I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
272
~
2
8
0
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s
.
v
1
0
i2
.
2
0
8
1
8
272
Jo
u
r
n
a
l h
o
mep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Effec
ts of so
cia
l
m
edia
ex
po
sure o
n ado
lescent sexu
a
l attit
udes
a
nd beha
v
io
r:
A s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c re
v
iew
F
ra
ns
is
k
a
I
m
a
v
i
k
e
F
ev
ria
s
a
nty
1
,
B
a
g
o
ng
Su
y
a
nto
2
,
O
edo
j
o
So
edirha
m
3
,
Ra
h
m
a
Su
g
iha
rt
a
t
i
4
,
Ahs
a
n
Ahs
a
n
5
1
Do
c
to
ra
l
P
r
o
g
ra
m
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
A
irl
a
n
g
g
a
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
,4
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s an
d
P
o
li
ti
c
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s.
Un
iv
e
rsitas
A
i
rlan
g
g
a
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
3
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
l
ic He
a
l
th
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
A
irl
a
n
g
g
a
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
1,
5
Nu
rsin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
P
r
o
g
ra
m
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Br
a
w
ij
a
y
a
,
M
a
lan
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
8
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
i
s
ed
Mar
2
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
Mar
11
,
2
0
2
1
A
sid
e
f
ro
m
th
e
ro
le
o
f
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
g
ro
u
p
s,
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
is
a
lso
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
jo
r
a
g
e
n
ts
o
f
se
x
u
a
l
so
c
ializa
ti
o
n
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts.
S
in
c
e
it
is
re
lativ
e
l
y
e
a
s
y
to
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
to
th
e
in
tern
e
t
th
e
se
d
a
y
s,
th
e
se
p
e
o
p
le n
o
w
h
a
v
e
a
w
id
e
r
a
c
c
e
ss
to
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
tri
g
g
e
r
th
e
m
to
e
n
g
a
g
e
in
ris
k
y
s
e
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs.
T
h
is
re
v
ie
w
a
i
m
e
d
to
p
ro
v
id
e
a
n
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
e
x
p
o
su
re
o
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t’s
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
d
e
sc
rib
e
li
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
stu
d
ies
b
e
in
g
re
v
ie
w
e
d
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
w
a
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
se
v
e
r
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
a
tab
a
se
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar,
S
c
ien
c
e
Dire
c
t,
P
r
o
q
u
e
st
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
C
o
m
p
lete
,
P
r
o
q
u
e
st
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
P
sc
y
c
h
o
lg
y
Jo
u
rn
a
ls,
a
n
d
P
u
b
M
e
d
,
f
ro
m
2
0
1
1
t
o
2
0
1
8
,
w
h
ich
re
v
e
a
led
a
to
ta
l
o
f
1
3
5
1
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
,
w
i
th
o
n
ly
2
1
a
rti
c
les
m
e
e
ti
n
g
th
e
in
c
lu
sio
n
c
rit
e
ria
a
n
d
re
v
ie
w
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
sh
o
w
e
d
h
ig
h
e
r
p
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
o
f
stu
d
ies
u
n
d
e
r
re
v
ie
we
d
m
e
n
ti
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
e
x
p
o
su
re
a
re
re
late
d
to
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs,
in
i
ti
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
risk
s,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
p
a
re
n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
e
r.
Co
n
c
lu
siv
e
l
y
,
it
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
to
e
d
u
c
a
te
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
risk
s
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
e
x
p
o
su
re
o
n
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
th
e
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
th
e
ro
le
o
f
p
a
re
n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
o
f
re
strict
io
n
s o
n
se
x
u
a
li
z
e
d
m
e
d
ia ac
c
e
ss
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
o
lesce
n
ce
Sex
u
al
attit
u
d
es a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
So
cial
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fra
n
s
i
s
k
a
I
m
a
v
ik
e
Fev
r
ia
s
an
t
y
Nu
r
s
i
n
g
Scie
n
ce
P
r
o
g
r
am
,
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
Me
d
icin
e
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
r
a
w
ij
ay
a
Vete
r
an
Stre
et,
Ma
la
n
g
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
f
r
an
s
is
k
a.
i
m
av
i
k
e.
f
ev
r
i
asan
t
y
-
2
0
1
7
@
f
k
m
.
u
n
air
.
ac
.
id
; i
m
av
ik
e
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
d
o
lesce
n
ce
is
a
s
tag
e
o
f
h
u
m
an
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
ca
u
s
es
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ch
a
n
g
es
i
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
w
ellb
ei
n
g
o
f
ev
er
y
m
ale
o
r
f
e
m
a
le
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
in
s
o
ciet
y
.
R
is
k
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
s
u
c
h
u
s
s
m
o
k
i
n
g
,
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
ab
u
s
e,
alco
h
o
l
u
s
e
an
d
illi
cit
s
ex
u
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
ad
o
lescen
ts
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
a
lif
e
-
lo
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ir
en
t
i
r
e
h
ea
l
th
an
d
s
o
cial
s
tat
u
s
[
1
]
-
[
5
]
.
Sin
ce
t
h
er
e
is
a
r
ap
id
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
t
h
ese
ad
o
lescen
t
s
m
i
g
h
t
en
g
a
g
e
i
n
o
n
li
n
e
e
v
en
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
i
n
cr
e
ase
t
h
e
lik
eli
h
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
m
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es i
n
s
e
x
u
a
l r
e
latio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ex
[
6
]
-
[
9
].
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
ed
ia
an
d
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
allo
w
ad
o
lesce
n
t
s
to
o
b
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
ei
r
s
ex
u
al
it
y
an
d
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
i
n
ter
n
e
t
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
l
co
n
ten
t
ab
o
u
t
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
to
p
ics
an
d
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
th
at
th
e
y
m
a
y
o
r
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
in
ter
ested
in
.
T
h
ey
o
p
en
i
n
ter
n
et
s
ites
t
h
at
o
f
f
er
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
th
eir
cu
r
io
s
i
t
y
to
k
n
o
w
ce
r
tai
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
E
ffects o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
a
d
o
lescen
t sexu
a
l a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
…
(
F
r
a
n
s
is
ka
I
ma
vike
F
ev
r
ia
s
a
n
ty
)
273
th
i
n
g
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
e
x
u
al
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
e
x
,
o
r
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
co
in
cid
en
ta
l
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
th
e
m
to
o
p
en
th
ese
s
ites
[
1
0
]
-
[
12
]
.
T
h
e
m
al
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
k
n
o
wn
to
o
p
en
m
o
r
e
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
s
ites
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
f
e
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
w
eb
s
ites
co
n
tai
n
in
g
th
e
s
e
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
ten
t
attr
ac
t
s
t
h
eir
atten
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ia
o
f
f
er
v
id
eo
s
a
n
d
i
m
ag
e
s
th
a
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
eir
i
n
ter
est
a
n
d
n
ee
d
to
tr
y
o
u
t
w
h
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
s
ee
n
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
[
15
]
-
[
17
].
T
h
ey
also
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
tele
v
is
io
n
to
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
ex
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
c
au
s
e
t
h
e
m
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
e
x
u
a
l
ac
tiv
itie
s
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
a
d
o
lescen
ts
also
u
s
e
o
n
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
eir
s
e
x
u
al
d
esire
s
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
h
ab
it
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
eir
s
ex
u
al
ac
tiv
itie
s
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
s
u
c
h
as
u
n
p
r
o
tecte
d
s
ex
w
it
h
ca
s
u
al
p
ar
tn
er
[
20
]
,
[
21
].
