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o
x
i
n
e
-
p
y
r
e
m
et
h
a
m
in
e
(
SP
)
w
as
r
ep
l
ac
ed
b
y
ar
te
m
is
i
n
i
n
-
b
ased
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
t
h
er
ap
y
(
AC
T
)
[
5
,
6
]
.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
a
g
lo
b
al
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
to
el
i
m
in
ate
m
alar
ia,
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
in
2
0
0
9
is
s
u
ed
Min
i
s
ter
o
f
Hea
lth
Dec
r
ee
No
.
2
9
3
/Me
n
k
es/S
K/I
V
/2
0
0
9
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
e
n
m
alar
ia
co
n
tr
o
l
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t le
v
el
to
th
e
P
u
s
k
e
s
m
a
s
(
P
u
s
a
t Kes
eh
a
ta
n
Ma
s
ya
r
a
ka
t
or
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
C
en
ter
)
lev
el.
E
li
m
in
a
tio
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
ter
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
m
alar
ia
(
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
)
i
n
a
ce
r
tain
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ica
l
ar
ea
[
7
]
.
Ma
lar
ia
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
also
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
So
u
t
h
Ka
li
m
a
n
ta
n
.
C
a
s
es
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
to
y
ea
r
ex
ce
p
t
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
2
0
1
1
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
1
0
1
2
4
ca
s
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
y
ea
r
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
5
1
6
1
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
e
s
i
n
2
0
1
2
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
9
0
4
1
ca
s
es
to
8
2
8
ca
s
es
i
n
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
r
e
w
ar
d
ed
w
it
h
7
o
u
t
o
f
1
3
r
eg
e
n
cies/c
ities
h
ad
ac
h
iev
ed
m
alar
ia
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
ce
r
tif
icate
s
.
I
t
w
a
s
tar
g
eted
in
2
0
2
3
all
r
eg
en
cies/
cities s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
elim
i
n
atio
n
ce
r
ti
f
icate
s
[
8
]
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
i
s
tar
g
etin
g
to
e
li
m
in
a
te
m
alar
ia
f
r
o
m
Su
m
atr
a
I
s
la
n
d
,
W
est
N
u
s
a
T
en
g
g
ar
a
P
r
o
v
in
ce
,
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
I
s
lan
d
,
an
d
Su
la
w
e
s
i
b
y
2
0
2
0
an
d
b
y
th
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
3
0
I
n
d
o
n
esia
will
b
e
m
alar
ia
-
f
r
ee
n
atio
n
[
9
]
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
g
o
al
w
er
e
ca
s
es
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
m
ed
ical
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t,
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
u
s
in
g
m
o
s
q
u
i
to
n
ets.
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
ed
i
ca
l
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
w
a
s
ad
m
in
is
ter
i
n
g
ar
te
m
is
i
n
i
n
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
th
er
ap
y
(
A
C
T
)
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
a
f
ev
er
p
atie
n
t
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
lete
w
it
h
in
th
r
ee
d
a
y
s
.
R
eg
e
n
c
y
,
cit
y
,
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
an
d
is
la
n
d
ar
e
d
ec
lar
ed
m
alar
ia
-
f
r
ee
i
f
n
o
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
ca
s
e
s
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
r
ee
co
n
s
ec
u
t
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
w
ith
g
o
o
d
s
u
r
v
eilla
n
ce
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
w
e
h
av
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
th
e
s
i
tu
atio
n
o
f
m
a
lar
ia
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
i
n
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
u
s
i
n
g
A
C
T
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
n
ets,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
en
d
e
m
ic
v
illa
g
es,
an
d
t
h
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
a
n
n
u
al
p
ar
asit
e
in
cid
en
ce
s
(
A
P
I
)
w
i
th
in
2
0
1
0
-
2018.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
We
h
av
e
co
m
p
leted
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
it
h
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
a
r
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
m
a
lar
ia
in
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
a
m
p
le.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
P
S
(
B
a
d
a
n
P
u
s
a
t
S
t
a
tis
tik
or
S
tatis
t
ics
I
n
d
o
n
esia)
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
So
u
th
Ka
li
m
an
ta
n
o
n
2
0
1
8
w
a
s
4
,
1
8
2
,
6
9
5
p
e
o
p
le
w
it
h
a
p
o
v
er
t
y
r
ate
o
f
4
.
