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s
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Acu
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icity
Gasific
atio
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Hea
v
y
m
etals
T
ar
waste
W
aste p
o
wer
p
lan
t
T
h
is i
s
a
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p
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rticle
u
n
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r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
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C
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p
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A
uth
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Sit
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Dep
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Facu
lty
o
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Ma
th
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ati
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s
,
Seb
elas M
ar
et
Un
iv
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ity
I
r
.
Su
tam
i Str
ee
t 3
6
-
A,
Su
r
ak
a
r
ta,
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
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E
m
ail: sit
i.r
ac
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m
awa
ti@
s
taf
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s
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Su
r
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ar
ta
is
f
ac
in
g
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
waste
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
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m
th
e
E
n
v
ir
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m
e
n
t
Ag
en
cy
o
f
Su
r
a
k
ar
ta
in
2
0
2
1
,
th
e
p
eo
p
le
o
f
th
is
city
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
5
,
8
7
3
,
7
5
0
m
3
o
f
waste
ev
er
y
d
ay
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
d
u
m
p
in
g
s
ite
is
Pu
tr
i
C
em
p
o
Fin
al
Pro
ce
s
s
in
g
Sit
e,
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
m
3
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
till
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s
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th
e
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p
e
n
d
u
m
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
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m
m
u
n
ity
waste
ac
cu
m
u
lates
to
ex
ce
ed
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
lan
d
f
ill
its
elf
[
1
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
is
s
u
e,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
t
o
o
k
th
e
in
itiativ
e
to
d
ev
elo
p
waste
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
A
waste
p
o
wer
p
lan
t (
W
PP
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
n
an
s
wer
to
waste
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
waste
to
en
er
g
y
[
2
]
.
PT.
So
lo
C
itra
Me
tr
o
Plas
m
a
Po
wer
(
S
C
MP
P)
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
Su
r
ak
ar
ta
city
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
u
ilt
a
W
P
P
th
at
is
esti
m
ated
to
s
er
v
e
5
5
0
t
o
n
s
o
f
waste
ev
er
y
d
ay
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
5
MW o
f
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
W
PP
o
p
er
ates
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
g
asifica
tio
n
,
a
th
er
m
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
a
t
co
n
v
er
ts
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lid
f
u
els
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
c
o
m
p
lete
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
g
asifica
tio
n
as
a
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
eth
o
d
is
y
et
to
b
e
wid
ely
a
d
o
p
ted
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
c
o
s
t
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
g
asifica
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
a
d
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
waste,
its
ea
s
e
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
its
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
g
asifica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
y
ield
s
s
y
n
th
etic
g
as/s
y
n
g
as
(
C
O,
C
O
2
,
C
H
4
,
H
2
)
,
ch
ar
an
d
ash
(
s
o
lid
p
h
ase)
,
an
d
tar
(
liq
u
i
d
p
h
ase)
as
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
s
y
n
g
as
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
u
s
e
d
to
p
o
wer
tu
r
b
i
n
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
an
d
ch
ar
c
o
al
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
f
u
el
f
o
r
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
tar
s
till
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Ho
lis
tic
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f ta
r
w
a
s
te
co
n
ten
t fro
m
…
(
P
u
tu
E
ls
a
P
u
r
n
a
ma
R
a
h
a
yu
)
1953
T
ar
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
ch
ai
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
an
d
wate
r
co
n
te
n
t
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
liq
u
id
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
co
n
d
en
s
ed
s
team
s
o
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
h
ase
ch
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
team
to
liq
u
id
.
R
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
tar
f
r
o
m
waste
g
asifica
tio
n
r
esu
lts
is
s
till
r
elativ
e
ly
n
ew
an
d
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
wid
el
y
s
tu
d
ied
,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
s
am
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
tar
f
r
o
m
waste
g
asifica
tio
n
an
d
co
al
g
asifica
tio
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
tar
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
q
u
alities
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
,
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
lf
u
r
elem
en
ts
i
n
co
al
tar
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
in
waste
tar
[
6
]
.
W
aste
tar
also
h
as
a
s
m
all
lev
el
o
f
p
h
en
o
l,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
k
ill
m
icr
o
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
[
7
]
.
T
a
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
g
asifica
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
to
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
tar
h
as
m
u
tag
en
ic
a
n
d
to
x
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
ese
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
ito
ch
o
n
d
r
i
al
m
em
b
r
a
n
es
to
o
x
i
d
ativ
e
d
a
m
ag
e
an
d
ca
n
e
v
en
ca
u
s
e
d
ea
th
in
b
o
d
y
ce
lls
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
h
ea
v
y
m
etal
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
to
x
icity
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
g
asified
tar
waste
at
PT.
SC
MPP.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
T
h
i
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
t
P
T
.
SC
MP
P
,
S
u
r
a
k
a
r
t
a
as
a
s
am
p
l
i
n
g
s
i
t
e
.
