Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
15, pp
. 211
~219
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
2
11
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Perceived Parental Monitoring
on Adolescence Premarital
Sexual Behavior in Pontianak City, Indonesia
Linda S
u
war
n
i
1
, Djauhar I
s
mail
2
,
Ya
yi
S
u
ry
o Pr
ab
an
d
a
ri
2
, MG Adi
y
anti
3
1
Department of
Public Health
Scie
nce
,
Unive
r
sitas Muha
mma
diy
a
h Pontian
a
k, Ind
onesia
2
Departement o
f
Medical,
Gadjah Ma
da
Uni
v
ersity, Indones
ia
3
Departement o
f
Ps
y
c
ho
log
y
, Ga
djah
Mada University
, Indonesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
l 24, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
20
, 20
15
Accepted Aug 30, 2015
Inadaquate par
e
ntal monitoring
is widely
re
cogn
ized as
a ris
k
fa
ctor for the
development of
child
and
ado
l
escen
t condu
ct problems, in
cluding ear
l
y
premarital sexual behav
i
or. Prev
ious st
udies examining parental
monitorin
g
have l
a
rge
l
y ef
fect
to ado
l
es
c
e
nts
’
premarital sexual be
h
a
vior. Parental
monitoring is the most import
a
nt and eff
e
ctive factor to pr
event ear
ly
adolesc
e
nts sex
u
al a
c
tiv
it
y.
Th
is pa
per ex
am
ines
the role of
perce
i
ved
parental monito
ring in
adolescent’s
premarital sexual b
e
havio
r
(stud
y
o
n
Adolescent’s Junior High School in Pon
tianak)
.
A cross-sectional stud
y
and
proportionated r
a
ndom sampling was
conducted
among 402 adolescen
ts of
junior high
sch
ool at six subd
istric
ts
in Pontianak. SEM an
aly
s
es w
a
s
conducted using
SMART-PLS. Result of p
a
th
analy
s
is
rev
ealed that
p
a
ren
t
al
knowledge (r =
0.389) and parental-
a
dol
escence relationship (r = 0.334) had
a strong inf
l
uen
ce on p
a
rental
monitori
ng. Th
en, par
e
ntal monitoring had
a
significant ind
i
r
ect r
e
lationship
with
adol
es
cent
prem
arit
al s
e
xu
al beh
a
vio
r
through attitudes about pr
emarital se
xual (path
coeff
i
cient =
0.063),
and
atti
tudes abou
t
prem
arita
l sexu
al and
intention
to sexual behaviour (path
coeffi
cien
t
= 0
.
0
3
). P
a
r
e
nta
l
m
onitoring
can
a
c
t
a
s
protec
tive
fa
ct
or in
ea
r
l
y
adolescent pr
emarital sexual beh
a
vior.
Ther
efore, risk reduction in
terven
tions
with adolescents
should include
their pa
rents to learn abou
t monitoring skill
and dev
e
lop
skil
l th
at wi
ll
al
low
them
to buf
fer
n
e
gat
i
ve
influ
e
nc
es.
Keyword:
Adolesce
nt
Attitu
d
e
In
ten
tio
n
Pare
nt
al
m
oni
tori
ng
Prem
arital sex
u
a
l
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Li
nda
S
u
wa
rni
,
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Pub
lic Health
Scien
ce,
Un
i
v
ersitas M
u
h
a
mm
ad
iyah
Pon
tian
a
k,
A. Ya
ni
St
reet
Num
b
er 1
1
1
P
ont
i
a
na
k,
West
Kal
i
m
ant
a
n,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
.
Em
a
il: l
i
en
h
a
ri
s@yaho
o.co.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
Rep
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
e Health
h
a
s sp
ecial
atten
tio
n
glo
b
a
lly
sin
c
e th
e
In
tern
ation
a
l Co
nferen
ce on
Pop
u
l
ation
and
Devel
o
pm
ent
i
n
C
a
i
r
o,
Egy
p
t
[
1
]
.
O
n
e of t
h
e re
s
u
lt
s of this conference
wa
s focusing on adolescent
r
e
pr
odu
ctiv
e
health
. Po
pu
latio
n
Ref
e
r
e
n
ce
Bu
r
e
au
s (20
13)
show
ed
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
adolescen
ts (1
0-24
year
s
o
l
d) abou
t 1
.
809
b
illio
n
(2
5
%
o
f
t
o
tal p
opu
latio
n
in
Asia,
i
n
clu
d
i
ng
Indo
n
e
sia) [2
].
It in
d
i
cates th
at p
r
op
ortio
n
of adolescent
is hi
gh in t
h
e
popula
tio
n of
wo
rl
d
,
i
n
clud
ing In
don
esia.
Ado
l
escen
ce is an
inv
e
stm
e
n
t
in
th
e
fu
t
u
re, who
will facilitate th
e ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Millen
i
u
m
Dev
e
lop
m
en
t Go
al (MDGs) [1
].
Acco
r
d
i
n
g t
o
Yo
ut
h R
i
sk B
e
havi
or S
u
r
v
ey
i
n
20
0
5
, the
prevalence
of a
d
olescents in the world who
ever
had se
x
u
a
l
i
n
t
e
rcou
rse
w
a
s 35
.7% t
o
5
5
.
1%
, an
d ab
out
2.8
%
-
1
0
.
8
%
o
f
t
h
em
had sex
l
e
ss t
h
an 1
3
y
ears
[
3
]. Ear
l
y ad
o
l
escen
ts sexu
al
in
ter
c
ou
rse h
a
v
e
an
im
p
act o
n
th
eir
r
e
pr
oductiv
e h
ealth
.
Ad
o
l
escen
t
s who
h
a
v
e
sexu
al in
tercou
se earlier is asso
ciat
ed
wi
t
h
l
o
w
co
nt
race
p
t
i
on
usi
n
g a
n
d
m
o
st
of t
h
em
ha
ve m
o
re t
h
an
one
sexu
al p
a
rt
n
e
rs [4
],[5
].
Ado
l
escen
ces
p
e
rform v
a
ries se
xu
al in
itiatio
n
s
age in
d
i
ffer
en
t co
un
tries.
Th
e ag
e of
sexu
al in
itiatio
n
am
o
n
g
ado
l
escen
ts is
ra
ng
i
n
g fro
m
1
2
to
1
9
years
[4
]-[9].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
2
11
–
21
9
21
2
In
d
onesi
a
n
Ad
ol
escent
R
e
pr
o
duct
i
v
e
Heal
t
h
Su
r
v
ey
i
n
2
0
0
7
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
sex
u
al
be
ha
v
i
or am
on
g
adol
esce
nt
s we
re ki
ssi
n
g
(
3
0
.
9% m
a
l
e
and 2
3
.
2
% fem
a
l
e
) and
pet
t
i
ng (
1
9.
2% m
a
l
e
s and 6.
5% fem
a
l
e
s)
[10]
.
