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a
lack
o
f
test
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
les
s
s
tr
ic
t
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
t
h
er
e
is
a
ten
d
en
c
y
o
f
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e.
He
n
ce
,
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
eo
p
le
p
er
ce
iv
ed
t
h
eir
lik
elih
o
o
d
to
g
e
t
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
e
t
h
r
ea
t
o
f
th
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
at
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
an
d
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
le
v
el
i
n
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
i
s
v
ital
as
p
r
eli
m
i
n
ar
y
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
a
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
ass
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
eo
p
le.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
t
h
e
o
r
ies
to
ass
e
s
s
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
h
ea
lth
s
ett
in
g
s
is
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
th
eo
r
y
(
P
MT
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
P
MT
,
an
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
h
a
s
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
r
i
s
k
o
r
t
h
r
ea
t
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
id
in
g
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
i
n
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
P
M
T
w
as
u
s
ed
to
as
s
ess
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
o
f
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
i
n
s
e
v
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[6
]
-
[
8]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
i
n
P
MT
(
p
er
c
eiv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
,
a
n
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t)
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
t
h
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
Se
v
er
al
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
u
s
ed
P
MT
in
ass
ess
in
g
r
is
k
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
in
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
s
et
ti
n
g
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
ai
m
ed
to
u
s
e
P
MT
f
o
r
ass
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
a
m
o
n
g
g
e
n
e
r
al
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
w
e
also
ai
m
ed
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
ec
au
t
io
n
ar
y
ac
t
io
n
s
tak
e
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
t
h
ic
s
C
o
m
m
i
ttee
o
f
A
i
s
y
i
y
a
h
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
(
No
.
1
3
0
5
/KE
P
-
UNI
S
A
/I
V/2
0
2
0
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
a
n
d
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tialit
y
o
f
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
w
a
s
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
.
T
h
is
w
as
a
n
a
n
al
y
tic
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
al
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
io
n
al
d
esi
g
n
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
3
r
d
to
2
7
th
2
0
2
0
am
o
n
g
g
e
n
er
al
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
ag
ed
1
7
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
liv
i
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
elig
ib
l
e
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
f
o
r
ei
g
n
er
li
v
in
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
liv
i
n
g
o
v
er
s
ea
s
ar
e
e
x
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
l
in
k
s
h
ar
ed
w
i
th
o
n
li
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
a
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
t
'
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
w
as
5
0
%
[
1
2
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
i
n
ter
v
al,
5
%
l
i
m
i
t
o
f
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
1
.
0
d
esig
n
e
f
f
ec
t,
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
3
8
4
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
.
At
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
e
x
ce
ed
ed
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
4
9
5
r
esp
o
n
s
es
w
er
e
f
u
r
th
er
an
al
y
ze
d
.
B
ef
o
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
ata
co
lle
cted
o
n
3
0
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
er
e
f
ir
s
t
r
ev
ie
w
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
t
h
e
n
m
o
d
i
f
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
An
o
n
li
n
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
w
as
u
s
e
d
,
w
h
ic
h
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
e
v
er
it
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as
w
ell
as
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
u
n
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
t
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
in
i
tiall
y
w
r
itte
n
i
n
E
n
g
li
s
h
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
la
t
ed
in
t
o
B
ah
asa
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
3.