T
a
r
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
a
t
PT
.
SC
MP
P
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
a
w
a
y
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
a
t
i
ts
d
is
c
r
e
ti
o
n
a
t
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
ti
v
e
p
o
i
n
t
.
T
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
s
a
m
p
l
es
t
o
b
e
t
e
s
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
A
AS
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
r
e
p
u
r
e
s
a
m
p
l
es
,
h
a
v
e
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
0
.
1
%
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
m
a
te
r
i
a
ls
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
o
r
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
at
e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
e
t
al
s
t
h
a
t
ca
n
b
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
e
t
ec
t
i
o
n
li
m
i
t
.
T
a
r
s
a
m
p
l
es
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
s
p
e
ci
a
l
c
o
n
c
r
e
te
t
a
r
r
ese
r
v
o
i
r
s
w
it
h
m
e
t
a
l
c
o
v
e
r
s
p
r
o
t
ec
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
g
r
e
s
s
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
l
iq
u
i
d
s
.
2
.
2
.
H
ea
v
y
m
et
a
l c
o
nte
nt
Ato
m
ic
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
et
r
y
(
AAS)
is
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
h
ea
v
y
m
etal
co
n
ten
t
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
s
im
p
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
s
o
m
ewh
at
lo
w
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
s
ts
[
9
]
.
Usi
n
g
AAS
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
is
also
q
u
ite
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
b
ec
au
s
e
m
eta
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
AAS
is
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
b
y
elem
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
ea
ch
elem
en
t
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
at
a
ce
r
tain
wav
elen
g
t
h
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
its
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
SNI
6
9
8
9
.
8
4
:2
0
1
9
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
test
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
an
d
to
tal
m
etal
lev
els
b
y
AAS
–
Flam
e.
Prio
r
to
test
in
g
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
will
b
e
d
estro
y
ed
with
HNO3
af
ter
b
ein
g
f
ilter
ed
u
s
in
g
f
iltr
atio
n
m
ed
ia
h
av
in
g
p
o
r
e
s
izes
o
f
0
.
4
5
µm
.
Su
b
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
etal
s
o
lu
tio
n
will
b
e
d
ilu
ted
t
o
cr
ea
t
e
1
0
0
m
L
o
f
m
etal
wo
r
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
1
0
m
L
o
f
m
etal
r
aw
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
an
d
b
lan
k
s
o
lu
tio
n
will
b
e
in
h
aled
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
asp
ir
ato
r
h
o
s
e
o
n
c
e
th
e
AAS
h
as
b
ee
n
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
.
B
y
h
ea
tin
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
to
a
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
will
b
ec
o
m
e
f
r
ee
ato
m
s
.
T
h
e
ato
m
ized
s
am
p
le
will
b
e
ex
p
o
s
e
d
to
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
etal
ca
th
o
d
e
lam
p
,
an
d
t
h
e
ato
m
s
with
in
will
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
at
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
an
d
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
lig
h
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
em
p
ty
s
a
m
p
le.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
elem
en
tal
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
n
th
e
s
am
p
le
th
at
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
t
h
e
AAS
s
o
f
twar
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
is
in
ten
s
ity
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
test
ed
ar
e
lead
(
Pb
)
,
co
p
p
er
(
C
u
)
,
ir
o
n
(
Fe)
,
zin
c
(
Z
n
)
,
an
d
to
tal
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
(
C
r
)
.
Me
tal
co
n
te
n
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
r
m
u
la
t
h
at
co
m
p
lies
with
SNI
6
9
8
9
.
8
4
:
2
0
1
9
(
1
)
.
(
/
)
=
(
1
)
W
ith
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
C
: m
etal
co
n
ten
t o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t r
esu
lts
(
m
g
/L)
fp
: d
ilu
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
Af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
etal
c
o
n
ten
t
in
tar
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
wastewate
r
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
at
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
an
d
t
o
x
ic
waste
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
Min
is
ter
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
Fo
r
estry
n
u
m
b
er
6
o
f
2
0
2
1
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
a
n
d
to
x
ic
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
W
astewater
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
at
h
az
a
r
d
o
u
s
an
d
to
x
i
c
waste
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
No
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
M
a
x
imu
m
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
1
Iro
n
(
F
e
)
5
m
g
/L
2
Co
p
p
e
r
(C
u
)
2
m
g
/L
3
Zi
n
c
(Z
n
)
5
m
g
/L
4
Ch
ro
m
iu
m
(Cr)
0
.
5
m
g
/L
5
Lea
d
(P
b
)
0
.
1
m
g
/L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
95
2
-
1
9
59
1954
2
.
3
.
