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F
e
ve
r
I
n
c
i
de
nc
e
.
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h
e
s
e
va
r
i
o
us
f
a
c
t
or
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
f
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o
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p
l
a
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e
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a
c
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n
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us
e
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i
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n
t
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o
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e
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t
y
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we
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n
p
l
a
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n
d
t
i
m
e
s
.
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nvi
r
o
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e
n
t
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l
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o
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i
t
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o
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l
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y
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n
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i
nc
i
d
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n
c
e
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s
uc
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o
n
d
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t
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o
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l
im
a
t
e
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n
d
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l
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o
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t
e
r
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o
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t
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n
e
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c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
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o
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o
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c
o
n
t
a
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n
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s
a
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ng
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l
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o
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n
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h
e
pr
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n
c
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o
f
A
e
de
s
s
p
[
8
-
9
]
,
wa
t
e
r
pH
a
l
s
o
h
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v
e
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n
im
pa
c
t
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l
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l
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t
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o
n
A
e
de
s
s
p
[
10
]
.
S
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g
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h
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po
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t
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ne
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Kupa
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t
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n
t
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by
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h
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p
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o
t
hi
s
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ll
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be
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o
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h
e
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n
c
i
de
nc
e
o
f
DH
F
i
n
Kupa
n
g
C
i
t
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
wa
s
a
n
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
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o
n
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l
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n
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ly
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i
c
s
t
ud
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w
i
t
h
a
c
a
s
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
de
s
i
g
n
.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
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dr
y
s
e
a
s
o
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w
i
t
h
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ur
b
a
n
vil
l
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g
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n
d
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n
t
he
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r
a
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n
y
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a
s
o
n
w
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t
h
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l
a
ge
s
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h
e
r
e
we
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t
wo
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
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t
h
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a
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k
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f
f
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h
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a
n
d
t
he
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t
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d
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t
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r
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e
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o
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udy
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he
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m
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l
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s
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pe
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l
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l
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m
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s
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d
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l
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m
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r
a
l
vil
l
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ge
s
[
11
-
12]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
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a
r
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v
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t
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a
l
t
h
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r
l
a
n
gga
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
No
:
521
-
K
E
P
K
o
n
Oc
to
b
e
r
2016.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
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o
un
d
t
h
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n
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m
be
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f
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t
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t
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c
h
h
o
us
e
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whi
c
h
r
a
n
ge
d
f
r
o
m
1
to
9
a
n
d
f
o
un
d
a
s
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g
nif
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c
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n
t
r
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l
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t
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m
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n
d
t
h
e
i
nc
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
D
HF
(
p=
003)
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
bl
e
1.
T
h
e
mi
n
im
u
m
wa
t
e
r
l
e
ve
l
is
1c
m
a
n
d
m
a
xim
u
m
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s
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m
,
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t
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n
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ve
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ge
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e
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o
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n
t
a
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n
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r
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n
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t
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e
n
t
s
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d
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n
o
t
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F
s
u
f
f
e
r
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r
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s
t
a
t
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ll
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t
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ot
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a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
i
nc
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
DH
F
(
p=
0.
056)
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h
e
hi
g
h
e
s
t
v
o
l
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m
e
o
f
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t
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r
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un
d
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s
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l
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t
e
r
s
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n
d
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ppa
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r
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l
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t
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p
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e
t
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t
h
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o
f
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t
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n
d
th
e
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nc
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de
n
c
e
o
f
B
D
D
(
p=
0.
206)
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hi
s
s
t
ud
y
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o
un
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
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o
f
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t
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n
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o
n
t
a
i
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e
r
r
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ge
d
f
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n
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t
h
e
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v
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r
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ge
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f
c
o
n
t
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r
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n
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t
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t
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n
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t
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t
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t
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s
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l
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t
e
d
to
t
h
e
DH
F
i
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
(
p=
0.
034)
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T
a
bl
e
1.
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e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
b
e
t
we
e
n
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
,
wa
t
e
r
h
e
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g
h
t
,
wa
t
e
r
v
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l
u
m
e
a
n
d
wa
t
e
r
pH
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
DH
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i
nc
i
d
e
n
c
e
V
a
r
ia
bl
e
s
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a
mpl
e
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a
mpl
e
(
n
)
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e
a
n
S
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in
-
M
a
x
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v
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lu
e
N
umbe
r
of
c
o
nt
a
in
e
r
D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
37
(
7.4%
)
2.135
1.398
1
–
8
0.003
N
o
n D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
463 (
92.6%
)
1.564
1.085
1
-
9
W
a
te
r
he
ig
ht
D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
37 (
7.4%
)
53.62
29.327
3
-
116
0.056
N
o
n D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
463 (
92.6%
)
64.03
31.923
1
-
185
W
a
te
r
vo
lu
m
e
D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
37 (
7.4%
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255.119
228.3446
7.9
-
1101.8
0.206
N
o
n D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
463 (
92.6%
)
467.326
1016.8822
0
.