7
%.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
cities
an
d
ele
v
en
r
eg
e
n
cies
in
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
an
tan
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
o
f
3
8
,
3
5
2
.
2
6
k
m
2
ad
m
i
n
i
s
tr
ati
v
e
ar
ea
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
4
8
h
o
s
p
itals
,
2
3
5
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
ce
n
ter
s
,
1
8
2
clin
ics,
5
7
1
s
atellite
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
ce
n
ter
s
,
1
0
4
9
v
illa
g
e
h
ea
l
th
s
tatio
n
/p
o
s
t,
a
n
d
2
0
7
5
in
teg
r
ated
s
er
v
ice
s
s
tat
i
o
n
/p
o
s
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
to
tal
-
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
e
th
o
d
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
a
ll
ca
s
es
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
E
-
Sis
m
al
(
E
lektro
n
ik
S
is
tem
I
n
fo
r
ma
s
i
S
u
r
ve
ila
n
s
Ma
la
r
ia
o
r
E
lectr
o
n
ic
Ma
lar
ia
Su
r
v
ei
llan
ce
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
S
y
s
te
m
)
d
ata
o
f
So
u
th
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
8
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
an
tan
P
r
o
v
in
cial
Hea
lth
O
f
f
ice
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
8
w
er
e
d
ata
o
n
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
m
a
lar
ia
ca
s
es
;
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
an
d
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
;
m
ed
ical
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
AC
T
;
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
n
e
ts
,
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
o
f
v
i
llag
e
s
/s
u
b
d
is
tr
ict;
an
d
A
P
I
o
f
ea
c
h
r
eg
en
c
y
/cit
y
.
Stat
is
tical
a
n
al
y
s
is
u
s
ed
w
a
s
m
u
lt
ip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
tati
s
tical
test
s
to
s
ee
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
an
d
m
alar
ia
i
n
cid
en
ce
s
in
So
u
th
Kali
m
an
tan
.
R
esear
ch
ac
tiv
itie
s
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
l
ib
r
ar
y
m
a
ter
ials
to
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
ep
o
r
ts
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
to
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
.
No
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
w
as r
eq
u
ir
ed
as th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
d
id
n
o
t in
v
o
l
v
es
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
u
s
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
M
a
la
ria
eli
m
ina
t
io
n e
f
f
o
rt
s
T
h
e
s
tag
es
o
f
m
alar
ia
eli
m
in
atio
n
in
So
u
th
Kal
i
m
a
n
ta
n
ar
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
n
ati
o
n
al
s
tag
e
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
in
ten
s
if
ica
tio
n
,
el
i
m
in
at
io
n
,
a
n
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
.
Acc
eler
atio
n
in
m
alar
ia
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
ac
t
iv
e
ca
s
e
-
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ed
ical
tr
e
at
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
v
e
illa
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
s
p
ec
t
p
atien
t
s
an
d
m
a
s
s
b
lo
o
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Af
ter
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
an
al
y
s
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
A
n
o
ve
r
view o
f m
a
la
r
ia
elimin
a
tio
n
effo
r
ts
in
S
o
u
t
h
K
a
lima
n
ta
n
fr
o
m
2
0
1
0
to
2
0
1
8
(
M.
R
a
s
yid
R
id
h
a
)
99
co
m
p
leted
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
AC
T
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
atien
t
s
is
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
.
Deta
il
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
w
ith
in
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
8
in
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
m
alar
ia
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
(
ca
s
e
d
ete
ctio
n
,
AC
T
tr
ea
t
m
en
t)
an
d
A
P
I
in
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
Hig
h
est
ca
s
e
o
f
m
a
lar
ia
in
So
u
th
Kali
m
a
n
tan
w
as
in
2
0
1
1
w
it
h
1
0
,
0
7
6
ca
s
es.
T
h
is
i
n
cid
en
ce
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
AC
T
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
y
ea
r
h
ig
h
er
t
h
a
n
o
th
er
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
m
alar
ia
el
i
m
i
n
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
i
n
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
an
ta
n
w
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
8
9
%
o
f
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
p
atien
ts
i
n
2
0
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0
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8
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d
tr
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o
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A
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d
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r
ea
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1
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2
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g
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i
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0
1
8
w
h
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la
s
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w
as
m
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r
e.