I
NS
T
RUM
E
NT
S
A
ND
DAT
A
ANALY
SI
S
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
llected
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
ag
e,
s
ex
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ir
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
an
d
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
liv
ed
o
r
v
is
ited
af
f
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
C
h
in
a,
So
u
t
h
Ko
r
ea
,
J
ap
an
,
I
r
an
,
I
tal
y
)
i
n
t
h
e
p
ast
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
w
er
e
al
s
o
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
as
as
s
ess
ed
w
it
h
s
ix
ite
m
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
e
ase.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
i
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
an
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
0
-
6
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
ta
k
en
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
y
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
y
h
ad
p
r
ac
ticed
at
least
o
n
e
o
f
t
w
el
v
e
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
w
as
m
ad
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
(
P
MT
)
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
as
s
ess
ed
th
e
s
ev
er
it
y
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
u
s
i
n
g
a
1
0
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le,
f
r
o
m
1
(
n
o
t
s
ev
e
r
e)
to
1
0
(
v
er
y
s
ev
er
e)
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
a
b
ilit
y
as
s
es
s
ed
th
e
li
k
elih
o
o
d
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
t
h
i
s
d
is
ea
s
e
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
f
r
o
m
1
(
v
er
y
u
n
l
ik
el
y
)
to
5
(
v
er
y
li
k
el
y
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
t
h
r
ea
t
w
a
s
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
u
s
ed
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltip
lic
atio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
e
v
er
it
y
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
2
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
r
is
k
p
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(
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251
v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
49
–
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57
252
Am
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1
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1
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ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
'
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
it
h
n
o
s
tr
ic
t
p
o
lic
y
a
n
d
h
e
s
itatio
n
i
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
lo
c
k
-
d
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
th
e
p
u
b
lic
a
cti
v
it
y
o
u
ts
id
e
is
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le.
4
.
2
.
Ris
k
p
er
ce
ptio
n
:
P
ro
t
ec
t
io
n
m
o
t
iv
a
t
io
n t
heo
ry
(
P
M
T
)
c
o
ns
t
ruct
s
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
alo
n
g
w
it
h
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
i
c
ac
cid
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
i
s
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e
a
s
a
p
o
ten
t
ial
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
an
d
alr
ea
d
y
p
er
ce
iv
ed
it
as
a
th
r
ea
t.
Sev
er
e
ac
u
te
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
(
S
AR
S),
A
v
ia
n
I
n
f
lu
e
n
za
,
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
ev
io
u
s
e
m
er
g
in
g
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
i
m
i
lar
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
s
a
s
er
io
u
s
h
ea
lt
h
th
r
ea
t
to
p
eo
p
le.
Ou
r
s
t
u
d
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
i
n
li
n
e
w
it
h
a
s
tu
d
y
in
E
g
y
p
t,
w
h
ic
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
i
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
th
e
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
iv
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
as
a
lif
e
-
t
h
r
ea
te
n
in
g
d
an
g
er
[2
1
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
in
Viet
n
a
m
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
Av
ia
n
I
n
f
lu
e
n
za
a
s
a
s
er
io
u
s
th
r
ea
t
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
[
2
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
a
s
t
u
d
y
in
th
e
UK,
SAR
S
w
a
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t in
th
e
i
n
itial p
h
ase
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
n
tai
n
m
en
t
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
w
as
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
it
co
u
ld
b
e
a
d
a
n
g
er
to
th
eir
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
is
k
i
n
t
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
d
r
ea
d
(
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
d
r
ea
d
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
o
f
a
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
h
az
ar
d
)
,
as
w
ell
a
s
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
(
w
h
er
e
th
e
h
az
ar
d
is
j
u
d
g
ed
to
b
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
o
r
n
e
w
)
s
h
ap
ed
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
p
eo
p
le
[
2
5
]
.
Oth
er
d
is
ea
s
es
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
-
o
r
ev
e
n
co
n
tain
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
alth
o
u
g
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
v
ir
u
s
es,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
,
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
i
s
s
t
ill
co
n
s
id
er
ed
n
e
w
t
h
at
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
r
esear
c
h
i
s
s
t
il
l
n
ee
d
ed
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
d
is
ea
s
es,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
th
r
ea
t d
u
e
to
th
e
e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
r
ese
ar
ch
th
at
s
till
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
eg
io
n
w
a
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
a
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
f
S
A
R
S
in
a
w
id
er
ar
ea
,
a
s
i
m
ilar
f
i
n
d
in
g
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
a
r
eg
io
n
w
as
a
s
s
o
ciat
ed
w
it
h
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
s
e
v
er
it
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
r
ea
t
[
2
4
]
.
