Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
15, pp
. 159
~163
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
59
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Black Cumin Seed Oilas Hepatopr
otector in Decreasing SGPT
and SGOT Activity and Increasi
ng p53 Gene Expression in
Sprague Dawley
Rats Induced by Alloxan
Akr
o
m
1,2
, Endang
Darmaw
a
n
1
, Liesma
Yuhelv
ia
1
1
Faculty
of Phar
macy
, Univ
ersitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yog
y
ak
arta, I
ndonesia
2
Drug Information and Cr
isis Center, Univer
sitas
Ahmad Dahlan, Yo
g
y
akart
a
,
Ind
ones
i
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
n 27, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
20
, 20
15
Accepted Aug 29, 2015
The obj
ect
ive o
f
this
res
e
arch
was
to det
e
rm
ine the
effe
ct of
BCS
O on
SGPT/SGOT levels and
p53 expression in
r
a
ts induced
b
y
alloxan. This
stud
y
app
lied a
post test only
control
group design. A total of
42 SD rats
were divid
e
d in
to 6 groups. Group I was normal rats
. Group II (negative
control) w
a
s giv
e
n alloxan
.
Gro
up III
and
IV (tr
eatment groups) were g
i
ven
BCSO with equ
i
valent doses of
6.8 mg/kg
and
68 mg/kg th
ymoquinone,
respectively
(B
CSO 6.8 and B
C
SO68 gr
oups). Group V (positive
control)
was given vitamin C. Group VI
(cont
rol media)
were giv
e
n DMSO. BCSO
and Vitamin C are given for 1
week. Allox
a
n was given on 7
th
d
a
y
,
i
.
p
.
O
n
the 8
th
day
did b
l
ood sampling for measurem
ent of SGPT and SGOT levels
.
Liver r
e
tr
ieval was perfo
rmed on the 9
th
day continu
e
d
immunohistochemistr
y
staining
. The
aver
age levels of SGPT/SGOT were
then an
aly
z
ed
with ANOVA
test. p53
ex
pression was analy
z
ed b
y
Kolm
ogorov Se
m
i
rnov and Lev
e
ne th
en follow
e
d b
y
Kruskal
Wallis and
Mann-W
h
itne
y
.
Statist
i
ca
l t
e
sts perform
ed on
95% confid
ence lev
e
l. Th
e
results showed that the indu
ction
of
alloxan incr
eased levels of SGPT/SGOT.
BCSO68 reduced SGPT /SGOT
levels in
allox
a
n-induced rats
(p < 0.05)
.
Both BCSO 6.8
and BCSO68 in
creased
th
e expr
ession of p53
in
liver tissue
of alloxan – ind
u
ced rats
. Average percen
tag
e
of p53 expression in group I to
group VI were 11.12 ± 0.37; 19
.24 ± 4.
47; 30.31
± 1.59; 40.43 ±
1.74; 29.67
± 0.47; 12.02 ± 1.01, respec
ti
vel
y
. The
r
e
sult
of statisti
cal ana
l
y
s
is
showed
the value of p
< 0.05 in
all grou
ps except
in gro
up III. It
can b
e
conclud
e
d
that BCSO may have hepatopro
t
ective ef
f
ect
an
d incr
eas
e
the
e
xpres
s
i
on of
p53 in
the liv
er
of alloxan-indu
ced rats.
Keyword:
Al
l
oxa
n
Black cum
i
n s
eed
oil
Hepat
o
p
r
ot
ect
or
Im
m
unohi
st
oc
hem
i
st
ry
Nig
e
lla
sa
tiva
L
Ox
i
d
ativ
e stress
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ak
rom
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Pha
r
m
acol
ogy
and Clinical Pharm
acist,
Faculty of Pha
r
m
acy, Univ
er
si
t
a
s Ahm
a
d D
a
hl
an
,
Dr
ug
I
n
f
o
rm
ation
an
d C
r
i
s
i
s
C
e
nt
er,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s Ahm
a
d D
a
hl
an,
Pho
n
e
: +62
813 28
123
818
.
Em
a
il :ak
r
o
m
@ph
a
rm
.u
ad.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
Oxi
d
at
i
v
e st
res
s
can affect
va
ri
o
u
s o
r
ga
ns.
I
n
st
ead
of
panc
reas, o
n
e
of
or
gan
whi
c
h i
s
v
u
l
n
e
r
abl
e
t
o
dam
a
ge due
t
o
oxi
dat
i
v
e st
re
s
s
i
s
l
i
v
er.
