Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
4,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
283~
288
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
4.
14914
283
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Stress, N
utrition
al S
t
atus and
Bloo
d Gluc
ose Levels
amon
g
Patients
with Di
ab
ete
s
Me
llitu
s Type 2
Dyah A
yu Ku
suma W
ardan
i
1
, S
ug
i
arto
2
,
Risya
Cilm
iat
y
3
1
Nutrit
io
n
Scie
n
ce
,
Univer
si
ta
s
S
ebe
l
as
Mare
t, In
donesia
2
Publ
ic
He
al
th
,
Univer
sita
s Seb
e
la
s Maret,
Indon
esia
3
Medic
a
l
Sci
ence,
Univ
ersitas Se
bel
as
Mar
et
,
Ind
onesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
7
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Oct
24
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Nov 19
, 201
8
Preva
le
n
ce
of
dia
be
te
s
m
el
li
tus
(DM
)
wa
s
inc
rea
sed
significa
ntly
.
Stress
inc
re
ase
d
co
rti
s
ol
coul
d
in
cre
as
e
blood
g
luc
ose
le
v
el
s
whil
e
o
besity
cou
ld
inc
re
ase
insul
in resista
nc
e.
Obj
e
ct
iv
e
of
th
is stud
y
was
to
ex
amine
cor
r
el
a
ti
on
of
stress
and
nut
rit
ional
sta
tus
with
bloo
d
glu
cose
le
ve
ls
in
pa
tient
s
with
DM
t
y
p
e
2.
Design
stud
y
was
cro
ss
sec
ti
onal
using
120
sa
m
ple
s
fr
om
pat
ie
nts
with
DM
t
y
pe
2
at
Pol
y
clinic
of
Inte
rna
l
Dise
ase
Dr.
Moewar
di
Hos
pit
al
Suraka
rta
durin
g
April
-
Ma
y
20
18.
Vari
a
bl
es
in
thi
s
stud
y
were
stress
with
per
ceive
d
stress
sca
le
10
item
s
(PS
S
-
10),
nutri
tional
stat
us
with
bod
y
m
ass
inde
x
(BMI)
and
blood
gluc
ose
le
ve
ls
with
fasting
blood
gluc
ose
(FBG
)
and
post
-
pra
ndial
bl
ood
gluc
ose
(P
PB
G)
exa
m
ina
tion.
Th
e
resul
ts
show
ed
that
m
ea
n
of
FB
G
was
152.
9±63.66
m
g/dL
and
PP
BG
was
213.
96±70.17
m
g/d
L
.
The
re
was
no
si
gnifi
c
ant
cor
r
ela
ti
on
bet
we
en
str
ess
and
blood
gl
ucose
le
v
el
s,
b
y
FB
G
(
p
=0
.
3
89)
and
PP
BG
(
p
=0.
202)
.
How
eve
r,
th
ere
was
signifi
c
an
t
cor
relati
on
b
et
w
ee
n
nutritional
stat
us
and
PP
BG
(
p
=0.
016),
bu
t
FB
G
was
not
si
gnifi
c
ant
(
p
=
0.
209).
In
con
cl
usion,
t
her
e
was
signifi
c
ant
cor
re
la
t
ion
bet
wee
n
nu
tri
t
io
nal
sta
tus
and
PP
BG
in
pat
ie
nts
with
DM
t
y
p
e
2,
but
FB
G
was
not
signifi
c
ant
.
How
eve
r
,
t
her
e
was
no
signifi
c
ant
cor
r
el
a
tion
bet
wee
n
stress a
nd
blood
gluc
ose
le
ve
ls i
n
pati
ent
s wi
th
D
M t
y
p
e
2
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Bl
ood gluc
os
e
le
vels
Diabetes m
el
lit
us
ty
pe
2
Nu
t
riti
on
al
stat
us
Stress
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Dyah Ay
u K
usum
a W
a
rd
a
ni,
Nu
t
riti
on
Scie
nc
e,
U
niv
e
rsita
s
Seb
el
as
Maret
,
Jl. Ir. Suta
m
i No
. 3
6A S
ur
a
kart
a, Sen
t
ral Ja
va
, In
donesia.
Em
a
il
: dyahayukw
@stu
den
t.
un
s
.ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ba
sed
on
data
from
World
Healt
h
Orga
nizat
ion
,
global
pr
e
valence
of
diabetes
m
el
lit
us
(D
M
)
a
t
adu
lt
s
a
ge
m
or
e
than
18
ye
a
r
s
old
i
ncr
ease
d
f
ro
m
1980
(
4
.
7%)
unti
l
2014
(
8,5%)
[1
]
.
Ba
sed
on
data
from
Ba
sic
Healt
h
Re
search
(RISK
ESDAS
)
in
20
13,
tren
d
of
D
M
pr
evale
nce
in
Ind
onesi
a
(2
.
1%)
was
highe
r
than
2007
(
1
.
1%
).
As
detai
l,
prev
al
ence
of
DM
at
w
om
en,
hi
gh
e
r
a
ge
a
nd
pr
e
valence
at
urba
n
district
sh
owe
d
higher
.
I
n
pa
rtic
ular,
Ce
nt
ral
Java
P
rovince
,
pr
e
vale
nce
of
DM
in
2007
com
par
ed
to
2013
al
so
inc
r
ease
d
bec
a
m
e 1
.