Acut
e
t
o
x
icit
y
lev
els (
L
D
50
)
T
h
e
ac
u
te
to
x
icity
test
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
an
L
D
50
-
b
ased
test
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
wo
r
k
s
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
test
an
im
als
an
d
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
ch
em
icals
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
o
s
e
th
at
is
s
tr
atif
ied
o
r
ch
an
g
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Fo
ll
o
win
g
th
at,
th
e
test
an
im
als'
b
eh
av
io
r
will
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
o
r
alter
atio
n
s
f
o
r
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e.
T
h
e
L
D
50
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
test
will
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
test
an
im
al
d
ea
th
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
.
Af
ter
7
an
d
1
4
d
ay
s
o
f
d
o
s
ag
e,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
test
an
im
als'
o
r
g
an
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
e
ath
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
f
if
teen
m
ale
B
AL
b
/C
s
tr
ain
m
ice
wh
o
w
er
e
two
m
o
n
th
s
o
ld
.
T
h
e
an
i
m
als
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
5
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
n
am
el
y
1
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
4
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
d
o
s
es
o
f
0
.
5
0
m
L
(
±
0
,
0
2
m
L
/g
B
B
)
,
1
m
L
(
±
0
.
0
4
m
L
/g
B
B
)
,
2
m
L
(
±
0
.
0
8
m
L
/g
B
B
)
,
an
d
4
m
L
(
±
0
.
1
6
m
L
/g
B
B
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
tar
is
g
iv
en
to
th
e
an
im
als,
th
e
tar
will b
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
1
0
%
v
/v
(
v
o
lu
m
e
p
e
r
ce
n
t)
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
u
n
til
a
to
tal
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
3
0
m
L
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
is
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
er
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
tar
is
to
s
i
m
p
lify
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
at
io
n
to
th
e
an
im
als,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
r
al
m
eth
o
d
,
s
o
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
ca
n
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
to
x
ic
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
3
-
4
h
o
u
r
s
af
t
er
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tar
to
an
i
m
als.
Af
ter
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
e
d
ea
t
h
o
f
test
an
im
als
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
u
p
to
1
4
d
a
y
s
f
u
r
th
er
to
s
ee
th
e
r
ev
er
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
to
x
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
o
r
g
an
s
o
f
m
ice,
an
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
was
co
m
p
a
r
ed
.
T
h
e
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
a
n
d
W
eil
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
u
s
ed
to
g
et
th
e
L
D
50
v
alu
e
(
2
)
.
l
og
=
l
og
+
(
+
1
)
(
2
)
W
ith
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
m
: L
D
50
D
: sm
allest d
o
s
e
u
s
ed
d
: lo
g
r
(
m
u
ltip
le
o
f
d
o
s
e)
f
: f
ac
to
r
B
ased
o
n
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
R
eg
u
l
atio
n
No
.
7
4
o
f
2
0
0
1
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
Ha
za
r
d
o
u
s
an
d
T
o
x
ic
Su
b
s
tan
ce
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
6
lev
els
o
f
t
o
x
icity
f
o
r
L
D
50
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
lo
west
lev
el
is
r
elativ
ely
h
ar
m
less
(
>1
5
.
0
0
0
m
g
/k
g
)
,
p
r
ac
tically
n
o
n
-
to
x
ic
(
5
.
0
0
1
-
1
5
.
0
0
0
m
g
/k
g
)
,
s
lig
h
tly
to
x
ic
(
5
0
1
-
5
0
0
0
m
g
/
k
g
)
,
m
o
d
er
ately
to
x
ic
(
5
1
-
5
0
0
m
g
/k
g
)
,
h
ig
h
ly
to
x
ic
(
1
-
5
0
m
g
/k
g
)
,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est lev
el
is
ex
tr
em
ely
to
x
ic
(
<1
m
g
/k
g
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
H
ea
v
y
m
et
a
l c
o
nte
nt
o
f
g
a
s
if
ied t
a
r
a
t
P
T
.
SCM
P
P
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
h
ea
v
y
m
et
als
test
ed
wer
e
Pb
,
C
u
,
Fe,
Z
n
,
an
d
C
r
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
a
r
am
eter
s
is
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
m
etal
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
er
e
Pb
an
d
C
r
ar
e
c
lass
if
ied
as h
ig
h
ly
to
x
ic
m
etals,
C
u
as m
o
d
er
ately
to
x
ic
m
etals,
an
d
Fe
an
d
Z
n
a
r
e
class
if
ied
as
f
ewe
r
to
x
ic
m
etals.
C
u
,
Pb
,
C
r
,
an
d
Z
n
ar
e
q
u
ite
o
f
te
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
o
llu
ted
wate
r
,
a
n
d
th
is
p
o
s
es
a
th
r
ea
t
to
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
in
t
h
e
f
o
o
d
ch
ain
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
also
n
ee
d
s
m
etals,
s
u
c
h
as
ir
o
n
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
e
d
b
l
o
o
d
ce
lls
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
ce
s
s
o
f
th
ese
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
ca
n
ce
r
an
d
h
ea
r
t
attac
k
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
ese
m
etals
in
tar
will
a
f
f
e
ct
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
waste,
an
d
h
o
w
it
im
p
ac
ts
liv
in
g
th
in
g
s
an
d
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
AAS
test
o
f
PT
.