Li
ve
r
i
s
t
h
e l
a
r
g
est
o
r
ga
n i
n
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
whi
c
h
has a
vari
et
y
o
f
f
u
nc
t
i
ons
t
o
sust
ai
n t
h
e s
u
r
v
i
v
al
of m
o
st
or
ga
ns i
n
t
h
e
bo
dy
.
Hepat
i
c
dy
sf
unct
i
o
n
de
m
onst
r
at
ed by
t
h
e i
n
creas
ed a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
SGPT an
d SG
O
T
en
zyme [
1
],
[2
].
The pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n of
de
ge
nera
t
i
v
e
di
seases
due
t
o
o
x
i
d
at
i
v
e
st
ress
can
be d
one
by
co
ns
um
i
ng
ant
i
oxi
dant
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
B
l
ack
cum
i
n seed oi
l
(B
C
S
O)
has
t
h
e m
a
i
n
co
m
poun
d o
f
t
h
y
m
oqui
n
one
al
l
e
gedl
y
havi
ng
he
pat
o
pr
ot
ect
i
v
e act
i
v
i
t
y
t
h
ro
u
gh
ant
i
oxi
dat
i
v
e
m
echani
s
m
[5]
,
[6]
.
P
r
evi
ous
researc
h
re
p
o
rt
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
1
59
–
16
3
16
0
thym
oqui
none
has a
n
a
n
tioxidant, a
n
ti-
infe
ctive, and a
n
tihistam
i
ne effe
cts [7]-[9]. But th
e m
echanism
of
B
C
S
O p
r
ot
ect
s t
h
e l
i
v
er
f
unct
i
on a
n
d p
5
3
ex
pressi
o
n
i
n
rat
was
un
k
n
o
w
n.
Thi
s
st
u
d
y
wa
s
aim
e
d t
o
det
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e ef
fect
of B
C
SO
on
l
e
vel
s
of
SG
OT/
S
GP
T an
d
p
5
3
ex
pr
essi
on
i
n
l
i
v
e
r
rat
s
i
n
duce
d
by
al
l
oxa
n.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2.
1.
Ma
terials
B
l
ack cum
i
n
seeds we
re o
b
t
ai
ned fr
om
t
h
e di
st
ri
but
or
o
f
her
b
al
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
nt
s i
n
Sem
a
ran
g
. T
h
e
authe
n
ticity of black c
u
m
i
n
seeds carried
out at th
e La
boratory of
Pharm
aceu
tical
Biology, Fac
u
lty of
Pha
r
m
acy, Gadja
h
Mada
University, Yogy
akar
ta.
Oth
e
r
materials are wh
ite m
a
le rat
s
(
Ra
ttus no
rveg
icu
s
)
Sp
ragu
e
Dawl
ey strain
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d fro
m
BPOM Jak
a
rta,
d
i
stilled
water, allo
x
a
n
,
d
e
h
ydrat
io
n
so
l
u
tio
n (alco
h
o
l
70
%,
90
%,
9
5
%
, an
d a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
), cl
eari
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(xy
l
ol
)
,
PB
S,
n
o
rm
al
ser
u
m
,
H2O
2
, m
e
t
h
anol
, a
n
t
i
-
p5
3
m
onocl
onal
an
t
i
body
,
para
ffi
n, 0
.
9%
NaC
l
phy
si
ol
o
g
i
cal
, xy
l
e
ne, pe
r
oxi
dase bl
o
c
ki
ng
sol
u
t
i
o
n, c
h
r
o
m
ogen
DAB
(
D
i
a
m
i
nobe
nzi
n
i
d
i
n
e
)
and
hem
a
t
oxy
l
i
n
eo
si
n.
2.
2.
Met
h
o
d
s
2.
2.
1.
Prepar
ati
o
n o
f
B
C
SO
B
C
S
O was
o
b
t
ai
ned by
pres
si
ng
bl
ack c
u
m
i
n seeds. B
l
a
c
k cum
i
n seed
s 40
0
g
p
r
esse
d
wi
t
h
en
gi
ne
po
we
r
of
6
0
0
t
ons
. T
h
e
oi
l
w
a
s col
l
ect
ed i
n
a pet
r
i
di
sh
set
e
ri
l
t
o
be st
ore
d
at
ro
om
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
.