A
t
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
i
n
th
e
w
ester
n
r
eg
io
n
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
i
n
th
e
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
.
O
u
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
th
e
w
e
s
ter
n
r
eg
io
n
to
w
ar
d
s
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
is
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
in
co
n
tr
a
s
t
w
it
h
an
e
ar
lier
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
ed
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
i
s
lo
w
er
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
i
s
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
[
2
7
]
.
Sin
ce
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ac
co
u
n
ted
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
t
w
o
lo
ca
l
r
eg
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
w
it
h
ca
u
tio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t
ar
e
b
ein
g
a
p
r
iv
a
te
s
ec
to
r
em
p
lo
y
ee
an
d
h
ig
h
er
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
i
s
s
i
m
ilar
to
a
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
p
er
s
o
n
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
[
2
8
]
.
E
lab
o
r
atin
g
t
h
e
P
MT
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
as
a
s
er
io
u
s
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
alo
n
g
w
i
th
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
e
a
n
d
HI
V
.
P
eo
p
le
w
h
o
w
o
r
k
a
s
p
r
iv
ate
-
s
ec
to
r
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
w
h
o
liv
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
es
ter
n
r
eg
io
n
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
h
ad
m
o
r
e
p
er
c
eiv
ed
s
e
v
er
it
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
w
a
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
er
io
u
s
d
i
s
e
ase,
th
e
y
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
as
les
s
li
k
el
y
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
it,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
s
lig
h
tl
y
lo
w
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t.
A
s
i
m
ilar
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
was o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
A
/
H7
N9
an
d
A
v
ian
I
n
f
l
u
en
za
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
as
a
s
er
io
u
s
r
is
k
,
b
u
t
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
t
h
eir
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
g
etti
n
g
in
f
ec
ted
is
lo
w
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
r
is
k
p
ercep
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
in
ea
r
ly
s
ta
g
e
o
f th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
(
R
a
tih
Oktri N
a
n
d
a
)
255
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
w
er
e
n
o
t
i
n
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
r
i
s
k
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
o
r
h
a
v
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le,
w
h
o
ar
e
n
o
t a
h
i
g
h
-
r
is
k
ca
teg
o
r
y
f
o
r
g
etti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
19.
A
l
s
o
,
it
w
as
as
s
u
m
ed
th
at
lo
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
was
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
a
d
lo
w
in
t
en
tio
n
to
co
m
p
l
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
o
r
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
w
as
an
t
icip
ated
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
a
s
tu
d
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ea
r
ly
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
an
i
n
f
ec
t
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
in
t
h
e
Net
h
er
lan
d
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
co
m
p
ly
w
it
h
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
w
a
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
p
er
c
eiv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
lo
w
er
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
b
ec
au
s
e
p
eo
p
le
h
av
e
a
n
ticip
ated
t
h
e
r
is
k
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticed
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
[
3
0
]
.
Af
ter
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
e
v
alu
a
tes
r
is
k
a
s
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
r
ea
t
ap
p
r
aisal,
th
e
y
w
i
ll
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
co
p
e
w
it
h
it.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
p
la
y
a
r
o
le
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
r
ea
t
w
as
h
ig
h
er
in
t
h
e
w
e
s
ter
n
r
e
g
io
n
w
h
ile
co
p
in
g
ap
p
r
aisal
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
m
id
d
le.