A
c
tiv
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s
u
r
v
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llan
ce
h
as
p
r
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n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
r
ap
id
ca
s
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
a
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d
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
m
alar
ia
i
n
an
ar
e
a
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
m
b
in
at
io
n
w
it
h
s
er
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
r
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llan
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in
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ac
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t
m
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ep
tiv
e
ar
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s
w
a
s
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ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
[
1
3
]
.
Selectiv
e
a
n
d
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
d
is
tr
i
b
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tio
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io
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e
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o
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th
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tan
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i
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ak
en
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i
n
ce
m
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m
o
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a
n
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b
ab
ies
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
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al,
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is
tr
ib
u
t
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l
ong
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ticid
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Ns)
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ito
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g
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n
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0
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d
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1
4
.
W
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er
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h
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s
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m
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r
f
o
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2
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2
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1
8
.
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h
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ito
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ets
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e
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ic
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te
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en
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L
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ted
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n
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ce
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x
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x
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m
alar
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cid
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ce
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(
y
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in
So
u
t
h
Kali
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a
n
ta
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r
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r
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3
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0
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0
0
6
+
1
.
0
4
3
(
p
-
v
al
u
e=
0
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0
0
0
<0
.
0
5
)
as
s
h
o
w
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i
n
T
ab
le
1
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o
n
s
eq
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tio
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o
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ito
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et
s
a
n
d
AC
T
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ig
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
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ed
u
ce
t
h
e
in
cid
e
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ce
o
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m
alar
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in
So
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m
a
n
tan
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
m
a
s
s
m
o
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q
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ets a
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d
tr
ea
t
m
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n
t
w
it
h
AC
T
o
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th
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ce
o
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a
in
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u
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h
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m
a
n
ta
n
Y
M
o
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l
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
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o
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f
f
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c
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n
t
R
R
s
q
u
a
r
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S
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g
n
M
a
l
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r
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a
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n
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i
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e
C
o
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st
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n
t
-
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8
8
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8
3
8
0
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9
9
5
0
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99
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mass
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1
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6
A
C
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t
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e
a
t
me
n
t
(
x
2
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1
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0
4
3
R
is
k
f
ac
to
r
th
at
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
m
o
s
tl
y
to
m
alar
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i
n
cid
en
ce
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
a
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
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n
et
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
h
i
g
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er
u
s
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o
f
m
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s
q
u
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to
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ets
m
ea
n
less
r
is
k
to
m
a
lar
ia
in
f
ec
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
W
ith
in
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
n
ets,
it
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p
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ta
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b
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av
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an
d
en
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m
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s
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f
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
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o
f
m
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s
q
u
ito
n
ets
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e,
it
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n
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es
s
ar
y
t
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u
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lin
g
th
r
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g
h
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
[
1
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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I
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J
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P
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Sci
.
Vo
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1
0
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No
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1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
21
:
9
7
–
102
100
L
o
n
g
-
last
in
g
i
n
s
ec
tic
id
e
n
et
s
(
L
L
I
N)
m
o
s
q
u
ito
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et
w
as
t
h
e
m
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et
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o
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r
ee
y
ea
r
s
w
it
h
2
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tim
e
s
w
as
h
i
n
g
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ea
r
l
y
2
0
1
8
th
e
"
Ne
w
t
y
p
es
o
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I
n
s
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ticid
e
-
T
r
ea
ted
Nets"
w
a
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
[
1
9
]
,
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
2
0
1
9
w
a
s
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
b
y
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
P
esti
cid
e
E
v
alu
a
tio
n
Sch
e
m
e/W
HOP
E
S
(
a
p
ar
t
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th
e
W
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ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
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d
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s
)
.
