
uro
nal
deg
e
ne
r
at
ion
[
13
]
wit
h
a
n
inc
rease
d
pre
valence
in
agi
ng
popula
ti
on
s
[
14]
.
P
ha
rm
aceut
ic
al
com
pan
ie
s,
governm
ent
agen
ci
es
,
natio
na
l
A
D
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
nd
sci
entifi
c
researc
h
ce
nter
s
are
c
ollab
or
a
ti
ng
to
fin
d
ou
t
the
best
a
ppr
oach
e
s
to
m
an
age
a
nd
eve
nt
ually
treat
AD
[15].
Am
ylo
id
-
β
(Aβ)
brai
n
depo
sit
s
con
sti
tute
a
m
ajo
r
factor
in
A
D
pat
hoge
nesis
[
16
]
and
both
lo
ng
-
te
rm
po
te
ntiat
ion
a
nd
sy
nap
ti
c
plas
ti
ci
t
y
are
af
fect
ed
by
the
oli
gom
eric
a
m
yl
oid
β
(
oAβ)
[
13
]
.
I
t
has
bee
n
i
nd
i
cat
ed
that
in
A
D
oligo
m
eric
am
ylo
id
β
has
t
h
e
abili
ty
to
act
ivate
m
ic
ro
glia
an
d
res
ult
in
ne
uroin
flam
m
at
or
y
m
echan
ism
via
the
pro
-
in
flam
m
at
or
y
cy
tok
in
e
IL
-
1β
i
n
A
D
[13].
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
m
or
e
res
ults
ind
ic
at
e
that
AD
is
cause
d
by
el
e
vated
Aβ
42
f
racti
on
s
in
th
e
brai
n
[
17
]
.
Ri
sk
fact
or
s
f
or
la
te
onset
AD
incl
ud
e
ge
netic
com
po
ne
nt
s
uc
h
a
s
ɛ
4
al
le
le
of
A
poli
poprotei
n
E
(
A
poEɛ4
)
a
nd
va
riants
of
t
he
TREM
2
gene
[
14]
.
Im
po
rtantl
y,
T
REM
2
rece
ptor,
that
has
im
m
un
e
functi
on,
has
bee
n
pr
opose
d
as
a
pot
entia
l
ph
a
rm
ac
eutic
al
ta
rg
et
in
A
D
[
14]
.
O
n
the
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
a
se
t
of
nons
te
r
oid
al
a
nti
-
inflam
m
at
o
ry
dru
gs
(
NSA
ID
s
)
ha
ve
been
able
to
re
du
ce
Aβ
42
is
di
ver
s
re
searche
s
[
17
]
.
These
s
how
m
or
e
po
te
ntial
i
m
plica
ti
on
s
of
t
he
in
flam
m
at
or
y
processes
w
it
hi
n
the
AD
pat
hoge
nesis.
Fo
r
A
D
patie
nt
s
with
pep
ti
c
ulcers,
a
re
duc
ti
on
in
pro
gres
sion
of
dem
entia
was
ob
se
r
ve
d
afte
r
the
erad
ic
at
io
n
of
H.
pylo
ri
[18]
sho
wing
a
nother
pote
ntial
li
nk
betwee
n
t
he
im
m
un
e
fun
ct
ion
a
nd
t
he
neur
o
-
sy
m
pto
m
s,
pr
obably
m
ediat
e
d
by
an
i
nf
la
m
m
at
or
y
process
.
Mo
reover
,
c
onside
rin
g
the
hy
po
the
sis
of
a
m
yl
oid
casca
de
f
or
A
D,
a
lot
of
re
searche
s
hav
e
rece
ntly
fo
c
use
d
on
vaccin
e
thera
py
for
this
disease
th
rou
gh
inj
ect
a
ble
im
mu
nizat
io
n,
w
hi
ch
has
s
how
n
thera
peu
ti
c
e
ffi
ci
ency
in
m
ice,
nev
e
rtheless
,
it
has
s
how
n
seve
r
e
adv
e
rse
reacti
ons
wh
e
n
a
pp
li
e
d
cl
inica
ll
y,
an
d
it
co
ns
ti
tutes
a
chall
en
ge
th
at
m
any
resear
cher
s
a
re
wor
ki
ng
to
ov
e
rc
om
e [1
9].
