Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
6, N
o.3, S
eptem
ber
2017
, pp. 27
5~28
2
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v6
i
3.
7
634
275
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
The Effe
ct of S
atisfa
cti
on, Perc
eive
d Value,
Image, a
nd
Perceiv
ed
Sacrifi
ce on Pu
bli
c Hea
l
thcar
e Ser
vice
Institution
’s
Patient
Loyalty
Medi
Ya
r
men
Resea
rch
Cen
te
r
for
Qua
li
t
y
S
y
st
em a
nd
Te
sting
Te
chno
log
y
,
Ind
onesia
n
Inst
it
ut
e
of
Sci
ences
,
Ind
onesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
12
, 2
017
Re
vised Jul
17
,
2017
Accepte
d
J
ul
27
, 2
017
Thi
s
rese
ar
ch
a
ims
to
inve
stiga
te
th
e
sim
ult
a
neous
eff
ect
of
sati
sfac
t
ion
,
per
ceive
d
va
lue,
image,
and
per
c
ei
ved
sac
r
ifice
o
n
pat
ie
n
t
lo
y
alt
y
.
Thi
s
stud
y
is
bel
i
eve
d
to
b
e
th
e
first
to
d
eve
lop
and
te
st
pat
i
ent
lo
y
a
lty
m
odel
th
a
t
inc
lud
es
sati
sfa
ct
ion
,
per
c
ei
v
e
d
val
ue
,
image
,
and
pe
rceived
sac
rifice
.
Quanti
t
at
iv
e
res
ea
rch
m
et
hodol
og
y
was
emplo
y
ed
.
Furth
er,
th
e
rese
arc
h
design
of
thi
s
st
ud
y
is
cro
ss
sec
t
iona
l
stud
y
.
W
e
per
form
ed
survey
to
col
l
ect
the
empiri
ca
l
d
a
ta
.
Conv
eni
en
ce
sam
pli
ng
te
chnique
was
used
to
dec
id
e
th
e
rese
pondent
s
of
the
surve
y
.
The
responde
nts
are
162
pat
i
ent
s
of
t
wo
hea
lth
ca
re
service
inst
it
uti
ons
in
Bogo
r
and
Bek
asi,
In
donesia
.
The
validity
of
th
e
questi
onnaire
was
te
sted
b
y
usi
ng
fac
tor
anal
y
s
is
whi
le
the
reliab
ilit
y
was
te
sted
b
y
using
Cronbac
h
al
pha
ana
l
y
sis.
Multi
p
le
reg
ressions
a
naly
s
is
was
per
form
ed
to
an
aly
s
e
the
d
at
a
.
T
he
findi
ngs
show
ed
tha
t
image
has
positi
ve
impact
on
pat
i
en
t
lo
y
alt
y
.
How
ev
er,
thi
s
rese
arc
h
al
so
found
tha
t
s
at
isfa
ct
ion
,
per
ceive
d
val
u
e,
and
per
ce
iv
ed
sac
rifice
do
not
have
signifi
ca
n
t
impact
on
pat
i
ent
lo
y
alt
y
.
Thus,
th
e
m
ana
g
ement
of
public
hea
l
thc
ar
e
serv
ice
inst
it
uti
o
n
should
conside
r
and
m
ana
g
e
th
e i
m
age
of the insti
tut
ion
p
roa
c
ti
ve
l
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Healt
hcar
e
servic
e
Loyal
ty
Perceive
d
sac
ri
fice
Perceive
d valu
e
S
at
isfact
ion
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Me
di Y
a
rm
en
,
Re
search
Cent
er fo
r Qu
al
it
y Sy
stem
an
d
Te
sti
ng
Tec
hnol
ogy
,
Ind
on
esi
a
n In
st
it
ute o
f
Scienc
es
,
Ko
m
pleks Pus
pip
te
k,
B
uildin
g 417, 3
rd
Flo
or, Ta
ngera
ng S
el
at
an;
Ba
nten
,
1531
4,
I
ndone
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
m
edi0010@ya
ho
o.
c
om
.sg
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y, patie
nt loyal
ty
h
as b
een
bec
om
ing
an
i
m
po
rta
nt issue
in
healt
hc
are service
[
1].
Th
is can be
unde
rstood
sin
ce
the
com
petition
am
on
g
he
al
thcare
ser
vice
insti
tuti
on
s
te
nds
to
be
m
o
re
com
petit
ive
[1
-
3]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
the
rap
i
d
gro
w
th
of
i
nter
net
te
chnolo
gy
m
a
kes
t
he
patie
nt
easi
ly
increa
ses
their
he
al
thcare
serv
ic
e
sta
nda
rd
an
d/or
s
pre
ads
ne
gative/
posit
ive
wor
d
of
m
ou
th
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
[
1
-
3
]
.
