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h
e
r
e
f
f
o
r
t
to
s
um
m
a
r
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
e
t
e
r
o
ge
n
e
o
us
d
i
s
o
r
de
r
[
7]
.
A
M
E
DL
I
NE
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
a
pu
bl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
da
t
e
f
r
o
m
1992
t
h
r
o
ugh
2014
c
o
n
t
a
i
ni
ng
t
h
e
wo
r
ds
“
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
be
t
e
s
a
n
d
e
t
hni
c
i
t
y
,
”
a
n
d
“
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
a
n
d
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
,
”
r
e
t
ur
n
e
d
16
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
f
o
r
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
.
2.
1.
S
t
u
d
y
s
e
l
e
c
t
ion
B
e
c
a
us
e
m
e
t
a
-
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
c
us
e
s
o
n
a
ggr
e
ga
t
i
o
n
a
nd
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
f
i
nd
i
ngs
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
udi
e
s
,
i
t
w
i
ll
b
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
s
o
r
t
s
t
udi
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
m
e
a
ni
n
g
f
u
ll
y
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
ng
s
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
-
an
a
ly
s
i
s
w
il
l
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
c
e
pt
ua
l
ly
c
o
m
pa
r
a
bl
e
a
n
d
i
nc
l
ud
e
s
im
il
a
r
c
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
s
.
T
o
b
e
i
n
c
l
ud
e
d,
s
t
udi
e
s
h
a
d
t
o
b
e
pr
o
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
h
o
r
t
s
t
udi
e
s
a
n
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
ud
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
nc
l
ude
d
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
dua
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
be
i
n
g
s
t
ud
i
e
d.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
pr
i
m
a
r
y
s
t
ud
i
e
s
i
n
c
l
ude
d
in
t
hi
s
pr
o
j
e
c
t
h
a
d
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
:
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
21
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
a
ge
o
r
o
l
de
r
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
be
t
e
s
S
t
udi
e
s
o
n
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
wo
u
l
d
i
nc
l
ude
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
o
f
r
e
c
o
r
de
d
B
M
I
E
t
h
ni
c
i
t
y
s
t
ud
i
e
s
wo
ul
d
i
nc
l
ude
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
o
f
r
e
c
o
r
de
d
e
t
h
ni
c
i
t
y
2.
2.
S
e
l
e
c
t
ion
c
r
it
e
r
ia
an
d
d
e
f
in
it
ion
s
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
c
o
n
t
a
i
ns
t
h
e
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
de
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
ns
o
f
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
t
h
a
t
we
r
e
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
t
o
s
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
pr
i
m
a
r
y
s
t
udi
e
s
t
h
a
t
we
r
e
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
.
E
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
w
i
ll
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qu
i
r
e
i
nv
o
l
v
i
ng
pa
t
i
e
n
t
s
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
T
2D
de
f
i
ne
d
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng:
f
a
s
t
i
n
g
p
l
a
s
m
a
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
o
f
≥
126
m
g/
d
l
o
r
a
n
o
r
a
l
g
l
uc
o
s
e
to
l
e
r
a
nc
e
t
e
s
t
o
f
≥
200
m
g/d
l
[
8
]
.
E
l
ig
i
bl
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
o
n
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
w
il
l
r
e
qui
r
e
h
a
vi
ng
t
h
e
B
M
I
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
or
o
f
o
v
e
r
we
i
g
h
t
/o
b
e
s
i
t
y
≥
25
kg/
m
²
[
8
]
.
A
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
s
t
ud
i
e
s
i
nc
l
ude
d
t
wo
-
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
w
hil
e
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
udi
e
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
a
s
i
ng
l
e
va
r
i
a
bl
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
he
de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
.
B
o
t
h
t
wo
-
gr
o
up
a
n
d
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
gr
o
up
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
ns
w
i
l
l
be
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
.
M
u
lt
i
-
gr
o
up
s
t
udi
e
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
t
he
de
pe
n
de
n
t
va
r
i
a
bl
e
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
n
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
t
hni
c
i
t
y
.