2.
2.
2.
The hep
a
topr
otec
tive
ac
tivi
ty te
s
t
of BCS
O
induce
d
b
y
alloxan
Forty two rats
were
divide
d i
n
to
six
groups
, each consisting of 7
a
n
im
a
l
s. Group I
(normal), Group
II
(ill), Group
III, IV
were t
r
eated
b
y
BCSO at do
se
6
.
8
m
g
/k
g
and
68
m
g
/k
g
B
W
.
Gro
u
p
V as th
e
po
sitiv
e
cont
rol
gr
o
up were gi
ve
n vi
t
a
m
i
ne
C
.
Gr
o
u
p
V
I
was
a
c
o
nt
r
o
l
sol
v
ent
g
i
ven DM
S
O
. B
C
S
O
an
d Vi
t
a
m
i
n
C
were
gi
ven
d
u
r
i
ng
o
n
e
week
, t
h
en
al
l
oxa
n
wa
s gi
ven
o
n
day
7.
2.
2.
3.
Measurement
of SGPT
and
SGPT level
B
l
oo
d sam
p
l
e
s was i
n
se
rt
ed i
n
t
o
e
p
en
dr
o
ff
cont
ai
ni
ng
he
p
a
ri
n. T
h
e
bl
o
o
d
cent
r
i
f
u
g
e
d
a
t
a speed
of
4
000
rp
m
.
On
ce cen
trifug
ed, th
e sam
p
les were sep
a
rate
d
by
usi
n
g
pi
pet
.
S
G
PT/
S
GO
T l
e
vel
s
o
f
sam
p
l
e
s was
d
e
term
in
ed
usin
g 200
m
L
sam
p
le wh
ich
was add
e
d
in 100
0
μ
lm
onorea
g
en.
Each inc
u
bated at a tem
p
erature
of
2
5
0
C
f
o
r
60
seco
n
d
s a
n
d t
h
en
rea
d
at
a
wavel
e
ngt
h
of
34
4
nm
(A
1)
.
Wai
t
6
0
sec
o
n
d
s a
n
d t
h
e
n
re
-
r
ead
t
h
e
abs
o
rbance
(A2), wait
60 se
conds
,
and
rea
d
a
g
ain
(A
3).
Abs
o
rba
n
ce
us
ed to m
easure levels of
SGPT and
SG
OT
usi
n
g t
h
e eq
uat
i
on:
L
e
v
e
ls
o
f
SG
OT
or
SG
PT
(U
/ I
)
=
Δ
A / m
i
n
x
F
Form
ula:
Δ
A / m
i
n = ((
A1
-A
2
)
+
(A
2
-
A3
))/
2
F = Facto
r
(9
71
)
2.
2.
4.
p5
3 e
x
pressi
o
n
ex
ami
n
ati
o
n
Li
ver ret
r
i
e
val
i
s
perf
orm
e
d on
9t
h
day
by
m
eans of cer
vi
cal
di
sl
ocasi
o
. Li
ve
r was
cut
usi
n
g a
m
i
crot
om
e.
In
t
h
e dehy
drat
i
o
n pr
ocess
of
t
i
ssue
s
ect
i
ons
w
a
s
ad
de
d
t
o
a sol
u
t
i
o
n of t
h
e
al
coh
o
l
conce
n
t
r
at
i
on
of m
u
lti-storey. The tissue wa
s then pu
t in a solution of pure xylol alcohol
duri
n
g 2x2 hour. The ne
xt process
is th
e im
p
r
egnatio
n
.
Th
is pro
cess is in
clud
ed in th
e li
qu
id
p
a
raffin tissu
e
fo
r 2x2
h
our. Th
e last step
is
em
beddi
ng
.
In
t
h
i
s
p
r
oce
ss t
h
e t
i
ssue em
bed
d
ed
i
n
pa
raf
f
i
n
sol
i
d
ha
vi
n
g
a
m
e
l
t
i
ng p
o
i
n
t
of
5
6
0
C
-
58
0C
unt
i
l
t
h
e pa
raf
f
i
n
s
o
l
i
d
i
f
i
e
s [
1
0]
.