9%
[
2
].
Diabetes
m
el
litus
is
m
ai
n
cause
of
blin
dne
ss,
ki
dney
fail
ur
e
,
hea
rt
at
ta
ck,
st
roke
a
nd
a
m
pu
ta
ti
o
n
of
lowe
r
extrem
ities
[1
]
.
Cl
assif
ic
at
ion
of
DM
accor
ding
to
A
m
erican
Diabe
te
s
Asso
ci
at
io
n
(ADA)
cat
eg
ori
zed
into
3
:
DM
ty
pe
1,
DM
ty
pe
2
dan
an
oth
e
r
t
ype
of
DM
or
al
so
cal
le
d
D
M
ty
pe
3
[3
]
.
Ulla
h,
et
al
.
de
scribe
d
that
in
patie
nt
s
with
DM
ty
pe
2
dam
age
d
to
certai
n
m
echan
ism
s
that
m
ai
ntain
reg
lucosati
on
of
ti
ssu
e
sensiti
vity
to
i
ns
uli
n,
res
ulti
ng
in
im
paired
insu
li
n
secreti
on
from
pan
cre
at
ic
beta
cel
ls
and
im
paired
insu
li
n
act
ion
th
r
ough
insu
li
n resist
an
ce [
4].
Ba
sic
Healt
h
Re
search
in
2013
al
so
report
ed
p
re
valen
ce
of
psy
ch
ologica
l
distress
in
Ce
ntral
Java
Pr
ovi
nce
was
4.7%
[
2].
Ra
m
kisso
n,
et
al.
found
that
psy
cho
l
og
ic
al
di
stress
aff
ect
s
m
et
abo
li
c
con
trol
i
n
patie
nts
with
DM,
the
reb
y
increasi
ng
risk
of
lo
ng
-
te
rm
com
plica
ti
on
s
[5
]
.
T
risna
wati
and
Sety
or
ogo
[
6]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2018
:
283
–
288
284
descr
i
bed
t
hat
increase
d
ris
k
of
DM
in
co
ndit
ion
of
stres
s
caused
by
exc
essive
pro
duct
ion
of
c
or
ti
s
ol
wh
e
n
exp
e
rience
d
st
ress.
T
his
e
xc
essive
co
rtisol
pro
du
ct
io
n
w
ou
l
d
cau
se
sle
eplessne
ss,
de
pr
essi
on,
decre
ased
blood
pr
ess
ure
,
weakness
an
d
over
ap
petit
e
.
Ther
e
fore,
ge
ner
al
ly
people
who
ex
per
ie
nc
e
lon
g
stress
would
hav
e
te
ndency
to
ove
rw
ei
gh
t
wh
ic
h
was
one
of
ris
k
fact
ors
for
DM
[
6].
Ulrich
-
Lai
,
et
al
.
[7
]
descr
i
be
d
that
stress
sign
al
s
,
inclu
ding
glu
c
oc
or
ti
coi
ds
an
d
cor
ti
cotr
opin
-
r
el
easi
ng
facto
r
(CRF),
t
arg
et
e
d
dopam
ine
neu
r
ons
in
m
esoli
m
bic
reg
i
on.
Mo
du
l
at
ion
of
do
pa
m
ine
pr
ef
r
on
ta
l
stria
tu
m
reg
luco
sat
ion
i
ncrea
sed
s
us
ce
ptibil
it
y
of
foo
d
ad
dicti
on
as
a
"rew
ard
syst
e
m
"
throu
gh
ver
y
ta
sty
fo
od
intake
(h
i
gh
cal
ori
e
de
nsi
ty
fo
od
s
c
onta
ining
high
glu
c
os
e,
carb
ohydrates
and
fat)
w
hich
ref
e
rr
e
d
a
s
"c
om
fo
rt
f
ood”
[7
]
.
C
or
ti
s
ol
c
ou
l
d
a
ff
ect
dir
ect
l
y
blood
gl
ucose
le
vel
in
a
pe
rs
on.
I
nc
rease
d
cor
ti
so
l
c
ould
cause
sti
m
ulatio
n
of
glu
c
oneo
gen
e
sis
an
d
de
crease
of
glu
c
os
e
upta
ke
by
cel
ls.
Both
of
t
hese
cou
l
d
ca
us
e
in
crea
sin
g
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
of
gluc
os
e
ci
rc
ulate
d
in
t
he
blood [
8].
Each
i
nd
i
vidua
l,
m
oo
d
a
nd
m
ental
co
ndit
ion
is
one
of
facto
rs
that
co
uld
in
flue
nce
foo
d
in
ta
ke
[
9].
I
n
patie
nts
wit
h
DM
ty
pe
2,
st
ress
was
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
higher
i
ntake
of
s
weet
f
oods.
C
or
ti
so
l
was
as
s
ociat
ed
with
hi
gh
e
r
int
ake
of
sat
urat
ed
fats
an
d
s
we
et
fo
ods
.
A
part
fr
om
DM,
stress
was
ass
ociat
ed
with
ci
rc
ul
at
ed
insu
li
n
a
nd
hi
gher
body
m
ass
ind
e
x
(BMI
)
[
10
]
.
Mi
s
nad
ia
r
ly
exp
la
ine
d
th
at
stress
an
d
a
nx
ie
ty
we
re
as
su
m
ed
cou
l
d
cause
obesi
ty
[1
1].