T
h
is
t
y
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e
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f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
n
et
w
as
i
n
s
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e
-
tr
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ted
n
e
ts
(
I
T
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th
at
co
n
tain
s
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er
g
i
s
tic
P
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et
h
r
o
id
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d
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o
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y
l
b
u
to
x
id
e
(
P
B
O)
in
s
ec
ti
cid
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
P
B
O
w
as
i
n
te
n
d
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
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h
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t
o
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P
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et
h
r
o
id
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s
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ticid
e
ac
ti
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it
y
,
esp
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ia
ll
y
i
n
m
o
s
q
u
ito
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o
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u
latio
n
s
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
m
etab
o
lic
r
esis
ta
n
ce
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
alar
ia
v
ec
to
r
s
in
So
u
t
h
Kali
m
an
ta
n
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
q
u
ito
e
s
A
n
o
p
h
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p
h
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s
,
A
n
o
p
h
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b
a
la
b
a
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n
s
is
[
2
2
]
,
A
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o
p
h
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a
g
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s
,
A
n
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h
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ed
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esp
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en
t
ial
ar
ea
s
n
ea
r
f
o
r
e
s
ts
an
d
f
o
r
ests
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
I
N
is
to
p
r
ev
en
t
v
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to
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m
o
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ito
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r
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n
f
ec
ti
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
s
at
n
i
g
h
t
[
2
4
]
.
Ma
lar
ia
i
n
cid
en
ts
i
n
a
n
ar
ea
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
4
clas
s
es:
v
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g
es
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
in
cid
e
n
ts
(
H
C
I
)
,
v
il
lag
es
w
i
t
h
m
o
d
er
ate
i
n
cid
en
t
s
(
MCI)
,
v
il
lag
es
w
it
h
lo
w
in
cid
e
n
ts
(
L
C
I
)
,
an
d
m
alar
ia
-
f
r
ee
v
illa
g
es
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Sin
ce
2
0
0
7
,
m
alar
ia
eli
m
in
a
ti
o
n
in
I
n
d
o
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as
b
ee
n
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
A
P
I
(
ca
s
es
o
f
clin
ical
m
alar
ia
f
o
r
o
n
e
y
ea
r
i
n
a
n
ar
ea
p
er
1
,
0
0
0
p
o
p
u
latio
n
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icato
r
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
p
r
ev
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u
s
in
d
ica
to
r
an
n
u
al
m
alar
ia
in
cid
en
ce
(
A
MI
)
[
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
y
ea
r
,
ev
er
y
m
alar
ia
ca
s
e
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eq
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ir
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te
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s
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o
m
a
p
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itiv
e
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l
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m
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an
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all
p
o
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itiv
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ted
w
it
h
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T
.
T
h
e
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esis
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t
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f
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h
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in
e
a
n
d
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n
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p
ills
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o
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e
o
f
t
h
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ca
u
s
e
s
f
o
r
h
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g
h
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alar
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m
o
r
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i
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it
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en
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h
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m
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d
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s
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ce
2
0
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8
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s
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to
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t
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b
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ca
s
es o
r
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p
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ted
ca
s
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Su
cc
es
s
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
m
a
lar
ia
in
cid
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in
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s
q
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a
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d
AC
T
.
Fu
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th
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m
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e,
m
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el
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m
in
at
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n
also
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
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p
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cr
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s
s
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to
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m
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in
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Kal
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a
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a
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to
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m
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m
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ce
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R
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n
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th
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d
a
m
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i
m
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n
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ce
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s
s
h
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ld
m
a
in
tai
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t
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ca
p
ab
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s
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ex
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m
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p
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ca
s
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s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
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m
p
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ted
ca
s
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
ex
te
n
d
h
er
g
r
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u
d
e
to
th
e
So
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th
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
cial
Hea
lt
h
Of
f
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a
s
th
e
d
ata
p
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v
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er
an
d
th
e
P
2
M
alar
ia
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
o
ld
er
w
h
o
h
el
p
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
J.
R
o
g
e
rso
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
S
e
ries
M
a
laria
in
p
re
g
n
a
n
c
y
1
Bu
rd
e
n
,
p
a
th
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
sts
o
f
m
a
l
a
ria
in
p
re
g
n
a
n
c
y
:
n
e
w
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
a
n
o
ld
p
ro
b
lem
,
”
L
a
n
c
e
t
I
n
f
ect
io
u
s
Dis
e
a
se
,
v
o
l.
3
0
9
9
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
e
1
0
7
-
e
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
S
o
k
Ch
u
l
H
o
n
g
,
“
M
a
laria
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ic
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
:
A
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
Am
e
ric
a
n
Ca
se
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mic
Hist
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
7
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
54
-
6
7
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
F
.
B.
A
g
u
sto
a
n
d
I.
M
.