At
t
hat
c
on
te
xt,
patie
nt loyal
ty
is iden
ti
fie
d
to
be
a
source
of
com
petit
ive ad
van
ta
ge [1
]
,
[
4
-
5]
.
Pati
ent
loya
lt
y
is
i
m
po
rtant
for
bot
h
pri
va
te
healt
hcar
e
s
erv
ic
e
in
sti
tuti
on
a
nd
public
he
al
thca
r
e
serv
ic
e
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
[2
-
3].
P
ubli
c
healt
hcar
e
serv
ic
e
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
s
will
obta
in
s
om
e
ben
efi
ts
if
they
f
oc
us
on
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
[6
]
.
F
or
e
xa
m
ple,
pu
blic
healt
hcar
e
se
r
vice
insti
tuti
on
with
loya
l
patie
nt
can
in
crease
sign
ific
a
nt
l
y
th
e
num
ber
of
it
s
patie
nt
[2
]
,
[
3
-
6].
T
his
ca
n
be
us
e
d
as
t
he
justi
ficat
ion
of
t
he
pu
blic
budget
they
have
us
e
d
[7
-
8].
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
as
a
br
a
nd
zeal
ot,
the
l
oyal
patie
nt
wi
ll
assist
the
public
healt
hcare
serv
ic
e
insti
tuti
on
to
overc
om
e
neg
at
ive
w
ord
of
m
ou
t
h
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
ro
m
the
oth
er
patie
nt
s
or
par
ti
es
[
9].
Hen
ce
,
researc
h o
n publi
c h
ea
lt
hca
re
serv
ic
e i
ns
ti
tuti
on’s pati
ent l
oy
al
ty
b
ecom
es
necessa
ry to
be
carr
ie
d ou
t.
So
m
e
researchers
ha
ve
stud
ie
d
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
[e.g
.
1
,
10
-
20]
.
Howe
ver,
there
are
on
ly
f
ew
stud
ie
s
involvin
g
pu
blic
healt
hcar
e
s
erv
ic
e
co
ntext.
Fo
r
ex
am
ple,
Moli
ner
stu
die
d
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
us
ing
a
m
od
el
that
include
s
sat
isfact
ion
,
tr
us
t,
and
per
cei
ved
f
un
ct
io
nal
valu
e
[3
]
.
The
res
ponde
nts
of
the
stud
y
are
17
1
us
ers
of
a
pr
i
vate
hospi
ta
l
and
170
us
ers
of
a
pu
blic
hosp
it
al
in
S
pain.
He
f
ound
that
loy
al
ty
is
influ
en
ced
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol. 6, No.
3,
Septem
ber 2
017 :
275
–
282
276
sat
isf
act
ion
an
d
trust
w
hile
sat
isfact
ion
an
d
trust
is
aff
ect
ed
by
per
cei
ved
fu
nctio
nal
val
ue.
Ot
her
resea
rch
e
rs
,
Suki
an
d
S
uki
al
so
in
vestigat
ed
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
fo
r
bo
t
h
pu
blic
an
d
pri
vat
e
healt
hcare
se
rv
ic
e
in
sti
tuti
on
[
21]
.
They
s
urveyed
200
patie
nts
of
the
g
over
nme
nt
ho
s
pital
an
d
cl
inics,
as
w
el
l
as
pri
vate
c
li
nics
in
T
he
F
eder
a
l
Terr
it
ory
of
L
abu
a
n,
Ma
la
ys
ia
.
Their
resea
rch
res
ults
sho
wed
t
hat
(
1)
lo
ya
lt
y
is
influ
e
nced
by
com
m
itm
ent,
(2)
c
omm
itm
e
nt
is
af
fected
by
tru
st,
(
3)
tr
us
t
is
in
flue
nc
ed
by
sat
isfact
io
n
a
nd
do
ct
or
reputat
io
n,
a
nd
(
4)
sat
isfact
ion
is
aff
ect
ed
by
do
ct
or
re
puta
ti
on.
Am
in
and
N
asharu
dd
i
n
sur
veyed
216
pat
ie
nts
of
public
an
d
pr
i
vate
hos
pital
s
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
[2
]
.
They
fou
nd
that
ser
vic
e
qual
it
y
aff
ec
ts
sat
isfact
ion
wh
ic
h
s
ubseq
ue
ntly
aff
ect
s
beh
a
vioral
intenti
on.