The
he
pat
i
c
sam
p
l
e
was fi
ni
she
d
pre
p
ara
t
i
ons m
a
de I
m
m
unohi
st
och
e
m
i
st
ry
st
ai
ni
ng
. p
5
3
e
x
p
r
essi
on
(b
r
o
wn
) wa
s o
b
se
r
v
ed i
n
cel
l
s
us
i
ng a l
i
g
ht
m
i
crosc
o
pe wi
t
h
a
m
a
gni
fi
cat
i
o
n
of
4
0
ti
m
e
s.
2.
2.
5.
Da
ta
A
n
al
ysi
s
Perce
n
t
a
ge o
f
p5
3 ex
p
r
essi
o
n
was cal
cul
a
t
e
d by
(n
um
b
e
r o
f
cells th
at ex
p
r
essed
/ to
tal cell n
u
m
b
e
r)
x
100%
. Anal
ysis applied the Kolm
ogorov-Sm
irnov and
Le
ve
ne statistical tests followed by
Krus
kal
W
a
llis
an
d Mann
-W
h
i
tn
ey test on
95% confi
d
ence
l
e
vel.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Black Cumin Seed
Oilas
He
patopr
otector in Decre
a
sing SGPT and SG
O
T
Activity
and ....
(
A
krom)
16
1
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
3.
1.
Acti
vity
SG
O
T
The res
u
l
t
of
SG
OT are
pre
s
ent
e
d i
n
Ta
bl
e 1. Th
e res
u
l
t
s
sho
w
e
d
t
h
at
adm
i
ni
st
rat
i
on at
equi
val
e
nt
dos
es B
C
S
O 6
.
8 an
d
68 m
g
/
kg t
h
y
m
oqui
n
one
fo
r 7
day
s
di
d n
o
t
af
fect
t
h
e act
i
v
i
t
y
of SG
OT. S
G
O
T
bef
o
r
e
i
n
d
u
ced
by
al
l
oxa
n i
n
rat
s
gi
ven B
C
S
O a
n
d
vi
t
a
m
i
n C
are not
di
ffe
re
nt
fr
om
t
h
e norm
a
l
gr
o
u
p
.
The t
r
e
a
tm
ent
g
i
v
e
n
to
th
e test an
i
m
als d
i
d
no
t affect th
e lev
e
ls of
SGOT
an
d
do
es no
t ch
ang
e
th
e
n
o
rmal co
n
d
itio
ns. SGOT
lev
e
ls are normal in
th
is st
ud
y is
d
i
fferen
t
fro
m
th
at
ex
pressed
b
y
G
i
kn
i
s
and
Cliff
o
rd
(
200
8)
[
1
1
]
in w
h
ich
th
e av
erag
e lev
e
l
o
f
SGOT no
rm
al SD
rats
was
23
.3
5 ± 1.1
1
U / l. So
l
v
en
t DM
SO grou
p h
a
d h
i
g
h
e
r
lev
e
ls
com
p
ared to t
h
e norm
a
l group
(p<0.05).
Him
a
wan (2008) [12] states that th
e factors a
ffecting the le
vels of
SGOT, am
ong others, th
e psychological condition of
ra
ts, liver disease, or i
m
m
une from
each of the test
an
im
a
l
s. Mo
reo
v
e
r, accord
i
n
g
to
W
a
lter
(20
08) [13
]
th
at
DMSO can ca
use si
de effect
s that dam
a
ge
the liver
and ki
dneys
that can ca
use i
n
creased SGOT.
Tabl
e
1. T
h
e
S
GOT
l
e
vel
of
r
a
t
s
pre
-
a
n
d
po
st
- i
n
duce
d
by
al
l
oxan
wi
t
h
t
r
eatm
e
nt
of B
C
SO
or
vi
t
a
m
i
n C
Groups
SGOT level
Pre(m
e
an
± S
D
)
U/I
Post (m
ean
± SD
)
U/I
Norm
al
23.
35± 1.
10
7
23.
71 ± 0.
542
a
Negative contr
o
l (alloxan)
23.
35± 1.
10
7
33.
62± 0.
46
9*
BCSO 6.
8
23.
44± 0.
46
4
34.
88 ± 0.
600
*&
**
BCSO 68
23.
58 ± 0.
619
30.
24 ± 0.
539
*
a
Vitam
i
n C
22.
42± 0.
72
0
27.
86 ± 0.
552
*
a
DM
SO
25.
38 ± 0.
461
*
Ext
:
*
=
p
<
0.
0
5
(si
g
ni
fi
cant
d
i
ffere
nce t
o
no
rm
al
grou
p
)
;
*
*
=
p >
0.