EL
m
o
jt
a
b
a
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
c
o
st
-
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
m
a
laria
/v
is
c
e
ra
l
leish
m
a
n
ias
is
co
-
in
f
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
PL
o
S
On
e
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
e
0
1
7
1
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
21
:
9
7
–
102
102
[4
]
A
.
F
.
Co
wm
a
n
,
J.
He
a
ler,
D.
M
a
ra
p
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
K.
M
a
rsh
,
“
Re
v
iew
M
a
laria
:
Bio
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Dise
a
se
,
”
C
e
l
l
,
v
o
l.
1
6
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
1
0
-
6
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
V
.
S
it
o
h
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
m
e
n
t
M
a
laria
e
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
h
a
lfwa
y
th
e
re
,
”
L
a
n
c
e
t
Glo
b
al
He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
e
6
0
4
-
e
6
0
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
C.
S
u
rjad
jaja
,
A
.
S
u
ry
a
,
a
n
d
J.
K.
Ba
ird
,
“
Ep
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
v
iv
a
x
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
T
h
e
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
ro
p
ica
l
M
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
Hy
g
ien
e
,
v
o
l.
9
5
,
n
o
.
6
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
In
d
o
n
e
sia
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
.
(2
0
0
9
).
No
.
2
9
3
/M
ENKE
S
/S
K/
IV
/
2
0
0
9
,
M
i
n
ister
o
f
He
a
lt
h
De
c
re
e
o
n
T
h
e
E
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
a
laria
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
[8
]
S
o
u
t
h
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
P
r
o
v
in
c
ial
H
e
a
lt
h
Off
ice
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
2
M
a
laria
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
S
o
u
t
h
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
a
n
d
2
0
1
9
A
c
ti
v
it
y
P
lan
n
in
g
,
”
Bo
o
k
Rep
o
rt
.
Ba
n
jarm
a
si
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
In
d
o
n
e
sia
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
,
“
M
a
laria
Ep
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
Da
ta
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter,
Ja
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
In
d
o
n
e
sia
M
i
n
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
,
“
In
f
o
Da
ti
n
-
M
a
laria
-
2
0
1
6
,
”
Da
ta an
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter,
Ja
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
A
.
Be
lj
a
e
v
e
t
a
l.
,
W
HO
M
a
la
ri
a
T
e
r
min
o
lo
g
y
.
G
e
n
e
v
a
:
W
HO
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
E.
Kh
a
n
d
e
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
i
m
e
in
Zan
z
ib
a
r‟
s
M
a
laria
El
im
in
a
ti
o
n
Ca
se
-
Ba
se
d
S
u
rv
e
il
lan
c
e
–
Re
sp
o
n
se
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
ra
n
T
r
o
p
ic
a
l
M
e
d
icin
e
Hy
g
i
n
e
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
-
2
6
3
,
2
0
1
9
[1
3
]
H.
S
u
re
n
d
ra
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Us
in
g
h
e
a
lt
h
f
a
c
il
it
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
se
ro
lo
g
ica
l
su
rv
e
il
l
a
n
c
e
to
p
re
d
ict
re
c
e
p
ti
v
e
a
re
a
s
a
t
risk
o
f
m
a
laria
o
u
t
b
re
a
k
s in
e
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
a
re
a
s,”
B
M
C
M
e
d
icin
e
.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
pp
. 1
–
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
4
]
R.
R.
R.
In
d
ra
w
a
n
ti
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
fe
c
ts
o
f
M
a
tern
a
l
M
a
laria
o
n
th
e
S
u
sc
e
p
ti
b
i
li
ty
o
f
In
f
e
c
ti
o
n
to
M
a
laria
in
In
f
a
n
ts
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
F
irst
1
Ye
a
r
o
f
L
i
f
e
/
E
fek
M
a
la
ria
M
a
ter
n
a
l
ter
h
a
d
a
p
Ke
re
n
ta
n
a
n
In
fek
si
M
a
la
ria
p
a
d
a
Ba
y
i
S
e
la
ma
1
T
a
h
u
n
Per
ta
ma
Ke
h
i
d
u
p
a
n
,
”
D
o
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rta
ti
o
n
,
P
r
o
g
ra
m
Do
k
to
r
Ilm
u
Ke
d
o
k
tera
n
&
Ke
se
h
a
tan
,
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
H.
S
it
o
ru
s,
D.
A
n
d
riay
a
n
i,
a
n
d
R
.