A
w
ad,
et
al
.
po
i
nted
that
obesi
ty
is
m
a
in
risk
f
act
or
f
or
tw
o
-
thir
ds
of
DM
ty
pe
2
incidenc
e
[
12]
.
In
obese
,
non
-
est
erified
fatt
y
aci
ds
(N
E
FA)
le
vel
s,
glyc
er
ol,
horm
on
es,
cy
to
kin
es
,
proin
flam
m
at
or
y
age
nts
a
nd
oth
e
r
factors
a
sso
ci
at
ed
with
ins
ulin
resist
ance
i
ncr
e
ase
d
[13].
T
he
refore
,
w
e
exam
ined
co
rrel
at
ion
of st
res
s and
nutrit
iona
l st
at
us
w
it
h b
lood
glu
c
os
e le
vels in
p
at
ie
nts
w
it
h DM ty
pe
2.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
stu
dy
wa
s
a
cro
ss
sect
ion
al
desig
n
co
nducted
at
Dr
.
Moewa
rd
i
Hospita
l
Su
ra
ka
rta
since
A
pr
i
l
un
ti
l
M
ay
20
18.
P
opulati
on
of
this
stu
dy
was
al
l
patie
nts
with
DM
ty
pe
2
at
Po
ly
cl
inic
In
te
r
nal
Disease
Dr
.
Moewa
rd
i
H
ospit
al
Su
ra
kart
a.
Sa
m
ples
of
120
pe
ople
wer
e
ta
ke
n
by
con
se
cutiv
e
sa
m
pling
m
et
hod.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
on
ly
11
1
sam
ples
wer
e
able
t
o
be
a
naly
zed
becau
se
9
patie
nts
did
not
co
m
ple
te
blo
od
gl
uco
se
le
vels
exam
inati
on
post
-
pr
a
ndia
l
blood
gluc
os
e
te
st,
so
t
hat
they
wer
e
exclu
ded
from
this
stud
y.
Sa
m
ples
sel
ect
ed
base
d
on
i
nclusi
on
and
e
xclu
sio
n
crit
eria.
I
nclus
ion
c
rite
ria
s
:
(
1)
outpati
ents
at
Po
ly
cl
inic
In
t
er
nal
Disease
Dr
.
Moewa
r
di
H
ospit
al
Su
ra
kar
ta
with
m
edical
diagnosis
of
D
M
ty
pe
2;
(
2)
adu
lt
a
ge
(>
19
ye
ars)
;
(3)
not
physi
cal
ly
and
m
ental
ly
disabled;
(4)
ta
king
DM
drug
s;
a
nd
(5)
not
sic
k.
E
xc
lusio
n
crit
eria
s
:
(1
)
m
enstru
at
io
n; (2) el
der
ly
(>
60 yea
rs
);
a
nd (3) d
o n
ot co
m
plete
all
r
esearc
h proce
dures.
Stress
i
n
this
stud
y
was
m
easur
e
d
us
i
ng
pe
rceive
d
stre
ss
scal
e
10
it
em
s
(PSS
-
10)
qu
est
ionnaire.
Re
su
lt
s
us
i
ng
PSS
-
10
is
a
dd
up
al
l
total
scor
e
of
each
quest
io
n,
e
xcept
for
num
ber
s
4,
5,
7
a
nd
8
give
n
opposit
e
sc
or
e
of
scal
e
us
e
d
(
0=4,
1=2,
2=
2,
3=
1
a
nd
0=
4).
T
otal
PS
S
-
10
sco
re
t
he
n
cat
e
gorized
as
m
i
ld,
m
od
erate an
d
s
ever
e
stress
[1
4].
Nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
was
determ
i
ned
by
body
m
ass
ind
ex
(BMI),
i.e.
weig
ht
(k
g)
2
/heig
ht
(
m
).
Data
of
body
weig
ht
a
nd
hei
gh
t
we
re
ta
ken
f
ro
m
m
easur
em
ents
of
hosp
it
al
sta
f
f.
This
was
a
st
and
a
r
d
procedure
in
Dr
.
Moe
wardi
Hospita
l
Suraka
rta
w
her
e
ever
y
ou
t
patie
nt
was
m
ea
su
re
d
for
a
nth
r
opom
et
ry
in
th
e
reg
ist
rati
on
sec
ti
on
on
each
vi
sit
.
C
at
egory
of
BM
I
i
n
this
s
tud
y
r
efe
rs
to
BM
I
cat
eg
or
iz
at
ion
from
WH
O
f
or
Asia
-
Paci
fic [
15]
.
Bl
ood
glu
c
os
e
le
vels
e
xam
inati
on
perf
or
m
e
d
in
this
stu
dy
we
re
fasti
ng
blood
gl
uc
os
e
(F
BG
)
a
nd
2
-
hour
po
st
-
pr
and
ia
l
blood
gl
uco
se
(PPB
G
)
te
sts
in
m
g/d
L.
Data
of
bl
ood
gl
uco
se
le
ve
ls
wer
e
al
so
t
aken
from
exa
m
inatio
n
by
hos
pital
sta
ff
.
This
wa
s
al
so
a
sta
nda
rd
proce
dure
i
n
D
r.