Hen
ce
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
w
h
e
n
tr
y
in
g
to
li
m
it
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
o
r
telev
is
io
n
m
ed
ia
[
22
]
,
[
23
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ev
ie
w
j
o
u
r
n
als
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
on
t
h
e
s
e
x
u
al
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
ts
s
in
ce
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tee
n
s
ex
u
aliza
tio
n
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
also
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ef
u
l
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies,
s
i
n
ce
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ex
p
lo
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
’
li
m
itatio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sea
rc
h
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
Sev
er
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ases
w
er
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
;
Go
o
g
l
e
Sch
o
lar
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
P
r
o
q
u
est
He
alth
a
n
d
Me
d
ical
C
o
m
p
lete,
P
r
o
q
u
est
Scie
n
ce
a
n
d
P
s
c
y
c
h
o
lg
y
J
o
u
r
n
als,
a
n
d
P
u
b
Me
d
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
8
.
Var
io
u
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
,
n
a
m
el
y
“m
ed
ia
,
”
“
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
”
“s
ex
u
al
co
n
te
n
t
,
”
“
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
,
”
“
s
e
x
u
al
e
x
p
licit
m
ater
i
a
l
,
”
“
ad
o
lesce
n
ce
,
”
“
tee
n
ag
e
,
”
“y
o
u
t
h
,
”
“y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
,
”
“
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
”
2
.
2
.
Select
io
n c
rit
er
ia
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ias
u
s
ed
wer
e
(
i)
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticle
is
a
co
m
p
lete
te
x
t
a
n
d
h
as
p
as
s
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
ie
w
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
(
ii)
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ar
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
s
,
(
ii
i)
T
o
p
ics
w
er
e
b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
ad
o
lescen
t
s
e
x
u
al
at
tit
u
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
(
iv
)
Qu
a
n
titati
v
e
s
t
u
d
ies.
T
h
e
ar
ticles th
at
w
er
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
s
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ase
s
r
ev
ea
led
1
3
5
1
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles.
Af
te
r
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
d
u
p
licates,
9
8
5
ar
ti
cles
w
er
e
r
etain
ed
a
n
d
w
er
e
a
ls
o
r
ev
ie
w
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
l
ltex
t
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ticle.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
2
1
ar
ticles
m
et
t
h
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
s
an
d
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
,
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
s
t
u
d
y
d
esi
g
n
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize,
k
i
n
d
o
f
m
ed
ia
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
as
w
ell
as
s
t
u
d
y
o
u
tco
m
es
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
i
te
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
s
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(
P
R
I
SM
A
)
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
,
an
d
b
elo
w
is
t
h
e
P
R
I
SM
A
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
th
is
c
u
r
r
en
t s
tu
d
y
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
R
I
SMA
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
a
m
: I
d
en
ti
f
ied
s
t
u
d
ies r
ev
ie
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
ad
o
lescen
t’
s
s
e
x
u
a
l a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
21
:
272
–
280
274
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
2
1
ar
ticles
r
ev
ie
w
ed
w
h
i
ch
m
et
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
2
0
1
1
w
ith
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
p
ap
er
b
ein
g
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
8
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
a
n
a
l
y
s
ed
,
t
h
r
ee
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
S
w
ed
en
,
f
iv
e
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
B
elg
i
u
m
,
f
o
u
r
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
a
t
Du
tc
h
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
p
ap
er
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
C
h
i
n
a,
I
n
d
ia,
E
u
r
o
p
e,
Un
ited
States
,
C
r
o
atia,
Sp
ai
n
an
d
H
is
p
an
ic.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
i
n
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
h
ad
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esi
g
n
,
t
w
o
h
ad
a
tw
o
-
w
av
e
d
es
ig
n
,
th
r
ee
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
h
ad
a
th
r
ee
-
w
a
v
e
d
esig
n
,
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
a
f
o
u
r
-
w
a
v
e
d
esi
g
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
o
n
lin
e
a
n
d
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
class
es.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
b
y
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
,
s
e
v
en
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
s
ex
u
al
e
x
p
licit
m
ed
ia
(
SEM
)
,
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
telev
i
s
io
n
,
t
h
r
ee
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
s
ex
u
al
ex
p
lic
it
w
eb
,
th
r
ee
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
ite
s
(
Face
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
iles
)
,
t
w
o
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
s
ex
tin
g
an
d
o
n
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
g
az
i
n
e
s
.
Ot
h
er
r
ev
ie
w
ed
s
tu
d
ie
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Deta
ils
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
in
th
is
r
e
v
ie
w
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
/
y
e
a
r
S
t
u
d
y
d
e
si
g
n
S
t
u
d
y
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
a
mp
l
e
si
z
e
Ty
p
e
o
f
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
u
t
c
o
me
s
S
v
e
d
i
n
,
A
k
e
r
man
a
n
d
P
r
i
e
b
e
/
2
0
1
1
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
w
e
d
i
sh
3
r
d
y
e
a
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
mal
e
s)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
u
se
r
s
g
r
o
u
p
=
2
0
0
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
g
r
o
u
p
=
1
6
6
1
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
C
a
b
l
e
-
o
r
sat
e
l
l
i
t
e
-
TV
S
e
x
u
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
S
e
x
u
a
l
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
h
a
s
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
r
s t
o
t
r
y
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
se
e
n
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
R
e
g
u
l
a
r
u
se
r
s re
g
i
st
e
r
e
d
se
x
u
a
l
d
e
b
u
t
mo
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
a
g
e
1
5
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
mo
n
t
/
2
0
1
2
a
Tw
o
-
w
a
v
e
p
a
n
e
l
st
u
d
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
a
g
e
1
2
-
1
6
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
6
3
9
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
3
7
3
b
o
y
s
a
n
d
2
6
6
g
i
r
l
s)
S
e
x
u
a
l
l
y
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
w
e
b
si
t
e
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s i
n
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
p
u
b
e
r
t
a
l
st
a
g
e
(
6
%) w
e
r
e
l
e
ss l
i
k
e
l
y
t
h
a
n
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s i
n
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
u
b
e
r
t
a
l
st
a
g
e
t
o
h
a
v
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
se
x
u
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
r
se
(
1
3
.
7
%)
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
mo
n
t
/
2
0
1
2
b
A
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
su
r
v
e
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
,
0
2
6
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
b
o
y
s me
a
n
a
g
e
=
1
6
.
4
1
,
g
i
r
l
s
me
a
n
a
g
e
=
1
6
.
2
3
)
T
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
S
e
x
u
a
l
so
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
d
e
r
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
mo
r
e
b
o
y
s a
d
o
p
t
e
d
a
se
x
u
a
l
l
e
i
su
r
e
me
n
t
a
l
i
t
y
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
a
n
d
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
ssu
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
se
x
u
a
l
d
e
si
r
e
s o
f
mal
e
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
L
o
u
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
2
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
s fr
o
m
H
a
n
o
i
,
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i
a
n
d
T
a
i
p
e
i
1
6
,
5
5
4
u
n
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
mal
e
a
n
d
f
e
mal
e
)
M
a
ss
me
d
i
a
(
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
d
i
a
)
,
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
v
i
d
e
o
,
W
e
st
e
r
n
/
A
si
a
n
mo
v
i
e
s/
v
i
d
e
o
s.
