I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2022
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
~
2
7
3
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s
.
v
1
1
i1
.
2
0
9
9
7
263
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sy
m
pto
m
s o
f
po
st
-
trau
m
a
tic
stress
a
m
o
ng
victi
m
s o
f
scho
o
l
bully
ing
L
u
k
y
K
urnia
w
a
n
1
,
Na
t
ri
Su
t
a
nti
2
,
Z
a
li
k
Nury
a
na
3,
4
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
se
l
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
as
M
e
r
c
u
B
u
a
n
a
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
N
o
t
t
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
N
o
t
t
i
n
g
h
a
m,
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
sl
a
mi
c
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
s
l
a
mi
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
A
h
mad
D
a
h
l
a
n
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
4
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
N
a
n
j
i
n
g
N
o
r
mal
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
N
a
n
j
i
n
g
,
C
h
i
n
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
A
p
r
2
3
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
9
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
S
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
is
a
c
rit
ica
l
is
su
e
a
m
o
n
g
stu
d
e
n
ts
th
a
t
c
a
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
so
m
e
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
issu
e
s.
S
o
m
e
st
u
d
ies
h
a
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
se
v
e
re
o
r
f
re
q
u
e
n
t
b
u
ll
y
in
g
c
a
n
lea
d
to
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
st
-
trau
m
a
ti
c
stre
s
s s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s su
c
h
a
s
a
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
rs
a
n
d
a
n
x
io
u
s
f
e
e
li
n
g
s.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
sc
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
o
b
se
rv
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
f
a
c
to
rs
su
c
h
a
s
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
,
p
e
e
r
p
re
ss
u
re
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
ro
b
lem
s.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
a
ime
d
to
in
v
e
stig
a
te
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
st
-
trau
m
a
ti
c
stre
ss
a
m
o
n
g
v
icti
m
s
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
sig
n
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
w
a
s
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
b
y
u
sin
g
a
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ire
to
4
2
stu
d
e
n
ts
f
ro
m
t
w
o
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
rta
w
h
o
h
a
d
se
v
e
re
o
r
f
re
q
u
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
4
0
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
sh
o
w
e
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
re
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
st
-
trau
m
a
ti
c
stre
ss
su
c
h
a
s
f
e
e
li
n
g
p
e
rsiste
n
tl
y
a
v
o
id
in
g
to
th
e
p
e
rp
e
trato
rs
a
n
d
f
e
e
li
n
g
e
x
tre
m
e
l
y
a
n
x
io
u
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
b
e
in
g
b
u
ll
ied
a
g
a
in
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
6
0
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
d
s
o
m
e
o
th
e
r
d
if
f
icu
lt
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
a
n
g
e
r,
re
v
e
n
g
e
,
d
isa
p
p
o
i
n
tm
e
n
t,
a
n
d
sa
d
n
e
ss
.
T
h
e
r
e
su
lt
s
a
lso
sh
o
we
d
th
a
t
th
e
t
w
o
b
ig
g
e
st
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
f
ter
b
u
ll
y
in
g
we
re
b
e
c
o
m
in
g
m
o
re
silen
t
a
n
d
b
e
i
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
tl
y
a
n
x
i
o
u
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
b
e
f
o
re
b
e
in
g
b
u
ll
ied
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
su
g
g
e
sts
th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
rth
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
to
in
v
e
stig
a
te
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
p
o
st
-
trau
m
a
ti
c
stre
ss
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
u
rg
e
f
o
r
a
n
ti
-
b
u
ll
y
in
g
c
u
rricu
lu
m
in
b
o
t
h
sc
h
o
o
ls
t
o
p
re
v
e
n
t
th
e
se
rio
u
s c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
n
x
io
u
s
E
m
o
tio
n
Sch
o
o
l b
u
ll
y
in
g
Sil
en
t
Stu
d
e
n
t’
s
s
tr
es
s
S
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Natr
i Su
ta
n
ti
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
So
cial
Scie
n
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
No
ttin
g
h
a
m
NG7
2
R
D,
No
ttin
g
h
a
m
,
U
n
ite
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
E
m
ail:
tt
x
n
s
4
5
@
n
o
tti
n
g
h
a
m
.
a
c.
u
k
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
u
ll
y
i
n
g
at
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
d
en
tifie
d
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
e
s
s
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
to
v
icti
m
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
a
n
x
ie
t
y
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
v
o
id
an
ce
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
n
d
s
u
icid
al
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
Glo
b
al
Sch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
Stu
d
e
n
t
Hea
lt
h
Su
r
v
e
y
(
G
SHS)
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
b
y
t
h
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
a
n
is
at
io
n
(
W
HO)
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
u
p
tic
k
in
a
n
x
ie
t
y
an
d
r
is
k
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
g
g
r
ess
i
v
e
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
,
s
u
icid
e
atte
m
p
ts
a
n
d
d
r
u
g
ab
u
s
e
[
5
]
.
4
9
.
7
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
GHSH
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
o
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
a
y
s
i
n
th
e
la
s
t
3
0
d
ay
s
an
d
8
.
2
p
er
ce
n
t
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
in
g
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
ab
u
s
e.
Sin
ce
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
a
g
l
o
b
al
p
r
o
b
lem
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
f
ig
u
r
e
h
as
al
s
o
b
ee
n
id
en
ti
f
ied
in
No
r
w
a
y
a
n
d
th
e
Un
ited
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
r
ate
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
No
r
w
a
y
w
a
s
ab
o
u
t
31
p
e
r
ce
n
t
[
6
]
,
w
h
ile
in
t
h
e
Un
ited
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
,
a
s
t
u
d
y
u
n
d
er
tak
en
b
y
a
n
an
ti
-
b
u
ll
y
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
6
3
-
2
7
3
264
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
b
u
llied
in
t
h
e
p
ast
1
2
m
o
n
t
h
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
j
ec
te
d
to
r
is
e
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
d
u
e
to
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
c
y
b
er
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
w
h
ich
i
s
an
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
E
v
en
w
h
e
n
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
an
d
ca
n
b
e
a
ty
p
e
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
th
at
ar
is
e
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
f
a
m
i
l
y
o
r
in
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
c
ial
s
etti
n
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
s
ch
o
ol
[
7
]
,
s
ch
o
o
l
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
is
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
a
s
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
a
s
o
l
e
en
tit
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
eso
lv
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
in
ca
r
n
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
i
s
a
b
ig
o
b
s
tacle
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
icu
ltie
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
a
d
ef
i
n
iti
v
e
l
is
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
.
O
l
w
eu
s
[
1
1
]
d
escr
ib
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
eo
p
le
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
teasi
n
g
,
n
a
m
e
-
ca
lli
n
g
,
m
o
c
k
i
n
g
,
in
ti
m
id
atio
n
,
h
ar
a
s
s
m
e
n
t,
ta
u
n
tin
g
,
b
ea
ti
n
g
s
,
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
o
r
g
o
s
s
ip
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
p
h
y
s
ical
h
ar
m
,
d
ea
th
,
d
is
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
E
i
n
ar
s
en
[
1
2
]
co
n
s
id
er
s
b
ad
g
er
in
g
a
n
d
b
ein
g
m
ad
e
t
h
e
la
u
g
h
i
n
g
s
to
ck
o
f
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
as
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
.
De
s
p
ite
th
e
s
er
io
u
s
i
m
p
ac
t
s
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
w
a
y
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
Do
k
g
ö
z
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
i
ll
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
attr
ac
t
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
o
ciet
y
.
R
esear
ch
d
o
n
e
b
y
S
m
ith
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
as
ed
v
icti
m
izat
io
n
r
aises
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
b
ein
g
b
u
ll
ied
i
n
ad
u
lt
lif
e.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
d
etr
i
m
e
n
tal
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
th
at
co
u
ld
lin
g
er
w
it
h
th
e
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
eir
l
if
e.
Nan
s
el
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
co
u
ld
b
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
to
t
h
e
w
el
l
b
ein
g
o
f
t
h
e
v
icti
m
.
Niel
s
en
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ep
o
r
t th
at
b
u
ll
y
in
g
is
a
s
s
o
c
iated
w
it
h
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
es
s
(
PT
S).
PT
S
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
as
an
an
x
ie
t
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
ce
r
tain
t
y
p
es
o
f
e
n
co
u
n
ter
w
it
h
d
ea
th
,
in
j
u
r
y
a
n
d
lif
e
-
t
h
r
ea
te
n
in
g
i
n
cid
en
t
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
m
aj
o
r
d
is
aster
s
,
in
j
u
r
ie
s
,
cr
i
m
i
n
al
v
ic
ti
m
izat
io
n
,
s
e
x
u
a
l
ab
u
s
e/as
s
au
lt,
w
ar
en
co
u
n
ter
s
an
d
illn
e
s
s
[
1
6
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
n
o
t
a
s
i
n
g
le
tr
au
m
a
tic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
Ma
tth
ie
s
en
a
n
d
E
in
ar
s
e
n
[
1
7
]
ass
er
t
th
at
t
h
e
d
is
tr
e
s
s
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
eq
u
alis
e
s
t
o
s
tr
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
tr
au
m
a
tic
ev
e
n
ts
.
R
esear
c
h
h
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
v
er
b
al
ab
u
s
e
h
as a
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
t o
n
t
h
e
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
th
an
p
h
y
s
ical
b
u
ll
y
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
id
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
b
u
ll
y
in
g
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
’
s
w
e
llb
ein
g
ar
e
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
in
th
i
s
r
eg
ar
d
.