0
5
(n
ot
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
di
ffe
re
nce t
o
al
l
oxa
n
gr
o
u
p
)
;
a
=
p<0
.
0
5
(si
g
ni
fi
cant
di
ffe
re
nc
e t
o
al
l
o
xa
n
gr
ou
p
)
Al
l
oxa
n i
n
d
u
ct
i
on
on
day
7 s
h
o
w
n t
o
i
n
crea
se t
h
e act
i
v
i
t
y
of
SG
OT.
Ne
g
a
t
i
v
e gr
o
u
p
,
ha
ve a
hi
g
h
er
activ
ity th
an
n
o
r
m
a
l SGOT (p
<0
.05
)
, in
d
i
catin
g
th
at th
e adm
i
ni
st
rat
i
on of al
l
o
xan a
ffe
ct
l
i
v
er fu
nct
i
o
n an
d
in
creasing
t
h
e activ
ity o
f
SGOT.
Accord
in
g to
resear
ch Mard
iastu
ti
(2
002
)
ob
serv
ed
m
i
cro
s
cop
i
cally o
n
al
l
oxan
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d l
i
v
er
1
25 m
g
/
k
g
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e p
r
esenc
e
of l
i
v
e
r
dam
a
ge i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
of de
ge
nera
t
i
on t
o
necr
ose.
B
C
S
O at
dos
e
of 6
8
m
g
/
kg
sho
w
e
d
a si
g
n
i
fi
cant differe
n
ce with the
ne
gat
i
v
e c
o
nt
r
o
l
(p<
0
.
0
5)
.
B
C
S
O at
a
do
s
e
of
6
8
m
g
/
k
g
have
bee
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t the in
crease in
SGOT lev
e
ls
rats bu
t no
t yet reach
ed
no
rm
al
. Anot
h
e
r st
udy
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d by
Ju
wi
t
a
(2
01
1)
[1
4]
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e adm
i
ni
st
rat
i
on of B
C
S
O can l
o
w
e
r
el
evat
ed l
e
vel
s
of
SG
PT a
nd
SG
OT i
n
rat
s
i
n
d
u
ce
d by
et
ha
nol
.
Thy
m
oqui
no
ne, t
h
e m
a
i
n
act
i
v
e i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
nt
o
f
Nig
e
lla sativ
a,
h
a
s b
e
en
repo
rted
to
prev
en
t liv
er dam
a
g
e
in
rats th
ro
ugh
an
tio
x
i
d
a
tiv
e and
an
ti-i
n
flammato
ry
m
echani
s
m
s
[
15]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Thy
m
oqui
no
ne ha
ve ant
i
o
xi
da
nt
act
i
v
i
t
y
t
h
ro
u
gh t
h
e
do
nat
i
o
n o
f
el
ect
ro
ns
t
o
free
rad
i
cals [1
7
]
,[1
8
]
. BCSO
g
r
o
u
p
of 68
m
g
/ k
g
wh
en
com
p
ared
with
po
sitiv
e g
r
ou
p
t
h
at v
ita
m
i
n
C
h
a
d
a
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
di
ff
erence
, i
n
w
h
i
c
h si
m
v
ast
a
t
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
had
hi
ghe
r l
e
vel
s
cl
oser
t
o
no
rm
al
.
3.
2.
Acti
vity
S
G
P
T
The re
sul
t
o
f
SGPT a
r
e
pres
ent
e
d i
n
Tabl
e
2. T
h
e res
u
l
t
s
sho
w
e
d
t
h
at
a
d
m
i
ni
st
rat
i
on at
equi
val
e
nt
dos
es B
C
S
O
6
.
8 a
nd
6
8
m
g
/ kg t
h
y
m
oqui
n
one
f
o
r
7 day
s
di
d
not
a
ffect
t
h
e act
i
v
i
t
y
of
SGPT
. S
G
PT
bef
o
r
e
i
n
d
u
ced
by
al
l
oxa
n i
n
rat
s
gi
ven
B
C
S
O a
n
d
vi
t
a
m
i
n C
are
not
di
f
f
ere
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e no
rm
al gr
o
u
p
(
p
>0
.0
5
)
. T
h
e
treat
m
e
n
t
g
i
v
e
n
to th
e test
an
im
a
l
s d
i
d
no
t affect th
e lev
e
ls
o
f
SGOT and
do
es
no
t ch
ang
e
th
e no
rm
al
co
nd
itio
ns b
u
t
DMSO
ad
m
i
n
i
stratio
n
i
n
creases SGPT lev
e
ls (p
<0.05
)
.