M
o
re
ove
r, t
h
e
resul
t
s
of He
al
t
h
R
e
search (2
0
1
0
)
i
ndi
cat
es t
h
at
about
1% o
f
m
a
l
e
and
4% of
fem
a
l
e
i
n
In
d
onesi
a
hav
e
had se
xu
al
i
n
t
e
rco
u
r
s
e be
fo
re 1
3
y
ears
ol
d,
whi
l
e
t
h
e ot
her
s
u
nde
r 1
0
y
ears ol
d (
4
)
.
Ad
ol
esce
nt
s (
1
3
-
14 y
ears
o
l
d) are
rep
o
r
t
e
d nea
r
l
y
4%
have
ha
d se
xual
i
n
t
e
rco
u
r
s
e and i
t
s
pe
r
cent
a
ge
relativ
ely in
creases with th
e ag
e
[11
]
.
Ad
ol
esce
nt
s s
e
xual
be
ha
vi
o
r
i
n
W
e
st
Kal
i
m
a
nt
an i
s
no
t
m
u
ch
di
f
f
er
ent
c
o
m
p
ared
wi
t
h
sex
u
al
beha
vi
o
r
of a
d
ol
escent
s
i
n
I
n
do
nesi
a.
The
p
r
o
p
o
rt
i
o
n
of a
dol
esce
nt
p
o
p
u
l
at
i
on (
1
0
-
24 y
ears) a
p
pr
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
29
.3
2%
of t
o
t
a
l
po
pul
at
i
o
n i
n
West
Kal
i
m
ant
a
n [
1
2]
. Ad
olescen
t p
r
em
arital sex
u
a
l b
e
hav
i
ou
r in
Pon
t
ian
a
k
(2
0
0
9
)
s
h
owe
d
t
h
at
5
6
.
9
%
ad
ol
escent
s
ha
d
been
ki
ssi
ng
,
3
0
.
2
%
nec
k
i
n
g,
13
.8
%
pet
t
i
ng,
7.
2%
o
r
al
se
x,
5.
5
%
anal
se
x, a
n
d
1
4
.
7
% i
n
t
e
rco
u
r
se. T
h
e
num
be
r
of i
n
t
e
rc
ou
rs
e i
s
hi
ghe
r t
h
a
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
i
n
t
e
rc
ou
rse
by
t
h
e
m
i
ni
st
ry
of
He
al
t
h
(
6
.
9
% i
n
J
a
kart
a,
M
e
da
n,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
, a
n
d
Sur
a
bay
a
)
[
1
3]
.
Ad
ol
esce
nt
s p
r
em
ari
t
a
l
sexual
be
havi
or
bec
o
m
e
s seri
o
u
s
pr
obl
em
. The
r
e i
s
a
phe
n
o
m
e
non
of
t
h
i
s
i
n
soci
et
y
,
cal
l
e
d "cabe-ca
bean"
.
Defi
ni
t
i
on
of
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
beha
vi
o
r
i
s
al
l
form
s of sexual
beha
vi
or t
h
at
com
e
s from
sexual
desi
re i
n
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
si
t
e
se
x
by
a
dol
esce
n
t
s be
fo
re m
a
rri
age,
ei
t
h
er
f
r
o
m
perfo
rm
i
ng t
h
e l
e
s
s
in
ti
m
a
te relat
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
to
p
e
rform
i
n
g
sexu
al in
tercou
rs
e
(k
issing
,
n
eck
i
n
g, p
e
tting
,
an
d
i
n
terco
u
rse) [1
4
]
.
Ado
l
escen
t
sex
u
a
l b
e
h
a
v
i
ors fro
m
k
i
ssin
g
to
to
u
c
h
i
ng sen
s
itiv
e areas, will o
f
ten co
n
tinu
e
to
sexu
al
in
ter
c
ou
rse [15],[
16
].
Risk fact
ors
a
n
d protective
factors influe
nce th
e occ
u
rrence of
premarital
sexual beha
vior
i
n
adol
esce
nt
s [1
7]
,[
18]
.
Fam
ily
envi
r
o
nm
ent
i
s
a p
r
ot
ect
i
v
e fact
or
an
d
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n o
f
ri
s
k
y
be
ha
vi
or
i
n
adol
esce
nt
s [
1
9]
,[
20]
.
Mor
e
ov
er,
f
a
m
i
ly
is t
h
e m
a
in
f
acto
r
af
f
ecting
ado
l
escen
ce d
e
v
e
lopmen
t, alth
o
ugh th
ey
are also influe
nced by
pee
r
s,
sc
hool frie
nds
and
the society.
Mo
n
itoring
p
a
ren
t
al to
ado
l
escen
t is sign
ifi
can
tly
associated
with a
doles
cent ris
k
beha
vior. Ma
ny
st
udi
es ha
ve b
een do
ne sh
o
w
i
ng
t
h
at
ad
ol
es
cent
s
wh
o get
hi
g
h
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
,
ca
uses
l
e
ss
be
ha
vi
o
r
ri
s
k
r
a
th
er th
an
youth
w
ith low
p
a
ren
t
al m
o
n
ito
r
i
ng
[
1
3
]
,[21
]-
[2
4].
Based
on the t
h
eory of a
d
olescent
devel
o
pmenta
l psychology, ea
rly adolescence
is the age
whe
n
pare
nts are still
influe
ntial despite
decrease
d
by nearly 50 %
with the re
m
a
i
nde
r bei
ng re
pl
aced by peers [25]
.
This study foc
u
ses
on t
h
e ea
rly age of
a
d
olescence (13-15 years
)
. T
h
is
is
su
ppo
r
t
ed
by Piag
et's th
eo
r
y
of
co
gn
itiv
e d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
ts. Earl
y ad
o
l
escen
t
s are ab
le to
th
i
n
k ab
stractly, lo
gically, an
d
ratio
n
a
lly. Th
ey are also
ab
le to
u
s
e th
e
h
ypo
th
etical d
e
d
u
c
tiv
e [25
]
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Qua
n
titative research m
e
thod
with c
r
os
s-s
ectional
a
p
proach
were
use
d
. T
h
is approac
h
has
be
e
n
cho
s
en t
o
m
e
asure
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng c
o
nst
r
uct
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
cl
ude
s pa
ren
t
al
kno
wl
ed
ge,
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
b
e
havi
or
,
psy
c
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
cont
rol
,
pa
rent
-ad
o
l
e
scent
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p,
pa
re
nt
-a
dol
esce
nt
com
m
uni
cat
i
on, p
r
em
ari
t
a
l
sexual
beha
vi
o
r
, s
u
bj
ect
i
v
e no
rm
s,
sex
u
al
beha
vi
o
r
i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n, a
n
d ad
ol
escent
s
’
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
beha
vi
o
r
t
h
at
are
measured in t
h
e sam
e
time.
Po
pul
at
i
o
n i
n
t
h
i
s
re
searc
h
w
a
s al
l
Ju
ni
o
r
Hi
gh
Sc
ho
ol
st
ud
ent
s
(a
ge
1
3
t
o
15
y
ears
ol
d) i
n
P
o
nt
i
a
na
k
(7
.5
9
3
ad
ol
esc
e
nt
s).
Pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
onat
e
d ra
n
dom
sam
p
l
i
ng was
con
d
u
ct
ed am
ong
4
02 a
d
ol
esc
e
nt
s o
f
J
uni
or
Hi
g
h
Sch
ool
at
si
x
sub
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
Po
nt
i
a
na
k.