S
i
ng
l
e
gr
o
up
s
t
udi
e
s
o
nl
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
pr
e
-
a
n
d
po
s
t
-
r
i
s
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
gr
o
up
o
f
s
u
bj
e
c
t
s
.
2.
3.
S
t
u
d
y
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
of
e
t
h
n
icit
y
T
wo
s
t
udi
e
s
m
e
t
a
l
l
o
f
t
h
e
i
nc
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
e
t
hni
c
i
t
y
.
T
a
bl
e
1
i
ll
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
t
udy
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
o
ut
c
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
bi
ne
d
po
pu
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
lt
e
d
i
n
265,
858
s
t
udy
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
.
Al
t
h
o
ugh
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
e
t
h
ni
c
i
t
y
,
a
ge
,
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
,
)
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
s
(
B
M
I
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
o
nl
y
o
n
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
(
t
y
p
e
2
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
)
wa
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
t
udy
.
O
n
e
s
t
ud
y
f
o
l
l
o
we
d
a
pr
o
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
h
o
r
t
de
s
i
g
n
w
hi
l
e
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
u
t
i
li
z
e
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
na
l
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
a
b
a
s
e
li
ne
que
s
t
i
o
nn
a
i
r
e
a
t
c
o
h
o
r
t
e
n
t
r
y
.
B
ot
h
s
t
ud
i
e
s
o
r
i
g
i
na
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
U
ni
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
we
r
e
a
f
f
i
li
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
r
s
po
n
s
o
r
e
d
by
a
c
a
de
mi
c
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
c
e
n
t
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
r
a
n
ge
d
f
r
o
m
45
to
78
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
r
a
n
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
3
y
e
a
r
s
to
20
y
e
a
r
s
.
B
o
t
h
s
t
udi
e
s
i
nc
l
ude
d
C
a
uc
a
s
i
a
n
,
Af
r
i
c
a
n
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
,
A
s
i
a
n
,
a
n
d
H
i
s
pa
ni
c
s
u
bj
e
c
t
s
,
whil
e
o
n
e
s
t
udy
i
nc
l
ude
d
Na
t
i
ve
Ha
w
a
i
i
a
ns
.
T
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
o
f
t
y
pe
2
d
i
a
be
t
e
s
wa
s
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
e
i
t
he
r
a
G
l
uc
o
s
e
T
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
T
e
s
t
(
GT
T
)
or
f
a
s
t
i
n
g
p
l
a
s
m
a
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
udi
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
1.
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
S
t
udi
e
s
C
o
m
pa
r
i
ng
t
h
e
I
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
T
y
pe
2
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
a
n
d
E
t
h
ni
c
i
t
y
S
tu
d
y
N
umbe
r
A
ge
I
nt
a
ke
M
e
a
s
ur
e
s
I
nde
p
e
nd
e
nt
V
a
r
ia
bl
e
D
e
pe
nd
e
nt
V
a
r
ia
bl
e
R
e
s
ul
ts
F
o
ll
o
w
-
up
y
e
a
r
s
M
a
s
ka
r
in
e
c
, e
t
a
l.
2009
D
ia
be
te
s
pr
e
v
a
l
e
nc
e
a
nd bo
d
y
ma
s
s
i
nde
x
di
f
f
e
r
b
y
e
th
ni
c
it
y
:
th
e
M
ul
ti
e
th
ni
c
C
o
h
or
t
U
S
A
[
9]
187,439
45
-
78
Q
ue
s
ti
o
nna
i
r
e
E
th
ni
c
it
y
T
y
p
e
2 D
M
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
of
di
a
b
e
t
e
s
w
a
s
a
t
le
a
s
t
two
-
f
o
ld
in
a
ll
e
th
ni
c
gr
o
ups
th
a
n a
mo
ng
C
a
uc
a
s
ia
ns
3
S
ha
i,
e
t
a
l.
2006
E
th
ni
c
it
y
,
o
be
s
it
y
a
nd
r
is
k of
t
y
p
e
2 di
a
b
e
t
e
s
in
w
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