S
e
x
u
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
H
a
l
f
o
f
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
se
x
f
r
o
m t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
c
i
t
i
e
s (4
5
%
-
8
4
%);
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
w
a
s i
n
T
a
i
p
e
i
.
I
n
T
a
i
p
e
i
,
se
x
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
a
n
d
se
x
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
st
.
S
t
u
l
h
o
f
e
r
,
B
u
s
k
o
a
n
d
S
c
h
m
i
d
t
/
2
0
1
2
O
n
l
i
n
e
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
C
r
o
a
t
i
a
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
5
4
4
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
mal
e
a
n
d
f
e
mal
e
)
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
-
b
a
se
d
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
R
e
c
r
e
t
i
o
n
a
l
se
x
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
i
n
t
i
m
a
c
y
T
h
e
me
a
n
a
g
e
o
f
se
x
u
a
l
d
e
b
u
t
w
a
s
1
7
.
5
(
S
D
=
2
.
1
1
)
.
M
o
st
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
me
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
b
e
i
n
g
i
n
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
a
t
t
h
e
mo
me
n
t
(
6
9
.
3
%)
.
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
mo
n
t
/
2
0
1
3
A
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
su
r
v
e
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
b
o
y
s
9
1
1
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
b
o
y
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
i
z
i
n
g
me
d
i
a
B
o
d
y
S
u
r
v
e
i
l
l
a
n
c
e
T
h
e
me
a
n
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
w
a
s
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
.
K
u
mar
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
3
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
I
n
d
i
a
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
l
a
ss I
X
–
X
I
I
.
5
8
6
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
b
o
y
s a
n
d
g
i
r
l
s.
T
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
S
e
x
u
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
T
h
e
r
e
w
a
s a
st
r
o
n
g
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
se
x
u
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
sco
r
e
a
n
d
u
n
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
se
d
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
a
mo
n
g
b
o
y
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
E
ffects o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
a
d
o
lescen
t sexu
a
l a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
…
(
F
r
a
n
s
is
ka
I
ma
vike
F
ev
r
ia
s
a
n
ty
)
275
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
mo
n
t
/
2
0
1
4
A
t
h
r
e
e
-
w
a
v
e
p
a
n
e
l
st
u
d
y
F
l
a
n
d
e
r
s’
(
t
h
e
D
u
t
c
h
-
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
o
f
B
e
l
g
i
u
m)
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
0
4
1
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
5
8
9
b
o
y
s
a
n
d
4
5
2
g
i
r
l
s)
T
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
S
e
l
f
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
d
e
r
e
d
se
x
u
a
l
r
o
l
e
s
T
h
e
mo
d
e
l
sh
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
e
d
se
x
u
a
l
r
o
l
e
s a
t
w
a
v
e
3
w
a
s n
o
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
b
y
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
se
x
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
si
t
c
o
ms
a
t
w
a
v
e
1
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
Y
b
a
r
r
a
a
n
d
M
i
t
c
h
e
l
l
/
2
0
1
4
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
(
O
n
l
i
n
e
su
r
v
e
y
)
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s’
s
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
3
7
1
5
y
o
u
t
h
S
e
x
t
i
n
g
S
e
x
u
a
l
r
i
sk
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
C
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
1
3
%
o
f
mal
e
s w
h
o
d
i
d
n
o
t
,
5
1
%
o
f
mal
e
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
r
s
w
h
o
d
i
d
se
x
t
i
n
g
h
a
d
v
a
g
i
n
a
l
se
x
.
L
i
v
i
n
g
st
o
n
e
a
n
d
G
o
r
z
i
g
/
2
0
1
4
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
a
g
e
d
9
-
1
6
y
e
a
r
s.
1
8
,
7
0
9
b
o
y
s
a
n
d
g
i
r
l
s
S
e
x
t
i
n
g
S
e
x
u
a
l
r
i
sk
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
O
l
d
e
r
a
g
e
,
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
r
i
l
l
se
e
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
r
i
sk
y
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
l
i
n
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
r
e
t
h
e
k
e
y
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s o
f
t
h
e
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
o
f
se
e
i
n
g
o
r
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
se
x
u
a
l
me
ssag
e
s
o
n
l
i
n
e
.
M
a
t
t
e
b
o
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
4
A
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
su
r
v
e
y
S
w
e
d
e
n
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
4
7
7
b
o
y
s
a
n
d
4
0
0
g
i
r
l
s
P
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
me
d
i
a
S
e
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
A
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
i
r
l
s (1
5
%)
h
a
v
e
w
i
t
n
e
sse
d
se
x
u
a
l
h
a
r
a
ss
me
n
t
t
h
a
n
b
o
y
s
(
6
%).
O
u
y
t
se
l
,
P
o
n
n
e
t
a
n
d
W
a
l
r
a
v
e
/
2
0
1
4
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
su
r
v
e
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
3
1
b
o
y
s
a
n
d
1
9
8
g
i
r
l
s
P
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
a
n
d
mu
si
c
v
i
d
e
o
s
S
e
x
t
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
S
e
x
t
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
l
o
sel
y
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
;
f
o
r
a
g
e
,
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
sch
o
o
l
t
r
a
c
k
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
u
s
a
g
e
w
h
i
l
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
.
D
o
o
r
n
w
a
a
r
d
.
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
4
S
u
r
v
e
y
D
u
t
c
h
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
0
4
o
f
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s’
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
S
e
x
u
a
l
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
e
r
s we
r
e
mo
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
b
o
y
s a
n
d
mo
r
e
sex
u
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
e
d
.
v
a
n
O
o
st
e
n
,
P
e
t
e
r
a
n
d
B
o
o
t
/
2
0
1
5
A
t
w
o
-
w
a
v
e
p
a
n
e
l
st
u
d
y
D
u
c
t
h
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
,
6
3
6
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
w
a
v
e
1
a
n
d
1
5
8
6
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
w
a
v
e
2
S
o
si
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
si
t
e
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
S
i
x
mo
n
t
h
s l
a
t
e
r
,
e
x
p
o
su
r
e
t
o
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
se
l
f
-
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
s e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
s i
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
o
r
a
l
se
x
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
r
se
,
b
u
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
i
r
se
x
u
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s.
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
mo
n
t
/
2
0
1
5
A
t
h
r
e
e
-
w
a
v
e
p
a
n
e
l
st
u
d
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
,
5
0
4
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
w
a
v
e
1
1
,
4
2
6
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
w
a
v
e
2
1
,
4
3
3
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
w
a
v
e
3
M
a
g
a
z
i
n
e
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
S
e
l
f
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
mag
a
z
i
n
e
s
w
a
s c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s o
f
b
e
a
u
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
(
w
a
v
e
1
)
.
F
o
r
i
n
t
i
m
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
,
n
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
a
s n
o
t
e
d
.
D
o
o
r
w
a
a
r
d
.
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
5
A
f
o
u
r
-
w
a
v
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
D
u
t
c
h
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
,
1
3
2
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
(
5
2
.