St
ruct
ural
E
q
uat
i
on M
odel
(S
EM
) an
al
y
s
i
s
was c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
us
i
n
g
SMART-PLS
v
e
rsi
o
n
2
.
0
.
It in
clu
d
e
s two
ph
ases: fact
o
r
an
alysis an
d
p
a
t
h
an
alysis wh
i
c
h
is m
u
ltip
lie
d
b
y
5
-
10
i
n
di
cat
ors/
v
a
ri
abl
e
s.
Sam
p
l
e
s had
b
een c
h
o
o
se
n
b
y
Sim
p
l
e
R
a
n
dom
Sam
p
l
i
ng m
e
t
hod
. T
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
a
r
e
st
eps i
n
dat
a
col
l
ect
i
on. Fi
rs
t
l
y
, al
l ju
ni
or
h
i
gh sc
ho
ol
st
u
d
e
nt
s l
i
v
ed i
n
P
ont
i
a
na
k
were
reco
rde
d
,
w
h
i
c
h are
di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d i
n
6
sub
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
, i
.
e
.
N
o
rt
h
Po
nt
i
a
nak
,
West
P
o
nt
i
a
nak,
S
out
h
P
ont
i
a
na
k,
East
Po
nt
i
a
nak
,
S
o
u
t
heast
P
ont
i
a
na
k a
n
d
Po
nt
i
a
nak C
i
t
y
(t
ot
al
54
ju
ni
or
hi
g
h
sch
o
o
l
s
). Sec
o
n
d
l
y
, s
a
m
p
l
e
s were s
o
rt
e
d
an
d ch
os
en ra
nd
om
l
y
.
There
was
o
n
l
y th
e ap
pro
p
riate samp
le with
criteria u
s
ed
as
th
e respon
d
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
research. Th
e
sam
p
le
criteria
were liv
ing
with
bo
t
h
p
a
ren
t
s (fat
h
er
and mo
th
er),
p
a
ren
t
’s m
a
rital statu
s
m
a
rried
, an
d
willin
g
t
o
p
a
rti
c
ip
ate
i
n
t
h
i
s
researc
h
. I
n
f
o
rm
ed cons
ent
was
gi
ven t
o
a
dol
esc
e
nt
and t
h
ei
r pare
nt
s. I
f
o
n
e
of t
h
em
(par
ent
s
o
r
adolesce
nts) do
not a
g
ree to
be involve
d
, t
h
e re
spondents will
not be
i
n
cl
ude
d i
n
this reseacrh.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
a
ire
was u
s
ed
as the in
stru
m
e
n
t
in
th
is research. Before it was u
s
ed
, v
a
li
d
ity an
d
reliab
ility
test o
f
th
e i
n
st
ru
m
e
n
t
s will be ru
n first
.
Th
is trial was cond
u
c
ted
t
o
3
0
stu
d
e
n
t
s at
SMPN
7
in Si
n
g
k
a
wang.
Th
e
resu
lt o
f
v
a
lid
ity test sh
owed
th
at t
h
ere were
few
ite
m
s
are not
valid.
The
r
efore, t
h
ese items we
re
di
scar
ded a
n
d
repl
ace
d wi
t
h
new i
t
e
m
s
t
h
at al
so ha
ve t
o
be tested again.
The re
sult
showed
t
h
at all ite
m
s
in
t
h
e resea
r
c
h
i
n
st
rum
e
nt
s are
v
a
l
i
d
an
d
rel
i
a
bl
e (r
>
0.
3 a
n
d
a
l
pha c
r
on
bac
h
> 0.
7
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Percei
ved P
a
r
e
nt
al
M
o
ni
t
o
ri
ng
o
n
Ad
ol
esce
nce Pre
m
ari
t
a
l
Sex
ual
Beh
a
vi
or i
n
...
. (
L
i
n
d
a
Suw
ar
ni
)
21
3
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Resu
lts o
f
research
co
ndu
cted
on
jun
i
o
r
h
i
gh
schoo
l in
Pon
tian
a
k
with
a to
tal sa
m
p
le o
f
40
2
r
e
spon
d
e
n
t
s wer
e
d
i
str
i
bu
ted
as
show
n
on
Tab
l
e
1.
Tab
e
l 1
.
Un
iv
ariate
An
alysis
No Variable
N
%
1.
Gender
M
a
le
189
47.
0
Fem
a
le
213
53.
0
2.
Par
e
ntal
Knowled
g
e
L
o
w
173
43.
0
High
229
57.
0
3.
Par
e
ntal
Contr
o
l
L
o
w
178
44.
3
High
224
55.
7
4.
Co
m
m
unication between par
e
ntal-adolescent
L
o
w
186
46.
3
High
216
53.
7
5.
Relationship betw
een par
e
ntal-
a
dolescent
Poor
142
35.
3
Good
260
64.
7
6.
Psy
c
hological contr
o
l behaviour
L
o
w
121
30.
1
High
281
69.
9
7.
M
onitor
i
ng
par
e
ntal
L
o
w
185
46.
0
High
217
54.
0
8.
Attitude toward pre
m
arital sexual
Perm
issive
182
45.
3
Not
perm
issive
220
54.
7
9.
Subjective
norm
s
Perm
issive
183
45.
5
Not
perm
issive
219
54.
5
10.
I
n
tention to behav
e
Pr
em
ar
ital
sexual
77
19.
2
Not pr
em
ar
ital s
e
xual
325
80.
8
11.
Pr
em
ar
ital
sexual
behavior
Yes
36
9.
0
No
366
91.
0
Sou
r
ce: Pr
i
m
ar
y d
a
ta,
2
015
Tabl
e 1 s
h
ows
t
h
at
t
h
e m
o
st
of
resp
o
nde
nt
s
were
fem
a
l
e
s (5
3.
0%)
,
l
o
w
perce
p
t
i
o
n ab
o
u
t
pa
rent
al
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e (
4
3.
0%)
,
l
o
w p
a
rent
al
co
nt
r
o
l
(4
4.
3%)
,
l
o
w
pare
nt
-a
dol
es
cent
com
m
uni
cat
i
on (
4
6
.
3
%
), l
o
w
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
een
pare
nt
al
and
ad
ol
esce
nt
(
3
5
.
3%
), a
n
d l
o
w
psy
c
h
o
l
ogi
cal
c
ont
r
o
l
(3
0.
1%
). M
o
re
ove
r
,
4
6
% respon
d
e
n
t
s g
o
t
low p
a
ren
t
al
m
o
n
ito
ri
n
g
, p
e
rm
issiv
e
attitu
d
e
t
o
ward
p
r
em
arital sex
u
a
l (45
.
3
%
),
perm
i
ssi
ve su
bject
i
v
e n
o
rm
(4
5.
5%
),
had
i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n t
o
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
(
1
9
.
2
%
),
and
p
r
em
ari
t
a
l sex
u
al
b
a
h
a
v
i
or
(5.5% k
i
ssi
n
g
,
3
.
5% n
e
ck
ing
,
2.7% p
e
tting
,
2
.