P
eo
p
le
u
s
u
all
y
b
eliev
e
th
at
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t
i
s
n
o
r
m
al
a
m
o
n
g
tee
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
es
o
n
l
y
m
ild
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
an
d
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
lead
s
to
s
ev
er
e
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
tr
au
m
a
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
u
cc
e
s
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l.
Stu
d
ie
s
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
h
ig
h
l
y
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
,
Niels
en
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
5
7
%
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
h
o
w
er
e
b
u
llied
h
ad
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
th
r
es
h
o
ld
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
e
s
s
d
is
o
r
d
er
test
.
O
s
s
a
e
t
a
l.
[
2
]
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ex
tr
e
m
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
th
eir
s
a
m
p
le
h
ad
h
it
th
e
tip
p
in
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
s
u
s
p
ec
te
d
PT
S.
B
o
th
r
e
p
o
r
ts
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
2
0
0
0
s
b
y
M
y
n
ar
d
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
an
d
Mc
Ken
n
y
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
w
h
ich
r
e
v
e
aled
ab
o
u
t
3
7
%
o
f
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S,
s
u
ch
as
i
n
t
r
u
s
i
v
e
m
e
m
o
r
ies
a
n
d
av
o
id
an
ce
b
eh
av
io
u
r
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
h
a
s
a
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
p
en
s
it
y
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
PT
S
in
v
icti
m
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
t
h
at
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
P
T
S
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
il
y
u
s
ed
a
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
o
n
l
y
a
s
m
al
l
n
u
m
b
er
u
s
ed
a
q
u
alita
tiv
e
m
e
th
o
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
e
q
u
all
y
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
in
v
es
tig
ate
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
a
m
o
n
g
v
ic
ti
m
s
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
ed
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
n
al
y
z
e
t
h
e
to
p
ic
t
h
at
it
co
u
ld
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
u
n
iq
u
en
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
icti
m
s
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
a
n
d
id
en
t
if
y
i
n
g
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
p
r
o
m
o
ted
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
s
u
ch
as
av
o
id
an
ce
ten
d
e
n
c
y
,
i
n
t
r
u
s
io
n
,
n
e
g
ati
v
e
f
ee
lin
g
(
an
x
i
o
u
s
o
r
g
u
ilt
y
)
,
an
d
s
leep
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
t
w
o
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
ls
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
1
3
-
1
7
y
e
ar
s
in
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
r
ea
ch
ed
2
1
%
in
2
0
1
9
an
d
w
a
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
as
t
h
e
ar
ea
w
it
h
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
b
u
ll
y
in
g
r
ate
in
2008
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
b
y
t
h
e
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
Ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
(
P
I
SA
)
i
n
2
0
1
8
,
it
w
as
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
at
4
1
%
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
h
ad
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
a
f
e
w
ti
m
es,
a
m
o
n
t
h
a
n
d
b
ec
a
m
e
t
h
e
5
th
h
i
g
h
est
co
u
n
tr
y
o
u
t
o
f
7
8
co
u
n
tr
ies
i
n
t
h
e
ter
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h d
esig
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
u
s
ed
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
q
u
ali
tati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ai
m
s
to
d
escr
ib
e
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
an
d
its
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
tr
ied
to
i
d
en
tify
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
g
u
id
ed
b
y
a
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
t
h
at
w
as
h
o
w
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
ited
f
o
r
t
y
-
t
w
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
w
h
o
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
e
m
s
e
lv
e
s
as
a
v
icti
m
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Stu
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
ag
r
ee
d
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
ask
ed
to
co
m
p
lete
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
w
it
h
o
p
en
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
c
o
m
p
leted
in
ab
o
u
t
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t a
n
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
lat
f
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
ymp
to
ms o
f p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
ma
tic
s
tr
ess
a
mo
n
g
victims o
f sch
o
o
l b
u
llyin
g
(
Lu
ky
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
265
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
to
o
k
p
lace
i
n
t
w
o
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
ls
w
as
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
t
h
e
co
m
p
atib
i
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
w
er
e
id
en
tical
w
it
h
b
r
a
w
ls
,
a
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
v
er
y
h
eter
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it is
p
r
ed
icted
t
h
at
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l st
u
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
to
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
T
S s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
ch
o
o
s
e
s
a
m
p
les
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Fo
r
ty
-
t
w
o
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
w
er
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
as
v
icti
m
s
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
T
w
e
n
t
y
-
n
i
n
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
c
h
o
o
l,
an
d
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
t
h
ir
tee
n
w
er
e
f
r
o
m
B
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
22
m
ale
s
t
u
d
en
ts
a
n
d
20
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
2
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
in
Gr
ad
e
1
0
,
w
h
ile
7
w
er
e
i
n
Gr
a
d
e
1
1
an
d
th
e
r
est
w
er
e
i
n
Gr
a
d
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
5
y
ea
r
s
to
1
8
y
ea
r
s
.
All p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
ag
r
ee
d
to
tak
e
p
ar
t in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
h
ad
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
ir
co
n
s
en
t.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
ru
m
ent
s
T
h
is
d
ata
w
a
s
co
llected
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
2
0
w
h
e
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
wer
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
i
n
g
d
i
s
tan
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
w
a
s
u
n
d
er
t
ak
en
w
h
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
id
n
o
t
in
t
er
ac
t
at
s
ch
o
o
l
d
u
e
to
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
d
ata
w
er
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
r
e
m
ain
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
es
s
-
r
elate
d
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
c
h
o
s
en
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
it
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
8
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
Mi
k
k
else
n
a
n
d
E
i
n
ar
s
en
[
3
3
]
th
a
t
w
a
s
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
a
n
d
in
ten
s
it
y
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
es
s
d
is
o
r
d
er
(
PT
SD)
an
alo
g
u
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
ato
lo
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
i
v
e
n
ar
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
p
en
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
lace
to
f
ill
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
s
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
s
o
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ca
n
f
r
ee
l
y
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
s
to
r
ies an
d
f
ee
li
n
g
s
w
it
h
o
u
t li
m
iti
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
R
e
s
e
ar
ch
er
s
al
s
o
co
llab
o
r
ated
w
i
t
h
teac
h
er
s
in
ea
c
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
b
e
ab
le
to
a
s
s
i
s
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
v
ir
t
u
all
y
i
n
a
n
s
w
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
r
e
m
ai
n
s
v
alid
a
n
d
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
q
u
alitat
iv
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
i
v
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
t
w
o
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
an
d
o
n
e
q
u
es
tio
n
ca
p
tu
r
ed
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
af
t
er
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
b
e
co
m
p
leted
in
ab
o
u
t
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
a
n
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
lat
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
t
o
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
t
h
e
d
ep
th
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
air
e.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
al
itat
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
h
a
v
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
s
ac
tu
al
l
y
b
en
e
f
icia
l
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
e
d
ata,
f
o
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
a
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
E
s
p
elag
e
a
n
d
Asi
d
ao
[
3
4
]
w
ith
8
9
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
at
ca
n
s
h
o
w
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
in
a
Mid
-
W
ester
n
S
tate.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
c
ir
cu
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
in
t
h
e
af
ter
m
a
th
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
VI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
alle
n
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ad
eq
u
ate
i
n
ter
n
et
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
m
o
r
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
r
ec
r
u
it
m
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
a
n
d
d
o
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
to
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
ex
a
m
i
n
e
co
m
o
r
b
id
ities
o
f
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
r
elate
d
to
PT
S.
2
.
4
.
An
a
ly
s
is
As
th
e
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
a
d
esc
r
ip
tiv
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
d
ata
w
er
e
an
a
l
y
z
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
d
u
cti
v
e
th
e
m
atic
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
to
f
i
n
d
clas
s
if
icatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
p
r
es
en
t
t
h
e
m
es
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
d
ata
w
er
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
w
er
e
r
ea
d
an
d
co
d
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
o
m
e
s
i
m
ilar
ities
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
d
ata
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
e
m
e
s
w
er
e
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
a
n
d
r
er
ea
d
to
d
ec
id
e
th
e
f
i
n
al
d
r
a
f
t.
T
h
e
th
e
m
e
s
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
er
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
,
n
a
m
el
y
b
u
ll
y
in
g
an
d
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
th
e
m
e,
s
e
v
er
al
s
u
b
-
t
h
e
m
e
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
ap
p
en
ed
an
d
p
lace
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
o
n
t
h
e
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
t
h
e
m
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
u
b
-
t
o
p
ics
w
h
en
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
er
io
u
s
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
e
v
er
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
r
elate
d
to
PT
S
an
d
ch
an
g
es
a
f
ter
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
r
elate
d
to
P
T
S.
T
o
o
b
tain
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
,
t
h
e
d
ata
w
er
e
al
s
o
an
a
l
y
z
ed
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
l
y
u
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
ci
es
an
d
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es
[
3
0
]
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
s
o
m
e
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
w
er
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
q
u
alitati
v
el
y
.
2
.
5
.
E
t
hica
l c
lea
ra
nce
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
o
b
tain
ed
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Me
r
cu
B
u
a
n
a
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
(
2
2
4
/C
.
0
2
/H
1
/XI
I
I
/2
0
2
0
)
.