P
at
awaya
ti
et
al
.
inv
est
i
gated
150
patie
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
us
e
d
he
al
thcare
ser
vi
ces
in
the
pu
blic
Hospita
l
of
Sout
heast
S
ulawesi
,
I
ndonesi
a
[
6].
Thei
r
stu
dy
sh
owe
d
that
s
erv
ic
e
qu
al
it
y
aff
ect
s
sat
isfact
ion
w
hi
ch
then
af
fects
trust
and
c
om
m
i
t
m
en
t.
In
add
it
io
n,
Pata
wayat
i
et
al.
also
f
ound
that
loya
lt
y
i
s
influ
e
nce
d by trust a
nd c
ommi
t
m
ent. H
owev
er,
th
ey
foun
d
t
hat sati
sfacti
on
doesn’t af
fect
loya
lt
y even
th
ough
sat
isfact
ion
i
nfl
uen
ces
trust
a
nd co
m
m
i
t
m
ent.
As pr
e
viously
ex
plaine
d, ther
e are only
fe
w researc
hes o
n pati
ent loyal
ty
involvin
g p
ub
li
c h
eal
thcare
serv
ic
e
co
ntex
t.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
we
ide
ntifie
d
so
m
e
researc
h
gaps
on
the
top
ic
.
T
he
pr
evio
us
st
udie
s
didn
’
t
include
pe
rcei
ved
sacri
fice,
wh
ic
h
ref
e
rs
to
“w
hat
is
giv
e
n
up
or
sac
rifi
ced
to
obta
in
a
[
healt
hcar
e
se
rv
ic
e]
”,
as
the
ant
eced
ent
of
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
[2
2]
.
Me
anwhil
e,
in
th
e
con
te
xt
of
public
healt
hca
r
e
serv
ic
e,
pe
rc
ei
ved
sacrifice
is
im
portant
to
be
c
on
si
der
e
d.
Thi
s
is
beca
us
e
th
e
public
healt
hc
are
ser
vice
in
sti
tuti
on
is
s
upporte
d
by
public
fu
nd
.
The
patie
nt
of
public
healt
hc
are
insti
tuti
on
m
ay
be
m
or
e
awar
e
of
their
sacrifice
.
T
he
high
awar
e
ness
of
t
he
cust
om
ers
on
t
heir
sacri
fice
m
ay
cause
the
direct
ef
fe
ct
of
pe
rceive
d
sacrifice
on
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
[2
3].
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
in
the
oth
e
r
publi
c
serv
i
ces
co
nt
ext,
em
pirical
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
s
howe
d
that
perce
ived
sacrifi
ce in
flue
nces l
oyal
ty
[
e.
g.
24
-
25]
.
Ther
e
is
la
ck
of
previ
ous
st
ud
ie
s
that
incl
ud
e
im
age
as
the
pre
dictor
of
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
[26].
T
his
is
quit
e
su
r
pr
isi
ng
sinc
e
healt
hca
re
se
rv
ic
e
is
a
cre
de
nce
se
rv
ic
e
[1
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
26
]
,
[
27]
.
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
in
t
he
c
onte
xt
of
c
red
e
nce
se
rv
ic
e,
im
age
m
ay
influ
ence
a
con
s
um
er’
s
beh
a
viors,
w
hich
inclu
de
his/her
post
co
ns
um
pt
ion
beh
a
viors
[
26
-
28
]
.
F
urt
her
m
ore,
it
is
al
so
w
el
l
do
cum
ented
that
im
age
influ
e
nces
cu
s
to
m
er
lo
ya
lt
y
po
sit
ively
[e.
g.
26, 2
9
-
32]
. Thus, it
is i
m
portant t
o
incl
ude im
age in
order t
o
i
nv
est
i
ga
te
p
at
ie
nt loya
lt
y.
To
ad
dr
es
s
the
gap
in
the
li
ter
at
ur
e
,
this
res
earch
ai
m
s
to
i
nv
e
sti
gate
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
us
i
ng
a
m
od
el
that
integ
rates
two
va
riables
t
hat
wer
e
not
i
nvolv
e
d
in
t
he
previ
ous
st
ud
i
es
(im
age
an
d
per
cei
ved
sacri
fice)
and
tw
o
va
riables
that
we
re
al
read
y
us
e
d
in
t
he
pr
e
vious
resea
rch
es
(sati
sfacti
on
a
nd
pe
rceive
d
value
).
Sati
sfacti
on
an
d
per
c
ei
ve
d
va
lue
are
inclu
ded
in
the
m
od
el
since
bo
t
h
var
i
ables
is
widely
known
as
the
pr
e
dictor
of l
oy
al
ty
in
healt
hc
are se
rv
ic
e
[
3
]
,
[
10
]
,
[
1] a
nd
the
ot
her p
ubli
c ser
vices [e
.g.