2%
oral sex
,
1
.
5% an
al sex
,
and
2
.
7
%
i
n
tercou
rse.
Mu
ltiv
ariate an
alysis was used
t
o
an
alyze
effects
of
ind
e
p
e
nd
en
t v
a
riables
and
d
e
p
e
nden
t
v
a
riab
les
at the sa
m
e
time. It was also used to dete
rm
ine dom
i
na
nt
vari
abl
e
s i
n
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p pat
t
e
r
n
s wi
t
h
i
n
va
ri
abl
e
s by
u
s
ing
SEM (Stru
c
tural Equ
a
t
i
o
n
Mod
e
l) analysis with
SM
AR
T-P
L
S (
P
art
i
a
l
Least
Squa
re)
ver
s
i
o
n
2.
0. A
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
par
a
m
e
t
e
r est
i
m
a
ted t
h
e rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p am
ong
va
ri
abl
e
s. T
o
t
e
st
t
h
e hy
pot
h
e
s
i
s, out
put
val
u
es of
resul
t
f
o
r
i
n
ner
wei
g
ht
ha
d
be
en u
s
ed
. Est
i
m
at
ed o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
st
ruct
u
r
al
m
odel
t
e
st
i
ng can
be see
n
o
n
Ta
bl
e
2
an
d 3.
Here is th
e
resu
lts
ou
tpu
t
estim
a
tio
n
fo
r testin
g
t
h
e st
ru
ct
u
r
al m
o
d
e
l:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
2
11
–
21
9
21
4
Tabl
e
2. R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
i
n
ner
wei
g
h
t
Original
Sa
m
p
le
E
s
tim
a
te
(O
)
M
ean of Sub
sa
m
p
l
e
s (M)
Standar
d
Deviation
(STD
EV)
Stan
d
a
rd
Er
ro
r
(STERR
)
T-Statistics
(|
O
/
S
T
E
R
R|
)
Par
e
nt-
a
dolescent r
e
lationship
-
>
Par
e
ntal
M
onitor
i
ng
0.
334
0.
333
0.
023
0.
023
14.
218
*
Par
e
nt-
a
dolescent
Co
m
m
unication -
>
Par
e
ntal
M
onitor
i
ng
0.
169
0.
170
0.
0151
0.
0151
11.
219
*
Contr
o
l -
>
Parental M
onitor
i
ng
0.
263
0.
261
0.
021
0.
021
12.
805
*
Par
e
ntal Knowled
g
e -
>
Par
e
ntal M
onitor
i
ng
0.
389
0.
387
0.
026
0.
026
15.
201
*
Par
e
ntal psycholog
ical contr
o
l
-
>
Par
e
ntal
M
onitor
i
ng
0.
209
0.
209
0.
022
0.
022
9.
613*
Par
e
ntal m
onitor
i
ng
-
>
Subjective Nor
m
s
0.
391
0.
397
0.
048
0.
048
8.
204*
Par
e
ntal
m
onitor
i
ng -
>
sexual
behavior
-
0
.
003
-
0
.
002
0.
073
0.
073
0.
039
Parental
m
onitoring -> attitude
0.386
0.390
0.045
0.045
8.661*
intention -
>
sexual behavior
0.
282
0.
299
0.
076
0.
076
3.
728*
Subjective Nor
m
s
-
>
I
n
tention
0.
107
0.
106
0.
057
0.
057
1.
867
Subjective Nor
m
s
-
>
sexual
behavior
0.
074
0.
077
0.
058
0.
058
1.
270
Attitude -> intenti
o
n
0.310
0.311
0,043
0.043
7.180*
Attitude -> sexual
behavior
0.
164
0.164
0.080
0.080
2.044*
Sou
r
ce: d
a
ta p
r
o
cessi
n
g
b
y
u
s
ing
SM
A
R
T-
PLS, 2
015
B
a
sed on
T
a
bl
e
2
,
pare
nt
al
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e, pa
rent
-a
d
o
l
e
scent
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
,
pare
nt
-a
dol
esce
n
t
co
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
,
p
a
ren
t
al con
t
ro
l, and
p
a
ren
t
al p
s
yc
ho
log
i
cal co
n
t
ro
l were sign
ifican
tly d
a
n
po
sitiv
ely
affect
ed t
o
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng (
T
-st
a
t
i
c
t
i
c
m
o
re t
h
an
1.
96
). Pa
re
nt
al
kn
owl
e
dge
(0
.3
8
9
) a
nd
p
a
rent
-
adol
esce
nt
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
(0
.3
34
)
had
t
h
e
bi
gge
st
af
fect
ed
t
o
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
.
Par
e
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
h
a
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely and
sig
n
i
fican
tly affected
t
o
ado
l
escen
ts’ su
bj
ectiv
e n
o
rm
s an
d
attitu
d
e
abou
t p
r
em
arital s
e
x
u
a
l.
Ado
l
escen
t
sexu
al b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
were po
sitiv
ely an
d
sign
if
ican
t
l
y affected
b
y
attitu
d
e
abo
u
t
p
r
em
arital sex
u
a
l and
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
se
xual
beha
vi
o
r
(t
-st
a
t
i
c
t
i
c
m
o
re t
h
an 1
.
9
6
)
. T
h
en
, pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
di
d
n
’t
ha
ve si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
di
rect
rel
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p wi
t
h
a
d
ol
es
cent
s
’ sex
u
al
b
e
havi
or
.
Tabl
e 3. In
di
re
ct
st
ruct
u
r
al
m
odel
res
u
l
t
Path
Coef
f
i
cient
Par
e
ntal M
onitor
i
ng
Attitude towa
rd pre
m
a
r
ital
sexual
Sexual
Behavior
0.
063
Par
e
ntal M
onitor
i
ng
Attitude towa
rd pre
m
a
r
ital
sexual
intention to behave
Sexual Behavior
0.
03
Source:
dat
a
pr
ocessi
ng
by
m
a
nual
cal
cul
a
t
i
on, 2
0
1
5
Based on Ta
ble 3, analysis results indicated that
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
had a si
g
n
i
f
i
c
ant
i
ndi
rect
relatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
ad
o
l
escen
t
p
r
em
arital se
x
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
or th
roug
h
attitu
d
e
s abo
u
t
p
r
e
m
arital sex
u
a
l (p
ath
co
efficien
t = 0.06
3), an
d
attitu
d
e
s abo
u
t
premarital sex
u
a
l
an
d
in
ten
tion
to
sexu
al b
e
h
a
vio
u
r (p
at
h
co
efficien
t
= 0.
0
3
)
.
Pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
vari
a
b
l
e
can
ac
t
as p
r
eve
n
t
i
v
e
fact
or
o
f
prem
ari
t
a
l
sex
be
ha
vi
o
r
on
ad
ol
esc
e
nt
s.
3.
1.
Parental monitoring
Pare
nt
al
m
oni
tori
ng
i
s
c
once
p
t
u
al
i
zed
as “a
set
o
f
c
o
rrel
a
t
e
d
pare
nt
i
n
g
b
e
havi
ors
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g at
t
e
nt
i
o
n
to
and
track
i
ng o
f
th
e ch
ild’s
wh
ereab
o
u
t
s, activ
ities, an
d
t
h
eir friend
s”
has th
e b
i
gg
est
co
rrelatio
n
in
paren
t
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
(co
e
fi
ci
ent
0.