T
h
e
4
2
s
tu
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
ag
r
ee
d
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
an
d
g
iv
en
w
r
i
tte
n
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t
w
er
e
en
r
o
lled
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
6
3
-
2
7
3
266
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
B
ull
y
ing
pro
f
ile
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
v
ea
l
t
h
at
t
h
r
ee
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
n
a
m
el
y
v
er
b
al,
n
o
n
-
v
er
b
al
an
d
c
y
b
er
-
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
th
er
e
ar
e
69%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ad
m
itted
to
v
er
b
al
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
an
d
5
%
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
c
y
b
er
-
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
2
7
%
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
T
au
n
tin
g
a
n
d
lab
elli
n
g
o
r
n
a
m
e
-
ca
lli
n
g
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
ac
co
u
n
t
in
g
f
o
r
7
4
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
ig
n
o
r
in
g
an
d
h
itti
n
g
ar
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
at
9
%
ea
ch
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
w
er
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
m
o
c
k
er
y
,
teas
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
ti
m
id
atio
n
at
les
s
t
h
a
n
5
%
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
also
r
e
v
ea
l
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ca
u
s
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
ar
e
a
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
r
ep
o
r
te
d
at
3
8
%
an
d
f
o
llo
w
b
y
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
en
t's
n
a
m
e
a
t
2
9
%.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
a
m
il
y
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
ta
tu
s
,
lis
p
an
d
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
m
i
s
tak
e
s
,
as seen
i
n
s
ee
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
u
ll
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ile
A
sp
e
c
t
s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Fo
r
m
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
V
e
r
b
a
l
6
9
%
C
y
b
e
r
-
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
5%
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
f
o
r
m o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
(
v
e
r
b
a
l
,
n
o
n
-
v
e
r
b
a
l
o
r
c
y
b
e
r
-
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
)
2
7
%
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
I
n
t
i
mi
d
a
t
i
o
n
2%
M
a
k
i
n
g
f
u
n
o
f
so
me
o
n
e
/
t
e
a
si
n
g
2%
B
e
i
n
g
s
a
r
c
a
s
t
i
c
i
n
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
/
mo
c
k
i
n
g
4%
H
i
t
t
i
n
g
9%
I
g
n
o
r
i
n
g
9%
N
a
me
c
a
l
l
i
n
g
/
l
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g
1
3
%
T
a
u
n
t
i
n
g
6
1
%
R
e
a
s
o
n
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
M
a
k
e
a
m
i
st
a
k
e
3%
L
i
sp
6%
F
a
mi
l
y
st
a
t
u
s/
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
1
2
%
P
a
r
e
n
t
s'
n
a
me
(
u
n
i
q
u
e
)
1
8
%
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
2
4
%
N
o
t
sp
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
3
8
%
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
asp
ec
ts
i
n
th
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
r
elate
d
t
o
PT
S
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
tt
h
ie
s
en
a
n
d
E
i
n
ar
s
e
n
[
1
7
]
m
u
ltip
le
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
s
tr
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
tr
au
m
a
tic
ev
e
n
t.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
ith
h
i
g
h
o
r
r
ep
ea
t
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
P
T
S.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
t
u
r
n
ed
o
u
t
th
a
t
2
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
o
f
ten
,
i.e
.
,
t
w
ic
e
a
m
o
n
t
h
to
ev
er
y
d
ay
a
n
d
1
5
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
e
x
p
er
ien
cin
g
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
les
s
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ab
o
u
t
o
n
ce
ev
er
y
t
w
o
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
r
s
o
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
etails
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
v
i
cti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
tr
au
m
a.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
W
alsh
t
an
d
C
lar
k
e
[
1
8
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
v
er
b
al
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
as
a
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
th
at
ar
i
s
e
t
h
an
p
h
y
s
ical
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
w
h
er
e
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
w
a
s
v
er
b
al
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
ymp
to
ms o
f p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
ma
tic
s
tr
ess
a
mo
n
g
victims o
f sch
o
o
l b
u
llyin
g
(
Lu
ky
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
267
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
w
h
en
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
,
7
2
%
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
i
n
c
lass
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
ar
e
f
r
ee
h
o
u
r
s
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tain
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
,
w
h
i
le
th
e
r
est
d
ec
lar
e
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
ca
n
teen
,
i
n
a
q
u
iet
p
lace
at
s
ch
o
o
l,
o
r
an
y
wh
er
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
m
ee
t
8
%
o
f
th
e
m
co
n
f
es
s
to
b
ein
g
b
u
l
lied
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
o
n
th
eir
w
a
y
h
o
m
e.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
8
0
%
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
t
h
e
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
u
ll
y
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
h
e
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
o
u
r
s
ar
e
e
m
p
t
y
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
l
u
n
ch
b
r
ea
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
est
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
b
u
ll
y
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tai
n
cla
s
s
h
o
u
r
s
,
w
h
e
n
e
v
er
t
h
e
y
m
ee
t,
w
h
en
t
h
e
y
m
a
k
e
m
i
s
tak
e
s
an
d
w
h
en
t
h
e
y
co
m
e
h
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
o
l.
3
.
2
.
I
m
pa
ct
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
s
y
m
pto
ms
o
f
po
s
t
-
t
ra
u
m
a
t
ic
s
t
re
s
s
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
ar
e
in
te
n
d
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
as
co
n
t
r
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
es
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
aise
to
r
ev
ea
l
w
h
e
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
er
io
u
s
b
u
ll
y
in
g
is
h
ap
p
en
s
a
n
d
h
o
w
it
h
as a
n
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
f
ee
li
n
g
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
lar
g
es
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
e
v
er
e
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
in
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
t
h
at
r
ea
ch
es
4
1
%.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
r
ea
ch
es
5
3
%
in
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
ele
m
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
w
it
h
a
s
u
m
o
f
3
1
%
a
n
d
th
e
r
ate
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
t
h
e
lo
w
est,
1
6
%
.
So
m
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
a
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
in
t
i
m
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
e
v
er
e
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
i
n
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
j
u
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
ea
ch
1
0
%.
T
h
e
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
1
2
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
d
id
n
o
t
m
e
n
tio
n
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
h
ea
v
ie
s
t
b
u
ll
y
in
g
w
a
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
.
Hig
h
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
er
io
u
s
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
in
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
1
0
g
r
ad
es
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
j
u
s
t g
r
ad
u
a
t
ed
f
r
o
m
j
u
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
atter
n
t
h
at
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
m
o
r
e
i
n
ea
r
l
y
ad
o
lescen
ce
at
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ag
e
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
ee
m
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
h
en
e
n
ter
in
g
s
e
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
is
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Natio
n
al
C
en
ter
f
o
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Stat
is
ti
cs
in
2
0
1
7
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ea
c
h
ed
2
4
.
6
%
o
r
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
it
w
a
s
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
1
6
.
3
%
[
3
6
]
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
t
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
c
h
ild
a
n
d
ad
o
lescen
t
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
ad
o
lescen
ce
is
in
d
ee
d
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
p
er
io
d
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
lev
e
l
o
f
e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
h
as
n
o
t
y
e
t
r
ea
ch
ed
m
at
u
r
it
y
an
d
i
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
h
o
r
m
o
n
al
c
h
an
g
es
th
at
o
f
te
n
tr
ig
g
er
c
u
r
io
s
it
y
a
n
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
e
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
e
in
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
e
m
o
tio
n
al
m
atu
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
m
at
u
r
e
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
is
,
th
e
y
te
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
eir
b
eh
av
io
u
r
,
s
o
th
at
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
in
a
d
u
lth
o
o
d
is
u
s
u
a
ll
y
lo
w
er
t
h
an
in
ad
o
lescen
ce
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
ad
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
e
f
f
ec
t
s
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
eg
at
iv
e
to
p
o
s
itiv
e.
T
h
e
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
i
s
t
h
at
1
% o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
ad
m
it t
h
at
th
e
y
b
ec
a
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
an
d
m
o
ti
v
ated
to
d
o
b
etter
af
ter
b
ein
g
b
u
ll
ied
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
er
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
a
n
x
ie
t
y
a
n
d
a
v
o
i
d
an
ce
at
2
3
%
an
d
1
7
%
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Oth
er
e
m
o
tio
n
s
th
a
t
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
cl
u
d
e
b
ein
g
r
ese
n
t
f
u
l,
d
is
ap
p
o
in
ted
,
f
ee
lin
g
w
o
r
t
h
les
s
,
n
o
t
b
o
th
er
ed
,
q
u
iet,
s
ilen
t,
a
n
d
s
ad
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
f
ee
lin
g
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
v
io
len
ce
ar
e
v
e
n
g
e
f
u
l
a
n
d
an
g
r
y
,
4
%
a
n
d
9
%
.
I
t
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
r
is
i
n
g
f
o
r
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
b
u
llies
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
r
ese
n
t
m
en
t
s
an
d
f
r
u
s
t
r
atio
n
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
e
m
o
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
f
elt
te
n
d
to
b
e
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
d
is
tr
es
s
,
av
o
id
an
ce
,
an
x
iet
y
,
s
ad
n
es
s
,
an
d
d
is
s
a
t
is
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
t
h
e
t
w
o
e
m
o
tio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
r
ea
test
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
n
a
m
el
y
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
an
x
iet
y
a
n
d
av
o
id
an
ce
t
h
at
ar
e
also
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esp
o
n
s
e
s
to
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
s
t ser
io
u
s
b
u
ll
y
in
g
e
v
er
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
P
T
S
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
v
er
i
f
ied
o
n
l
y
b
y
th
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
t
w
o
e
m
o
tio
n
s
,
as
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
h
ild
r
e
n
'
s
U
p
d
ated
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
C
a
s
e
Scale
s
[
2
6
]
an
d
th
e
P
o
s
t
-
T
r
au
m
a
tic
S
y
m
p
to
m
Scale
[
2
7
]
,
th
e
i
n
d
icatio
n
s
o
f
P
T
S
en
tail
av
o
id
an
ce
,
an
x
iet
y
/i
n
tr
u
s
i
v
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
,
s
leep
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
n
ig
h
t
m
ar
e
s
,
ar
o
u
s
al,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
6
3
-
2
7
3
268
s
elf
-
i
s
o
latio
n
,
m
u
s
c
u
lar
ten
s
io
n
an
d
f
ea
r
o
f
p
lace
s
o
r
s
it
u
ati
o
n
s
r
ese
m
b
lin
g
to
t
h
e
tr
au
m
at
ic
ev
en
t.