Mult
iple
scl
er
os
is
(MS)
is
a
no
t
her
a
uto
im
m
un
e
disease
m
ediat
ed
by
T
cel
ls
[
20]
tha
t
ta
rg
et
s
the
CNS
m
yelin
via
a
chain
of
im
m
un
e
pathw
ay
reacti
on
s
[21].
Yet,
al
thou
gh
the
antib
od
ie
s
ro
le
s
in
MS
a
r
e
no
t
ver
y
cl
ari
fied,
m
any
find
in
gs
sup
port
th
ose
antib
od
ie
s
ha
ve
path
ob
i
ologica
l
r
oles
wit
hin
t
he
path
ogenic
processes
of
MS
[
22]
.
M
or
e
over
,
m
any
i
m
m
unoth
e
ra
pies
e
xist
f
or
MS
[
21]
,
the
se
the
ra
pies
a
re
div
i
de
d
base
d
on
thei
r
ta
rg
e
ts
an
d
pharm
acolo
gical
a
ppr
oac
hes.
T
he
pr
ogress
m
a
de
i
n
unde
rst
and
i
ng
MS
di
seas
e
m
echan
ism
s
and
new
th
era
pies
de
velo
pme
nt
is
hi
gh
ly
no
ti
ceable
m
ain
ly
tha
nks
t
o
the
e
xp
l
oitat
i
on
of
m
agn
et
ic
r
es
on
ance im
aging
(
MR
I)
te
ch
niqu
e capacit
ie
s [5] as a
diag
nosis
and eval
uatio
n
too
l.
My
ast
hen
ia
gravis
(M
G)
r
epr
ese
nts
al
so
an
aut
oim
mu
ne
disease
i
n
w
hich
prot
ei
ns
of
the
po
stsy
nap
ti
c
m
e
m
br
ane
in
the
ne
urom
us
cula
r
j
unct
io
n
are
ta
rg
et
e
d
by
a
ut
oan
ti
bo
dies
t
ha
t
the
body
pro
du
ce
s
[23
]
.
M
G
is
c
har
act
erize
d
by
fluct
uating
m
us
cl
e
weakn
ess
[
24]
.
This
ra
re
disease
i
nvolv
e
s
T
-
cel
l
(T
re
g)
diff
e
re
ntiat
ion
and
NF
-
κB
sig
naling
pat
hw
a
y
within
the
pa
tho
-
proce
sses
[
23
]
.
It
is
al
so
i
m
po
rtant
to
stu
dy
th
e
po
te
ntial
predi
ct
ive
fact
or
s
as
so
ci
at
ed
with
s
uch
diseases.
Re
centl
y,
a
work
ha
s
bee
n
done
over
a
s
hort
pe
rio
d
of
ti
m
e
in
Japan
to
in
vestigat
e
m
ya
sthenia
gravis
disease
predict
ive
factors
that
cause
t
he
increase
d
inci
den
ce
of
el
evati
on
of
the
ti
te
r
of
a
nt
i
-
acet
yl
cho
li
ne
rece
ptor
a
ntibodies
i
n
patie
n
ts
li
ving
i
n
K
anazawa
ci
ty
[
25
]
.