7
%
b
o
y
s)
S
E
I
M
(
S
e
x
u
a
l
l
y
Ex
p
l
i
c
i
t
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
)
S
e
x
u
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
G
i
r
l
s sh
o
w
e
d
a
si
m
i
l
a
r
t
r
e
n
d
o
f
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
s i
n
se
x
u
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
i
r
u
se
o
f
S
E
I
M
w
a
s c
o
n
si
st
e
n
t
l
y
l
o
w
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
e
n
d
o
r
se
me
n
t
o
f
p
e
r
mi
ssi
v
e
se
x
u
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s d
e
c
r
e
a
se
d
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
st
u
d
y
sp
a
n
o
f
1
8
mo
n
t
h
s.
S
a
r
a
b
i
a
a
n
d
Est
e
v
e
z
/
2
0
1
6
A
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
d
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
S
p
a
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
0
0
o
f
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
so
c
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
F
o
r
t
h
e
se
t
y
p
e
s o
f
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
sh
o
w
e
d
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
i
sp
a
r
i
t
i
e
s,
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d
b
y
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
21
:
272
–
280
276
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
,
af
ter
w
atc
h
i
n
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
f
e
lt
th
e
n
ee
d
to
tr
y
o
u
t
w
h
at
th
e
y
h
ad
s
ee
n
in
r
ea
l
li
f
e,
w
ith
th
e
m
ea
n
s
e
x
u
al
ag
e
d
eb
u
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
at
1
7
.
5
y
ea
r
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
Va
n
d
en
b
o
s
ch
a
n
d
E
g
g
er
m
o
n
t
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
th
e
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
id
ea
ls
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
v
ie
w
i
n
g
s
ex
u
ali
z
in
g
tele
v
is
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
f
C
r
o
atio
n
ad
o
lescen
t
s
also
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
i
n
t
w
o
cit
ies,
Z
a
g
r
eb
an
d
R
ij
ek
a,
2
2
.
9
%
an
d
2
7
%
o
f
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
t
s
'
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
u
s
e
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
n
a
d
ail
y
b
asis
.
A
l
s
o
,
in
Z
a
g
r
eb
,
th
er
e
w
a
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ex
u
al
p
er
m
i
s
s
i
v
e
n
es
s
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
b
u
t
i
n
R
ij
ek
a,
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
w
as
o
n
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
in
itial a
n
d
f
i
n
al
s
co
r
es o
f
its
u
s
e
[
2
7
]
.
3
.
1
.
Sex
ua
l be
ha
v
io
rs
L
o
u
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
e
m
ed
ia
's
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
t
h
e
s
e
x
u
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attit
u
d
e
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
s
in
t
h
r
ee
Asi
a
n
cit
ies
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
4
5
-
8
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
m
l
ea
r
n
ed
ab
o
u
t
s
ex
u
alit
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
[
1
0
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
n
s
ex
u
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
i
n
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
w
as
also
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
Ma
t
teb
o
an
d
T
y
d
en
,
w
h
er
e
al
l
m
ale
(
9
6
%)
an
d
f
e
m
ale
(
5
4
%)
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
ad
s
ee
n
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ia
co
n
ten
t
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
a
n
d
1
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
f
e
m
ales
h
ad
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
e
x
u
al
ab
u
s
e
as
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
v
ie
w
in
g
m
ed
ia
co
n
t
en
t
co
n
ta
in
i
n
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
t
ee
n
s
al
s
o
u
s
e
s
o
cia
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
s
e
n
d
a
n
d
v
ie
w
Fa
ce
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
iles
t
h
at
co
n
ta
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
v
o
ca
tiv
e
i
m
ag
e
s
a
n
d
v
id
eo
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
Do
o
r
n
w
aa
r
d
also
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
m
ale
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ex
u
al
ad
v
e
n
tu
r
er
s
t
h
a
n
th
eir
f
e
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
2
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Sar
ab
ia
also
b
elie
v
ed
t
h
at
s
o
cial
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
it
es
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
to
s
en
d
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
e
s
el
f
ie
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
ca
n
i
n
d
ee
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
e
x
u
al
ized
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
li
n
e
w
i
th
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
v
a
n
Oo
s
te
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Se
x
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
ar
e
al
s
o
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
e
d
to
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
Sex
ua
l i
nitia
t
io
n
Stu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
p
u
b
er
tal
s
tatu
s
an
d
s
e
x
u
al
in
i
tiatio
n
in
ad
o
l
escen
t
s
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
at
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
u
b
er
tal
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
ill
b
e
f
o
u
r
ti
m
es
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
i
n
itiate
s
e
x
u
al
ac
ti
v
it
y
th
an
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
ar
e
in
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
s
o
f
p
u
b
er
t
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
teen
s
w
h
o
o
f
te
n
v
ie
w
s
e
x
u
al
l
y
e
x
p
licit
w
eb
s
ites
ar
e
f
iv
e
ti
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
in
itiate
s
e
x
u
al
ac
tiv
it
y
t
h
an
n
o
n
-
u
s
er
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
Ma
tk
o
v
ic
co
n
c
lu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ex
u
all
y
e
x
p
lic
it
m
ater
ial
u
s
e
a
n
d
s
e
x
u
a
l
d
eb
u
t
o
n
C
r
o
atia
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
3
5
]
.
3
.
3
.
Sex
ua
l r
i
s
k
s
Stu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
s
e
x
ti
n
g
b
eliev
ed
th
at
s
ex
t
in
g
h
ad
an
i
m
p
ac
t
th
at
d
id
no
t
al
w
a
y
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
leasan
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
e
x
ti
n
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
w
i
th
a
g
e
b
y
at
lea
s
t
5
0
%
ev
er
y
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
es
ir
e
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
ex
ti
n
g
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
d
esire
to
ac
ce
p
t
s
e
x
ti
n
g
m
es
s
a
g
es
t
w
ice
p
er
s
ca
le
p
o
in
t.
On
li
n
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
li
n
e
ac
ti
v
ities
ar
e
al
s
o
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
5
0
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
eir
d
esir
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
s
e
x
u
al
m
es
s
ag
e
s
p
er
s
i
n
g
le
tex
tin
g
a
ctiv
it
y
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
Yb
ar
r
a
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
5
1
%
o
f
m
ale
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
w
h
o
s
e
n
t
o
r
D
o
n
e
v
a
n
a
n
d
M
a
t
t
e
b
o
/
2
0
1
7
A
c
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
w
e
d
i
sh
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
b
o
y
s
3
7
1
b
o
y
s
P
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
S
e
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
S
e
x
u
a
l
p
r
e
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
I
n
a
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m o
f
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s,
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s w
e
r
e
mo
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
h
a
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
d
.
R
o
mo
e
t
a
l
.
/
2
0
1
7
A
c
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
H
i
sp
a
n
i
c
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
3
3
3
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
b
o
y
s a
n
d
g
i
r
l
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
u
se
S
e
x
u
a
l
r
i
sk
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
T
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
e
q
u
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
s o
f
o
r
a
l
,
v
a
g
i
n
a
l
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
se
x
u
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
b
y
mal
e
a
n
d
f
e
mal
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s.
4
8
.
4
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s re
p
o
r
t
e
d
f
u
l
l
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss t
o
so
c
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
si
t
e
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s.