M
a
y
a
s
a
ri,
“
Risk
F
a
c
to
rs
A
ss
o
c
i
a
ted
w
it
h
th
e
I
n
c
id
e
n
c
e
o
f
M
a
laria
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
(A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Ris
k
e
sd
a
s
2
0
1
3
)
/
Fa
k
t
o
r
Ri
sik
o
y
a
n
g
Ber
h
u
b
u
n
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
n
Ke
ja
d
ia
n
M
a
la
r
ia
d
i
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
(
An
a
li
sis L
a
n
ju
t
Ri
sk
e
sd
a
s
2
0
1
3
)
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
B
u
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
He
a
lt
h
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
L
.
A
p
rian
a
,
R.
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
Y.
M
a
h
e
n
d
ra
d
h
a
t,
“
De
ter
m
in
a
n
t
f
a
c
to
rs
o
f
u
se
o
f
in
se
c
ti
c
id
e
-
trea
t
e
d
b
e
d
n
e
ts
in
Be
n
g
k
u
lu
:
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
Risk
e
sd
a
s
2
0
1
3
,
”
Ber
it
a
Ke
d
o
k
ter
a
n
M
a
sy
a
ra
k
a
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
.
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
F.
Ke
n
t
i
a
n
d
J.
A
riati
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
o
f
th
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
T
o
w
a
rd
s
th
e
Us
e
o
f
In
se
c
ti
c
id
a
l
Be
d
n
e
ts
L
o
n
g
L
a
stin
g
In
se
c
ti
c
id
a
l
N
e
ts
(
LL
IN
S
)
in
M
a
riat,
S
o
r
o
n
g
,
W
e
st
P
a
p
u
a
/
Pen
g
e
t
a
h
u
a
n
d
a
n
S
ika
p
M
a
sy
a
ra
k
a
t
ter
h
a
d
a
p
Pen
g
g
u
n
a
a
n
Ke
la
m
b
u
Ber
in
se
k
ti
sid
a
L
o
n
g
L
a
stin
g
In
se
c
ti
c
id
a
l
Ne
ts
(
L
L
INS
)
d
i
Ke
c
a
ma
ta
n
M
a
ria
t,
Ka
b
u
p
a
ten
S
o
ro
n
g
,
Pro
v
i
n
si P
a
p
u
a
B
a
ra
t)
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Eko
l
o
g
i
Ke
se
h
a
t
an
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
18
-
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
Rep
o
rt
of
T
h
e
T
we
n
ti
e
th
W
o
rk
in
g
W
h
o
p
e
s
Gr
o
u
p
M
e
e
ti
n
g
.
M
a
rc
h
.
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
iss:
W
HO
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
K.
G
le
a
v
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
ip
e
ro
n
y
l
b
u
to
x
id
e
(
P
BO)
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
w
it
h
p
y
re
th
ro
id
s
in
in
se
c
ti
c
id
e
trea
ted
n
e
ts
to
p
re
v
e
n
t
m
a
laria
in
Af
rica
(Re
v
ie
w
),
”
Co
c
h
ra
n
e
D
a
ta
b
a
se
S
y
st.
Rev
.
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
98
.
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
Ne
w
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
in
se
c
ti
c
id
e
-
trea
ted
n
e
ts,
”
G
lo
b
a
l
M
a
laria
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
,
He
a
lt
h
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
P
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
S
tan
d
a
rd
s.
S
w
iss.
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
W
.
A
.
Ou
m
b
o
u
k
e
,
M
.
Ro
w
lan
d
,
A
.
A
.
Ko
ff
i,
L
.
P
.
A
.
A
lo
u
,
S
.
Ca
m
a
ra
,
d
a
n
R.
N‟g
u
e
ss
a
n
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
a
lp
h
a
-
c
y
p
e
r
m
e
th
rin
+
P
BO
m
i
x
tu
re
lo
n
g
-
las
ti
n
g
in
se
c
ti
c
id
a
l
n
e
t
V
EE
RAL
IN®
L
N
a
g
a
in
st
p
y
r
e
th
ro
id
re
si
sta
n
t
A
n
o
p
h
e
les
g
a
m
b
iae
s.s.:
a
n
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
h
u
t
tri
a
l
i
n
M
‟b
é
,
c
e
n
tral
Cô
te
d
‟Iv
o
ire,”
Pa
r
a
sites
a
n
d
Vec
to
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
5
4
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
R.