It
has
bee
n
fou
nd
that
patie
nts
with
la
te
-
onset
m
ya
sthenia
gravis
ha
d
a
hi
gher
inci
de
nce
of
a
nti
-
Acety
l
cho
li
ne
recept
or
s
a
ntib
od
y
ti
te
r
el
evat
ion
c
om
par
ed
t
o
oth
er
s
with
e
arly
-
onset
MG
,
an
d
that
t
hym
us
rem
ov
al
ena
bled
the
pr
e
ve
ntion
of
t
he
i
ncr
eas
e
of
t
he
a
ntib
ody
ti
te
r
in
patie
nts
with
non
thy
m
o
m
a
-
relat
ed
m
ya
sthenia
gravi
s
[25]. T
hese a
nd
oth
e
r
re
su
lt
s
furthe
r hig
hlig
ht the im
m
un
ol
og
ic
al
in
volve
m
ent in th
is
ne
urolo
gical
dise
ase.
Op
s
ocl
onus
-
m
yocl
onus
syn
dr
om
e
(O
MS
)
is
a
ra
r
e
pa
raneo
plasti
c
syn
dro
m
e
[26],[
27]
th
at
re
pr
ese
nts
ano
t
her
il
lustr
at
ion
of
the
ne
uroim
m
un
ologica
l
interact
io
ns
.
It
is
char
a
ct
erized
by
opso
cl
on
us
,
m
yocl
onus
,
and
at
axia
[
26]
,[
28]
an
d
it
has
bee
n
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
ne
uro
blasti
c
tum
or
s
in
child
re
n
[26].
For
t
h
is
rar
e
disorde
r
with
ne
urolo
gical
com
po
ne
nt,
it
has
been
s
uggeste
d
that
this
syn
dro
m
e
cou
l
d
be
an
oth
e
r
m
anifestat
ion
of
HIV
inf
ect
ion
[
29]
an
d
the
im
plica
t
ion
of
B
cel
l
m
echan
ism
s
within
t
he
disease
path
way
[30] point t
he
i
m
m
un
ologica
l
aspects
of this
syndrom
es co
nsi
der
e
d
as
a
ne
uroin
flam
m
at
or
y dis
order [
31
]
.
Th
us
, su
ppos
e
that t
her
a
pies
m
igh
t be
pro
vi
ded b
y
ne
uroi
m
m
un
ology.
3.
DISCU
SSI
ON
These
e
xam
ples
point
out
th
e
ap
plica
ti
on
s
neur
oim
m
un
olo
gy
c
ould
ha
ve
in
neur
ologica
l
diseases
and
il
lust
rate
the
pe
rs
pecti
ve
s
that
the
rece
nt
fin
dings
w
ou
l
d
le
ad
t
o.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
w
e
ex
pect
that
the
data
pro
vid
e
d
by
ne
uroim
m
un
ology
will
not
only
al
low
us
to
m
ap
the
pa
thway
of
s
om
e
path
ologic
al
an
d
ph
ysi
ologica
l
process
,
but
wi
ll
al
so
al
lo
w
us
to
de
vel
op
ne
w
t
reatm
ents
su
c
h
as
the
possible
im
plica
tio
n
a
nd
thera
peu
ti
c
us
e
of cyt
okines,
c
yt
ok
ine a
nta
gonists, a
nd s
oluble ad
hesi
on m
olecules i
n
s
om
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
148
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
neur
oin
flam
m
a
tory
disorde
rs [
30
]
.
On t
he oth
er
hand, p
ro
m
oting
the
d
e
vel
opm
ent o
f
t
oler
og
e
nic
dend
riti
c
IJPHS
V
ol. 6, No.
2,
J
une
20
17 : 14
6
–
150
cel
ls by h
e
pato
cy
te
g
r
ow
t
h
fa
ct
or
has bee
n
s
how
n
to
lim
it
m
ou
se auto
im
m
un
e n
eu
r
oin
fl
a
m
m
a
ti
on
[3
2] whic
h
represe
nt a
hope
for
t
he neu
r
oin
flam
m
a
tory
di
so
r
der
s
.