M
a
r
t
y
n
i
u
k
a
n
d
S
t
u
l
h
o
f
e
r
/
2
0
1
8
O
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
n
d
c
l
a
ss
r
o
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
su
r
v
e
y
C
r
o
a
t
i
a
n
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
O
n
l
i
n
e
su
r
v
e
y
n
=
3
7
2
C
l
a
ss ro
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
su
r
v
e
y
n
=
7
5
3
P
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
u
se
S
e
x
u
a
l
p
e
r
mi
ssi
v
e
n
e
ss
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
l
o
w
l
e
v
e
l
s o
f
p
e
r
mi
ssi
v
e
n
e
ss,
b
u
t
p
r
i
mar
i
l
y
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
me
n
u
se
d
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
.
D
a
n
e
b
a
c
k
,
S
e
v
c
i
k
o
v
a
a
n
d
Je
z
e
k
/
2
0
1
8
A
t
h
r
e
e
-
w
a
v
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
C
z
e
c
h
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
1
,
1
3
4
g
i
r
l
s
f
r
o
m 5
5
sch
o
o
l
s
On
l
i
n
e
se
x
u
a
l
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s (i
m
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
s)
D
e
se
n
si
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
se
x
u
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
I
n
t
e
r
ms o
f
b
e
i
n
g
l
e
ss
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
se
x
u
a
l
st
u
f
f
,
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s w
e
r
e
d
e
se
n
si
t
i
z
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
E
ffects o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
a
d
o
lescen
t sexu
a
l a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
…
(
F
r
a
n
s
is
ka
I
ma
vike
F
ev
r
ia
s
a
n
ty
)
277
s
h
o
w
ed
s
e
x
u
al
i
m
a
g
es
h
ad
s
e
x
u
al
i
n
ter
co
u
r
s
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
1
3
%
o
f
m
e
n
w
h
o
h
ad
n
ev
e
r
d
o
n
e
s
e
x
ti
n
g
[
3
7
]
.
Yet,
s
ex
ti
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
ti
m
u
la
te
s
ex
u
al
r
is
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
e
x
u
a
l
co
er
cio
n
an
d
u
n
p
r
o
tecte
d
v
ag
i
n
al
an
d
/
o
r
o
r
al
s
ex
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
3
.
4
.
P
a
re
nta
l
m
o
nito
ring
A
s
t
u
d
y
f
r
o
m
R
o
m
o
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
4
8
.
4
%
o
f
f
e
m
a
le
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
ir
p
ar
en
ts
co
u
ld
ac
ce
s
s
Face
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
b
ec
a
m
e
th
e
ir
f
r
ien
d
s
o
r
f
o
llo
w
er
s
o
n
Face
b
o
o
k
.
A
n
o
th
er
5
4
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
also
clai
m
ed
th
at
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
al
w
a
y
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
iv
a
c
y
s
etti
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
eir
Face
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
m
al
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
R
o
m
o
's
s
t
u
d
y
al
s
o
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ar
en
tal
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
s
e
x
u
al
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
b
y
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
es
u
lt
i
n
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
t
w
it
h
L
a
n
d
r
y
’
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
r
elate
d
to
p
ar
en
ts
’
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
w
h
er
e
p
ar
en
t d
id
a
g
r
ea
t p
o
r
ti
o
n
as p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
ad
o
lescen
t
s
ex
u
al
r
is
k
s
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Aca
de
m
ic
a
chiev
e
m
ent
I
t is
u
n
d
en
iab
le
th
at
w
h
en
ad
o
lescen
t
s
e
n
g
ag
ed
in
ea
r
l
y
s
e
x
u
al
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
t
h
e
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
v
alu
e
s
w
il
l
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
[
4
3
]
,
[
44
].
Ku
m
ar
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
e
r
e
w
er
e
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
te
s
t
s
co
r
es
b
et
w
ee
n
f
e
m
ale
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
w
h
o
h
ad
co
n
tact
w
i
th
s
e
x
u
al
ac
tiv
itie
s
an
d
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
h
ad
n
ev
er
e
n
g
a
g
ed
in
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
e
x
u
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lt
is
i
n
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
w
h
en
s
ee
n
in
t
h
e
m
ale
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
it
w
a
s
al
s
o
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
h
ad
s
e
x
u
al
ac
t
iv
it
y
,
h
ad
tes
t
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
5
1
-
7
0
%,
w
h
ile
s
co
r
es
ab
o
v
e
9
0
%
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
t
s
w
h
o
h
ad
n
e
v
er
h
ad
a
n
y
s
ex
u
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ex
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
s
ex
u
al
ac
tiv
itie
s
,
th
er
e
w
as
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
4
5
]
.
3
.
5
.
G
en
der
An
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
Va
n
d
en
b
o
s
ch
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at,
if
th
er
e
is
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
m
al
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
v
ie
w
te
lev
i
s
io
n
m
ed
ia,
th
er
e
w
o
u
ld
also
b
e
a
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
eir
ten
d
en
c
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
s
ex
u
al
at
tit
u
d
es.
T
h
is
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
u
lti
m
atel
y
ag
r
ee
s
w
ith
th
e
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
ica
l
v
i
e
w
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
t
h
m
ale
s
e
x
u
al
n
ee
d
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
se
r
es
u
lt
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
t
h
at
w
as
n
o
t
to
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
th
ei
r
d
esire
to
s
ee
telev
is
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
ic
v
ie
w
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
eir
s
e
x
u
a
l
n
e
ed
s
,
as
w
ell
as
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
m
ater
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
ale
s
e
x
u
alit
y
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
es [
4
6
]
.
3
.
6
.
L
i
m
it
a
t
io
n
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
’
li
m
itatio
n
s
,
t
h
is
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
cl
u
d
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
d
esig
n
s
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
lo
s
t
o
r
in
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
d
ata,
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ed
ia
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
c
u
lt
u
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
its
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ap
er
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
ed
a
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
w
h
ic
h
m
a
d
e
it
v
er
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
ascer
tain
ca
u
s
alit
y
.
Oth
er
s
u
s
ed
t
w
o
-
w
a
v
e,
th
r
ee
-
w
av
e
an
d
f
o
u
r
-
w
a
v
e
d
esig
n
p
an
els
w
it
h
a
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
a
l,
w
h
ich
allo
w
ed
f
o
r
i
n
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
in
d
ata
a
n
al
y
s
is
[
1
8
]
,
[
30
]
,
[
33
]
,
[
47
]
-
[
4
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
b
o
t
h
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
w
h
ic
h
r
es
u
lt
ed
in
i
n
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
d
ata
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
is
h
o
n
e
s
t
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
h
en
an
s
w
er
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es
[
4
6
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
r
o
p
-
o
u
ts
in
ea
ch
ex
is
t
in
g
w
a
v
e.
T
h
e
i
n
eq
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
u
s
i
n
g
lo
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
n
d
th
e
u
n
clea
r
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
d
r
o
p
p
ed
o
u
t
allo
w
ed
i
n
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
d
ata
to
o
cc
u
r
,
w
h
ich
cr
ea
ted
a
s
tatis
t
ical
b
ias.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
s
e
v
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
b
ein
g
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
al
s
o
h
ad
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ed
ia.
Se
v
en
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
s
ed
th
e
ter
m
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
to
r
ef
er
to
i
m
a
g
es
a
n
d
v
id
eo
s
th
at
co
n
tai
n
ed
s
e
x
u
al
co
n
te
n
t.