M
oew
a
r
di
H
ospit
al
Suraka
rta
wh
e
re
e
ver
y
pa
ti
ent
with
D
M
ty
pe
2
perf
or
m
ed
bloo
d
glu
c
os
e
te
sts
i
n
la
borat
or
y
one
day
be
fore
routine
con
t
ro
l
was
ca
rr
i
ed
out.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
e
xa
m
inati
on
of
blo
od
glu
c
os
e
le
vels
the
n
cat
e
gorized
i
nto
norm
al
,
m
od
erate
and
h
ig
h
[16
]
.
Stat
ist
ic
al
analy
sis
us
e
d
in
this
stud
y
was
Ke
nd
al
l
-
ta
u
correla
ti
on
us
in
g
SP
SS
16.
All
proce
dures
in
this
stud
y
ha
ve
bee
n
ap
prov
e
d
by
Ethic
s
Co
m
m
i
tt
ee
Dr
.
M
oew
a
r
di
Ho
s
pital
/Fac
ul
ty
of
Me
dicine
Un
i
ve
rsita
s Se
belas
Ma
ret.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Table
1
s
how
s
m
ean
of
stre
ss,
BM
I,
FBG
a
nd
PPB
G.
Me
an
of
stres
s
base
d
on
total
sco
r
e
of
P
SS
-
10
is
14.50±5.
50
(95%
CI=
13.
47
-
15.
54).
Me
a
n
of
BM
I
was
25.83
±
4.2
kg
/
m
2
(95%
CI=
25.03
-
26.
63
kg/m
2
).
Me
an
of
blood
glu
c
os
e
le
vels
by
FBG
was
152.9
1±6
3.6
6
m
g/d
L
(95%
C
I
=140.9
4
-
164.8
8
m
g/d
L)
a
nd
PPB
G
was
213.9
6±7
0.17
m
g/d
L
(95%
CI=
200.7
6
-
22
7.15
m
g/d
L).
Table
2
des
cribes
res
ults
of
sta
ti
sti
cal
a
naly
sis
from
cor
relat
io
n
o
f
stress
an
d
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
t
us
with
bloo
d
glu
c
os
e
le
vels
by
FBG
.
Kend
al
l
-
ta
u
co
rr
el
at
ion
a
s
ind
ic
at
or
of
sig
nifi
cance
le
vel.
Table
3
al
s
o
s
how
s
Kendall
-
ta
u
co
rr
el
at
io
n
of
st
ress
a
nd
nutrit
ion
al
sta
tu
s
with
blood gl
ucose l
evels
by PP
B
G
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Stress,
N
utrit
io
na
l
Sta
t
us
and
Blood
Gluc
os
e
Levels i
n Pati
ents wi
th
…
(
D
yah
Ay
u
Ku
suma
Ward
ani
)
285
Table
1.
Mea
n
o
f
S
tress
, B
od
y
Mass I
ndex
, Fast
ing
Bl
oo
d G
lucose
and P
os
t
-
p
ra
nd
ia
l B
loo
d Gl
uc
os
e
Variable
Mean±SD
9
5
% CI
Stress
1
BMI
2
(kg
/
m
2
)
FBG
3
(
m
g
/d
L
)
PPBG
4
(
m
g
/d
L
)
1
4
.50
±5
.5
0
2
5
.83
±4
.2
5
1
5
2
.91
±
6
3
.66
2
1
3
.96
±
7
0
.17
1
3
.47
-
1
5
.5
4
2
5
.03
-
2
6
.6
3
1
4
0
.94
-
1
6
4
.88
2
0
0
.76
-
2
2
7
.15
1
Total sco
re
o
f
p
e
rceived
stres
s sca
l
e
1
0
ite
m
s
(PSS
-
10)
2
Bo
d
y
m
ass
ind
ex
3
Fastin
g
blo
o
d
gl
u
co
se
4
Po
st
-
p
rand
ial blo
o
d
glu
co
se
Table
2.
C
orrel
at
ion
of Stress
and
N
utriti
onal
Stat
us
w
it
h
Bl
ood Gluc
os
e
Lev
el
s
by Fa
sti
ng
Bl
ood Glu
cose
Variable
Fastin
g
bl
o
o
d
gl
u
co
se
3
t
4
p
No
r
m
al
Mod
erate
Hig
h
n
%
n
%
n
%
Stress
1
Mild
Mod
erate
Sev
ere
Total
Nu
trition
al statu
s
2
Un
d
erwe
righ
t
No
r
m
al
Ov
erwe
ig
h
t
Ob
ese
Total
10
21
0
31
0
5
10
16
31
3
2
.3
6
7
.7
0
100
0
1
6
.1
3
2
.3
5
1
.6
100
6
12
0
18
1
4
4
9
18
3
3
.3
6
6
.7
0
100
5
.6
2
2
.2
2
2
.2
50
100
26
35
1
62
2
9
9
42
68
4
1
.9
5
6
.5
1
.6
100
3
.2
1
4
.5
1
4
.5
6
7
.7
100
-
0
.07
8
0
.08
8
0
.38
9
0
.29
2
1
Mild ≤1
3
,
m
o
d
er
ate=
14
-
2
6
,
sev
ere >2
6
2
Un
d
erwe
ig
h
t <18
.5 k
g
/
m
2
,
no
r
m
al
=
1
8
.5
-
22.