Im
po
rtantl
y,
G
protei
n
c
oupl
ed
recept
or
s
(
GP
CR
s)
that
e
xist
an
d
play
i
m
po
rtant
f
unct
ion
s
withi
n
bo
t
h
the
im
m
u
ne
syst
em
and
nerv
ou
s
syst
e
m
rep
rese
nt
an
i
m
po
rtant
ta
r
ge
t
within
the
m
od
ern
pha
rm
acolo
gy
[33]
-
[
36]
th
us
,
f
ur
t
her
in
vestigat
ion
on
the
GP
CR
s
[
37
]
-
[
39
]
rem
ai
n
i
m
portant
f
or
s
olv
in
g
f
utu
re
c
ha
ll
eng
e
s
that
will
face
neur
oim
m
un
olo
gy
es
pecial
ly
from
a
ph
arm
acolo
gical
pe
rs
pecti
ve
[
40]
in
cl
ud
in
g
dru
g
de
sig
n
and d
isc
overy
[41],[
42]
and
dr
ug sc
ree
ning
[
43
]
,
[44].
4.
PERSPE
CTI
VES
It
is
im
po
rtant
to
dev
el
op
ne
w
te
ch
niques
and
no
vel
ap
proac
hes
[
45
]
,
[
46
]
with
highe
r
se
ns
it
ivity
than
t
hose
e
xisti
ng
at
the
m
o
m
ent,
in
orde
r
t
o
el
ucidate
m
or
e
cl
early
the
m
echan
ism
s
of
thes
e
neur
od
e
ge
ner
a
ti
ve
disease
s,
par
ti
cula
rly
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
a
ble
t
o
detec
t
the
ve
ry
ti
ny
am
ou
nt
s
of
im
m
un
e
f
act
or
s
.
Indee
d,
inc
reas
ing
num
ber
of
evide
nces
is
pointi
ng
im
m
un
e
fact
or
s
have
been
s
how
n
to
play
r
oles
i
n
div
e
rs
non
-
im
m
un
e
pa
thways
an
d
non
-
im
m
un
e
pa
thways
can
i
nfl
ue
nce
t
he
im
m
un
e
f
un
ct
io
ns
(
or
be
li
nke
d
t
o)
includi
ng
obesi
ty
[
47
]
, dia
bete
s [
48]
, nut
riti
on
-
relat
ed
[
49]
, sc
hizo
phre
nia [50
]
, br
ai
n
f
unc
ti
on
[5
1] an
d
a
ging
-
relat
ed
c
hange
s to
im
m
un
it
y
[5
2].
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fu
rt
her
in
vesti
gations
i
nvolv
i
ng
m
ulti
discipli
nar
y
a
ppr
oac
he
s
rem
ai
n
re
qu
ired
to
el
ucid
a
te
the
key
featur
e
s
of
the
dif
fere
nt
aspe
ct
s
of
t
he
ne
uroim
m
un
ology
f
ro
m
div
e
rs
f
ie
lds.
S
uc
h
go
al
can
be
ac
hieve
d
especial
ly
by
app
ly
in
g
m
odern
m
et
ho
ds
wh
ic
h
woul
d
al
low
as
a
de
eper
un
der
sta
ndin
g
of
the
di
ff
e
ren
t
i
m
m
un
e
functi
on
s
a
nd
thei
r
im
plications
within
the
neur
od
e
ge
n
era
ti
ve
diseases,
no
t
on
ly
vi
a
the
inflam
m
at
or
y
processes
but
al
so
th
rou
gh
th
e
dif
fer
e
nt
cel
lular
a
nd
m
olecular
path
ways.