I
t
tak
es
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
al
u
atio
n
b
y
a
c
lin
ical
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
s
t
o
r
p
s
y
ch
ia
tr
is
t
to
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
a
t
th
e
v
ict
i
m
o
f
th
e
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
h
a
s
P
T
S.
Fro
m
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
it
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
ap
p
ea
r
to
h
av
e
f
ee
li
n
g
s
th
a
t s
u
g
g
est P
T
S,
s
u
c
h
as a
v
o
id
i
n
g
ac
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
ex
tr
e
m
e
an
x
iet
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
it
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
4
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
ess
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
er
s
is
ten
t
l
y
a
v
o
id
in
g
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
an
d
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
l
y
an
x
io
u
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
is
k
to
b
e
b
u
l
lied
ag
ai
n
.
T
h
e
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
ce
r
tain
o
th
er
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
f
ee
li
n
g
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
n
g
er
,
v
en
g
ea
n
ce
,
d
is
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
esp
air
as d
is
p
lay
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
s
ch
o
o
l b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
3
.
3
.
Cha
ng
es
a
m
o
ng
v
ict
i
m
s
o
f
s
cho
o
l bull
y
ing
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S,
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ef
lec
ted
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
s
t
h
e
y
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
af
ter
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
,
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
y
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
it
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ed
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
t
w
o
m
o
s
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
ch
an
g
es
t
h
at
ar
is
e
in
v
ict
i
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
r
eser
v
ed
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
th
at
th
e
y
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
an
x
io
u
s
th
a
n
b
ef
o
r
e,
2
7
%
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
e
v
er
al
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
es
t
h
at
e
m
er
g
e,
i.
e.
,
b
ein
g
m
o
r
e
a
n
x
io
u
s
t
h
an
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
p
r
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
a
v
o
id
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
i
th
a
r
atio
o
f
2
7
%
a
n
d
1
4
%
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
7
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
th
at
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
ti
m
is
t
ic
af
ter
b
u
llied
an
d
6
%
w
h
o
g
en
u
i
n
el
y
w
is
h
e
d
to
b
e
ev
en
b
etter
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
e
tr
e
n
d
i
n
t
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
is
n
o
t
th
a
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
b
u
t
t
h
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
al
s
o
co
n
f
ir
m
s
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
o
s
e
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
ap
p
ea
r
to
s
u
f
f
er
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
P
T
S sy
m
p
to
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
s
af
ter
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
ymp
to
ms o
f p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
ma
tic
s
tr
ess
a
mo
n
g
victims o
f sch
o
o
l b
u
llyin
g
(
Lu
ky
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
269
S
m
it
h
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
s
tate
th
a
t
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
ad
u
lts
is
i
n
ter
r
elate
d
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a.
I
n
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
v
i
cti
m
izat
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
i
n
ad
u
l
t
lif
e.
T
h
is
i
s
in
lin
e
w
i
th
a
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
T
to
f
i
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
a
p
er
s
o
n
w
h
o
b
u
llie
s
o
th
e
r
s
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
ten
d
to
b
u
ll
y
as
a
n
ad
u
lt.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
b
o
th
v
icti
m
s
an
d
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
n
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
ten
d
e
n
c
y
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
s
ev
er
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
f
o
r
th
e
v
ict
i
m
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
v
es
tig
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
to
w
ar
d
s
v
ict
i
m
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
m
i
n
i
m
alize
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ar
m
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
m
a
tic
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
s
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
es
a
n
d
av
o
id
an
ce
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
as
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
A
ll
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
o
m
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
f
ee
li
n
g
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
an
n
o
y
ed
,
s
ad
,
a
n
x
io
u
s
,
d
i
s
ap
p
o
in
ted
,
an
d
an
g
r
y
an
d
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
th
e
y
w
e
r
e
also
p
o
w
er
le
s
s
to
e
x
p
r
ess
t
h
eir
f
ee
l
in
g
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
eir
e
m
o
tio
n
s
a
n
d
tr
y
to
av
o
id
an
y
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
a
v
o
id
an
ce
te
n
d
en
c
y
an
d
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
ee
li
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
“
I
s
ta
r
ted
w
o
r
r
yin
g
a
n
d
w
a
s
s
ca
r
ed
to
f
a
ce
th
e
b
u
llies
.
I
ch
o
s
e
to
s
h
u
t
myself
d
o
w
n
a
n
d
to
a
vo
id
th
em.
I
s
till
felt
u
n
d
u
e
a
n
xiety
,
a
n
d
,
a
t
th
e
s
a
me
time,
I
h
eld
a
g
r
u
d
g
e
a
g
a
in
s
t
th
em.
F
o
r
a
s
ec
o
n
d
,
I
felt I
w
a
s
u
s
eless
.
”
(
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
I
A
6
)
“
I
feel
r
elu
cta
n
t
to
mee
t
p
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
ch
e
a
tin
g
o
n
me,
a
n
d
I
b
etter
a
vo
id
th
em.
I
w
a
s
g
o
in
g
to
r
eta
lia
te,
b
u
t
I
d
id
n
o
t
d
a
r
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
w
ere
a
b
u
n
ch
.
Ofte
n
,
I
p
r
eten
d
th
a
t
I
d
o
n
o
t see
th
em
a
s
I
s
tep
b
y
th
em.
”
(
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
A
V6
)
“
I
a
m
u
p
s
et
a
b
o
u
t
my
emb
a
r
r
a
s
s
men
t.
B
u
t
th
ey
h
a
te
me
ev
en
mo
r
e
if
I
fig
h
t
th
em,
s
o
I
ch
o
o
s
e
s
ilen
ce
.
”
(
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
DY2
)
Fro
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
in
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
en
co
u
n
t
er
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
e
m
o
tio
n
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
a
s
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
av
o
id
an
ce
ten
d
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
an
x
ie
t
y
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
al
s
o
h
esit
a
te
to
r
ev
en
g
e
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
r
esen
t
m
e
n
t
an
d
an
g
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
y
p
r
ef
er
n
o
t
to
r
is
k
f
i
g
h
t
in
g
s
in
ce
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
llies
ar
e
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
So
m
e
f
ee
li
n
g
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
m
ee
t
s
o
m
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
P
T
S
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
h
ild
r
en
’
s
R
e
v
i
s
ed
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
E
v
e
n
t
Sca
les
[
2
6
]
an
d
P
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
at
ic
S
y
m
p
to
m
s
Scale
[
2
7
]
th
at
s
tate
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
au
m
at
ic
s
tr
es
s
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
a
v
o
id
an
ce
,
in
tr
u
s
i
v
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
s
leep
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
n
ig
h
t
m
ar
es,
ar
o
u
s
a
l,
ten
d
en
c
y
to
d
o
s
elf
-
is
o
latio
n
,
m
u
s
c
u
lar
ten
s
io
n
an
d
f
ea
r
o
f
p
lace
s
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
r
ese
m
b
li
n
g
t
h
e
tr
au
m
atic
e
v
e
n
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
t
u
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
an
d
3
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
4
0
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S,
w
h
il
e
6
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
m
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
o
m
e
o
t
h
er
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
ee
li
n
g
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
an
g
er
,
s
ad
n
ess
an
d
d
is
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
t
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
R
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
th
e
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
I
A
6
,
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
h
as
m
ad
e
h
i
m
f
ee
l
an
n
o
y
ed
an
d
u
p
s
et
w
h
ic
h
th
e
n
led
to
th
e
an
x
io
u
s
f
ee
l
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
if
h
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
u
llied
ag
ain
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
th
en
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
an
d
s
h
u
t
h
i
m
d
o
w
n
to
av
o
id
th
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
.
Fro
m
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
A
V6
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
it
s
ee
m
s
t
h
at
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
v
icti
m
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
to
s
tan
d
u
p
f
o
r
h
er
s
el
f
w
h
e
n
e
n
co
u
n
ter
in
g
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
,
it is
s
till
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
f
i
g
h
t b
ac
k
as
t
h
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
.
E
v
en
t
u
all
y
,
all
v
icti
m
s
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
av
o
id
an
ce
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
p
o
w
er
less
n
e
s
s
an
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
.
P
im
e
n
tel
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
s
tated
th
at
s
o
m
e
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
v
icti
m
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
PT
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
T
h
is
s
tate
m
en
t
i
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
L
i
u
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
an
d
I
d
s
o
e
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
th
at
s
tated
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
s
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
f
o
r
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
P
T
S
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
ex
p
licitl
y
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
t
w
o
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
.