SC
MP
P
g
asifica
tio
n
tar
,
wh
ich
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
‘
Q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
wastewate
r
at
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
waste
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
waste
p
iles
an
d
waste
i
m
p
o
u
n
d
m
en
ts
i
n
th
e
R
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
Min
is
ter
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
Fo
r
estry
Nu
m
b
er
6
o
f
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
m
ig
r
atio
n
o
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
o
f
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
in
g
asifier
s
d
u
r
in
g
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
s
ev
er
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
en
tr
ash
i
s
h
ea
ted
,
th
e
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
will
ev
ap
o
r
ate
o
r
tu
r
n
in
to
v
o
latile
m
etal
p
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
will
b
e
tak
en
awa
y
as
f
ly
ash
o
r
b
o
tto
m
ash
[
1
2
]
.
Hig
h
-
b
o
ilin
g
-
p
o
i
n
t
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
lik
e
C
r
a
n
d
C
u
will
s
ettle
in
th
e
b
o
tto
m
ash
,
b
u
t
ex
t
r
em
ely
v
o
latile
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
lik
e
C
d
will
leav
e
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
z
o
n
e
as
ex
h
au
s
t
g
ases
[
1
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
a
r
esear
ch
,
m
o
s
t
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
ar
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
i
n
ash
,
an
d
th
eir
co
n
ten
t
ar
e
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
in
s
o
il
o
r
tar
,
as
an
o
th
er
g
asifica
tio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
g
asifica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
PT.
SC
MPP,
tar
is
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
er
af
ter
th
e
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
g
as
i
s
f
ilter
ed
in
cy
clo
n
es a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
elem
en
t f
ilter
,
s
o
th
e
air
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
co
m
p
letely
clea
n
.
B
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies,
e
ar
ly
s
ig
n
s
o
f
ir
o
n
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
in
clu
d
e
n
au
s
ea
,
v
o
m
itin
g
,
d
iar
r
h
ea
,
ab
d
o
m
in
al
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t,
b
leed
i
n
g
in
th
e
d
i
g
esti
v
e
tr
ac
t,
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
to
o
l
c
o
lo
r
,
an
d
h
y
p
o
v
o
lem
ia,
wh
ich
is
a
s
h
ar
p
d
r
o
p
in
b
lo
o
d
o
r
o
th
e
r
b
o
d
ily
f
lu
id
lev
els
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
u
s
u
ally
a
p
p
ea
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
ir
o
n
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
b
o
n
e
m
in
er
al
d
en
s
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Ho
lis
tic
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f ta
r
w
a
s
te
co
n
ten
t fro
m
…
(
P
u
tu
E
ls
a
P
u
r
n
a
ma
R
a
h
a
yu
)
1955
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
is
u
n
ab
le
to
elim
in
ate
ir
o
n
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
b
lo
o
d
tr
a
n
s
f
u
s
io
n
s
c
an
ca
u
s
e
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
s
k
in
to
b
ec
o
m
e
b
lack
f
r
o
m
ir
o
n
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
v
y
m
etal
co
n
ten
t
o
f
tar
PT.
SC
MPP
No
.
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
Un
it
S
c
o
re
M
a
x
.
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
S
tatu
s
1
Lea
d
(P
b
)
m
g
/L
<
0
.
0
0
9
9
0
.
1
Do
e
sn
’t
e
x
c
e
e
d
2
Co
p
p
e
r
(C
u
)
m
g
/L
0
.
0
0
6
9
2
Do
e
sn
’t
e
x
c
e
e
d
3
Iro
n
(
F
e
)
m
g
/L
1
7
.
3
7
0
0
5
Ex
c
e
e
d
4
Zi
n
c
(Z
n
)
m
g
/L
3
.
4
9
4
0
5
Do
e
sn
’t
e
x
c
e
e
d
5
Ch
ro
m
iu
m
(Cr)
m
g
/L
<
0
.
0
0
9
5
0
.
5
Do
e
sn
’t
e
x
c
e
e
d
T
h
e
o
th
er
m
o
s
t
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
h
ea
v
y
m
etal
in
tar
is
Z
n
.