Fo
u
r
,
u
s
ed
tele
v
i
s
io
n
m
ed
ia
a
s
a
p
latf
o
r
m
th
a
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
r
ee
,
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
w
eb
s
i
tes
as
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
n
l
in
e,
w
h
ile
s
e
x
ti
n
g
a
n
d
m
ag
az
i
n
e
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
b
y
o
th
er
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
f
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
es
u
s
ed
th
e
f
ac
eb
o
o
k
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
as
th
e
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
n
tire
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Oth
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
ac
co
u
n
t
w
er
e
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
e
tti
n
g
s
s
et
b
y
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
e
x
u
a
ll
y
e
x
p
licit
m
ater
ial
s
m
a
k
es
i
t
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ed
ia.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
u
lt
u
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
lo
ca
tio
n
s
t
h
at
h
eld
lib
er
al
o
r
s
ec
u
lar
p
r
in
cip
l
es
ab
o
u
t
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
w
h
er
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
s
e
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
is
f
air
l
y
f
r
ee
.
T
h
is
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
tee
n
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
li
m
it
ed
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
lo
ca
tio
n
s
t
h
at
s
til
l
ad
h
er
e
to
g
e
n
d
er
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
es
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
ata
th
at
af
f
ec
ted
s
tatis
tical
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
c
e.
Usi
n
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esi
g
n
s
,
th
i
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t
w
as
u
n
ab
le
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
ca
u
s
ali
t
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
t
h
at
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
m
ed
ia
an
d
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
ite
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
21
:
272
–
280
278
co
n
tain
i
n
g
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
t
en
t
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
u
s
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
d
esi
g
n
s
,
a
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
ti
m
e
lag
,
an
d
a
d
esig
n
ated
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
w
i
ll a
llo
w
s
u
ch
s
t
u
d
y
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
av
o
id
an
y
a
n
d
al
l
s
tatis
t
ical
b
ias.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
q
u
alitati
v
e
r
esear
ch
w
ill
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
e
y
o
u
t
h
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
s
e
x
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
3
6
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
f
in
i
tio
n
o
f
s
ex
u
alize
d
m
ed
ia,
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
clea
r
l
y
d
e
f
in
e
o
r
s
ta
te
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
ed
ia
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
ed
,
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
ca
n
b
e
v
alid
an
d
u
s
ed
as
a
b
aseli
n
e
i
n
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ti
l
l
h
o
ld
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
v
ie
w
s
r
elat
ed
to
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
a
n
ac
c
u
r
at
e
s
ex
u
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
o
as
to
av
o
id
an
y
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
e
x
u
alize
d
m
ed
ia
o
n
ad
o
lesc
en
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
r
esear
c
h
m
u
s
t
a
ls
o
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
v
alid
it
y
o
f
d
ata
s
tatis
t
icall
y
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
f
it
r
elate
s
to
a
lo
ca
tio
n
th
at
alr
ea
d
y
h
as g
e
n
d
er
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
e
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
eir
s
e
x
u
al
n
ee
d
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
o
n
cl
u
s
i
v
el
y
,
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
w
h
o
u
s
e
s
m
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
es,
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ed
ia
an
d
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
s
ites
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
x
u
al
ac
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
n
e
ed
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
is
w
ill
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ele
v
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
w
h
y
t
h
e
y
f
ee
l
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ac
ce
s
s
s
ex
u
al
co
n
t
en
t
v
ia
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ia.
T
h
ese
s
ex
u
al
co
n
ten
t
s
ca
n
eith
er
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
o
r
n
eg
at
iv
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
n
t
h
ese
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
b
y
eit
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
o
n
th
e
s
e
x
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ex
o
r
lead
i
n
g
th
e
m
to
r
i
s
k
y
o
r
b
ad
s
ex
u
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
li
m
ita
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
r
o
j
e
cts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
es c
an
b
e
g
e
n
er
alize
d
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
g
r
atit
u
d
e
to
th
e
Dea
n
o
f
t
h
e
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lt
h
a
n
d
C
h
air
o
f
th
e
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lt
h
Do
cto
r
al
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
at
U
n
i
v
er
s
itas
Air
lan
g
g
a
-
S
u
r
ab
a
y
a
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
an
d
t
h
e
Dea
n
o
f
t
h
e
Fac
u
l
t
y
o
f
Me
d
icin
e,
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
r
a
w
ij
a
y
a
-
Ma
la
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Co
n
w
a
y
K.P
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
s
so
c
iatio
n
o
f
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
M
e
n
tal
Diso
rd
e
rs
a
n
d
S
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
A
lco
h
o
l
a
n
d
Il
li
c
it
Dru
g
Us
e
:
Re
su
lt
s
F
ro
m
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
o
rb
i
d
it
y
S
u
rv
e
y
–
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
S
u
p
p
lem
e
n
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Ame
ric
a
n
Aca
d
e
my
o
f
Ch
il
d
a
n
d
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
Psy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
55
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
-
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Rh
o
d
e
s
J.D
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cig
a
re
tt
e
s
m
o
k
in
g
a
n
d
A
DH
D:
A
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
ro
g
n
o
stica
ll
y
re
lev
a
n
t
s
m
o
k
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lt
s,”
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
A
d
d
ictive
Beh
a
v
io
rs
,
v
o
l.
30
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
8
8
-
6
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
W
il
k
in
so
n
A
.
L
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dire
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
su
b
sta
n
c
e
u
se
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
f
ro
m
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
to
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
l
th
o
o
d
,
”
Ad
d
ictive
Beh
a
v
i
o
rs
,
v
o
l.
60
,
p
p
.
64
-
7
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
W
a
h
e
d
T
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
rra
ti
v
e
re
v
iew
o
f
th
e
li
tera
tu
re
o
n
th
e
re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
o
f
f
e
m
a
le
se
x
w
o
rk
e
rs
h
a
v
in
g
a
g
e
b
e
lo
w
tw
e
n
t
y
y
e
a
rs,”
Ba
n
g
la
d
e
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
19
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
17
-
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
Bra
n
ley
D.
B.
a
n
d
Co
v
e
y
J.
,
“
Is
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
o
n
li
n
e
c
o
n
ten
t
d
e
p
ictin
g
risk
y
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
re
lat
e
d
to
v
iew
e
r
s’
o
w
n
risk
y
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
f
li
n
e
?
,”
Co
mp
u
ter
s i
n
Hu
ma
n
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
75
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
2
8
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
G
á
m
e
z
-
G
u
a
d
ix
M
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Risk
y
o
n
li
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts:
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
in
a
l
re
latio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
p
ro
b
lem
a
ti
c
In
tern
e
t
u
se
,
c
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
p
e
rp
e
tratio
n
,
a
n
d
m
e
e
ti
n
g
stra
n
g
e
rs
o
n
li
n
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
rs
Ad
d
ictive
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
El
e
u
teri
S
.
,
S
a
lad
in
o
V
.
,
a
n
d
V
e
r
ra
stro
V
.
,
“
I
d
e
n
ti
ty
,
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s,
se
x
u
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
risk
y
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia,”
S
e
x
u
a
l
a
n
d
Rela
t
io
n
sh
ip
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l
.
32
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
-
3
6
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
L
i
m
M.
S
.
C.
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Yo
u
n
g
A
u
stra
li
a
n
s’
u
se
o
f
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
w
it
h
se
x
u
a
l
ri
sk
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
rs,”
Au
st
ra
li
a
n
N
ew
Z
e
la
n
d
J
o
u
rn
a
l
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l.