“
I
felt
a
n
xio
u
s
a
n
d
w
a
s
terr
if
ied
to
mee
t
th
e
b
u
llie
s
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
I
ju
s
t
d
ec
id
ed
to
s
ta
y
q
u
iet
to
a
vo
i
d
th
em,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
I
felt
ex
ce
s
s
ive
fea
r
a
n
d
fu
r
y,
b
u
t
I
w
ill
n
o
t
d
a
r
e
to
fig
h
t
b
a
ck
.
I
feel
w
o
r
th
less
,
to
o
,
a
n
d
my
life
is
p
o
in
tles
s
.
N
o
t
o
n
ly
a
m
I
terr
if
ied
o
f
b
u
llies
,
b
u
t
I
a
m
a
ls
o
s
till
s
ca
r
ed
o
f
h
a
vin
g
to
mee
t
n
ew
p
eo
p
le.
A
n
d
w
ith
o
u
t
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
,
I
cry
a
ll th
e
time,
a
n
d
a
ll I
feel
is
s
a
d
.
”
(
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
R
V2
)
“
B
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
my
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
,
I
w
a
s
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
h
u
milia
ted
in
elem
en
ta
r
y
a
n
d
mid
d
l
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
I
d
id
n
o
t
ev
en
ca
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
it n
o
w
,
b
u
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
feelin
g
th
a
t
I
b
eg
a
n
to
feel
w
o
u
n
d
ed
.
I
s
o
metime
s
felt
I
w
a
s
g
o
in
g
to
d
ie
b
ec
a
u
s
e
life
w
a
s
n
o
t
ea
s
y.
Th
e
in
cid
en
ts
I
h
a
ve
w
itn
ess
ed
d
id
n
't
ju
s
t
en
d
a
t
s
ch
o
o
l
a
s
I
'v
e
ev
en
b
ee
n
b
u
llied
o
u
ts
id
e
.
Un
til
I
fo
u
n
d
it
h
a
r
d
to
s
leep
a
n
d
cried
u
n
til
I
g
o
t
a
h
e
a
d
a
c
h
e.
I
w
a
s
ev
en
emb
a
r
r
a
s
s
e
d
a
n
d
s
co
ld
e
d
in
fr
o
n
t
o
f
s
tr
a
n
g
ers
.
Un
til
n
o
w
,
a
ll
th
a
t
tr
a
u
ma
tiz
ed
me,
a
n
d
ev
en
in
th
is
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
I
b
e
ca
me
a
q
u
iet
p
ers
o
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
I
w
a
s
terr
ified
.
”
(
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
DF2
)
B
o
th
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
th
at
th
er
e
is
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
f
o
r
v
i
cti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
to
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
P
T
S.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
P
ar
ticip
an
t
-
DF2
'
s
s
tate
m
en
t
ad
m
itted
t
h
at
h
e
h
ad
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
tr
a
u
m
a
af
te
r
b
ein
g
r
ep
ea
ted
l
y
b
lo
tted
b
o
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l.
T
h
is
m
ai
n
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
at
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
a
s
in
d
icate
d
to
ca
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
m
atic
s
tr
ess
a
m
o
n
g
v
icti
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
i
s
in
li
n
e
w
i
th
s
o
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
1
]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
6
3
-
2
7
3
270
[
2
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
A
v
o
id
an
ce
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
,
an
x
io
u
s
f
ee
l
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
o
t
h
er
s
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
ee
li
n
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
b
y
A
r
n
o
u
t
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
an
d
b
y
Yas
m
i
n
an
d
Nu
r
ca
h
y
a
n
i
[
4
6
]
.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
ta
ted
th
a
t
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
m
a
tic
s
tr
ess
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
av
o
id
an
ce
,
n
eg
a
tiv
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
(
an
x
io
u
s
,
g
u
ilt
y
,
an
g
er
an
d
u
p
s
et)
,
em
o
tio
n
al
n
u
m
b
n
es
s
an
d
s
o
cial
w
it
h
d
r
a
w
al
th
at
w
er
e
s
i
m
ilar
w
i
th
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
T
er
r
[
4
7
]
,
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
w
h
o
h
a
s
r
ep
ea
ted
b
u
llied
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
s
i
m
ilar
s
it
u
atio
n
o
f
h
elp
le
s
s
n
ess
as
a
v
icti
m
o
f
tr
au
m
a
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
h
elp
les
s
n
e
s
s
co
u
ld
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
b
ein
g
p
o
w
e
r
less
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
v
icti
m
s
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
f
ig
h
t b
ac
k
a
n
d
estab
lis
h
s
o
m
e
a
v
o
id
an
ce
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
.
I
t is r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
w
h
e
n
Vee
n
s
tr
a
et
a
l
.
[
4
8
]
s
tates
t
h
a
t
b
u
ll
y
in
g
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
r
ep
ea
ted
tr
au
m
a
a
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
eq
u
all
y
d
etr
i
m
en
ta
l to
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
tr
a
u
m
a.
Oth
er
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
v
er
b
al
ab
u
s
e
is
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
69
%
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ad
m
i
tted
to
v
e
r
b
al
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
4
0
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
h
o
w
ed
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
v
er
b
al
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
an
d
P
T
S.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
a
s
t
u
d
y
f
r
o
m
W
alsh
t
a
n
d
C
lar
k
e
[
1
8
]
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
v
er
b
al
ab
u
s
e
h
as
a
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
e
m
er
g
in
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
P
T
S
th
an
p
h
y
s
ical
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
v
er
b
al
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
ar
e
tau
n
t
in
g
an
d
lab
elli
n
g
o
r
n
a
m
e
-
ca
llin
g
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
7
4
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Desp
ite
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
als
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
t
h
e
p
ar
t
icip
an
t
s
w
er
e
b
u
llied
b
y
t
h
eir
p
ee
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ca
u
s
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
l
l
y
in
g
ar
e
a
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
r
ep
o
r
ted
at
3
8
%
a
n
d
f
o
llo
w
b
y
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
ar
en
t
's
n
a
m
e
at
2
9
%.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
ein
g
b
u
llied
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
u
c
h
as
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
,
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
r
w
a
y
o
f
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
ictim
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
h
av
in
g
n
o
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
f
it
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
s
o
m
eti
m
es
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
e
x
clu
d
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
co
n
f
o
r
m
it
y
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
r
ep
u
tatio
n
[
5
3
]
.
Un
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
r
ec
o
g
n
is
in
g
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
s
o
cial
h
ier
ar
ch
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
icti
m
s
a
n
d
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
[
2
9
]
.
Sim
ilar
to
o
th
er
A
s
ia
n
co
u
n
tr
ies,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
cu
ltu
r
e
te
n
d
s
to
u
p
h
o
ld
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
co
llecti
v
is
m
w
it
h
i
n
d
iv
er
s
e
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
li
v
i
n
g
i
n
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
ciet
y
b
en
e
f
it
s
p
eo
p
le
to
e
s
tab
lis
h
t
h
eir
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
a
n
d
to
ler
an
ce
to
w
ar
d
s
o
th
er
s
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
h
a
v
in
g
co
llec
tiv
is
tic
v
al
u
e
w
h
ile
l
iv
i
n
g
i
n
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
o
ciet
y
is
q
u
ite
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
as
co
llectiv
i
s
ts
te
n
d
to
cr
ea
te
a
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
eo
p
le
w
ith
s
i
m
ilar
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
,
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
o
r
th
o
u
g
h
ts
.
E
v
en
t
u
all
y
,
i
t
w
il
l
f
o
r
m
a
s
o
c
ial
h
ier
ar
ch
y
t
h
at
d
i
v
id
es
p
eo
p
le
in
to
s
o
m
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
le
v
els
.
W
h
en
p
eo
p
le
co
u
ld
n
o
t
f
it
in
to
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
y
w
ill
tr
y
t
o
cr
ea
te
an
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
p
w
h
ic
h
is
les
s
p
o
p
u
lar
b
u
t
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
tin
g
.
C
ad
ig
a
n
[
5
7
]
an
d
P
h
il
ip
s
[
5
8
]
s
tates
t
h
at
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
e
g
r
eg
ate
s
th
e
m
in
to
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
lo
w
,
m
id
d
le
an
d
h
ig
h
-
s
t
atu
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
L
o
w
-
s
tat
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
esp
ec
iall
y
s
o
-
ca
lled
‘
o
d
d
’
an
d
‘
lo
n
er
s
’
o
f
te
n
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
t
y
p
ical
tar
g
ets o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
r
ef
e
r
r
in
g
to
R
o
g
er
s
’
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
an
d
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
9
]
,
[
6
0
]
it
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
i
s
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
r
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
o
s
it
iv
e
r
eg
ar
d
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
r
esp
ec
t,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
p
u
t
s
o
m
e
j
u
d
g
e
m
e
n
ts
o
n
o
th
er
s
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
t
h
e
d
is
ap
p
r
o
v
al
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
ca
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
s
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
i
t
is
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
ab
le
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ar
e
s
tr
u
g
g
li
n
g
to
ac
ce
p
t
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
li
v
e
in
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
ciet
y
w
it
h
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
s
eg
r
eg
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
m
ig
h
t
co
n
f
u
s
e
th
e
m
o
n
h
o
w
to
b
e
h
av
e
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f
a
m
i
l
y
an
d
r
elativ
e
s
in
c
o
llectiv
i
s
tic
c
u
lt
u
r
e
also
tak
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
d
ec
id
in
g
w
h
o
ca
n
b
e
a
f
r
ien
d
f
o
r
th
e
ir
ch
i
ld
r
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ir
v
alu
e
s
o
r
b
elief
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ev
er
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
h
as
h
ad
th
e
ir
o
w
n
id
ea
ab
o
u
t
w
h
o
ca
n
b
e
t
h
eir
f
r
ien
d
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ir
j
u
d
g
e
m
en
t.