Tabel
2. L
e
vel
of
SG
PT l
i
v
e
r
rat
s
p
r
e-
an
d
p
o
st
-i
n
d
u
ced
by
al
l
oxa
n a
n
d
t
r
eat
ed by
B
C
S
O
or
vi
t
a
m
i
n C
Groups
SGPT
level
Pre (
m
e
a
n ± SD
)
U/I
Post(
m
ean ±
SD
)
U/I
Norm
al
18.
73± 0.
63
8
19.
28± 0.
54
2
a
Negative contr
o
l (alloxan)
18.
15± 0.
26
8
27.
31± 0.
61
2*
BCSO 6.
8
18.
44± 0.
39
6
26,
78± 0.
00
*&
**
BCSO 68
18.
98 ± 0.
554
24.
97 ± 0.
473
*
a
Vitam
i
n C
17.
96± 0.
59
2
23.
01± 0.
55
4*
a
DM
SO
23.
28 ± 2.
288
*
Ext
:
*
= p
< 0.
05
(si
gni
fi
cant
di
ffe
re
nce
t
o
n
o
rm
al
gro
u
p
);
* *= p
> 0.
0
5
(
not
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
di
ffe
re
nce t
o
al
l
oxa
n
gr
o
u
p
)
;
a
=p<0
.0
5 (si
g
ni
fi
cant
di
ffe
re
nc
e
t
o
al
l
o
xa
n gr
ou
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
1
59
–
16
3
16
2
Aft
e
r
i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
of
al
l
o
xan
day
9 S
G
PT
l
e
vel
s
we
re
n
o
rm
al
gr
ou
p
has si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
di
f
f
ere
n
ce
com
p
ared t
o
other treatm
e
nt SGPT
levels.
SGPT
leve
ls
of
neg
a
tiv
e gr
ou
p co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e nor
mal g
r
ou
p
had si
gni
fi
cant
di
ffe
ren
ces.
G
i
vi
ng al
l
o
xa
n a
ffect
S
G
PT l
e
vels are charact
erized
by
in
creased
lev
e
ls o
f
SGPT
m
i
ce was hi
g
h
er
t
h
a
n
no
r
m
al
cont
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
9]
.
Ac
cor
d
i
n
g t
o
res
earch
M
a
r
d
i
a
s
t
ut
i
(2
0
0
2
)
[
1
9]
,[
20]
obs
er
ved
m
i
cr
osc
opi
cal
l
y
o
n
al
l
oxa
n-i
n
d
u
c
e
d l
i
v
e
r
1
2
5
m
g
/
kg
sh
o
w
ed
t
h
e p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
l
i
v
er
dam
a
ge i
n
t
h
e
fo
rm
of dege
n
e
rat
i
on t
o
ne
kr
ose. B
C
S
O g
r
ou
p S
G
PT l
e
v
e
l
s
6.8 m
g
/
kg w
h
en c
o
m
p
ared
wi
t
h
t
h
e n
e
gat
i
v
e
gr
o
up h
a
d n
o
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
di
ff
erence
, i
ndi
cat
i
ng t
h
at
t
h
e B
C
S
O d
o
se o
f
6.
8 m
g
/ kg h
a
ve n
o
t
been
abl
e
t
o
pre
v
e
n
t
t
h
e i
n
crease i
n
S
G
P
T
l
e
vel
s
al
l
oxa
n-i
n
d
u
ce
d m
i
ce (p>
0
.
0
5
)
. B
C
SO eq
ui
val
e
nt
d
o
se o
f
6
8
m
g
/ kg
t
hym
oqui
no
ne
SGPT l
e
v
e
l
s
l
o
wer t
h
a
n
ne
gat
i
ve gr
o
up (
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
, i
n
di
cat
i
n
g t
h
at
B
C
S
O equi
val
e
nt
d
o
se
of 6
8
m
g
/ kg t
h
y
m
oqui
no
ne ca
n p
r
event
a
nd
red
u
ce l
e
vel
s
of S
G
PT S
D
rat
s
i
n
d
u
ce
d by
al
l
o
xan
.