I
f
Z
n
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
2
g
r
am
s
o
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
b
o
d
y
ca
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
v
o
m
itin
g
,
d
iar
r
h
e
a,
an
em
ia,
f
e
v
er
,
ch
r
o
n
ic
f
ati
g
u
e,
an
d
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
in
d
icato
r
o
f
wh
et
h
er
zin
c
is
h
ar
m
f
u
l
o
r
n
o
t
is
h
o
w
th
e
m
etal
is
m
etab
o
lized
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
is
m
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
ca
u
s
es
o
f
ac
u
te
zin
c
to
x
icity
is
o
v
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
zin
c
d
ietar
y
s
u
p
p
lem
en
t
s
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
a
n
im
b
alan
ce
in
co
p
p
er
a
v
ailab
il
ity
an
d
ev
en
t
u
ally
en
d
s
in
zi
n
c
in
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
[
2
1
]
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
zin
c
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
ab
d
o
m
in
al
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t,
d
iar
r
h
ea
,
n
a
u
s
ea
,
an
d
v
o
m
itin
g
[
2
2
]
.
Gasifie
d
tar
o
f
PT.
SC
MPP
h
as
v
er
y
litt
le
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
Pb
,
C
u
,
an
d
C
r
,
b
u
t
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
s
till
ca
n
ac
cu
m
u
late
ea
s
ily
in
liv
in
g
th
in
g
s
b
o
d
ies
an
d
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
Pb
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
ch
r
o
n
ic
to
x
icity
wh
en
it
en
ter
s
th
e
b
o
d
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
lo
o
d
ab
s
o
r
b
s
it
an
d
b
u
ild
s
u
p
in
s
o
f
t
tis
s
u
es
an
d
b
o
n
es
[
2
3
]
.
I
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
Pb
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
μ
g
/d
L
,
it
ca
n
in
h
i
b
it
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
e
m
o
g
lo
b
in
in
er
y
th
r
o
cy
tes
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
a
d
u
lt
b
o
d
y
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
1
0
0
-
1
5
0
m
g
o
f
C
u
,
o
f
wh
ich
1
0
%
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
liv
e
r
[
2
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
tates
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
d
r
i
n
k
in
g
wate
r
wi
th
co
p
p
er
le
v
els
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
m
g
/L
will
ca
u
s
e
d
i
g
esti
v
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as
n
au
s
ea
,
v
o
m
itin
g
,
an
d
d
iar
r
h
e
a
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
tar
will
v
ar
y
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
aw
m
ater
ial
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
asifica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
e
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
er
en
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
tar
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
in
lan
d
f
ills
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
waste.
W
aste
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
m
a
y
r
ed
u
ce
lan
d
f
ills
,
b
u
t
h
ea
v
y
m
etal
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
will
n
o
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e;
th
ey
ar
e
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
ted
i
n
th
e
le
ac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
y
th
e
ch
em
ical
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
waste
as
in
p
u
ts
b
u
t a
ls
o
b
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
g
as f
l
o
w,
h
u
m
id
it
y
lev
els,
an
d
g
as p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
3
.
2
.
T
o
x
icit
y
lev
els o
f
g
a
s
if
ie
d t
a
r
a
t
P
T
.
SCM
P
P
T
o
x
icity
test
s
aim
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
to
x
icity
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
o
v
er
a
ce
r
tain
tim
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
an
ac
u
te
to
x
icity
test
with
th
e
L
D
50
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
at
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
im
als
will
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
will
b
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
o
s
e
th
at
v
ar
ies
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Af
ter
t
h
at
,
th
e
an
im
als
will
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
eir
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
v
er
a
ce
r
tain
tim
e.
I
f
a
d
ea
th
o
cc
u
r
s
in
a
n
an
im
al
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ea
th
s
will
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
L
D
50
v
alu
e.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ea
t
h
s
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
also
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
im
als
b
o
d
y
o
r
g
a
n
s
af
ter
7
a
n
d
1
4
d
a
y
s
o
f
d
o
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
L
D
50
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
m
ice
(
Mu
s
mu
s
cu
lu
s
)
with
a
2
-
m
o
n
th
-
o
ld
B
AL
b
/C
m
ale
ty
p
e.
M
a
l
e
m
ic
e
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
t
h
a
n
f
e
m
a
le
m
i
ce
;
t
h
is
is
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
h
o
r
m
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
f
e
m
a
le
m
ice
ar
e
u
n
s
tab
le.
T
h
is
h
o
r
m
o
n
al
cy
cle
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
s
tr
es
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
ale
m
ice.
B
AL
b
/C
is
p
ar
t
o
f
s
tr
ain
,
a
g
en
etic
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
lin
ea
g
es.
T
h
i
s
ty
p
e
o
f
m
o
u
s
e
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
wh
ite
f
u
r
(
alb
in
o
)
,
h
av
in
g
a
tail
th
at
is
lo
n
g
er
t
h
an
its
b
o
d
y
len
g
th
an
d
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
B
AL
b
/C
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ain
s
t
h
at
is
o
f
ten
s
tu
d
ied
i
n
d
r
u
g
tr
i
als
an
d
o
th
e
r
h
ea
lth
r
esear
ch
,
s
u
ch
as r
esear
ch
o
n
c
an
ce
r
an
d
im
m
u
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
7
]
.