3
8
9
)
.
Parent
al
k
n
o
w
l
edge
was p
r
ot
ective against
adolesce
nt
invo
lv
em
en
t in
risk
and
pr
o
b
l
e
m
behav
i
or. T
h
i
s
fi
n
d
i
ng s
u
ggest
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e act
i
ons
of b
o
t
h
a
d
ol
escent
s
an
d pa
r
e
nt
s pl
ay
pr
o
m
i
n
ent
rol
e
s i
n
y
i
el
di
ng a
n
d el
i
c
i
t
i
ng m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e an
d dec
r
easi
ng t
h
e l
i
k
el
i
h
oo
d
of
pr
o
b
l
e
m
out
com
e
s.
M
o
re
ove
r, t
h
i
s
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e w
a
s get
t
i
ng
by
c
h
i
l
d
di
scl
o
su
re
. Pare
ntal knowledge about their
girl adoles
cent is
hi
g
h
er t
h
a
n
t
h
ei
r boy
ad
ol
es
cent
(O
dd
s R
a
t
i
o
= 2.9
06;
9
5
% C
o
nfi
d
e
n
c
e
Int
e
r
v
al
= 1.
93
1 –
4.
37
4)
. C
ont
ra
st
with previ
o
us
researc
h
s, t
h
ere was
a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
bet
w
ee
n s
e
x an
d
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
.
Fem
a
l
e
adol
esce
nt
get
m
oni
t
o
red m
o
re t
h
an m
a
l
e
adol
escent
[
2
6]
-[
32]
. P
r
obl
em
and a
n
t
i
soci
al
beha
vi
o
r
s a
r
e
m
o
re
o
n
m
a
le ad
o
l
escen
t th
an
fem
a
le [33
]
.
Fem
a
le
ado
l
escen
t te
n
d
t
o
be cl
os
er t
o
pare
nt
s t
h
an
m
a
l
e
(Jaco
bso
n
a
n
d
Cro
c
k
e
tt, 200
0).
Norm
ativ
ely,
Fem
a
le is easi
e
r to h
a
v
e
co
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
th
an
m
a
le [3
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Percei
ved P
a
r
e
nt
al
M
o
ni
t
o
ri
ng
o
n
Ad
ol
esce
nce Pre
m
ari
t
a
l
Sex
ual
Beh
a
vi
or i
n
...
. (
L
i
n
d
a
Suw
ar
ni
)
21
5
A f
u
rt
he
r as
pe
ct
i
n
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng i
s
t
h
e pare
nt
al
-a
d
o
l
e
scent
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p. Th
e pr
op
o
r
t
i
on
of
ad
o
l
escen
t
g
i
r
l
s ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
b
e
tter
r
e
latio
n
s
h
i
p
w
ith
t
h
eir
p
a
r
e
n
t
s th
an
boys (
O
R = 2
.
1
3
8
and
95
% CI
= 1
.
410
to 3.242).
Wri
ght et al. (2006)
stated
t
h
at
t
h
e r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
ee
n
pa
re
nt
s wi
t
h
ad
ol
es
cent
s
i
n
m
a
ny
aspect
s
of p
a
re
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
can
pre
d
i
c
t
adol
e
s
cent
sex
u
al
beha
vi
o
r
[
35]
.
It
can be expl
ai
ne
d t
h
ro
u
gh t
h
e
m
echani
s
m
underl
y
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
onshi
p.
A
l
e
ss pare
nt
al
-
a
dol
esce
nt
s rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p ca
n
i
n
crease a
d
ol
escent
s
'
v
u
l
n
e
rab
ility t
o
n
e
g
a
tiv
e p
e
er in
flu
e
n
ce, and
an
ti so
cial b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
. Co
nversely, a g
o
o
d
p
a
ren
t
al-ado
lescen
t
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p ca
n
del
a
y
ad
ol
escent
’
s
ri
sky
se
xual
be
havi
or
,
red
u
ce t
h
e f
r
eq
uency
of
i
n
t
e
rc
ou
rse a
n
d
num
ber
o
f
sex
u
al pa
rtne
r
[3
6]
. T
h
is
rese
arch
sh
o
w
ed
a
stro
n
g
c
o
rrelatio
n
an
d sign
ifican
t v
a
riables
pa
rental-a
dolescent
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p i
n
t
h
e aspect
of
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
. It
m
eans t
h
at
a goo
d
pare
nt
al
-a
dol
es
cent
rel
a
t
i
ons
h
i
p can
mak
e
p
a
ren
t
al
actio
n
i
n
co
n
t
ro
llin
g th
e ado
l
escen
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
or influ
e
n
ce
on
th
e redu
ction
o
f
risk
y beh
a
vio
r
i
n
adol
esce
nt
s [3
5]
.
In a
d
di
t
i
on t
o
pare
nt
al
rel
a
t
i
o
nshi
ps
wi
t
h
pa
rent
s,
ot
he
r as
pect
s o
f
pa
re
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
i
s
pare
nt
al
-
ad
o
l
escen
t
commu
n
i
catio
n
.
Abou
t 44
,8
%
p
a
ren
t
s is s
till tab
o
o
wh
en
t
h
ey will talk
ab
ou
t sex
u
a
l edu
catio
n
with t
h
eir a
d
olescent.
Som
e
parents
ar
e un
com
f
o
r
tab
l
e or afraid
t
o
talk wit
h
their ch
ild
abo
u
t
sexu
al acti
v
ity.
Som
e
of t
h
em
bel
i
e
ve t
h
at
t
a
l
k
i
ng a
b
o
u
t
se
x ed
ucat
i
on as
perm
i
ssi
on or
enco
ura
g
es se
xual
act
i
v
i
t
y
in t
h
ei
r
childre
n.
Thes
e are m
y
ths.
Reseach
s
h
owed that talking with a
dolesce
nt about se
xua
l
does
not enc
o
ura
g
e
t
h
em
t
o
be se
x
u
al
l
y
act
i
v
e [
3
7]
.
Ad
ol
escent
gi
rl
s
have
bet
t
e
r c
o
m
m
uni
cat
ion
wi
t
h
t
h
ei
r
p
a
rent
s t
h
a
n
boy
s (
O
R
= 2
.
73
2 and
95% CI
= 1.823
t
o
4
.
0
95)
.
Th
next
a
s
pect
of
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng i
s
pa
re
nt
al
co
nt
r
o
l
.
T
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
s
h
o
w
s 3
3
.
1
%
of
pa
r
e
nt
s l
i
b
erat
e
cu
rfew, p
r
ov
idin
g
th
e freedom to
meet
with
th
e o
p
p
o
s
ite
sex as l
o
n
g
as at
hom
e (25.4
%
), freei
ng
pr
om
i
s
cui
t
y
(1
2.
5%
), a
nd
not
c
ont
rol
l
i
n
g
adol
esce
nce
(
3
1
.
6
%
).