The
s
e res
u
l
t
s
are
su
ppo
r
t
ed
b
y
r
e
sear
ch
condu
cted
b
y
Ju
w
i
ta [
1
1
]
,[
21
] that th
e p
r
ov
isi
o
n
o
f
b
l
ack
cu
m
i
n
o
il
may
lo
w
e
r
el
evat
ed l
e
vel
s
o
f
S
G
PT
an
d
SG
OT
on
et
ha
nol
-i
n
duce
d
rat
s
.
3.
3.
p53 Expressi
on
Th
e r
e
su
lt o
f
p
5
3
expr
ession
s ar
e pr
esen
ted
in
Tab
l
e 3. A
llo
x
a
n
admin
i
str
a
tio
n
decr
eased
p53
exp
r
essi
on
(p>
0
.
0
5
)
. T
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
sh
owe
d
t
h
at
adm
i
ni
st
rat
i
on at
e
q
ui
val
e
nt
d
o
ses B
C
S
O 6
.
8 a
n
d
68
m
g
/
kg
t
hym
oqui
no
ne fo
r 7 day
s
i
n
c
r
eased of
p
5
3
e
x
p
r
essi
on
(
p
<0
.0
5)
.
Tabel
3.
Perce
n
tage
of m
ean p53 e
x
pres
sion each
group
in
rats induce
d
by
alloxa
n treate
d
by BCSO or
v
ita
m
i
n
C
Gr
oups
%
m
e
an p53 expr
ession
Norm
al 11.
12±0.
3
7
Negative contr
o
l (alloxan)
19.
24±4.
4
7
*
BCSO 6.
8
30.
31±1.
5
9
*
a
BCSO 68
40.
43±1.
7
4
*
a
Vitam
i
n C
29.
67±0.
4
7
*
a
DM
SO 12.
02±1.
0
1
a
Ext
:
*=
p<
0.
05
com
p
are t
o
n
o
r
m
al
gro
u
p
;
a
=p<0.05 com
p
are
to
negative
(al
l
oxa
n)
co
nt
r
o
l
g
r
ou
p
Table
3 s
h
ows
that the BCSO
have
increas
ed the
e
xpr
essi
o
n
of
p5
3 activ
ity w
h
en
co
mp
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e con
t
r
o
l grou
p
allox
a
n
as sick
. Expr
ession
of
p5
3
in
a
do
se of
68
BCSO
gr
oup
is th
e lar
g
est co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e ot
he
r gr
o
u
p
s i
n
t
h
e am
ount
o
f
4
0
.
43
± 1.
7
4
. I
n
t
h
e
heal
t
h
y
cont
r
o
l
gr
o
up c
ont
ai
ned p
5
3
ex
p
r
essi
o
n
because apopt
o
sis is
one
wa
y to kee
p
a
bal
a
nce (hom
eost
asis) in t
h
e body. Norm
al cells have
low levels of
p5
3
pr
ot
ei
n be
cause t
h
ey
ha
v
e
a sho
r
t
l
i
f
e,
and
ha
ve a l
a
t
e
nt
fo
rm
. Level
and
p5
3 act
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
creases cel
l
u
l
a
r
dam
a
ge suc
h
a
s
res
p
o
n
d
i
n
g t
o
DN
A
dam
a
ge by
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
allo
x
a
n.
Gen
e
rally, th
e activ
ity o
f
p5
3 h
a
s a
p
i
vo
tal
rol
e
i
n
t
h
e cel
l
cy
cl
e or
pr
o
g
r
am
m
e
d deat
h
(ap
o
p
t
o
si
s)
[
2
2
]
. P5
3
pr
ot
ei
n
was
use
d
t
o
d
e
t
ect
DN
A da
m
a
ge,
DN
A re
pai
r
h
e
l
p
t
h
r
o
ug
h t
h
e t
e
rm
i
n
at
i
on
of t
h
e G
1
p
h
a
s
e of t
h
e cel
l
cy
cl
e and D
N
A
re
pai
r
gene
s
t
r
i
gge
r.
Dam
a
ged cel
l
s
an
d
DN
A ca
n
not
be
re
pai
r
ed
, t
h
e
n
di
rec
t
ed by
p
5
3
t
o
un
de
rg
o a
p
opt
osi
s
.