R
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
s
ee
m
to
b
u
ll
y
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
o
ar
e
p
o
w
er
less
s
u
ch
as
h
a
v
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
an
d
w
a
y
to
s
p
ea
k
li
k
e
a
w
o
m
an
,
p
h
y
s
icall
y
w
ea
k
,
p
h
y
s
icall
y
to
o
s
m
all,
a
n
d
n
o
t
s
m
ar
t
en
o
u
g
h
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
h
o
r
n
b
er
g
[
5
1
]
,
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
also
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
r
elate
s
to
co
m
p
le
x
p
o
w
e
r
is
s
u
e
s
ar
o
u
n
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
f
ac
e/i
m
a
g
e
in
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
ad
u
lts
s
u
c
h
as
te
ac
h
er
s
.
I
t
is
q
u
ite
r
ar
e
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ca
n
b
r
av
el
y
b
u
ll
y
th
eir
c
lass
m
ate
s
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
ir
teac
h
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
,
8
0
%
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
t
h
e
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
u
ll
y
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
w
h
e
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
o
u
r
s
ar
e
e
m
p
t
y
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
l
u
n
ch
b
r
ea
k
.
T
h
is
al
s
o
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
u
s
u
all
y
h
ap
p
en
s
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
w
as
n
o
teac
h
er
o
r
ad
u
lt
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
a
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
C
ad
ig
a
n
[
5
7
]
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
t
y
p
icall
y
o
cc
u
r
s
i
n
th
e
s
i
tu
at
io
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
id
en
ti
f
y
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
t
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l.
T
ea
ch
er
s
w
i
th
co
m
p
lex
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
s
ar
e
lik
el
y
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
o
n
ito
r
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
eir
s
t
u
d
en
ts
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
y
ca
n
in
d
icate
s
o
m
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
w
ith
in
th
e
i
r
less
o
n
ti
m
e,
it
i
s
h
ar
d
to
k
n
o
w
w
h
at
i
s
r
ea
ll
y
h
ap
p
en
in
g
to
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
t
i
m
e,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
w
i
th
t
h
eir
p
ee
r
th
a
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
ir
teac
h
er
an
d
e
v
en
,
th
e
y
ar
e
r
ea
ll
y
g
o
o
d
at
h
id
in
g
th
eir
e
m
o
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
v
ict
i
m
s
w
h
o
f
ee
l
r
ea
ll
y
d
is
tr
es
s
ed
m
i
g
h
t
l
o
o
k
f
i
n
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
th
r
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
to
n
o
t
r
ep
o
r
t
t
h
e
m
to
t
h
eir
teac
h
er
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
i
n
ev
i
ta
b
le
th
at
th
e
v
icti
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
ymp
to
ms o
f p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
ma
tic
s
tr
ess
a
mo
n
g
victims o
f sch
o
o
l b
u
llyin
g
(
Lu
ky
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
271
co
u
ld
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
e
v
er
e
d
is
t
r
ess
ed
o
r
tr
au
m
a
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
f
r
o
m
v
icti
m
s
,
p
e
r
p
etr
ato
r
s
an
d
w
it
n
es
s
es
lead
to
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l to
h
elp
th
e
v
icti
m
s
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
ai
m
to
f
in
d
a
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
d
ea
l
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
u
g
g
ested
t
w
o
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
h
o
w
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
b
u
ll
y
in
g
an
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
v
icti
m
s
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
e
p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
u
m
atic
s
tr
ess
.
First,
as
th
e
r
o
o
t
is
s
u
e
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
th
e
lac
k
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
r
u
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
al
p
o
s
iti
v
e
r
eg
ar
d
s
a
n
d
em
p
at
h
y
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
u
s
u
all
y
w
it
h
i
n
a
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
,
it
s
ee
m
s
w
o
r
t
h
y
to
d
esi
g
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
an
ex
p
er
ien
tial
g
r
o
u
p
ex
er
cise
f
o
r
b
o
th
v
icti
m
s
a
n
d
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
g
r
o
u
p
a
i
m
s
to
f
ac
il
itate
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
t
h
eir
f
ee
li
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
h
o
w
an
d
w
h
y
it
i
s
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ac
c
ep
tin
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
b
ased
o
n
R
o
g
er
s
’
[
5
9
]
a
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
alit
y
,
th
e
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
’
s
v
al
u
e
s
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
w
o
r
th
,
p
la
y
an
es
s
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
h
o
w
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
j
u
d
g
e
s
o
m
et
h
in
g
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
p
eo
p
le’
j
u
d
g
m
en
ts
ar
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
ciet
y
a
n
d
cu
lt
u
r
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
li
v
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
s
ee
m
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
i
th
f
u
ll
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
lt
u
r
al
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
i
s
also
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
a
te
th
e
lev
el
o
f
P
T
S
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
w
ellb
ei
n
g
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
n
h
o
w
s
e
v
er
e
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ll
y
in
g
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
v
icti
m
s
; th
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
r
ev
en
t
iv
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
a
s
v
e
r
b
a
l
,
n
o
n
-
v
e
r
b
al
o
r
o
n
l
in
e
a
ct
i
o
n
s
th
at
c
o
u
l
d
t
r
ig
g
e
r
s
o
m
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
r
is
k
s
,
a
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
s
an
d
d
if
f
ic
u
l
t
f
e
el
in
g
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
th
e
v
i
ct
im
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ty
p
e
o
f
b
u
l
ly
in
g
w
as
v
e
r
b
a
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
au
n
tin
g
an
d
n
am
e
-
c
al
l
in
g
a
c
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
f
o
r
7
4
%
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
.
T
h
e
l
a
r
g
es
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ev
e
r
e
b
u
l
ly
in
g
w
as
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
d
b
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
an
ts
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
in
ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
al
s
o
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
a
t
4
0
%
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
an
ts
s
h
o
w
e
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
au
m
a
t
i
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
s
u
ch
as
f
ee
l
in
g
p
e
r
s
is
t
en
t
ly
av
o
i
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
e
r
p
e
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
an
d
f
e
e
l
in
g
e
x
t
r
em
ely
an
x
i
o
u
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
b
ei
n
g
b
u
ll
i
e
d
ag
ai
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
w
e
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
an
d
in
li
n
e
w
ith
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
th
a
t
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
ass
o
c
i
a
te
s
t
o
th
e
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
au
m
a
ti
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
c
an
b
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
el
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
th
ey
n
e
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
o
m
e
an
ti
-
b
u
l
ly
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
to
m
i
n
im
is
e
t
h
e
im
p
a
ct
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
lly
in
g
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
ly
th
at
a
r
e
r
el
a
t
e
d
t
o
s
o
m
e
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
au
m
at
i
c
s
t
r
es
s
.
I
n
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
o
f
an
t
i
-
b
u
l
ly
in
g
,
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
s
a
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
e
c
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
t
o
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
e
w
i
th
o
th
e
r
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
,
cl
a
s
s
m
a
t
es
,
p
a
r
en
ts
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
,
an
d
e
x
p
e
r
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
p
o
l
i
c
e
,
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
is
t
,
an
d
d
o
c
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
a
b
l
es
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
el
o
r
t
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
lly
in
g
th
a
t
a
r
e
o
f
te
n
m
is
s
e
d
o
r
h
i
d
d
e
n
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
E
v
en
tu
al
ly
,
i
t
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
o
ci
a
l
c
o
n
t
ex
ts
an
d
c
u
l
tu
r
al
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
i
s
a
ls
o
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
o
i
n
v
es
ti
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
l
ev
el
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
au
m
a
t
ic
s
t
r
e
s
s
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
a
n
d
i
ts
im
p
a
ct
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
w
e
l
l
b
ein
g
t
o
f
in
d
t
h
e
ex
p
l
an
at
i
o
n
o
n
h
o
w
s
ev
e
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
l
ly
in
g
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
th
e
v
i
ct
im
s
t
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
th
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
iv
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e.
R
E
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
B
.
N
i
e
l
se
n
,
T
.
T
a
n
g
e
n
,
T
.
I
d
so
e
,
S
.
B
.
M
a
t
t
h
i
e
se
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
M
a
g
e
r
ø
y
,
“
P
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
mat
i
c
st
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
a
s
a
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
a
t
sc
h
o
o
l
.
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,”
Ag
g
ressi
o
n
a
n
d
Vi
o
l
e
n
t
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
v
b
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
]
F
.
C
.
O
ssa
,
R
.
P
i
e
t
r
o
w
sk
y
,
R
.
B
e
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
K
a
e
ss,
“
S
y
mp
t
o
ms
o
f
p
o
st
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
st
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
a
mo
n
g
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
o
f
sch
o
o
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
”
C
h
i
l
d
a
n
d
Ad
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
y
a
n
d
Me
n
t
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
3
0
3
4
-
019
-
0
3
0
4
-
1.
[
3
]
A
.
B
.
K
l
o
me
k
,
F
.
M
a
r
r
o
c
c
o
,
M
.
K
l
e
i
n
ma
n
,
I
.
S
.
S
c
h
o
n
f
e
l
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
G
o
u
l
d
,
“
P
e
e
r
v
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
i
c
i
d
i
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s
,
”
S
u
i
c
i
d
e
a
n
d
L
i
f
e
-
T
h
r
e
a
t
e
n
i
n
g
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
–
1
8
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
2
1
/
su
l
i
.