2
–
8079
.
4
W
a
te
r
p
H
D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
37 (
7.4%
)
7.089
0.5415
5.6
–
8.3
0.034
N
o
n D
H
F
pa
ti
e
nt
463 (
92.6%
)
7.315
0.6279
5.9
–
9.9
T
hi
s
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
s
o
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
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u
m
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
o
r
o
n
e
t
hi
r
d
c
o
m
pa
r
e
to
tot
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
.
T
he
r
e
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r
e
s
o
m
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ny
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nd
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o
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r
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o
n
t
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n
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a
s
b
a
t
h
t
ub
,
b
uc
ke
t
,
wa
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
a
n
d
d
i
s
p
e
n
s
e
r
.
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
y
pe
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
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n
e
r
h
a
ve
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
DH
F
i
nc
i
de
n
c
e
(
p=
0
.
022
;
OR
2
.
389)
,
a
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
T
a
bl
e
2.
T
a
bl
e
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21
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[
22]
.
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F
[
23
]
.
L
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-
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].
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[
30
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[
15
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[
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r
e
ggs
[
26
]
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
m
o
s
t
A
e
de
s
s
p
l
a
r
v
a
e
we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
da
r
k
-
c
o
l
o
r
e
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
(
78.
8%
)
,
b
ut
i
t
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
c
o
l
o
r
wa
s
n
o
t
b
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
i
n
c
iden
c
e
o
f
DH
F
.
P
r
e
vi
o
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
B
a
r
a
n
gs
i
a
n
g
a
n
d
B
o
j
o
n
gke
r
t
o
a
l
s
o
f
o
un
d
n
o
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
be
t
we
e
n
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
c
o
l
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
pr
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
l
a
r
v
a
e
[
31
]
.
M
o
s
qu
i
to
e
s
pr
e
f
e
r
da
r
k
c
o
l
o
r
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
i
ll
u
m
i
na
t
e
l
igh
t
f
r
o
m
l
o
we
r
da
r
k
pr
o
vi
de
s
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
o
s
qu
i
t
o
e
s
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
l
o
r
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
wa
s
n
o
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
DH
F
.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
n
o
t
a
l
l
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
l
a
r
v
a
e
a
n
d
pupa
e
w
il
l
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
du
l
t
m
o
s
qui
t
o
e
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
o
f
t
h
e
de
a
t
h
o
f
l
a
r
v
a
e
a
n
d
pupa
e
due
to
c
on
t
a
i
n
e
r
i
mm
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
c
l
e
a
n
e
d
up
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
l
l
l
a
r
v
a
e
a
n
d
pupa
e
f
i
ni
s
h
t
h
e
pr
e
im
a
go
s
t
a
ge
,
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
l
a
r
va
e
c
a
nn
o
t
b
e
a
s
s
u
m
e
d
im
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
de
n
gu
e
i
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
i
t
w
a
s
c
o
n
c
l
ude
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
a
i
ne
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
nc
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
DH
F
we
r
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
,
wa
t
e
r
pH,
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
.
W
h
e
r
e
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
we
r
e
n
o
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
DH
F
a
r
e
wa
t
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
,
wa
t
e
r
v
o
l
u
m
e
,
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
c
o
n
t
a
i
ne
r
c
o
v
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
c
o
l
o
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
y
i
s
n
o
t
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
to
a
l
w
a
y
s
c
l
e
a
n
t
he
l
a
n
d
f
il
l
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
o
n
c
e
a
we
e
k
by
r
ubbi
ng
t
he
i
nne
r
wa
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
a
ll
-
s
i
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
.
L
a
r
ge
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
s
i
t
e
s
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
xi
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
l
a
r
v
a
e
by
t
a
k
i
n
g
l
a
r
v
a
e
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
o
n
c
e
a
we
e
k,
gi
vi
ng
a
b
a
t
e
or
l
a
r
v
a
e
-
e
a
t
i
n
g
f
i
s
h
.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
e
d
t
o
r
e
us
e
l
a
r
ge
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
o
l
o
n
ge
r
us
e
d
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
do
n
o
t
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
o
s
qu
i
t
o
b
r
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
i
t
e
s
.
AC
K
NOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
t
o
t
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
R
e
pu
bli
c
o
f
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
,
t
h
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
o
r
o
f
K
upa
n
g
He
a
l
t
h
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
hni
c
a
n
d
t
he
He
a
d
o
f
K
upa
n
g
E
nvi
r
o
nm
e
nt
a
l
He
a
l
t
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
pr
o
vi
de
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
f
i
na
n
c
e
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
we
l
l
.
T
ha
nk
y
o
u
a
l
s
o
to
t
h
e
He
a
d
o
f
K
up
a
n
g
C
i
t
y
He
a
l
t
h
O
f
f
i
c
e
a
n
d
S
t
a
f
f
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
to
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
go
v
e
r
nm
e
n
t
i
n
K
up
a
n
g
C
i
t
y
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
g
i
ve
n
pe
r
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
d
da
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
y
.