I
n
no
rm
al
cel
l
gr
owt
h
, s
u
r
v
i
v
al
t
i
m
e
i
s
very
sho
r
t
p
53 i
n
m
i
nut
es
, w
h
er
eas
if there is damage to DNA ca
n live a longer
tim
e
,
wh
ich
in
a
m
a
t
t
er o
f
ho
urs.
W
i
t
h
th
e incre
a
sed expres
sion of
p53 m
eans it
wi
ll
di
rect
ly
dri
v
e the process of
ap
op
tosis.
When
th
e inj
u
red
cells, p5
3
in
t
h
e nu
cleu
s of cells trig
g
e
red a
te
m
p
o
r
ary
h
a
lt
to
th
e bord
e
r
G1 / S
by
i
n
duci
ng C
DK i
nhi
bi
t
o
r
s
(cy
c
l
i
n
D
ki
na
se) a
nd
D
NA
repai
r
sy
st
em
i
n
ad
va
nce t
o
el
im
i
n
at
e t
h
e i
n
j
u
ry
b
e
fo
re th
e cell en
ters t
h
e S phase in
t
h
e a
b
se
nce
of inju
red
DN
A [2
2]
,[
2
3
]
.
Tim
oqui
no
ne
i
s
bl
ac
k
cum
i
n seed
bi
oact
i
v
e
com
pou
nd
s t
h
at
ha
ve
an
t
i
oxi
da
nt
a
n
d
im
m
unom
odul
at
ory
effect
s t
h
at
can o
p
t
i
m
i
ze t
h
e im
m
u
n
e
resp
onse a
g
a
i
nst
forei
gn s
u
bst
a
nces
or an
t
i
g
ens
[7]
,
[8]
,
[2
4]
.
Wirries et al. (20
1
0
)
[
25] stated that Thym
oquinone, the m
a
in com
pound of black see
d
oi
l can
i
n
d
u
ce p
r
o
-
a
p
o
p
t
o
t
i
c
si
gnal
i
n
g
pat
h
way
s
. T
r
eatm
e
nt
wi
t
h
cy
t
o
st
at
i
c
effect
t
hym
oqui
no
ne
caused
,
m
e
di
at
ed by
up
-re
g
u
l
a
t
i
on
of p
2
1
an
d d
o
w
n
-re
g
u
l
a
t
i
on
of cy
cl
i
n
E, w
h
i
c
h
is associated with the arre
st of S / G2 of the cell
cy
cl
e. These
f
i
ndi
n
g
s i
ndi
cat
e t
h
at
Ti
m
oqu
i
n
o
n
e ca
n i
n
hi
bi
t
cel
l
pr
ol
i
f
e
r
at
i
on
de
pen
d
e
n
t
o
n
p5
3 st
at
us
by
activating the
cell cycle inhibitor
p2
1. T
h
y
m
oquinone als
o
can ca
use no
n-s
p
ecific cytotoxic reactions, for
exam
ple, due t
o
the
form
a
tio
n
o
f
ox
id
ativ
e stress.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
a)
B
C
S
O at
equi
val
e
nt
d
o
se o
f
68 m
g
/
kg t
h
y
m
oqui
no
ne h
a
ve he
pat
o
pr
ot
e
c
t
o
r ef
fect
by
l
o
we
ri
n
g
S
G
PT
and
SGOT lev
e
ls in
rats ind
u
c
ed
b
y
allo
x
a
n
.
b)
BCSO
m
a
y in
cr
ease th
e expr
essio
n
of
p5
3 in
t
h
e
l
i
v
e
r
of rat
s
i
n
duce
d
by
al
l
oxa
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Black Cumin Seed
Oilas
He
patopr
otector in Decre
a
sing SGPT and SG
O
T
Activity
and ....
(
A
krom)
16
3
c)
B
C
S
O at
equi
val
e
nt
d
o
se o
f
6.
8 m
g
/
k
g
W
B
t
hym
oqui
no
ne
can i
n
crea
se p
53 e
x
p
r
essi
on
equi
val
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e
adm
i
ni
st
rat
i
on
of
vi
t
a
m
i
n C
i
n
t
h
e l
i
v
e
r
i
n
rat
s
i
n
duce
d
by
al
l
oxa
n.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Di
rect
o
r
at
e Ge
neral
of
Hi
g
h
e
r
Ed
ucat
i
o
n (
D
IKT
I
)
,
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
of
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
wh
o
hel
p
e
d
fi
nance
s
t
h
i
s
st
udy
.
REFERE
NC
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