Fem
a
le adol
esce
nt
g
e
t
hi
gh
er t
h
e
pare
nt
al
co
nt
r
o
l
t
h
an
m
a
l
e
(OR
=
1
.
8
6
6
an
d
9
5
%
C
I
=
1.
25
3 t
o
2.
77
9)
. C
ont
rast
wi
t
h
W
a
m
oyi
et
al
. (2
01
1
)
rese
arc
h
,
fem
a
l
e
s
(especially those still
in school) receive
parental controls
m
o
re than
m
a
l
e
s adolesce
nt. It is influence
d
by the
view t
h
at fem
a
le adolesce
nt
will receive
more
seve
re
c
onsequences of
problem
a
t
i
c
behavior (i
ncluding
risky
sexu
al b
e
h
a
v
i
or) th
an
m
a
le
[3
6
]
. In
ad
d
ition
,
th
e fo
cu
s of atten
tio
n
wh
en
th
e p
a
ren
t
s are
n
o
t
on
ly at sch
o
o
l
,
but
al
so
o
u
t
s
i
d
e o
f
sc
ho
ol
t
i
m
e
. Inade
q
u
a
t
e
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng ca
n be a
ri
sk
f
act
or f
o
r ad
ol
escent
devel
opm
ent
associ
at
ed wi
t
h
be
havi
oral
pr
obl
em
s,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
ng ri
sky
se
x
u
a
l
beha
vi
o
r
[3
8]
.
P
r
evi
ous
st
udi
e
s
have
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
negat
i
v
e
p
a
rent
i
n
g be
hav
i
ors can
be
pr
edi
c
t
e
d o
n
a
d
ol
escent
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
beha
vi
o
r
.
Thi
s
i
s
related
to
th
e l
ack
of
p
a
ren
t
al in
vo
lv
em
en
t in
ado
l
es
ce
nt
s,
l
o
w c
ont
rol
,
p
e
rcei
ve
d vi
ol
ence ad
ol
esce
nt
s, an
d
i
n
co
nsi
s
t
e
nt
di
sci
p
l
i
n
e
[3
9]
,[
40]
.
Pare
nt
al
c
ont
rol
i
s
al
so
asso
ciated
with
a d
e
lay in
tercou
rse or a redu
ctio
n
in
t
h
e f
r
eq
ue
ncy
of
i
n
t
e
rc
ou
rse
[
41]
.
The l
a
st
aspect
i
n
parent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng i
s
psy
c
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
cont
rol
.
T
h
i
s
st
udy
sh
ow
s pa
rent
s ne
ve
r
exp
r
esse
d hi
s
expect
at
i
o
n (
1
8.
9%)
,
an
d res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
are
n
o
t
asham
e
d i
f
i
t
can not
be t
h
e i
n
t
e
n
d
ed
pa
rent
s
(1
4.
0%
). Fem
a
l
e
adol
esce
nt
t
e
nd
t
o
get
hi
gh
er p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
cont
r
o
l
t
h
a
n
m
a
l
e
s (OR
=
1.
61
7 a
n
d 9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
0
5
3
to
2.484). In
add
itio
n
,
lo
w
p
a
ren
t
al m
o
n
ito
rin
g
are also
p
r
ed
icted early sex
u
a
l activ
ity fo
r
m
a
l
e
s an
d
fem
a
l
e
s adol
escent
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
f
e
m
a
l
e
s t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er of
se
xual
pa
rt
ners
[
35]
.
Par
e
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
o
f
adolesce
nt reduce the
freque
ncy of i
n
tercourse
b
y
li
m
itin
g
th
e ch
an
ce of sex
u
a
l acti
v
ity.
Th
is stud
y is
co
n
t
rast with
Keisn
e
r et al. (200
9), t
h
ere was a
sign
ifi
can
t relation
s
hip
with th
e
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
o
f
a
dol
escent
pr
obl
e
m
behavi
o
r
s,
i
n
cl
udi
ng
ri
s
k
y
sexual
be
ha
vi
o
r
, i
n
di
rect
l
y
[4
2]
.
Li
kewi
se,
s
o
m
e
researc
h
s
h
o
w
s
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
i
s
no
t always d
i
rectly related
to th
e si
gn
ifican
t
ad
o
l
escen
t
b
e
hav
i
or in th
e m
u
ltiv
ariate an
alysis [43
]
.
In
sum
m
ary
,
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
k
n
o
w
l
edge a
n
d
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng
be
havi
or
are di
st
i
n
c
t
con
s
t
r
uct
s
i
n
t
h
e g
r
eat
er d
o
m
a
i
n
of
pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
.
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e i
s
de
fi
ne
d as i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
on pare
nt
s
obt
ai
n
reg
a
rd
i
n
g th
ei
r ado
l
escen
t
s’ wh
ereab
o
u
t
s, activ
ities,
and
asso
ciates.
Inv
e
stig
ators t
h
u
s
far
h
a
v
e
treated
adol
esce
nt
s an
d pa
re
nt
s as t
h
e ba
si
s fo
r m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e. B
a
se
d
on t
h
e di
sc
us
si
on a
b
ove
, i
t
can b
e
concl
ude
d
t
h
at
pa
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
ca
n
be
a
p
r
ot
ect
i
v
e
fact
or
agai
nst
a
dol
escent
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
be
ha
vi
o
r
.
Ade
q
uat
e
pa
re
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
can
p
r
eve
n
t
adol
esce
nt
co
n
duct
prem
ari
t
a
l sexu
al
be
havi
or
. The
r
ef
o
r
e, i
t
t
a
kes
k
nowledg
e and
p
a
ren
t
al u
nderstand
ing
and sk
ill in
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
(i
n
c
lud
i
ng
co
mm
u
n
i
cati
o
n
sk
ills to
i
m
p
r
ov
e
th
e kno
wled
g
e
an
d relation
s
h
i
p
s
with
ado
l
escen
ts).
3.
2.
At
ti
tude
t
o
w
a
rd prem
ari
t
al
sexu
al
be
ha
vi
or
The m
o
st
of adol
esce
nt
s ha
ve perm
i
ssi
ve at
t
i
t
ude t
o
wa
rd p
r
em
ari
t
a
l
sex
u
al
(4
5.
3%
). B
i
vari
at
e
an
alysis sho
w
ed
sign
ifican
tly d
a
n
po
sitiv
ely co
rrelati
o
n
b
e
t
w
een
attitud
e
s ab
ou
t p
r
em
arit
al
sex
u
a
l
i
n
terco
u
rse
(p
v
a
lu
e = 0.00
01
an
d correl
a
tio
n
co
efficien
t = 0.279
)
and
sex
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
vio
r
in
ten
tio
n.
Based
on
m
u
ltiv
ariate
an
alysis u
s
ing th
e PLS-SEM sh
owed
th
at th
ere
was
si
g
n
i
fican
tly co
rrelatio
n
b
e
tween
sex
u
a
l attitu
d
e
and
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
o
f
se
xual
beha
vi
o
r
(val
ues
t
> 1.9
6
an
d pat
h
coe
ffi
ci
ent
= 0
.
3
1
0
)
,
an
d sex
u
al
beha
vi
o
r
(
v
al
u
e
s t
>
1
.