E.
Ha
rb
a
c
h
,
V
.
Ba
im
a
i,
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
k
o
w
a
ti
,
“
S
o
m
e
Ob
se
r
v
a
ti
o
n
s
on
S
y
m
p
a
tri
c
P
o
p
u
latio
n
s
of
T
h
e
M
a
laria
V
e
c
to
rs
A
n
o
p
h
e
les
leu
c
o
sp
h
y
ru
s
A
n
d
A
n
o
p
h
e
les
b
a
lab
a
c
e
n
sis
In
A
V
il
lag
e
-
F
o
re
st
S
e
tt
in
g
in
S
o
u
t
h
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
,
”
S
o
u
th
e
a
s
t
Asia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
T
ro
p
ica
l
M
e
d
icin
e
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
4
7
,
1
9
8
7
[2
3
]
L
.
In
d
riy
a
ti
,
D.
A
n
d
iars
a
,
a
n
d
B.
Ha
iran
i,
“
Ne
w
M
a
laria
V
e
c
to
r
in
Ko
tab
a
ru
Re
g
e
n
c
y
,
S
o
u
th
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
P
ro
v
i
n
c
e
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
(in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
V
e
k
to
r
M
a
laria
Ba
ru
Di
Ka
b
u
p
a
ten
Ko
tab
a
ru
,
P
ro
v
in
si
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
S
e
lata
n
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
)
,
”
Vek
to
ra
:
J
u
rn
a
l
Vek
t
o
r d
a
n
Res
e
r
v
o
ir
P
e
n
y
a
k
it
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
S
.
G
.
S
tae
d
k
e
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
E
ff
e
c
t
o
f
lo
n
g
-
las
ti
n
g
in
se
c
ti
c
id
a
l
n
e
ts
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
p
ip
e
r
o
n
y
l
b
u
to
x
id
e
o
n
m
a
laria
in
d
ica
to
rs
in
Ug
a
n
d
a
(L
L
INEUP
):
a
p
ra
g
m
a
ti
c
,
c
lu
ste
r
-
ra
n
d
o
m
ise
d
tri
a
l
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
i
n
a
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
L
I
N
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
c
a
m
p
a
ig
n
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
2
–
13
0
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
R.
S
k
rz
y
p
e
k
a
n
d
R.
Ca
ll
a
g
h
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
„p
u
sh
m
i
-
p
u
ll
y
u
‟
o
f
r
e
si
sta
n
c
e
to
c
h
lo
ro
q
u
in
e
in
m
a
lar
ia,”
Essa
y
s
in
Bi
o
c
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
7
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
S
.
P
a
rij
a
a
n
d
H.
A
n
to
n
y
,
“
A
n
ti
m
a
laria
l
d
ru
g
re
sista
n
c
e
:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
,
”
T
ro
p
ica
l
Pa
r
a
sito
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
-
4
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
In
d
o
n
e
sia
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
,
De
c
re
e
o
f
th
e
M
in
ister o
f
He
a
lt
h
No
HK
.
0
3
.
0
1
/
6
0
/I
/
20
1
0
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
S
trate
g
ic
P
lan
o
f
th
e
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
4
.
In
d
o
n
e
sia
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
8
]
J.
D.
M
b
a
k
o
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
M
a
laria
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
in
Ca
m
e
ro
o
n
T
h
ro
u
g
h
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
:
A
n
in
-
De
p
th
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ce
n
tra
l
Af
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
7
-
1
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
9
]
K.
S
h
a
h
a
n
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
Ea
g
e
rn
e
ss
a
n
d
P
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
u
p
p
o
rti
n
g
El
im
in
a
te
M
a
laria
,
”
Ira
n
J
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
5
9
-
6
6
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
0
]
T
.
J.
P
e
to
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
d
u
ri
n
g
tw
o
m
a
s
s
a
n
ti
-
m
a
l
a
rial
a
d
m
in
istratio
n
s
in
Ca
m
b
o
d
ia:
les
so
n
s
f
ro
m
a
j
o
in
t
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
”
M
a
la
ri
a
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
1
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
El
e
m
in
a
ti
n
g
M
a
la
ri
a
.
B
o
o
k
.
S
w
iss: W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
.
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