Fiftee
n
test
an
im
als
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
;
th
ey
wer
e
s
p
lit
u
p
in
t
o
f
iv
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
o
n
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
f
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
o
s
e
v
o
lu
m
es.
B
ef
o
r
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
th
e
test
an
im
als
wen
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ac
clim
atiza
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
s
ev
en
d
ay
s
.
Acc
lim
atiza
tio
n
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
test
a
n
im
als
is
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
o
r
s
tr
ess
d
u
e
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
8
]
.
T
est
an
im
als
wer
e
weig
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
atio
n
as
an
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
to
x
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
m
ice
f
o
r
1
4
d
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
test
an
i
m
als
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
,
wh
er
e
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
will
b
e
p
lace
d
in
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ca
g
e.
Feed
in
g
,
d
r
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
m
ice
ac
tiv
ity
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t e
v
er
y
d
ay
.
T
ar
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
s
wer
e
g
i
v
en
to
test
an
im
als
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
I
I
-
V,
with
a
d
o
s
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
0
.
5
m
L
o
r
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
±
0
.
0
2
m
L
/
g
B
W
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
,
1
m
l
p
r
ep
ar
at
io
n
o
r
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
±
0
.
0
4
m
L
/g
B
W
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
,
2
m
l
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
r
e
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
±
0
.
0
8
m
L
/g
B
W
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
I
V,
an
d
4
m
l
p
r
e
p
ar
ati
o
n
o
r
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
to
±
0
.
1
6
m
L
/g
B
W
.
Af
ter
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
will
b
e
m
ad
e
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
is
d
ea
th
o
r
n
o
t
af
ter
3
-
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
af
ter
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
u
p
to
1
4
d
a
y
s
af
ter
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
in
g
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
95
2
-
1
9
59
1956
3
.
2
.
1
.
Acut
e
t
o
x
icit
y
t
est
(
L
D
50
)
re
s
ults
E
v
en
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
o
s
ag
e
,
n
o
o
n
e
d
ea
d
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
tar
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
1
4
d
ay
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
L
D
50
v
alu
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
i
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
test
an
im
al
m
o
r
tality
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
f
ac
t
o
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
an
d
W
eil
b
io
m
etr
ic
tab
le
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
q
u
i
r
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
th
e
L
D
50
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
f
alse
o
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
tr
u
e
L
D
50
n
u
m
b
er
if
th
e
t
est
an
im
als
d
o
n
o
t
d
ie
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
o
s
ag
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
[
2
9
]
.
I
f
th
e
test
an
im
als
g
et
a
h
ig
h
er
d
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
th
a
n
wh
at
was
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
tr
u
e
L
D
50
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
o
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
test
a
n
im
als
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
L
D5
0
v
alu
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
test
an
im
als
d
id
n
o
t
d
ie
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
u
te
to
x
icity
test
th
at
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
was
0
.
1
6
m
L
/g
B
W
o
r
1
6
0
,
0
0
0
m
g
/
k
g
B
W
.
B
ased
o
n
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
R
eg
u
latio
n
Nu
m
b
er
7
4
o
f
2
0
0
1
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
M
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
Haz
ar
d
o
u
s
an
d
T
o
x
ic
Ma
ter
ials
an
d
th
e
L
o
o
m
is
to
x
icity
cr
iter
ia,
tar
f
r
o
m
PT.
SC
MPP
i
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
“r
elativ
ely
h
ar
m
l
ess
”
o
r
“n
o
n
-
to
x
ic”
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
liv
in
g
an
d
d
ea
d
m
ice
af
ter
g
iv
in
g
tar
s
am
p
les o
f
PT.
SC
MPP
No
.
G
ro
u
p
Do
se
v
o
l
u
m
e
s
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
ice
To
tal
Li
v
e
De
a
d
1
I
Co
n
tr
o
l
3
3
0
2
II
0
.
5
m
L
(±0
.
0
2
m
L/
g
BB)
3
3
0
3
III
1
m
L
(±0
.
0
4
m
L/
g
BB)
3
3
0
4
IV
2
m
L
(±0
.
0
8
m
L/
g
BB)
3
3
0
5
V
4
m
L
(±0
.
1
6
m
L/
g
BB)
3
3
0
3
.
2
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
o
x
ic
s
y
m
pto
m
s
in t
est
a
nim
a
ls
T
h
e
tar
in
jectio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
an
im
al'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Af
ter
th
e
in
jectio
n
o
f
tar
,
b
eh
av
io
r
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
3
ti
m
es:
3
-
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
1
4
d
a
y
s
later
.
T
h
e
test
an
im
als
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
an
y
to
x
ic
s
ig
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as v
o
m
itin
g
,
s
h
ak
in
g
,
s
eizu
r
es,
o
r
o
th
er
m
e
d
ical
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
o
f
f
er
ed
d
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ice'
s
ac
tiv
ity
lev
els
ch
an
g
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
1
4
d
ay
s
.