9
6
an
d
p
a
th
co
efficien
t = 0.16
4). Male ado
l
escen
t attitu
des ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
re p
e
rm
issi
v
e
th
an
fem
a
le
(OR =
2.
03
1 a
n
d
95
%
C
I
=
1.
3
6
3
t
o
3.
02
8
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
2
11
–
21
9
21
6
Ado
l
escen
t
’s
perm
issiv
e
sex
u
al attitu
d
e
s to
ward
s
p
r
em
arital sex
u
a
l b
e
hav
i
or can
lead to
th
e risk
y
sexu
al b
e
h
a
v
i
ou
r. It
can im
p
act to
u
n
wan
t
ed pregn
a
n
c
y and
sexu
ally transmitted
d
i
seases (STDs). Att
itu
d
e
s
are p
r
ed
ictors
o
f
b
e
h
a
v
i
our.
Perm
issiv
e
att
i
t
u
d
e
s toward
p
r
em
arital sex
u
a
l b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
will b
e
fo
llowed
b
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
or. Con
s
isten
tly with
th
is research, ado
l
escen
ts
w
h
o have
perm
i
ssi
ve at
t
i
t
udes ab
o
u
t
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
ten
d
t
o
d
o
premarital sex
u
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
or m
o
re
th
an
no
t p
e
rm
i
ssiv
e
attitu
d
e
s
(OR = 3.438
an
d 95
% C
I
=
1.31
6 to
8.
97
8
)
.
Paren
t
al attitu
d
e
s abo
u
t
sexu
al can
p
r
ed
ict ado
l
es
cen
t sex
u
a
l
attitu
d
e
s and
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[4
4
]
. Th
is is
because the adolescence attitude
s can be
influe
nced
by the values
of th
e family and cultu
re derive
d from
p
e
rson
al exp
e
rien
ce [36
]
. Besid
e
s pare
n
t
s, Ad
o
l
escen
t
’s
attitu
d
e
s and
b
e
h
a
v
i
ou
r
can b
e
influ
e
n
ced b
y
Peer’
s
attitu
d
e
s and
beh
a
v
i
o
r
.
Resear
ch condu
cted
b
y
A
h
rold
and
Mest
o
n
(2
010
)
show
ed
th
at t
h
e
d
i
ffer
e
n
c
e in
sexual b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
b
e
tween
m
e
n
an
d
wo
m
e
n
.
Men
h
a
v
e
m
o
re lib
eral attitu
d
e
s
to
ward
sex
than
wo
m
e
n
[45
]
. Sexu
al attitu
des are
measu
r
ed
throu
g
h
ado
l
escen
t
p
e
rcep
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
a
tiv
e effects o
f
ab
stin
en
ce o
r
sex
experien
ce
[46
]
. Neg
a
tiv
e attitu
d
e
s are form
ed
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
teens prep
are
h
i
m
in
to
ad
u
lthoo
d
t
h
roug
h
seek
ing sexu
al
ex
p
e
rien
ces. Sex
u
a
l attitud
e
s and
cu
ltu
ral
valu
es
wh
ich
form
ed
filtered
t
h
rou
g
h
the experien
ces
of each
d
a
y
i
n
a soci
al
cont
ext
[3
6]
. M
o
re pe
rm
i
ssi
ve at
t
i
t
udes
about sex can pre
d
ict the level
of adolesce
nt sexual
in
itiatio
n
in
terco
u
rse.
3.
3.
Subjec
tive
n
o
rms
The m
o
st
of
adol
esce
nt
’s s
u
b
j
ect
i
v
e
no
r
m
s were pe
rm
i
ssi
ve t
o
wa
r
d
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
(4
5.
5%
)
.
Based
o
n
m
u
ltiv
ariate an
alysis u
s
in
g
th
e PLS-SEM sh
owed
th
at
no
sign
ifican
t relatio
n
s
h
i
p
between
sub
j
ect
i
v
e
n
o
r
m
s and i
n
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
sex
u
al
b
e
havi
or
(val
ue
s t
<1.9
6)
. Li
k
e
wi
se, s
u
b
j
ect
i
v
e n
o
rm
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
wi
t
h
a
dol
esce
n
t
sex
u
al
be
ha
vi
or
.
Acco
r
d
i
n
g o
n
resp
o
nde
nt
s'
answe
r
s
rega
rdi
ng
pare
nt
s
’
su
bject
i
v
e n
o
rm
s sho
w
e
d
2
2
.
9
% of
pare
nt
s
t
eens perm
i
t
t
h
em
al
one wi
t
h
a
gi
rl
/
b
oy
fri
e
n
d, pe
rm
i
ssi
ve
t
o
wa
r
d
prem
ari
t
a
l
sex (2
2.
3%
), gi
vi
ng
f
r
ee
d
o
m
in
cou
r
t
s
hi
p as l
o
ng a
s
i
t
d
o
es n
o
t
get
pre
g
n
a
nt
(4
1.
3%
).
In a
d
di
t
i
on,
pee
r
s’
a
nd e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
s
’ su
b
j
ect
i
v
e
n
o
rm
s
as fo
llo
ws:
pre
m
arital sex
with
a
bo
yfrien
d (3
7.8%),
t
oget
h
er
wi
t
h
a b
o
y
fri
e
n
d
(
4
1.
5%)
,
perm
i
s
si
ve i
n
cou
r
t
s
hi
p (
4
1.
1%)
,
ha
vi
ng s
e
x as
pr
o
o
f
of
l
ove
(1
2.
6%
),
un
wa
nt
ed
pr
e
gna
ncy
i
s
o
r
di
nary
a
nd
reas
ona
bl
e
(1
4.
9%
),
ki
ssi
n
g
(
1
4.
6%)
,
a
n
d
t
eens
wh
o
bec
o
m
e
preg
nant
out
si
de o
f
m
a
rri
age i
s
not
a
f
a
m
i
ly
di
sgrace
(3
4
.
3
%). Male
Ado
l
escen
ts tend
to h
a
v
e
m
o
re p
e
rm
issiv
e
su
bj
ectiv
e no
rm
s th
an
fem
a
le ad
o
l
escen
ts (OR =
1
.
9
11
and
9
5
%
C
I
=
1.
28
3 t
o
2.
84
4
)
.
Adolesce
nts’ s
u
bjective
norm
s can
be influe
nced by
th
e env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal. In
so
m
e
p
a
rticular cu
lture,
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
i
s
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d. T
h
e t
e
rm
i
n
at
i
o
n
o
f
pre
g
nancy
i
s
al
l
o
w
e
d
by
som
e
on
e w
ho
get
un
want
e
d
pre
g
nancy
.
M
eanw
h
i
l
e
,
ot
he
r
cul
t
u
res
resi
st
,
vi
r
g
i
n
i
t
y
i
s
re
gar
d
e
d
as
som
e
t
h
i
n
g
o
f
hi
g
h
val
u
e
[
47]
. C
o
nt
ras
t
with
th
is research, ado
l
escents ten
d
to
h
a
ve a p
e
rm
issiv
e
su
bj
ectiv
e
n
o
rm
s
if th
ey liv
e in
th
e p
e
rm
i
ssiv
e
envi
ro
nm
ent
a
l t
o
wa
rd
p
r
em
ari
t
a
l
sexual
beha
vi
o
r
.