T
h
o
s
e
liv
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
ar
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
th
at
t
h
e
y
co
u
ld
tak
e
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
J
ak
ar
ta
as
th
e
ca
p
ital
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
w
ester
n
r
eg
io
n
w
er
e
s
u
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
es
at
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
I
n
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
ca
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
2
nd
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
0
,
w
e
s
ter
n
r
e
g
io
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
h
i
g
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
ases
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
r
eg
io
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
ese
s
t
u
d
ies
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
el
f
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
e
f
f
icac
y
a
m
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
in
t
h
e
w
ester
n
r
eg
io
n
w
a
s
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
th
e
w
e
s
ter
n
r
e
g
io
n
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
p
eo
p
le
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
af
f
ec
ted
in
s
o
cial
ac
ti
v
it
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
b
y
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
I
n
ca
s
e
w
h
en
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
s
o
f
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
s
u
r
g
ed
,
t
h
e
y
m
ig
h
t
s
t
ill
n
ee
d
to
g
o
to
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
a
n
d
th
e
o
f
f
ice.
T
h
er
e
s
till
n
o
s
tr
ict
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
y
et
f
o
r
lim
iti
n
g
t
h
eir
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
it
y
in
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
ca
s
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
j
u
s
t
r
u
led
o
u
t
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
b
y
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
Ma
r
ch
[
1
6
]
.
A
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
al
s
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
an
d
e
m
ic
p
o
lic
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ed
iu
m
ca
s
e
y
et
h
a
v
in
g
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
m
ig
h
t
lead
to
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
u
b
lic
tr
u
s
t
th
at
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
i
n
t
h
e
w
e
s
ter
n
r
e
g
io
n
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
to
o
k
p
lace
ea
r
lier
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ev
er
y
j
o
b
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
o
r
o
n
lin
e,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le
s
till
g
o
o
u
t to
w
o
r
k
,
d
esp
ite
t
h
e
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
.
C
h
i
n
a
w
as
ab
le
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ict
p
o
licies
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
US
A
an
d
UK
w
ait
ed
f
o
r
at
least
a
m
o
n
t
h
to
ap
p
ly
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
v
is
ib
le
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
it
to
o
k
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
a
m
o
n
t
h
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
lar
g
e
s
ca
les
s
o
cial
s
tat
u
s
d
u
e
to
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
in
ter
f
er
i
n
g
with
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
d
ail
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
ti
v
ities
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
f
ir
s
t
d
is
b
u
r
s
e
th
e
s
ti
m
u
lu
s
to
th
o
s
e
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
th
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
cial
r
estrictio
n
s
(
P
SB
B
)
p
o
li
c
y
[
3
5
]
-
[
3
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
P
M
T
,
p
eo
p
le
w
ill
ta
k
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
t
io
n
s
w
h
en
al
l
o
f
t
h
e
P
MT
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
s
u
c
h
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
,
an
d
a
co
p
in
g
ap
p
r
aisal
ar
e
h
ig
h
.
I
n
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
P
MT
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
w
as
r
elati
v
el
y
lo
w.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
[
3
8
]
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
lo
w
er
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
in
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
in
g
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
au
t
io
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
n
ee
d
s
m
o
r
e
atte
n
tio
n
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
p
u
b
lic
r
ea
lize
s
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
r
is
k
t
h
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t a
n
y
o
n
e,
d
esp
ite
t
h
e
ag
es
,
th
e
y
w
il
l ta
k
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
to
av
o
id
g
etti
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
as
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
,
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
ity
an
d
th
r
ea
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
w
er
e
h
ig
h
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
y
h
ad
lo
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
s
h
o
w
ed
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ef
f
icac
y
.
R
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
tr
ig
g
er
f
o
r
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
.
B
y
k
n
o
w
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
iv
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
e
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
p
eo
p
le
to
tak
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
ee
h
o
w
th
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e
o
f
a
p
an
d
em
ic
s
ettin
g
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Hu
a
n
g
,
C
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Cli
n
i
c
a
l
f
e
a
tu
re
s
o
f
p
a
ti
e
n
ts
in
f
e
c
ted
w
it
h
2
0
1
9
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
in
W
u
h
a
n
,
C
h
in
a
,
"
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t,
v
o
l.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
2
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
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