Sev
er
al
ter
m
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
m
ice
in
th
e
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
,
s
u
c
h
as m
o
v
in
g
,
g
r
o
o
m
in
g
,
r
esti
n
g
,
f
ee
d
i
n
g
,
s
o
cial,
f
o
r
ag
in
g
,
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
d
r
in
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
n
e
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ice
g
e
n
er
a
lly
d
is
p
lay
ed
all
o
f
th
ese
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
at
v
ar
io
u
s
lev
els o
f
in
ten
s
ity
.
Mic
e
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
n
o
ctu
r
n
al
an
i
m
als,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
awa
k
en
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ay
[
3
0
]
.
On
ly
a
f
ew
ac
ti
v
ities
h
ap
p
en
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
u
n
til
n
o
o
n
,
as
m
ice
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
f
r
o
m
d
awn
till
n
ig
h
t.
B
ef
o
r
e
tar
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
t
h
e
m
ice
ar
e
v
er
y
ac
tiv
e
,
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
.
T
h
e
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
,
s
o
cial,
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
was
q
u
ite
f
r
eq
u
en
t.
Af
ter
th
e
tar
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
,
th
e
m
i
ce
wer
e
s
ilen
t
f
o
r
a
wh
ile
an
d
th
en
m
o
v
ed
as
u
s
u
al.
T
h
e
m
ice
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
o
s
e
r
em
ain
ed
s
ilen
t
lo
n
g
er
t
h
an
th
e
m
ice
in
th
e
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
3
-
4
h
o
u
r
s
a
f
ter
th
at,
th
e
m
ice
ac
tiv
ity
in
t
en
s
ity
was
s
lig
h
tly
less
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
d
a
y
,
th
e
m
ice'
s
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
n
o
r
m
al;
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
wer
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
c
ag
e
o
r
s
leep
in
g
.
T
h
e
2
-
7
d
ay
s
af
ter
th
e
in
jectio
n
,
m
ice
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
ca
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
lo
wly
as
th
e
m
ice
b
ec
am
e
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
to
th
e
ca
g
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
in
ter
ac
ted
with
f
ello
w
m
ice
in
th
e
s
am
e
ca
g
e.
All
th
e
m
ice
wer
e
s
till
aliv
e
u
n
til
th
e
1
4
th
d
ay
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
m
ice
h
ad
s
lig
h
tly
d
ir
ty
f
u
r
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
h
a
d
s
m
all
wo
u
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
f
ig
h
tin
g
with
o
th
er
m
ice.
Activ
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
was
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
s
o
cial
in
te
n
s
ity
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
d
a
y
s
.
So
u
n
d
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
tim
u
li
wo
k
e
t
h
em
u
p
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
r
esp
o
n
d
b
y
s
h
if
tin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
O
rg
a
n
o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
est
a
nim
a
ls
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
t
h
e
ac
t
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ice,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
eir
in
ter
n
al
o
r
g
an
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
to
x
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
tar
PT.
SC
MPP.
On
d
ay
s
s
ev
en
an
d
1
4
,
all
m
ice
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
eir
o
r
g
an
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
liv
er
,
k
id
n
ey
s
,
s
to
m
ac
h
,
s
m
all
an
d
lar
g
e
in
test
in
es,
an
d
b
lad
d
er
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
th
ese
o
r
g
a
n
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
o
r
al
d
eliv
e
r
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t'
s
ef
f
ec
ts
m
ay
im
p
ac
t th
e
m
ice'
s
u
r
in
ar
y
an
d
d
ig
esti
v
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
On
d
ay
7
,
th
e
m
ice'
s
in
ter
n
al
o
r
g
an
s
wer
e
d
is
s
ec
ted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
tar
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
d
ig
esti
v
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
n
ec
k
d
is
lo
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
ir
s
t
k
illed
th
e
m
ice
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
d
is
s
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
m
ice'
s
tails
wer
e
h
eld
a
n
d
p
lace
d
o
n
a
n
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
c
o
m
p
lete
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ice
len
g
th
en
ed
th
eir
b
o
d
ies,
an
d
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
h
an
d
p
u
lled
h
a
r
d
o
n
th
e
tail
wh
ile
t
h
e
lef
t
h
an
d
h
eld
th
e
n
ap
e
o
f
th
e
n
ec
k
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
ec
k
to
b
ec
o
m
e
d
is
lo
ca
ted
an
d
t
h
e
m
ice
to
p
er
is
h
.