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
tio
n f
a
mili
e
s
(p
a
r
en
ts
)
an
d p
e
er
s
ma
y
a
f
f
ect
ad
o
l
escen
t
subj
ectiv
e no
rm
s, wh
ich
can
affect wh
eth
e
r and wh
en
ado
l
escen
t
s to
in
itiate
sexu
al (in
t
ercou
r
se)
[3
6]
.
M
o
re
ove
r,
t
h
e
envi
ro
nm
ent
can
be a m
odel
and
i
n
fo
rm
at
i
o
n s
o
urce
o
n
se
xual
be
havi
or
.
Perm
i
ssi
ve
envi
ro
nm
ent
towa
r
d
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
beh
a
vi
o
r
was as
s
o
ciated with the increasi
ng
fre
que
ncy of sexual
intercourse on
m
a
le
adolescent a
nd
hi
g
h
er u
n
w
ant
e
d
preg
na
ncy
o
n
fem
a
le
adolescent. Adole
s
cents'
p
e
rcep
tion
abou
t p
a
ren
t
al rejectio
n
to
ward
sexu
al relate
d
to
d
e
lay sex
u
a
l in
terco
u
rse. It will
in
crease if th
e
pare
nt
s-a
d
ol
escent
rel
a
t
i
ons
h
i
p are cl
ose and at
t
achm
e
nt
. Parent
s-a
d
ol
escent
s
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p co
nt
i
n
ue t
o
b
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
t
o
ad
o
l
escen
t
years. Secu
re att
ach
m
e
n
t
to
p
a
ren
t
s in
ado
l
escen
ce facilitates th
e tran
sm
issi
o
n
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e v
a
l
u
es [4
8
]
.
3.
4.
I
n
t
e
nt
io
n to
beh
a
v
e
Mu
ltiv
ariate an
alysis sho
w
ed
a si
g
n
i
fican
tly an
d
po
si
tiv
ely co
rrelat
i
o
n
b
e
tween
in
ten
tio
n t
o
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
be
havi
or a
nd a
d
ol
escent
s
sex
u
al
be
havi
or
(t
val
u
e
g
r
e
a
t
e
r t
h
an
1.
9
6
and
pat
h
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
ent
0
.
2
82). In
ten
t
i
o
n
is th
e m
o
st p
r
ed
ictor in ad
o
l
escen
t
initiatio
n
p
r
em
a
r
ital sex
u
a
l [49
]
,[5
0
]
.
I
n
t
e
nt
i
on i
s
i
ndi
cat
e h
o
w
t
o
per
f
o
r
m
t
h
e beha
vi
o
u
r
. T
h
e
i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n i
s
as
sum
e
d as a m
o
t
i
v
at
i
ng
fact
or
i
n
fl
ue
nci
n
g
be
havi
or
.
Interve
n
tions c
h
ange m
e
dium-hi
gh inte
ntions will change the be
ha
vior
of
successful small to
m
e
diu
m
. Great
effect
s a
nd
be
havi
oral
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on c
o
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
of
0.
5
7
. T
h
is
sh
ows t
h
e in
ten
tio
n of th
e i
n
terv
en
tion
on
a larg
er
chan
ge i
n
beh
a
vi
o
r
[
5
1]
.
A pe
rso
n
s
’
s b
e
havi
ou
r can
be p
r
edi
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
ei
r i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
[5
2]
. I
n
co
nt
rast
wi
t
h
t
h
i
s
researc
h
,
adol
esce
nt
w
h
o ha
ve i
n
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
prem
ari
t
a
l
sexual
,
are
m
o
re l
i
k
el
y
t
o
have
prem
ari
t
al
sexual
be
ha
vi
o
u
r
.
Old
e
r ado
l
escen
ts were
repo
rted
m
o
re less to
h
a
v
e
po
sitive in
ten
tio
n
th
an
yo
ung
er (less th
an
16
years o
l
d
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Percei
ved P
a
r
e
nt
al
M
o
ni
t
o
ri
ng
o
n
Ad
ol
esce
nce Pre
m
ari
t
a
l
Sex
ual
Beh
a
vi
or i
n
...
. (
L
i
n
d
a
Suw
ar
ni
)
21
7
Sexu
al in
ten
t
i
o
n
is influ
e
n
c
ed b
y
sex
u
a
l attitu
d
e
s and
p
a
rents’ attitu
d
e
[53]. Sexu
al beh
a
v
i
ou
r
are i
n
fl
uen
ced
by
fam
i
l
y
and
peers
[
1
3]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e resul
t
researc
h
,
fem
a
l
e
were repo
rt
ed hi
ghe
r l
e
vel
s
of pa
re
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
t
h
an m
a
l
e
.
Fi
nal
l
y
, t
h
at
l
o
wer l
e
vel
s
of
p
e
rcei
ve
d
pare
n
t
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng were
a
ssociate
d
with
ad
olesc
e
nt prem
arital
sexual
beha
vi
o
r
.
Pare
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
ca
n act
as
p
r
ot
ect
i
v
e
factor in ea
rly adolescen
t prem
arital sex
u
a
l
b
e
hav
i
or
.
Th
erefo
r
e, risk
redu
ction
i
n
terv
en
tion
s
with
ad
o
l
es
ce
nts s
h
ould include t
h
eir
parents t
o
learn a
b
out
m
o
n
ito
rin
g
sk
i
ll an
d
d
e
v
e
lop
sk
ill th
at will allo
w th
em
to
bu
ffer
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
in
flu
e
n
ces. It i
s
n
e
ed
ed
to
find
the
effect
i
v
el
y
par
e
nt
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng i
n
t
e
rve
n
t
i
o
n t
o
p
r
eve
n
t
adol
esce
nt
s’
p
r
em
ari
t
a
l sexu
al
behavi
or
. P
a
rent
al
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
i
s
t
h
e
pri
m
ary
pre
v
ent
i
o
n i
n
a
d
ol
escent
prem
ari
t
al
sex
u
al
be
ha
vi
o
r
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The a
u
t
h
or
wi
s
h
es t
o
e
x
pres
s
grat
ef
ul
ne
ss a
n
d t
h
a
n
k
s
to
the all o
f
p
a
rticipatio
n
in
t
h
is research. Th
e
authors a
r
e also grateful to author
s/ed
ito
rs/
p
ub
lish
e
r of all th
o
s
e article
s,
j
our
n
a
ls, and
bo
ok
s fro
m
w
h
er
e th
e
literatu
re for this article h
a
s
been
rev
i
ewed an
d d
i
scu
ssed
.
REFERE
NC
ES
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UNFPA, “Population and Devel
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m
plementa
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Action”,
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[2]
Clifton, D., Herv
ish, A., “The
World’s Youth: 20
13 Data Sheet”,
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e
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eau
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[3]
Centers
for
Dis
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as
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and
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r
evention
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outh ris
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[4]
Am
erican Acad
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Guiella, G., Mad
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