41
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
8
-
4
4
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
G
ru
b
b
s
J.B.
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
tern
e
t
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
u
se
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
:
a
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
A
n
n
a
ls
o
f
t
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ass
o
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
43
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
L
o
u
C.
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
e
d
ia’s
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
to
S
e
x
u
a
l
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
io
rs
f
o
r
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
n
d
Yo
u
n
g
A
d
u
lt
s in
T
h
re
e
A
sia
n
Cit
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l
.
50
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
S
2
6
-
S
3
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
A
tt
w
o
o
d
F
.
,
S
m
it
h
C.
,
a
n
d
Ba
rk
e
r
M
.
,
“
I”
m
ju
st
c
u
rio
u
s
a
n
d
stil
l
e
x
p
lo
rin
g
m
y
se
l
f
’:
Yo
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
a
n
d
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
”
Ne
w
M
e
d
ia
S
o
c
iet
y
,
v
o
l.
20
,
n
o
.
10
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
8
-
3
7
5
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
Ha
rp
e
r,
C.
,
a
n
d
Ho
d
g
in
s,
D.C
.
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
Co
rre
late
s
o
f
P
ro
b
lem
a
ti
c
In
tern
e
t
P
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
Us
e
Am
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
tu
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
rs
A
d
d
ict
ive
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
-
1
9
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
Bra
u
n
-
Co
u
rv
il
le
D.K.,
Ro
jas
M
.
,
“
Ex
p
o
su
re
t
o
S
e
x
u
a
ll
y
Ex
p
li
c
it
W
e
b
S
it
e
s
a
n
d
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
S
e
x
u
a
l
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
io
rs,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
45
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
-
1
6
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
S
c
a
rc
e
ll
i
C.
M
.
,
“
“
It
is
d
isg
u
stin
g
,
b
u
t … ”:
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
g
irl
s’
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
to
in
ter
n
e
t
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
s
g
e
n
d
e
r
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
Po
rn
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
-
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
-
2
4
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
M
a
tt
e
b
o
M
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
s
Am
o
n
g
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
ta
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
r
a
l
P
e
d
ia
trics
,
v
o
l.
35
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
-
1
8
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
E
ffects o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
a
d
o
lescen
t sexu
a
l a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
…
(
F
r
a
n
s
is
ka
I
ma
vike
F
ev
r
ia
s
a
n
ty
)
279
[1
6
]
Do
n
e
v
a
n
M
.
a
n
d
M
a
tt
e
b
o
M
.
,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
f
re
q
u
e
n
t
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
rs,
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
p
re
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
m
a
l
e
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
in
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
”
S
e
x
u
a
l
and
Re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
He
a
lt
h
c
a
re
,
v
o
l
.
12
,
p
p
.
82
-
8
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
Ch
e
n
L
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
se
x
u
a
l
se
n
sa
ti
o
n
se
e
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
a
ti
c
In
tern
e
t
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
u
se
:
A
m
o
d
e
ra
ted
m
e
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
e
l
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
ro
les
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
se
x
u
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
n
d
th
e
th
ird
-
p
e
rso
n
e
f
fe
c
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Beh
a
v
io
r
a
l
A
d
d
icti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
6
5
-
57
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
.
,
Eg
g
e
rm
o
n
t
S
.
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
tele
v
isio
n
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s:
Ex
p
lo
ri
n
g
th
e
e
x
p
lan
a
to
ry
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
th
re
e
-
ste
p
se
lf
-
o
b
jec
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
Po
e
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
45
,
p
p
.
19
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
V
a
n
g
e
e
l
L
.
,
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t
S
.
a
n
d
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
.
,
“
Do
e
s
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
m
e
d
ia
u
se
p
re
d
ict
se
x
u
a
l
ste
re
o
ty
p
e
s
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
m
e
rg
in
g
a
d
u
lt
h
o
o
d
?
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
w
it
h
m
u
sic
tele
v
isio
n
a
n
d
o
n
li
n
e
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
e
x
p
o
su
re
,
”
Arc
h
ive
s o
f
S
e
x
u
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
49
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
6
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
V
a
lk
e
n
b
u
rg
P
.
M
a
n
d
P
e
ter
J.,
“
On
li
n
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts:
a
n
i
n
teg
ra
ted
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
it
s
a
tt
ra
c
ti
o
n
,
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
a
n
d
risk
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
48
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
2
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
Rice
E
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ce
ll
p
h
o
n
e
in
ter
n
e
t
a
c
c
e
s
s,
o
n
li
n
e
se
x
u
a
l
so
li
c
it
a
ti
o
n
,
p
a
rt
n
e
r
se
e
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
risk
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
,
”
Arc
h
ive
s o
f
S
e
x
u
a
l
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
44
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
5
5
-
7
6
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
Be
rsa
m
in
M.
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
:
A
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
a
l
stu
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
rriag
e
a
n
d
F
a
mily
,
v
o
l
.
70
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
97
-
1
1
2
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
Ra
s
m
u
ss
e
n
E.
E.
,
Ortiz
R.
R
a
n
d
W
h
it
e
S
.
R.
,
“
E
m
e
r
g
in
g
a
d
u
lt
s’
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
o
f
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
d
u
ri
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
C
h
i
ld
re
n
M
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
-
1
7
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
P
RI
S
M
A
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le at:
ww
w
.
p
ris
m
a
-
sta
te
m
e
n
t.
o
rg
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
S
v
e
d
in
C.
G
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
re
q
u
e
n
t
u
s
e
rs
o
f
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
.
A
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
b
a
se
d
e
p
id
e
m
io
lo
g
ica
l
stu
d
y
o
f
S
w
e
d
ish
m
a
l
e
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t,
v
o
l.
3
4
:
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
7
9
-
7
8
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
6
]
S
tu
l
h
o
f
e
r
A
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
in
ti
m
a
c
y
in
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lt
h
o
o
d
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
e
x
u
a
li
ty
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
95
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
M
a
rty
n
iu
k
U
a
n
d
S
tu
lh
o
f
e
r
A
.
,
“
A
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
a
l
e
x
p
lo
ra
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
u
se
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
p
e
rm
issi
v
e
n
e
ss
in
f
e
m
a
le an
d
m
a
l
e
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
:
8
0
-
8
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
Do
o
rn
w
a
a
rd
S.M
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Y
o
u
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
se
x
u
a
l
a
n
d
ro
m
a
n
ti
c
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
isp
la
y
s
o
n
fa
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l.
55
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
3
5
-
5
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
9
]
S
a
ra
b
ia,
I
a
n
d
Estev
e
z
,
A
.
,
“
S
e
x
u
a
li
z
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
o
n
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s
i
n
Hu
ma
n
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
61
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
2
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
V
a
n
Oo
ste
n
J.M
.
F
.
,
P
e
ter
J.,
a
n
d
Bo
o
t
I.
,
“
E
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
se
x
y
o
n
li
n
e
se
lf
-
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Y
o
u
th
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
44
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
8
-
1
0
9
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
1
]
V
a
n
Ou
y
tse
l
J.,
P
o
n
n
e
t
K.,
W
a
lr
a
v
e
M
.