Im
po
rtantl
y,
a
bette
r
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
ne
uroim
m
un
olo
gical
c
on
ce
pts
withi
n
the
c
on
te
xt
of
ne
uro
de
gen
e
r
at
ive
diseases
would
su
rely
a
ll
ow
us
t
o
im
pr
ove
the
cu
rr
e
nt
t
her
a
pe
utic
ap
proac
hes
via
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
drug
s
si
de
e
ff
ec
ts
an
d
dev
el
op
i
ng no
vel treat
m
ents.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Abdelazi
z
G
ha
nem
i
was
the
recipient
of
a
2013
CAS
-
T
WAS
Pr
e
side
nt
'
s
Po
stgra
du
at
e
Fell
ow
s
hip
wh
e
n
t
his
pap
e
r
w
as
wr
it
te
n.
REFERE
NCE
S
[
1
]
R.
A.
Li
nke
r,
et
al.
,
“
Report
on
the
5
'th
sci
entif
ic
m
eeting
of
th
e
Vere
in
zur
Forderung
des
W
i
ss
ensc
haf
tl
i
che
n
Nac
hwuchses
in
der
Neuro
logie
(NEURO
W
IN
D
e.
V.)
h
el
d
i
n
Motze
n
,
Ger
m
an
y
,
”
E
xp
Tr
ansl
Stroke
M
e
d
,
vol/
issue: 5(1),
p
p.
15
,
2013
.
[
2
]
R.
Pedot
ti
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Highli
ghts f
ro
m
the
Sev
ent
h
In
te
rna
ti
ona
l
Cong
ress of
th
e
Int
ern
at
ion
al
Soc
ie
t
y
o
f
Neuroi
m
m
unolo
g
y
,
”
Journal
o
f Neuroimm
unology
,
vo
l/
issue:
16
2(1
–
2),
pp
.
5
-
11
,
2005.
[
3
]
C.
Selmi,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A c
le
ar
look
at
the
n
eur
oimm
unolog
y
of
m
ultipl
e
scl
ero
sis a
nd
b
e
y
ond
,
”
Au
toi
m
munity
Re
v
ie
ws
,
vol/
issue: 11(3),
pp.
159
-
162
,
201
2.
[
4
]
R.
A.
Le
wis,
et
al.
,
“
Introduc
t
i
on
to
th
e
spec
ial
sec
t
ion
on
Ro
ber
t
L
isak
'
s
con
tri
buti
ons
to
ne
uroimm
unology
,
”
Journal
of
the N
eurologi
cal Scie
nce
s
,
vo
l/
issue:
333(1
–
2),
pp
.
29
,
2013
.
[
5
]
Abs
tra
ct
s from
t
he
Second
Int
ern
at
ion
al
Conf
ere
n
ce
,
“
Advanc
es
in
Cli
ni
cal
Neuro
i
m
m
unology
Gda
osk,
Poland
31
Ma
y
–
1
June
201
0,
”
Journal
o
f
N
euroimmunology
,
vol
/i
ss
ue: 222(
1
–
2),
pp
.
1
-
18
,
2
010.
[
6
]
ISN
I
2010
Abs
tra
ct
s:
Tu
esda
y
Octobe
r
26
th,
“
2010
10th
Cour
se
of
the
European
School
of
N
e
uroimm
unology
,
”
Journal
of
Neur
oimmunology
,
v
ol/
issue:
2
28(1
–
2),
pp
.
1
-
219
,
20
10.
[
7
]
“
8th
Course
of t
he
Europ
ea
n
Sch
ool
of
Neu
roimm
unolog
y
,
”
Jou
rnal
of
N
euroimmun
ology
,
vo
l/
is
sue:
203(2), pp
.
119
-
280,
2008.
[
8
]
M.
R.
R.
Agram
onte
,
“
Inte
rna
ti
o
nal
W
orkshop o
n
Neuroi
m
m
unolog
y
,
”
Journal
o
f
Neuroimmunol
ogy
,
vo
l/
issue:
203(1),
pp
.
1
-
2,
2008.
[
9
]
M.
Z
.