We
a
l
s
o
s
a
y
t
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
t
o
t
h
e
pe
o
pl
e
i
n
K
upa
n
g
C
i
t
y
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
pe
n
a
r
m
s
a
n
d
wh
o
h
a
v
e
pr
o
vi
de
d
a
ll
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
U
n
i
ce
f
,
U
N
D
P,
W
o
r
l
d
Ba
n
k
,
W
H
O
.
D
en
g
u
e
:
G
u
i
d
el
i
n
e
s
fo
r
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
,
T
re
at
men
t
,
Pr
e
v
en
t
i
o
n
an
d
C
o
n
t
ro
l
.
G
e
n
e
v
a
:
W
H
O
;
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
BM
K
G
N
T
T
.
Cl
i
m
at
e
D
at
a
i
n
K
u
p
an
g
.
K
u
p
an
g
;
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
BM
K
G
N
T
T
.
Su
mme
r
F
o
r
ec
as
t
Se
as
o
n
2
0
1
6
.
Se
as
o
n
Z
o
n
e
s
i
n
N
T
T
.
K
u
p
an
g
:
K
u
p
an
g
L
as
i
an
a
C
l
i
m
at
o
l
o
g
y
St
at
i
o
n
;
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
ffi
ce
K
u
p
an
g
C
i
t
y
.
R
ec
ap
i
t
u
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
Su
r
v
ei
l
an
ce
D
at
a
fro
m
K
u
p
an
g
Ci
t
y
.
K
u
p
an
g
;
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
G
o
rd
o
n
J
E
.
T
h
e
E
p
i
d
emi
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
A
cc
i
d
e
n
t
.
A
m
er
i
ca
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
.
1
9
4
9
;
3
9
:
5
0
4
–
1
5
.
[6
]
D
i
t
j
e
n
PP
&
P
L
.
G
u
i
d
el
i
n
e
s
fo
r
D
e
n
g
u
e
F
ev
e
r
C
o
n
t
ro
l
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a.
J
ak
art
a:
K
emen
k
e
s
R
I
;
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
A
ch
m
ad
i
U
F.
R
eg
i
o
n
a
l
b
as
e
d
d
i
s
e
as
e
m
an
a
g
eme
n
t
.
K
e
s
m
as
:
Na
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
.
2
0
0
9
;
3
(
4
):
1
4
7
–
5
3
.
[8
]
I
s
h
ak
H
,
A
b
b
as
A
.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
fa
c
t
o
r
o
f
A
e
d
es
a
e
g
y
p
t
i
L
arv
a
an
d
E
n
d
emi
s
i
t
as
D
e
n
g
u
e
F
e
v
e
r
d
i
s
e
as
e
i
n
Bu
l
u
k
u
m
b
a
d
i
s
t
ri
c
t
,
So
u
t
h
S
u
l
a
w
e
s
i
.
In
:
Pro
ceed
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
N
at
i
o
n
a
l
M
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
D
a
y
S
emi
n
ar
2
0
0
9
“
Co
m
mu
n
i
t
y
p
art
i
c
i
p
at
i
o
n
i
n
i
n
t
eg
rat
ed
mo
s
q
u
i
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
Pro
g
ra
m
”
B
o
g
o
r;
2
0
0
9
.
[9
]
D
j
at
i
A
P,
W
i
d
i
as
t
u
t
i
D
.
S
ev
e
ra
l
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
al
Fa
c
t
o
rs
Rel
at
ed
w
i
t
h
E
n
d
emi
c
i
t
y
St
at
u
s
o
f
D
en
g
u
e
H
a
emo
rrh
a
g
i
c
Fev
e
r
.
H
ea
l
t
h
S
ci
e
n
ce
In
d
o
n
es
i
a
.
2
0
1
2
;
3
(1
):
2
7
–
3
0
.
[1
0
]
D
o
m
N
C,
A
h
m
ad
A
H
,
I
s
m
ai
l
R.
H
ab
i
t
at
Ch
arac
t
e
ri
zat
i
o
n
o
f
A
e
d
e
s
Sp
.
Bre
ed
i
n
g
i
n
U
rb
an
H
o
t
s
p
o
t
A
re
a.
Pro
ced
i
a
-
So
ci
al
an
d
B
e
h
av
i
o
ra
l
S
ci
[
I
n
t
e
rn
e
t
].
2
0
1
3
;
8
5
:
1
0
0
–
9
.
A
v
ai
l
ab
l
e
fr
o
m
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
d
x
.
d
o
i
.
o
r
g
/
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
b
s
p
ro
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
8
.
3
4
2
[1
1
]
U
s
m
an
H
,
A
k
b
ar
PS.
I
n
t
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
St
at
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
J
ak
art
a:
Bu
m
i
A
k
s
ara;
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
Me
d
i
c
al
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
&
D
en
g
u
e
Co
o
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