9
kg
/m
2
,
ov
erwe
ig
h
t=
23
-
2
4
.9
kg
/
m
2
,
o
b
ese ≥25
kg
/
m
2
3
No
r
m
al
<11
0
m
g
/d
L,
m
o
d
er
ate=
110
-
1
2
5
m
g
/d
L
,
h
ig
h
≥12
6
m
g
/d
L
4
Ken
d
all
-
tau
corre
latio
n
Table
3.
C
orrel
at
ion
of Stress
and Nutrit
io
nal Stat
us
w
it
h
Bl
ood Gluc
os
e
Lev
el
s
by P
os
t
-
p
randial
Bl
oo
d Gluc
os
e
Variable
Po
st
-
p
rand
ial blo
o
d
glu
co
se
3
t
4
p
No
r
m
al
Mod
erate
Hig
h
n
%
n
%
n
%
Stress
1
Mild
Mod
erate
Sev
ere
Total
Nu
trition
al statu
s
2
Un
d
erwe
righ
t
No
r
m
al
Ov
erwe
ig
h
t
Ob
ese
Total
6
11
0
17
0
6
6
5
17
3
5
.3
6
4
.7
0
100
0
3
5
.3
3
5
.3
2
9
.4
100
9
11
0
20
0
4
4
12
20
45
55
0
100
0
20
20
60
100
27
46
1
74
3
8
13
50
74
3
6
.5
6
2
.2
1
.4
100
4
.1
1
0
.8
1
7
.6
6
7
.6
100
0
.11
0
0
.20
9
0
.20
2
0
.01
6
*
1
Mild ≤1
3
,
m
o
d
er
ate =
1
4
-
2
6
,
sev
ere
>26
2
Un
d
erwe
ig
h
t <18
.5 k
g
/
m
2
,
no
r
m
al
=
18
.5
-
2
2
.9 k
g
/
m
2
,
o
v
erwe
ig
h
t =
2
3
-
2
4
.9 k
g
/
m
2
,
o
b
ese ≥
2
5
kg
/
m
2
3
No
r
m
al
<14
5
m
g
/d
L,
m
o
d
er
ate =
14
5
-
1
7
9
m
g
/d
L,
hig
h
≥18
0
m
g
/d
L
4
Ken
d
all
-
tau
corre
latio
n
*
Sign
if
ican
t
p
<0
.
0
5
3.1.
St
ress
and
blo
od gluc
ose
levels
In
t
his
stu
dy,
only
1
patie
nt
pe
rceive
d
se
vere
stress
(
0.9%
)
,
othe
rs
perce
ived
m
il
d
stress
42
patie
nts
(37.8%
)
a
nd
m
od
e
rate
stres
s
68
patie
nts
(
61
.3
%
).
Tables
2
an
d
3
s
howe
d
no
si
gn
ific
a
nt
co
rr
el
at
io
n
be
tween
stress
an
d
blood
glu
c
os
e
le
vels,
both
FB
G
(
p
=
0.3
89)
a
nd
P
PBG
(
p
=
0.202
).
I
n
this
stud
y,
there
was
no
sign
ific
a
nt
co
r
relat
ion
betwe
en
stress
a
nd
bl
ood
g
l
ucose
le
vels
in
patie
nt
s
with
DM
ty
pe
2,
both
us
i
ng
FB
G
and
P
PBG
te
sts.
This
res
ult
was
dif
fer
e
nt
f
ro
m
Der
ek,
et
al
.
who
fou
nd
that
there
was
associat
ion
between
stress
le
vels
a
nd
bl
ood
gl
uc
os
e
le
vels
in
patie
nts
with
DM
ty
pe
2
at
Panca
ra
n
Ka
sih
Ho
s
pital
GMI
M
Ma
nado
[17].
Ph
ysi
ol
og
ic
al
ly
,
Sinha
&
Ja
ste
broff
e
xp
la
i
ned
that
stress
respo
ns
es
a
ris
e
thr
ough
tw
o
stress
path
ways
inte
racti
on.
First,
act
ivati
on
of
hy
po
t
halam
ic
-
pituit
ary
-
a
drenal
(
HPA)
axis
that
rel
esead
cor
ti
cotr
opin
-
r
el
easi
ng
fa
ct
or
(CRF)
f
r
om
par
a
ve
ntricular
nu
cl
e
us
(
PVN)
hypothala
m
us
,
then
sti
m
ula
te
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2018
:
283
–
288
286
secreti
on
of
adr
e
noco
rtic
otr
op
i
n
horm
on
(A
CTH
)
f
rom
anterior
pi
tuit
ary
gland
,
wh
ic
h
sti
m
ulate
s
glu
c
ocorti
coid
secreti
on
(c
ort
isol
or
c
or
ti
c
os
te
r
on
e
)
f
ro
m
the
adr
e
nal
gl
and
.
Se
co
nd,
auto
no
m
ic
ner
vous
s
yst
e
m
was
coo
r
din
at
e
d
by
s
ym
at
ho
adr
e
nal
m
edu
ll
ary
(SAM)
an
d
par
a
sy
m
patheti
c
sy
stem
s
[
18
]
.