,
“
T
h
e
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
m
u
sic
v
id
e
o
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
se
x
ti
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
”
Cy
b
e
rp
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
Beh
a
v
io
r,
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
2
]
V
a
n
Ou
y
tse
l
J
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
x
ti
n
g
:
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s o
f
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
u
se
d
f
o
r,
m
o
ti
v
e
s
f
o
r,
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
se
x
ti
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Y
o
u
th
S
t
u
d
ie
s
,
v
o
l.
20
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
6
-
4
7
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
3
]
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t
S
.
,
“
S
e
x
u
a
ll
y
Ex
p
li
c
it
W
e
b
sites
a
n
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
In
it
iatio
n
:
Re
c
ip
ro
c
a
l
Re
latio
n
sh
ip
s an
d
th
e
M
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
Ro
le o
f
P
u
b
e
rtal
S
tatu
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
2
1
-
6
3
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
4
]
A
t
w
o
o
d
K.A
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
rre
late
s
o
f
P
re
c
o
it
a
l
Be
h
a
v
io
rs,
In
ten
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
In
it
iatio
n
Am
o
n
g
T
h
a
i
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
E
a
rly
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
32
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
6
4
-
3
8
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
5
]
M
a
tk
o
v
ić
,
T
.
,
Co
h
e
n
N.
,
a
n
d
Š
tu
lh
o
f
e
r
A
.
,
“
T
h
e
Us
e
o
f
S
e
x
u
a
ll
y
E
x
p
li
c
it
M
a
teria
l
a
n
d
Its
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
to
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
S
e
x
u
a
l
Ac
ti
v
it
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
62
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
-
5
6
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
6
]
L
iv
in
g
sto
n
e
S
a
n
d
G
o
rz
ig
,
A
.
,
“
W
h
e
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
re
c
e
iv
e
se
x
u
a
l
m
e
ss
a
g
e
s
o
n
th
e
in
tern
e
t:
Ex
p
lai
n
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
o
f
risk
a
n
d
h
a
rm
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
Hu
ma
n
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
pp.
8
–
1
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
7
]
Yb
a
rra
M
.
L
a
n
d
M
it
c
h
e
ll
K.J.,
“
S
e
x
ti
n
g
”
a
n
d
it
s
re
latio
n
to
se
x
u
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
ri
s
k
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
in
a
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
su
rv
e
y
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
55
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
5
7
-
7
6
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
8
]
Ch
o
i
H.,
V
a
n
Ou
y
tse
l
J
.
,
a
n
d
T
e
m
p
le
J.R.
,
“
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
b
e
twe
e
n
se
x
ti
n
g
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
c
o
e
rc
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
f
e
m
a
le
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
53
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
9
]
Da
v
is
M
.
J
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
w
a
n
t
y
o
u
r
se
x
t:
S
e
x
ti
n
g
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
risk
in
e
m
e
rg
in
g
a
d
u
lt
m
in
o
rit
y
m
e
n
,
”
AIDS
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Pre
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
28
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
138
-
1
5
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
0
]
Ro
m
o
D.L
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
u
se
a
n
d
it
s
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
w
it
h
se
x
u
a
l
risk
a
n
d
p
a
re
n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
a
p
rim
a
ril
y
h
isp
a
n
ic ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ped
i
a
tr
ic
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
Gy
n
e
c
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l
.
30
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
-
4
7
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
L
a
n
d
r
y
M
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts:
is
th
e
re
a
li
n
k
?
,
”
J
M
IR
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
u
rv
e
il
l
a
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
e
2
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
2
]
T
o
m
ić
I.
,
Bu
rić
J.,
Š
tu
lh
o
f
e
r
A.
,
“
As
so
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
c
ro
a
ti
a
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
u
se
o
f
s
e
x
u
a
ll
y
e
x
p
li
c
it
m
a
teria
l
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r:
d
o
e
s p
a
re
n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
p
lay
a
ro
le
?
,”
Ar
c
h
ive
s
o
f
S
e
x
u
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r,
v
o
l
.
47
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
1
-
1
8
9
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
3
]
Co
ll
in
s
R.
L
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
a
tch
in
g
se
x
o
n
tele
v
isio
n
p
re
d
icts
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
in
i
ti
a
ti
o
n
o
f
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
”
Ped
ia
trics
,
v
o
l.
114
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
e
2
8
0
-
e
2
8
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
4
]
Be
y
e
n
s
I.
,
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
.
,
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t
S
.
,
“
Early
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
b
o
y
s’
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
i
n
tern
e
t
p
o
rn
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ea
rly
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
35
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
5
-
1
0
6
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
5
]
S
h
a
sh
i
Ku
m
a
r,
R
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
o
f
m
e
d
ia,
se
x
u
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
M
e
d
ica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Arme
d
F
o
rc
e
s In
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
69
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
4
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
21
:
272
–
280
280
[4
6
]
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t
S
.
,
“
M
a
tern
a
l
a
tt
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
tele
v
isio
n
v
iew
in
g
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
se
x
u
a
l
so
c
ializa
ti
o
n
:
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ti
a
l
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s ac
ro
ss
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
”
S
e
x
Ro
les
,
v
o
l.
66
,
p
p
.
38
-
5
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
7
]
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
L
.
,
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t
S
.
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
m
a
ss
m
e
d
ia
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs:
e
x
p
lo
rin
g
th
e
e
x
p
lan
a
to
ry
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
th
re
e
-
ste
p
se
lf
-
o
b
jec
ti
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
S
e
x
u
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l
.
44
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
729
-
7
4
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
8
]
Do
o
rn
w
a
a
rd
S.M
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
u
se
o
f
se
x
u
a
ll
y
e
x
p
li
c
it
in
tern
e
t
m
a
teria
l
a
n
d
th
e
ir
se
x
u
a
l
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r:
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
e
f
fe
c
ts
,
”
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
ta
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
51
,
n
o
.
10
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
9
]
Da
n
e
b
a
c
k
K.,
S
e
v
c
ík
o
v
á
A
a
n
d
J
e
z
e
k
S
.
,
“
Ex
p
o
su
re
to
o
n
li
n
e
se
x
u
a
l
m
a
teria
ls
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
se
n
siti
z
a
ti
o
n
to
se
x
u
a
l
c
o
n
ten
t,
”
S
e
x
o
lo
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
27
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
e
7
1
-
e
7
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
0
]
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
,
L
a
n
d
Eg
g
e
r
m
o
n
t,
S
.
,
“
S
e
x
u
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
b
o
y
s
:
M
e
d
ia
e
x
p
o
su
re
a
n
d
b
o
y
s’
in
tern
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
of
a
p
p
e
a
ra
n
c
e
id
e
a
ls,
se
l
f
-
o
b
jec
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
su
rv
e
il
lan
c
e
,
”
M
e
n
a
n
d
M
a
sc
u
l
in
it
ies
,
v
o
l.
16
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
3
0
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
1
]
Ro
th
m
a
n
E.F
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
it
h
o
u
t
p
o
r
n
…
i
w
o
u
ld
n
'
t
k
n
o
w
h
a
l
f
th
e
th
in
g
s
i
k
n
o
w
n
o
w
”
:
A
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
stu
d
y
o
f
p
o
r
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
u
se
a
m
o
n
g
a
sa
m
p
le
o
f
u
rb
a
n
,
l
o
w
-
in
c
o
m
e
,
b
lac
k
a
n
d
h
isp
a
n
ic
y
o
u
th
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
S
e
x
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
52
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
3
6
-
7
4
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.