2
0
0
8
.
3
8
.
2
.
1
6
6
.
[
4
]
Z
.
N
u
r
y
a
n
a
,
G
.
A
l
M
u
r
sh
i
d
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
“
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
e
n
d
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
sch
i
z
o
p
h
r
e
n
i
a
,
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
As
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
j
p
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
2
8
7
8
.
[
5
]
N
.
K
u
su
maw
a
r
d
a
n
i
,
S
.
R
a
c
h
m
a
l
i
n
a
,
Y
.
W
i
r
y
a
w
a
n
,
A
.
A
n
w
a
r
,
K
.
H
a
n
d
a
y
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
M
u
b
a
sy
i
r
o
h
,
“
H
e
a
l
t
h
r
i
sk
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
mi
d
d
l
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
(
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
Pe
ri
l
a
k
u
b
e
r
i
si
k
o
k
e
seh
a
t
a
n
p
a
d
a
p
e
l
a
j
a
r
S
M
P
d
a
n
S
M
A
d
i
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
)
.
”
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
:
Ba
d
a
n
L
i
t
b
a
n
g
k
e
s
K
e
m
e
n
t
e
r
i
a
n
K
e
se
h
a
t
a
n
RI
.
2
0
1
5
.
[
6
]
M
.
E.
S
o
l
b
e
r
g
a
n
d
D
.
O
l
w
e
u
s,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
e
st
i
mat
i
o
n
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
O
l
w
e
u
s
B
u
l
l
y
/
V
i
c
t
i
m
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
”
Ag
g
ress
i
v
e
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
–
2
6
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
a
b
.
1
0
0
4
7
.
[
7
]
L
.
H
a
c
k
e
t
t
,
“
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
su
r
v
e
y
2
0
1
9
:
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
b
e
n
c
h
mark
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m,”
2
0
1
9
.
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
d
i
t
c
h
t
h
e
l
a
b
e
l
.
o
r
g
/
w
p
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
/
u
p
l
o
a
d
s
/
2
0
1
9
/
1
1
/
T
h
e
-
A
n
n
u
a
l
-
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
S
u
r
v
e
y
-
2019
-
1
.
p
d
f
(
a
c
c
e
sse
d
O
c
t
.
1
8
,
2
0
2
1
)
[
8
]
N
.
D
i
a
n
P
a
r
a
mi
t
a
,
“
D
i
sas
t
e
r
r
e
g
i
me
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
:
a
st
u
d
y
o
f
d
i
sast
e
r
r
i
s
k
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
t
me
r
a
p
i
v
o
l
c
a
n
o
e
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
l
e
man
d
i
st
r
i
c
t
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Po
l
i
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
–
4
1
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
j
g
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
0
2
3
.
[
9
]
S
.
S
.
P
l
e
x
o
u
sak
i
s,
E
.
K
o
u
r
k
o
u
t
a
s,
T
.
G
i
o
v
a
z
o
l
i
a
s,
K
.
C
h
a
t
i
r
a
,
a
n
d
D
.
N
i
k
o
l
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
S
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
m
a
t
i
c
s
t
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
sy
mp
t
o
ms:
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
,
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
0
0
7
5
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
N
u
r
l
i
a
a
n
d
S
.
P
.
S
u
a
r
d
i
m
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
me
n
o
n
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
n
o
w
a
d
a
y
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
7
6
3
/
i
j
e
l
e
.
v
2
i
1
.
6
2
.
[
1
1
]
D
.
O
l
w
e
u
s,
Bu
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
-
W
h
a
t
We
K
n
o
w
a
n
d
W
h
a
t
We
C
a
n
D
o
.
O
x
f
o
r
d
:
B
l
a
c
k
w
e
l
l
P
u
b
l
i
sh
e
r
s,
1
9
9
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
6
3
-
2
7
3
272
[
1
2
]
S
.
Ei
n
a
r
se
n
,
“
H
a
r
a
ssm
e
n
t
a
n
d
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
Ag
g
res
si
o
n
a
n
d
Vi
o
l
e
n
t
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
9
–
4
0
1
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
1
3
5
9
-
1
7
8
9
(
9
8
)
0
0
0
43
-
3.
[
1
3
]
N
.
T
ü
r
k
me
n
,
H
.
D
o
k
g
ö
z
,
S
.
A
k
g
ö
z
,
B
.
Er
e
n
,
P
.
V
u
r
a
l
,
a
n
d
O
.
P
o
l
a
t
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
mo
n
g
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,
”
M
a
e
d
i
c
a
A
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
–
1
5
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
1
4
]
P
.
K
.
S
mi
t
h
,
M
.
S
i
n
g
e
r
,
H
.
H
o
e
l
,
a
n
d
C
.
L
.
C
o
o
p
e
r
,
“
V
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
:
A
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
a
n
y
l
i
n
k
s?
,
”
Bri
t
i
s
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
8
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
4
8
/
0
0
0
7
1
2
6
0
3
3
2
1
6
6
1
8
6
8
.
[
1
5
]
T
.
R
.
N
a
n
se
l
,
M
.
D
.
O
v
e
r
p
e
c
k
,
D
.
L
.
H
a
y
n
i
e
,
W
.
J.
R
u
a
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
C
.
S
c
h
e
i
d
t
,
“
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
a
mo
n
g
US
y
o
u
t
h
,
”
Arc
h
.
Pe
d
i
a
t
r
.
A
d
o
l
e
sc
.
M
e
d
.,
v
o
l
.
1
5
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
4
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
1
/
a
r
c
h
p
e
d
i
.
1
5
7
.
4
.
3
4
8
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
Jo
se
p
h
,
“
C
l
i
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
t
r
e
d
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
,
p
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
s
t
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
:
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
mp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ps
y
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
:
T
h
e
o
ry
,
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
P
ra
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
–
1
1
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
4
8
/
1
4
7
6
0
8
3
0
4
3
2
2
8
7
4
2
8
1
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
B
.
M
a
t
t
h
i
e
se
n
a
n
d
S
.
Ei
n
a
r
se
n
,
“
P
sy
c
h
i
a
t
r
i
c
d
i
st
r
e
ss
a
n
d
sy
mp
t
o
ms
o
f
P
T
S
D
a
mo
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
ms
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
Bri
t
i
s
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
&
C
o
u
n
sel
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
–
3
5
6
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
3
0
6
9
8
8
0
4
1
0
0
0
1
7
2
3
5
5
8
.
[
1
8
]
B
.
R
.
W
a
l
sh
t
a
n
d
E
.
C
l
a
r
k
e
,
“
P
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
ma
sy
mp
t
o
ms i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
n
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
g
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
,
”
W
o
rk
&
S
t
ress
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
–
1
8
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
2
6
7
8
3
7
0
3
1
0
0
0
1
4
8
4
2
4
.
[
1
9
]
R
.
L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
c
r
i
m
e
a
n
d
j
u
v
e
n
i
l
e
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
O
x
f
o
r
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
1
9
9
8
.
[
2
0
]
H
.
M
y
n
a
r
d
,
S
.
Jo
se
p
h
,
a
n
d
J
.
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
e
r
,
“
P
e
e
r
-
v
i
c
t
i
mi
sat
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
t
r
a
u
mat
i
c
s
t
r
e
ss
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s,”
P
e
rso
n
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
D
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
–
8
2
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
9
1
-
8
8
6
9
(
9
9
)
0
0
2
3
4
-
2.
[
2
1
]
K
.
S
.
M
c
K
e
n
n
e
y
,
D
.
J.
P
e
p
l
e
r
,
W
.
M
.
C
r
a
i
g
,
a
n
d
J.
A
.
C
o
n
n
o
l
l
y
,
“
P
s
y
c
h
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
p
e
e
r
v
i
c
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
:
A
n
e
x
a
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
st
t
r
a
u
m
a
t
i
c
st
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
sy
mp
t
o
mat
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
C
h
i
l
d
Vi
c
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
Ma
l
t
rea
t
m
e
n
t
,
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
An
d
D
a
t
i
n
g
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
Pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
An
d
I
n
t
e
rv
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
2
–
1
5
,
2
0
0
5
.
[
2
2
]
E.
A
n
d
r
e
o
u
,
S
.
T
se
r
m
e
n
t
se
l
i
,
O
.
A
n
a
st
a
s
i
o
u
,
a
n
d
E.
-
C
.
K
o
u
k
l
a
r
i
,
“
R
e
t
r
o
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
sc
h
o
o
l
:
a
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
p
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
st
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
sy
mp
t
o
ms
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
a
u
mat
i
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
mo
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
&
Ad
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
T
r
a
u
m
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
–
1
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
0
6
5
3
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
3
0
2
-
4.
[
2
3
]
T
.
I
d
so
e
,
A
.
D
y
r
e
g
r
o
v
,
a
n
d
E.
C
.
I
d
so
e
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
T
S
D
sy
mp
t
o
ms,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
b
n
o
rm
a
l
C
h
i
l
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
0
1
–
9
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
8
0
2
-
0
1
2
-
9
6
2
0
-
0.
[
2
4
]
B
.
H
o
u
b
r
e
,
C
.
T
a
r
q
u
i
n
i
o
,
I
.
T
h
u
i
l
l
i
e
r
,
a
n
d
E
.
H
e
r
g
o
t
t
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
mo
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
t
s
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
–
2
0
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
B
F
0
3
1
7
3
5
7
6
.