C
hro
nic
act
ivati
on
of
H
PA
a
xis
c
ou
l
d
aff
ect
glu
c
os
e
m
et
abo
li
s
m
and
ca
us
e
in
su
li
n
resist
ance
,
res
ulti
ng
i
n
c
hang
es
i
n
horm
on
es
rela
te
d
to
a
ppet
it
e
(s
uch
a
s
le
ptin
a
nd
ghrel
in)
a
nd
f
ood
neur
op
e
ptides
(su
c
h
as
N
PY)
[
7].
Pscyc
holo
gical
stress
c
ou
l
d
increase
ghreli
n
in
se
r
um
.
Gh
reli
n
ha
ve
orexige
nic
ef
fect
that
co
uld
i
nc
reasin
g
app
et
it
e
[
19
]
.
Cortisol
c
ou
l
d
aff
ect
di
rectl
y
blood
glu
c
os
e
le
vel
in
a
pe
r
so
n.
I
nc
reased
cor
ti
so
l
c
ould
cause
stim
ulati
on
of
glu
c
on
e
ogene
s
is
and
decre
ase
of
glu
c
os
e
upt
ake
by
cel
ls.
B
oth
of
these
co
uld
cause
inc
re
asi
ng
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
gl
ucose
ci
rcu
la
te
d
in
the
blo
od
[
8].
Ther
e
wa
s
relat
ion
s
hip
be
twe
en
hom
ocyst
ein
e
an
d
cor
ti
so
l
relat
ed
to
ps
yc
ho
l
og
i
ca
l
factor
s
i
n
pa
ti
ents
with
D
M
ty
pe
2.
Kon
toan
gelos
et
al
.
[20]
f
ound
tha
t
high
cor
ti
so
l
le
vels
wer
e
ass
ociat
ed
with
i
ncr
eas
e
in
c
onflic
t.
Cortisol
i
n
patie
nts
with
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
DM
inc
rease
d
wh
e
n
inc
rease
in
phobic
an
xiety
was
m
easur
ed
by
the
sym
pto
n
check
li
s
t
-
90
-
R
scal
e
(
SCL
-
90
-
R).
St
ress
or
ps
yc
holo
gical
conditi
ons
du
e
t
o
oth
er
things
(s
uc
h
as
traum
a,
su
r
ge
ry,
in
j
ec
ti
on
,
a
nesthe
s
ia
and
hypoglyc
em
ia
)
and
de
pr
e
ssio
n
sti
m
ulate
d
releasi
ng
of
C
RF
from
hypothalam
us
in
th
e
br
ai
n
a
nd
t
rigg
e
r
e
d
ACTH
by
pituit
ary
gla
n
d,
wh
ic
h
ca
us
e
d
adr
e
nal
glan
ds
to
pr
oduce
horm
on
es,
incl
ud
i
ng
co
rtisol
by
the
adr
e
nal c
or
te
x [20].
Ap
a
rt fr
om
D
M, stress
was
ass
ociat
ed
w
it
h
ci
rcu
la
te
d
in
su
li
n an
d
hi
gh
e
r
BM
I [
21
]
.
In
sam
ple
of
this
stud
y,
patie
nt
s
did
no
t
pe
rc
ei
ve
sever
e
str
ess,
so
increa
sing
blood
gl
uc
ose
le
vels
in
this
sam
ple
wa
s
no
t
af
fected
by
stress
but
c
ause
d
by
an
ot
her
factors.
N
onet
heless,
as
s
een
in
Ta
ble
3
and
4
that
patie
nts
w
it
h
m
od
erate
st
ress
a
nd
high
blood
gl
uc
os
e
le
vels,
bo
t
h
F
BG
a
nd
PPB
G
,
we
re
s
een
m
or
e
tha
n
patie
nts
with
m
il
d
stress.
Ra
m
kisso
n
et
al.
fou
nd
t
hat
factor
s
c
ontrib
utin
g
to
high
ps
yc
ho
s
ocial
stress
were
low
e
du
cat
io
n,
un
em
plo
ye
d,
wo
m
en,
prese
nc
e
in
public
se
ct
or
a
nd
high
l
evels
of
H
bA1
c.
Psych
osoci
al
stress
aff
ect
ed
m
et
abo
li
c co
ntr
ol in pati
ents
with
D
M, th
us
inc
reas
ing
risk o
f
l
ong
-
te
rm
co
m
plica
ti
on
s
[5
]
.
3.2.
Nutri
tio
n
al
st
atus
and
blood
glucose
le
vels
Table
2
sho
we
d
no
sign
i
fican
t
relat
ion
sh
ip
be
tween
nutrit
io
nal
sta
tus
and
FBG
(
p
=0
.29
2),
but
Table
3
sho
wed
t
hat
there
was
a
sig
nificant
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
betwee
n
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
a
nd
P
PBG
(
p
=0
.01
6).
This
stud
y
fou
nd
si
gn
ific
ant
correla
ti
on
betwee
n
nutri
ti
on
al
sta
tus
ba
sed
on
BM
I
and
bloo
d
gluc
os
e
le
vels
ba
sed
on
PPBG
in
patie
nts
with
DM
ty
pe
2.
T
his
res
ul
t
cl
arified
Al
-
Goblan
,
et
al
.
s
ta
tem
ent
that
ob
esi
ty
based
on
BM
I
was
ver
y
cl
os
e
ly
relat
ed
to
D
M
an
d
ins
ulin
resist
ance,
bot
h
DM
ty
pe
1
a
nd
ty
pe
2.