Adze
m
ovi
c,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
at
inib
amel
iorate
s
ne
uroinfl
amm
at
ion
in
a
rat
m
odel
o
f
m
ult
ip
le
scl
ero
sis
b
y
enha
n
ci
ng
blood
-
bra
in
bar
r
ie
r
integrity
and
b
y
m
odulating
the
p
eri
ph
era
l
i
m
m
une
response,
”
PLoS
One
,
v
ol/
issue:
8(2),
p
p.
e56586,
2013
.
[
1
0
]
A.
L
.
T
ei
x
ei
ra
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Dec
re
ase
d
le
v
el
s of
ci
r
cula
ti
ng
adi
pone
ct
in
in
m
il
d
cogni
t
iv
e
impairment
a
n
d
Alzheim
er'
s
disea
se,
”
N
euromole
cul
ar M
ed
,
vol/
issue: 15(1),
pp.
115
-
21
,
2013
.
[
1
1
]
D.
G.
Pa
y
a
n,
e
t al.
,
“
Neuroi
m
m
u
nolog
y
,
”
in
Advanc
es
in
Im
m
unolog
y
,
K
.
F.A.L.
E.
H.
Frank
J.
Di
xon
and
W
.
U
.
Jonatha
n,
Aca
d
e
m
ic
Press
,
pp.
2
99
-
323,
1986.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
149
Spotli
gh
t
on N
eur
oimmu
nolo
gy: Illustr
ations fro
m
Ne
ur
od
egen
e
ra
ti
ve
Diseases
(
A
bdel
azi
z Ghane
mi)
[
1
2
]
A.
N.
Coogan
a
nd
C.
A.
W
y
se
,
“
Neuroi
m
m
unol
og
y
of
th
e
c
irca
dia
n
cl
ock
,
”
Bra
in
Re
search
,
vo
l
.
1232,
pp.
104
-
112,
2008
.
[
1
3
]
B.
Para
ju
li,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Oligomeric
am
y
loi
d
beta
in
duce
s
IL
-
1b
et
a
proc
essing
via
p
roduc
ti
on
of
ROS
:
implic
a
ti
on
i
n
Alzhe
imer
'
s di
se
ase
,
”
Ce
ll
D
eat
h
Dis
,
vol
.
4
,
pp
.
e975,
2013
.
[
1
4
]
J.
E
.
Khour
y
a
nd
S.
E
.
Hick
m
an,
“
TRE
M2
and
the
Neur
oIm
m
unology
o
f
Alzh
ei
m
er
'
s
Disea
se,
”
Bi
o
ch
em
Pharmacol
,
201
4.
[
1
5
]
A.
S.
Vann
,
“
A
Care
g
ive
r
'
s
W
i
sh
Li
st
for
a
Na
ti
onal
Alzh
ei
m
e
r'
s
Agend
a,”
Am
J
A
lzhei
mers
Dis
Other
Demen
,
2013.
[
1
6
]
From
the
C
enter
s
for
Dis
ea
se
Co
ntrol
,
“
Influe
n
za
a
ct
iv
ity
--
Unit
ed
Sta
te
s,
1989
-
19
90,
”
J
AMA
,
vo
l/
i
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l
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Der
ive
d
Ne
urons
Is
Resista
nt
to
NS
AID
-
Based
gamm
a
-
Secr
et
as
e
Modula
ti
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li
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a
ct
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lor
i
Is
A
ss
oci
at
ed
with
t
he
Progress
ion
of
Dem
ent
i
a:
A
Populat
ion
-
Base
d
Stud
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Gas
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ffic
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eous
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uniz
a
ti
on
wi
th
am
y
loi
d
β
usin
g
a
d
issolving
m
ic
rone
edle
arr
a
y
in
a
m
ouse
m
odel
of
Alzh
eim
er'
s
dise
ase
,
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o
immune
n
eur
oinflam
m
at
ion
b
y
the
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usion
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RAIL,
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I
m
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Ex
acerba
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l
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y
e
li
ti
s
b
y
p
assive
tra
nsfer
of
Ig
G
ant
ibodies
from
a
m
ult
ip
le
scler
osis
pat
i
ent
resp
onsive
to
imm
unoadsorpti
on,
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“
Gene
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A
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hensive
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J Aut
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2
4
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D.