At
th
is
s
u
r
g
er
y
,
3
m
ice
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
d
is
s
ec
ted
,
n
am
ely
K5
T
2
,
K1
T
1
,
an
d
K2
T
3
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
test
an
im
als
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
g
r
o
u
p
1
(
co
n
tr
o
l
)
,
g
r
o
u
p
2
(
g
iv
en
t
h
e
lo
west
d
o
s
e
v
o
lu
m
e)
,
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
5
(
g
iv
en
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
d
o
s
e
v
o
lu
m
e)
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
test
an
im
als.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
m
ice
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Ho
lis
tic
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f ta
r
w
a
s
te
co
n
ten
t fro
m
…
(
P
u
tu
E
ls
a
P
u
r
n
a
ma
R
a
h
a
yu
)
1957
with
o
u
t
tar
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at
o
f
m
ice
g
iv
en
tar
p
r
e
p
ar
at
io
n
s
.
K1
T
1
m
ice
s
h
o
wed
a
h
e
alth
y
co
n
d
itio
n
;
th
e
h
ea
r
t
an
d
liv
er
wer
e
r
ed
d
is
h
,
t
h
er
e
was
n
o
s
wellin
g
in
th
e
i
n
test
in
es,
an
d
th
e
b
lad
d
er
was
s
till
in
n
o
r
m
al
s
ize
an
d
b
r
i
g
h
tly
co
l
o
r
ed
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
K2
T
3
m
ice,
wh
ich
b
eg
an
t
o
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
s
o
f
s
wellin
g
in
th
e
in
test
in
es,
an
d
t
h
e
b
lad
d
er
b
ec
am
e
s
lig
h
tly
e
n
lar
g
ed
.
I
n
K5
T
2
m
ice,
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
s
ee
n
in
th
e
h
ea
r
t,
w
h
ich
was
s
lig
h
tl
y
b
lack
,
th
e
in
test
in
es
wer
e
s
wo
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ly
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m
u
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y
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tem
is
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till
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it to
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Kid
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Sm
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L
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
A
.
F
e
i
sa
l
a
n
d
A
.
S
u
r
j
o
s
a
t
y
o
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
-
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o
n
o
mi
c
A
n
a
l
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f
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u
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p
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l
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o
l
i
d
W
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st
e
G
a
si
f
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c
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t
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n
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y
s
t
e
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f
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r
El
e
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t
r
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c
G
e
n
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r
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t
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o
n
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a
se
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t
u
d
y
:
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i
t
y
a
t
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
Ja
v
a
,
”
i
n
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s:
E
a
rt
h
a
n
d
En
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
I
O
P
P
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
6.
[
2
]
S
.
S
u
r
i
p
t
o
,
R
.
A
.
A
l
H
a
s
i
b
i
,
R
.
O
.
W
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y
a
g
i
,
S
.
S
a
n
u
p
a
l
,
Y
.
J
u
sm
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
A
r
i
b
o
w
o
,
“
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n
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l
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s
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s
o
f
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h
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u
t
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l
i
z
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t
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o
f
P
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t
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e
m
p
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l
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n
d
f
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l
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w
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st
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f
o
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p
o
w
e
r
p
l
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n
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s
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n
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t
h
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f
f
e
c
t
s
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n
t
h
e
S
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r
a
k
a
r
t
a
e
l
e
c
t
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c
p
o
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r
d
i
st
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b
u
t
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e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
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o
u
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n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
U
MY
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
j
e
t
.
3
4
6
3
.
[
3
]
M
.
S
a
j
i
d
,
A
.
R
a
h
e
e
m,
N
.
U
l
l
a
h
,
M
.
A
si
m,
M
.
S
.
U
r
R
e
h
ma
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
l
i
,
“
G
a
si
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
st
e
:
P
r
o
g
r
e
ss
,
c
h
a
l
l
e
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g
e
s,
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
s,
”
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
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a
n
d
S
u
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a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
2
8
1
5
.
[
4
]
A
.
R
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
B
.
S
u
d
a
r
m
a
n
t
a
,
H
.
F
a
n
s
u
r
i
,
a
n
d
O
.
M
u
r
a
z
a
,
“
S
y
n
g
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
mu
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
so
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
w
i
t
h
a
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
t
a
r
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l
d
b
y
t
h
r
e
e
-
st
a
g
e
s
o
f
a
i
r
i
n
l
e
t
t
o
a
d
o
w
n
d
r
a
f
t
g
a
s
i
f
i
e
r
,
”
F
u
e
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
3
,
p
.
1
1
6
5
0
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
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0
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6
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j
.
f
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l
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
1
6
5
0
9
.
[
5
]
T.
Q
i
n
a
n
d
S
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
o
f
c
a
t
a
l
y
st
s
f
o
r
c
a
t
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
t
e
a
m
r
e
f
o
r
mi
n
g
o
f
h
i
g
h
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
a
r
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
F
u
e
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
1
,
p
.
1
2
5
7
9
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
f
u
e
l
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
2
5
7
9
0
.
[
6
]
O
.
Tu
r
s
u
n
o
v
,
B
.
S
u
l
e
i
m
e
n
o
v
a
,
B
.
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