I
n
obese,
NE
FA
le
vels,
glyc
ero
l,
horm
on
e
s,
cy
tok
i
ne
s,
proi
nf
la
m
m
at
or
y
age
nts
a
nd
oth
e
r
fact
ors
associat
ed
w
it
h
insu
li
n
resist
ance
increase
d
[
13
]
.
Accord
i
ng
to
W
y
nne,
et
al
.,
ci
rcu
la
te
d
ins
ul
in
le
vels
wer
e
la
rg
el
y
deter
m
ined
by
per
i
ph
e
ral
insu
li
n
se
ns
it
iv
it
y
and
associa
te
d
with
total
body
fat
de
pos
it
s
and
fat
dist
rib
ution.
Visce
ral
fat
was
a
m
ajo
r
d
et
erm
inant
of
ins
ulin
se
ns
it
ivit
y
[1
9
]
.
A
wa
d,
et
al
.
pointe
d
t
hat
obesi
ty
i
s
m
ai
n
risk
fac
tor
f
or
tw
o
-
thi
r
ds
of
DM
ty
pe
2
inc
idence
s
[
12
]
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
his
stu
dy
al
so
a
naly
zed
c
orrel
at
ion
betwee
n
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
t
us
a
nd
FBG,
bu
t
p
-
val
ue
of
sta
ti
sti
cal
anal
ysi
s
us
in
g
Kendall
-
ta
u
c
orrelat
ion
s
ho
wed
i
ns
ig
nific
ant.
H
oweve
r,
as
seen
in
Table
2
t
hat
ob
e
se
patie
nt
t
end
t
o
ha
ve
hig
he
r
bl
ood
s
ug
ar
le
vels
tha
n
in
ot
her
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
cat
egories
.
Althou
gh
no
t
sta
ti
sti
cally
s
i
gn
i
ficant,
sit
ua
ti
on
in
Table
2
was
not
m
uch
diff
ere
nt
fr
om
cor
relat
ion
of
nu
t
riti
on
al
stat
us
with
PPBG
in Ta
ble 3.
Ob
esi
ty
was
note
d
to
be
very
co
m
m
on
a
m
ong
patie
nts
w
it
h
DM.
This
was
ve
ry
detri
m
ental
and
counter
-
pr
oduc
ti
ve
par
ti
c
ularly
fo
r
patie
nts
with
DM
ty
pe
2
a
nd
t
his
m
ade
co
ntro
l
of
th
ei
r
bloo
d
s
ug
a
r
m
or
e
el
us
ive
[23].
An
al
ysi
s
of
obesi
ty
eff
ect
s,
m
easur
ed
by
BM
I,
sho
wed
that
it
s
diabet
og
e
nic
ef
fect.
Me
an
of
PPBG
range
d
from
5.
8
m
m
o
l/
1
in
m
en
who
we
re
in
t
he
highest
te
rtil
e
of
weig
ht
at
one
ye
ar
bu
t
the
lowest
te
rtil
e
of
c
urre
nt
BM
I
(<25.
4
kg
/m
2
),
to
7.7
m
m
ol/1
in
m
e
n
in
the
l
ow
e
st
te
rtil
e
of
wei
ght
at
one
ye
a
r
and
the
highest
te
rtil
e
of
cu
rr
e
nt
BM
I
(>
28
kg/m
2
)
[
24
]
.
Bot
h
hig
h
pr
oport
ion
of
bo
dy
fat
an
d
pr
e
dom
inance
of
central
obesi
ty
wer
e
ass
ociat
ed
with
i
nsuli
n
resist
a
nce.
A
high
pro
port
i
on
of
Asia
n
pe
op
le
hav
e
both
these
char
act
e
risti
cs,
an
d
m
igh
t
al
s
o
hav
e
pan
c
re
at
ic
β
-
cel
l
secr
et
or
y
def
ect
s.
I
m
paired
ins
ulin
sec
reti
on
m
i
gh
t
be
induced
b
y i
nsuf
fici
ent β
-
cel
l m
ass, b
y f
un
ct
ion
al
def
ect
s
wi
thin the β cel
ls t
hem
sel
ves,
or
bo
t
h
[
25]
.
The
w
ea
kn
ess
of
t
his
stu
dy
w
as
us
i
ng
cr
os
s
sect
ion
al
desig
n
that
wea
k
to
exp
la
in
cau
se
a
nd
ef
fect
of
an
associat
io
n.
Moreove
r,
nu
m
ber
of
sam
pl
es
with
seve
re
stress
was
ina
dequate
an
d
c
ou
l
d
not
desc
ribe
the
resu
lt
s
w
el
l.
F
ur
t
her
st
ud
y
on
ot
her
sam
ples
that
ha
ve
hi
gh
e
r
stress
le
vel
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
ly
to
il
lustrate
bette
r
resu
lt
s.
T
his
st
ud
y
us
in
g
tw
o
ind
ic
at
ors
of
bl
ood
glu
c
os
e
le
vels
(
FB
G
an
d
PPBG
)
t
o
em
ph
a
siz
e
the
res
ults
of
the
stu
dy.
T
he
resu
lt
s
by
FB
G
te
st
sho
wed
insig
nificant
c
orrelat
ion
of
nutrit
ion
al
sta
tu
s
with
blood
gl
uco
s
e
le
vels,
bu
t
the
resu
lt
s
by
P
PB
G
te
st
c
ould
c
onfirm
correla
ti
on
bet
ween
nutrit
ion
al
sta
tu
s
an
d
bl
ood
gl
ucose
le
vels
by
giv
in
g
sig
nificant
re
su
lt
.