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a
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Double
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iv
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m
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asthe
n
ia
gr
avi
s
wi
th
a
nti
phospholipi
d
s
y
ndrom
e:
a
ca
s
e
r
epor
t,”
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Case
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l
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“
M
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asthe
n
ia
gra
vis:
Pred
icti
ve
f
ac
tors
associate
d
with
the
s
y
n
chr
onized
el
ev
at
ion
of
anti
-
ac
e
t
y
lc
ho
li
ne
re
c
ept
or anti
bod
y
t
i
te
r in Ka
n
azawa, Japa
n,
”
Journal
of
N
euroimmunology
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6
]
B.
Hero
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G.
Schl
ei
e
rm
acher,
“
Update
o
n
ped
ia
tr
ic
ops
ocl
onus
m
y
ocl
o
nus
s
y
ndrom
e,”
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ric
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hi
and
V.
Le
l
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“
Som
at
ost
at
in
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ion
to
m
ogra
ph
y
/
computed
tomograph
y
(PE
T/
CT
)
in
t
he
eva
lu
at
ion
of
op
soclonus
-
m
y
o
clonus
at
ax
ia s
y
nd
rom
e,
”
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ian J Nucl
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K.
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l
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,
“
A
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t
ive
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y
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f
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senta
ti
on
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m
a
nage
m
ent
of
d
an
ci
ng
e
y
e
s
y
ndro
m
e/
opsoclonus
–
m
y
o
cl
onus
s
y
nd
rom
e
in
the
Uni
te
d
Kingdom
,
”
Eur
opean
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cl
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ata
xia
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ndrom
e:
Report
on
two
ca
ses,”
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ic
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C
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n
e
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ta
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e
adh
esion
m
ole
cul
es
in
pe
dia
tric
OM
S
an
d
othe
r
n
eur
oinf
lam
m
at
ory
disorde
rs,”
J
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Sc
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ss
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1
]
M.
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,
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Expres
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CXCR3
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it
s
li
gand
s
C
XCL9,
-
10
a
nd
-
11
in
pa
ediatr
i
c
opsoclonus
-
m
y
o
cl
onus s
y
nd
rom
e,
”
C
li
n
Ex
p
Imm
unol
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eur
ot
rophic
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e
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ac
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induc
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tol
er
ogeni
c
hum
an
d
endr
it
i
c
ce
l
ls,”
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3
3
]
A.
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emi,
“
Ps
y
chiatr
ic
n
eur
a
l
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eur
ophar
m
ac
olo
g
y
:
Sel
ecte
d
ad
vanc
es
and
nov
el
implicati
ons,
”
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uti
cal J
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ei
n
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le
d
re
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re
la
t
ed
pa
t
hwa
y
s
as
emerg
ing
m
ole
cular
t
her
apies,”
Saudi
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utical Journal
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vo
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emi,
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Schiz
ophr
eni
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n
d
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ecte
d
th
era
p
eut
i
c
adv
anc
es
be
y
ond
t
he
dop
aminer
gi
c
et
iol
og
ie
s,
”
Al
e
x
andria
Journal
o
f
Me
d
ic
in
e
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ss
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3
6
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E.
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asko,
et
al
.
,
“
Bene
fi
ci
a
l
rol
e
of
th
e
GP
R30
agoni
st
G
-
1
in
a
n
ani
m
al
m
odel
of
m
ult
ipl
e
s
cl
er
osis,”
Journal
o
f
Neuroimmunology
,
vo
l/
issue:
21
4(1
–
2),
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7
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New
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tor
s
infl
uen
ci
ng
G
prote
in
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rec
ep
tors’
s
y
st
e
m
func
ti
ons,”
Alex
andria
Journa
l
of
Me
d
ic
in
e
,
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sue:
49(1), pp.