[
2
5
]
D
.
U
.
P
a
t
t
o
n
,
J.
S
.
H
o
n
g
,
S
.
P
a
t
e
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
J.
K
r
a
l
,
“
A
s
y
st
e
mat
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s u
se
d
i
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
i
e
s o
n
sch
o
o
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
T
r
a
u
m
a
,
Vi
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
&
Ab
u
se
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
1
6
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
5
2
4
8
3
8
0
1
5
5
8
8
5
0
2
.
[
2
6
]
S
.
P
e
r
r
i
n
,
R
.
M
e
i
se
r
-
S
t
e
d
man
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
mi
t
h
,
“
T
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
r
e
v
i
se
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
v
e
n
t
sca
l
e
(
C
R
I
ES)
:
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
a
s
a
scree
n
i
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
me
n
t
f
o
r
P
T
S
D
,
”
Be
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
Psy
c
h
o
t
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
7
–
4
9
8
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
1
3
5
2
4
6
5
8
0
5
0
0
2
4
1
9
.
[
2
7
]
M
.
H
o
r
o
w
i
t
z
,
N
.
W
i
l
n
e
r
,
a
n
d
W
.
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
e
v
e
n
t
sca
l
e
:
a
m
e
a
su
r
e
o
f
su
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
st
r
e
ss
,”
Psy
c
h
o
s
o
m
a
t
i
c
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
–
2
1
8
,
M
a
y
1
9
7
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
7
/
0
0
0
0
6
8
4
2
-
1
9
7
9
0
5
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
4
.
[
2
8
]
T
.
N
u
r
h
i
d
a
y
a
t
i
,
M
.
F
.
M
u
b
i
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
A
l
F
a
i
z
i
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,”
M
e
d
i
a
K
e
p
e
r
a
w
a
t
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
3
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
7
1
4
/
m
k
i
.
2
.
2
.
2
0
1
9
.
3
1
-
34.
[
2
9
]
W
.
C
h
r
.
A
r
g
o
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Jav
a
n
e
se
e
t
h
n
i
c
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
ms
f
r
o
m
p
sy
c
h
o
so
c
i
a
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
st
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
(
I
C
E
S
R
E
2
0
1
8
)
.
A
t
l
a
n
t
i
s Pr
e
ss,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
9
1
/
i
c
e
sr
e
-
1
8
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
3
.
[
3
0
]
O
EC
D
,
PI
S
A
2
0
1
8
Re
s
u
l
t
s (V
o
l
u
m
e
I
I
I
)
w
h
a
t
sc
h
o
o
l
l
i
f
e
m
e
a
n
s f
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
l
i
v
e
s
.
O
EC
D
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
1
]
H
.
N
a
ssa
j
i
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
d
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
:
D
a
t
a
t
y
p
e
v
e
r
su
s
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
–
1
3
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
1
5
5
7
2
7
4
7
.
[
3
2
]
A
.
D
a
r
d
i
r
i
,
F
.
H
a
n
u
m,
a
n
d
S
.
R
a
h
a
r
j
a
,
“
T
h
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
sch
o
o
l
s
a
n
d
i
t
s
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
1
–
7
0
6
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
i
j
i
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
3
2
4
7
a
.
[
3
3
]
E.
G
.
M
i
k
k
e
l
se
n
a
n
d
S
.
Ei
n
a
r
se
n
,
“
B
a
si
c
a
ss
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
sy
mp
t
o
ms
o
f
p
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
st
r
e
ss
a
mo
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
ms
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
W
o
rk
a
n
d
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
7
–
1
1
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
9
4
3
2
0
1
4
3
0
0
0
8
6
1
.
[
3
4
]
D
.
L
.
Esp
e
l
a
g
e
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
A
si
d
a
o
,
“
C
o
n
v
e
r
sat
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
m
i
d
d
l
e
sch
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
b
o
u
t
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ab
u
s
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
–
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
6
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
0
0
/
J
1
3
5
v
0
2
n
0
2
_
0
4
.
[
3
5
]
S
i
l
v
y
D
i
a
n
S
e
t
i
a
w
a
n
,
“
2
1
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
D
I
Y
s
t
i
l
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
”
2
0
1
9
.
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
r
e
p
u
b
l
i
k
a
.
c
o
.
i
d
/
b
e
r
i
t
a
/
p
m
t
2
7
q
3
8
3
/
2
1
-
p
e
r
s
e
n
-
a
n
a
k
-
s
e
k
o
l
a
h
-
di
-
d
i
y
-
m
a
s
i
h
-
a
l
a
m
i
-
p
e
r
u
n
d
u
n
g
a
n
(
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
O
c
t
.
1
8
,
2
0
2
1
)
.
[
3
6
]
M
.
S
e
l
d
i
n
a
n
d
C
.
Y
a
n
e
z
,
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
re
p
o
r
t
s
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
:
Re
s
u
l
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
2
0
1
7
sc
h
o
o
l
c
ri
m
e
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
r
i
m
e
Vi
c
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
r
v
e
y
.
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
7
]
J.
W
.
S
a
n
t
r
o
c
k
,
L
i
f
e
-
s
p
a
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
8
t
h
e
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
M
c
G
r
a
w
-
H
i
l
l
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
3
8
]
M
.
M
.
T
t
o
f
i
,
D
.
P
.
F
a
r
r
i
n
g
t
o
n
,
a
n
d
F
.
L
ö
s
e
l
,
“
S
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
s
a
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
o
f
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
l
a
t
e
r
i
n
l
i
f
e
:
A
s
y
st
e
mat
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
p
r
o
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
st
u
d
i
e
s,”
Ag
g
ress
i
o
n
a
n
d
V
i
o
l
e
n
t
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
–
4
1
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
v
b
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
5
.
0
0
2
.
[
3
9
]
A
.
P
.
A
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
i
a
g
n
o
st
i
c
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
m
a
n
u
a
l
o
f
m
e
n
t
a
l
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
rs
.
A
me
r
i
c
a
n
P
sy
c
h
i
a
t
r
i
c
A
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
4
0
]
A
t
l
e
D
y
r
e
g
r
o
v
,
Ba
rn
o
g
t
r
a
u
m
e
r
-
e
n
h
å
n
d
b
o
k
f
o
r
f
o
r
e
l
d
re
o
g
h
j
e
l
p
e
re
a
v
A
t
l
e
D
y
re
g
r
o
v
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
N
o
r
w
a
y
:
F
a
g
b
o
k
f
o
r
l
a
g
e
t
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
4
1
]
F
.
d
e
O
.
P
i
me
n
t
e
l
,
C
.
P
.
D
.
M
.
C
r
i
st
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
D
a
p
i
e
v
e
P
a
t
i
a
s
,
“
V
í
t
i
m
a
s
d
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
si
n
t
o
mas
d
e
p
r
e
ssi
v
o
s,
a
n
si
e
d
a
d
e
,
e
st
r
e
s
se
e
i
d
e
a
ç
ã
o
su
i
c
i
d
a
e
m
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
e
s,”
Ac
t
a
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
n
a
d
e
Psi
c
o
l
o
g
í
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
–
2
4
0
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
7
1
8
/
A
C
P
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
3
.
2
.
9
.
[
4
2
]
C
.
L
i
u
,
Z
.
L
i
u
,
a
n
d
G
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
d
e
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
st
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
sy
mp
t
o
ms:
T
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
l
e
o
f
r
u
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ar
c
h
i
v
e
s
o
f
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
i
c
N
u
rsi
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
–
2
1
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
n
u
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
5
.
0
0
2
.
[
4
3
]
J.
Ju
v
o
n
e
n
,
A
.
N
i
s
h
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
r
a
h
a
m
,
“
P
e
e
r
h
a
r
a
ssm
e
n
t
,
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
d
j
u
st
me
n
t
,
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
c
e
.
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
–
3
5
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
0
0
2
2
-
0
6
6
3
.
9
2
.
2
.
3
4
9
.
[
4
4
]
N
.
T
e
h
r
a
n
i
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
:
a
so
u
r
c
e
o
f
c
h
r
o
n
i
c
p
o
st
t
r
a
u
ma
t
i
c
st
r
e
ss?
,
”
Br
i
t
i
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
&
C
o
u
n
s
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
–
3
6
6
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
3
0
6
9
8
8
0
4
1
0
0
0
1
7
2
7
5
6
7
.
[
4
5
]
B
.
A
.
A
r
n
o
u
t
,
A
.
S
.
A
l
s
h
e
h
r
i
,
A
.
M
.
A
s
s
i
r
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
Y
.
A
l
‐
Q
a
d
i
m
i
,
“
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
p
o
s
t
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
:
A
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
m
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
A
f
f
a
i
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
p
a
.
2
0
6
3
.
[
4
6
]
L
.
Y
a
smin
a
n
d
E.
N
u
r
c
a
h
y
a
n
i
,
“
P
o
st
-
t
r
a
u
m
a
t
i
c
s
t
r
e
ss
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
a
s
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
:
sel
f
-
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
su
r
v
i
v
o
r
i
n
j
e
n
n
i
f
e
r
n
i
v
e
n
’
s
h
o
l
d
i
n
g
u
p
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
e
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
e
m
i
n
a
r
o
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
,
L
i
t
e
ra
t
u
re,
Ar
t
s,
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
S
L
L
AE)
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
8
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
0
0
9
/
I
S
L
L
A
E.
0
2
1
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.