PPBG
te
st
was
an
exam
i
nation
to
ass
es
s
pan
c
reati
c
functi
on
or
in
su
li
n
was
release
d
by
pa
ncr
eas
to
ne
ut
rali
ze
gl
uco
se
.
Bl
ood
gl
uco
s
e
le
vels
w
ou
l
d
i
ncr
ease
aft
er
m
eal
s
and
would
gr
a
dual
ly
no
r
m
al
iz
e
after
a
ppr
ox
im
at
ely
2
hours
[
26
].
This
stu
dy
us
e
d
inclusi
on
a
nd
exclu
ci
on
cr
it
erias
to
con
t
ro
l
co
unf
oundin
g
fact
or
s
,
su
ch
as
a
ge,
sex
an
d
m
edic
at
ion
.
Sam
ples
ta
ken
in
this
stud
y
was
fro
m
age
adu
lt
group
(19
-
60
ye
ars
).
D
ia
betes
m
ellit
u
s
in
el
de
rly
w
as
m
e
ta
bo
li
cal
ly
diff
ere
nt
with
DM
i
n
ot
h
e
r
ag
e
gro
up
s
,
s
o
different
t
her
a
pe
utic
appr
oach
w
as
nee
de
d
in
this
a
ge
group
[27].
I
n
el
der
l
y
(≥60
-
65
ye
a
r
s),
D
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Stress,
N
utrit
io
na
l
Sta
t
us
and
Blood
Gluc
os
e
Levels i
n Pati
ents wi
th
…
(
D
yah
Ay
u
Ku
suma
Ward
ani
)
287
was
an
al
arm
i
ng
public
healt
h
pro
blem
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
c
ount
ries.
Com
plica
ti
on
s
an
d
com
or
bid
it
ie
s
of
DM
wer
e m
or
e c
om
m
on
in
el
de
rl
y pati
ents w
it
h
DM tha
n
in
yo
unge
r
patie
nts
[28]. Medica
ti
on also
ha
ve
e
f
fect o
n
blood
g
luc
os
e
l
evels
in
patie
nt
s
with
DM
ty
pe
2,
s
o
only
patie
nts
who
ta
ki
ng
DM
dr
ug
s
w
ere
ta
ke
n
as
sa
m
pl
e
in
this
stud
y.
Sex
distri
bu
ti
on
of
patie
nts
who
pa
rtic
ipate
d
in
this
stu
dy
was
fair
ly
balance
d,
m
en
45
%
and wom
en
55
%.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ther
e
was
sig
nificant
co
rr
el
at
ion
bet
ween
nu
trit
io
nal
sta
tus
an
d
post
-
pr
a
ndia
l
blo
od
glu
c
os
e
i
n
patie
nts
with
diabetes
m
ellitu
s
(
DM)
ty
pe
2,
but
fasti
ng
blood
glu
c
os
e
was
not
sign
if
ic
ant.
Ther
e
w
as
no
sig
nifica
nt
co
r
relat
ion
of
st
re
ss
with
fasti
ng
blood
gl
uco
se
and
post
-
pr
a
ndia
l
bloo
d
gl
uc
os
e
in
patie
nt
s
with
DM
ty
pe
2.
P
at
ie
nts
with
D
M
ty
pe
2
sh
ould
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
ab
ou
t
thei
r
nu
t
riti
on
al
sta
tus
so
that
suppo
rt
con
t
ro
li
ng
blood
glu
c
os
e
le
vels.
F
ur
t
her
s
tud
y
sho
uld
c
on
si
der
a
bout
bette
r
stu
dy
de
sign
a
nd
nu
m
ber
of
sam
ples in
each stre
ss
gro
up in or
der to ac
hi
ve bett
er result
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
ack
nowle
dg
e
to
al
l
sta
ff
of
Dr.
Mo
ewardi
Hospit
al
Su
rakarta
,
especial
ly
to
Trainin
g
an
d
Ed
ucati
on
Divi
sion
,
P
ol
yc
li
nic
In
te
r
nal
Dise
ase,
Me
dical
Re
cord
Di
visio
n
and
La
borat
ory
.
All
patie
nts
with
DM
ty
pe
2
at
Po
l
y
cl
inic
of
I
nter
nal
Diseas
e
Dr
.
M
oew
a
r
di
Hospita
l
Suraka
rta
w
ho
c
ontrib
uted
to
t
his
stud
y.
Sp
eci
al
than
ks
to
Pr
of.
Dr
.
Moh
am
m
ad
Fanan
i,
dr.,
S
p.K
J(K)
an
d
D
r
.
Dr
a
.
Dif
fah
Ha
nim
,
M.Si.
fo
r
adv
ic
es
and
s
uggestio
ns
t
o
this
stu
dy
im
pr
ov
em
ent.
Ma
ste
r
P
rogr
am
of
N
utri
ti
on
S
ci
ence,
Po
stg
ra
du
at
e
School,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
Se
belas Ma
ret
for
h
el
p t
o
c
onduc
t t
his stu
dy.
REFERE
NCE
S
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orld
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lt
h
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gani
z
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HO
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