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5,
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3
8
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A.
Ghane
m
i,
“
Biol
ogic
a
l
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oper
ties
and
per
spec
t
ive
ap
pli
c
at
ions
of
“
Bio
-
neut
er”
c
he
m
ic
al
s
?
”
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udi
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utical Journal
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vo
l/
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ng
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l
ani
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al
m
odel
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li
ni
c
al
l
y
eff
ic
a
ci
ous
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CR
li
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el
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iol
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]
K.
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New
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adi
gm
s
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CR
drug
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r
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,
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al
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C.
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rm
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et
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“
W
h
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c
an
we
learn
from
m
ole
cular
d
y
namics
sim
ula
ti
ons
for
GP
CR
drug
d
esign
?”
Computati
onal
a
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Struct
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unct
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Th
e
i
m
pac
t
o
f
computat
ion
al
m
et
hods
on
th
e
discov
e
r
y
of
spec
if
ic GP
CR
–
li
gands,”
B
io
organic
&
Me
dic
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mistry
,
vol/
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3907
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3912
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[
4
3
]
P.
Kum
ari
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e
t
al
.
,
“
Emerging
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proa
che
s
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GP
CR
Li
gand
S
creeni
ng
for
Drug
Discove
r
y
,
”
Tr
ends
in
Mole
cu
la
r
Me
dicine
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/i
s
sue:
21(11), pp
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
V
ol. 6, No.
2,
J
une
20
17 : 14
6
–
150
150
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
88
06
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4
4
]
A.
Pluec
kthun
,
“
Evol
ving
Stable
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eni
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Struc
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l
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if
ic
i
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imm
une
and
m
ini
m
u
m
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion err
ors m
et
hods,”
Jo
urnal
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i
ed Re
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chnol
ogy
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4
6
]
D.
Furm
an
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M.
M.
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“
New
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aches
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und
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the
imm
une
r
esponse
to
va
ccina
t
ion
an
d
infe
c
ti
on,
”
Vacci
ne
,
vo
l/
issue:
33
(40),
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5
281,
2015
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4
7
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G.
S.
Ri
zz
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d
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Mate
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l
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d
imm
une
d
y
sr
egul
a
ti
on
in
m
othe
r
and
inf
ant
:
A
rev
i
ew
of
t
he
evi
den
ce,”
Pae
d
iat
ric
Re
spirator
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R
ev
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[
4
8
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R.
Puff
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al
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Com
prom
ised
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une
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n
ts
at
ris
k
for
t
y
pe
1
diabete
s
born
by
C
ae
sare
an
Se
ct
ion
,
”
Cli
nic
a
l
Imm
uno
logy
,
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T.
J.
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Im
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une
en
hanc
ing
nutr
it
io
n
in
tr
aumatic
b
rai
n
inj
ur
y
–
A
pre
li
m
ina
r
y
stud
y
,
”
Int
ernati
ona
l
Journal
of
Surge
ry
,
vol
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21
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0
-
74,
2015
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5
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]
A.
Anders
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D.
K.
Kinne
y
,
“
Abnorm
al
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une
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y
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eve
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func
t
ion
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sc
hiz
ophre
n
ia
h
elps
rec
onc
il
e
d
ive
rs
e
f
indi
ngs
and
s
uggests
new
tr
e
at
m
ent
and
pr
ev
ent
ion
stra
te
g
ie
s
,
”
Brain
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A.
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Int
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te
an
d
ada
pt
ive
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y
in
br
ai
n
d
eve
lopment
and
func
ti
on
,
”
Brai
n
Re
search
,
vol
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1
617,
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18
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27
,
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[
5
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]
M.
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Sex,
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m
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une
sy
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on
ic
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ase
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Ce
ll
ular
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mm
unology
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