33
-
34]
.
More
sp
eci
fical
ly
,
this
research
aim
s
to
answ
er
f
our
resea
rch
quest
io
ns
.
First,
does
i
m
a
ge
influ
e
nc
e
patie
nt
loya
lt
y?
Sec
ond,
does
per
cei
ved
sa
cr
ific
e
influ
e
nce
patie
nt
loya
lt
y?
T
hir
d,
do
e
s
s
at
isfact
ion
in
fluen
ce
patie
nt loyal
ty
?
F
ou
rth, d
oes percei
ved v
al
ue
inf
l
uen
ce
p
at
ie
nt loyal
ty
?
The
rem
ind
er
of
t
his
pa
pe
r
is
or
gan
iz
e
d
as
fo
ll
ows.
The
first
sect
ion
re
view
s
th
e
the
or
e
ti
cal
backg
rou
nd
a
nd
the
pro
pose
d
hypo
t
heses.
T
he
seco
nd
sect
ion
prese
nts
th
e
researc
h
m
eth
od
ology.
The
third
sect
ion
de
scri
bes
the
re
su
lt
s
of
the
resear
ch.
T
he
f
ourth
sect
ion
prese
nts
the
the
or
et
ic
al
and
m
anag
erial
i
m
plica
ti
on
s.
T
he final
secti
on
is the c
oncl
us
i
on of t
his p
a
pe
r.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1
.
Res
earc
h
design
This
researc
h
us
e
d
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
researc
h
m
e
thodo
l
og
y.
F
urt
her
,
the
resea
r
ch
desig
n
of
t
hi
s
stu
dy
is
a
cro
ss
-
sect
io
nal
stud
y.
A
sur
ve
y
with
qu
est
ionnaire
w
as
pe
rfor
m
ed
to
colle
ct
the
e
m
piric
al
data.
The
re
search
include
s
fi
ve
m
ai
n
var
ia
bles
,
nam
el
y
patie
nt
loya
lt
y,
sat
isfact
ion,
per
ce
ived
val
ue,
im
age,
a
nd
per
c
ei
ve
d
sacrifice
.
We
m
easur
ed
t
he
var
ia
bles
us
in
g
m
ulti
ple
it
e
ms
since
these
va
riables
can
be
cat
ego
rize
d
as
la
te
nt
var
ia
ble
with
high
de
gr
ee
of
abstracti
on
[
35]
.
The
op
e
rati
on
al
def
init
io
n
of
the
var
ia
bles
and
the
nu
m
ber
of
the in
dicat
ors c
an be see
n
i
n
T
able
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
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52
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8806
Th
e
Eff
ect
o
f S
atisf
action, Pe
rcei
ved V
alu
e
, Im
age,
and Pe
rcei
ved
Sa
cr
if
i
ce…
(
Medi Y
armen
)
277
Table
1.
Resea
rch O
per
at
io
na
l Defi
niti
on
&
Nu
m
ber
of In
di
cat
or
s
Variable
Def
in
itio
n
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Ind
icato
rs
Ind
icato
r
So
u
rces
Patien
t loyalt
y
The
d
eep
co
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
atien
t
o
n
th
e
rel
atio
n
sh
ip
b
etween
h
i
m
/h
e
r
an
d
his
/her health
care
se
rvice pro
v
id
er
[
1
,3].
4
Ch
o
i
et al.
[
1
0
]
Patien
t
Satisf
actio
n
“
a
[
p
atien
t]’
s
o
v
e
rall
ex
p
erience
to
d
ate
with
a
[
h
ealth
care
serv
ic
e
p
rov
id
er]
(
Jo
h
n
so
n
and
Forn
ell,
1
9
9
1
)”
[
3
6
]
3
Hu
et al.
[
3
7
]
Perceived
Value
The
d
iff
erence
o
r
d
iscrepan
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
p
atien
t
o
b
tain
f
ro
m
h
ealth
care
serv
ice
p
rov
id
er
with
th
e
sacrif
ices
h
e/sh
e
h
as
to
p
erfo
r
m
th
at is perceived
b
y
hi
m
/h
e
r
[
2
2
,
3
8
–
4
1
].
3
Ch
o
i
et al.
[
1
0
]
I
m
ag
e
Patien
t’s
o
v
erall
(
g
lo
b
al)
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
n
th
e
h
ealth
care
serv
ice
p
rov
id
er
[
4
2
]
3
An
d
reassen
and
Lind
estad
[
4
3
]
Perceived
Sacrifi
ce
“
wh
at is giv
en
up
o
r
sacrif
iced
to o
b
tain
a
[
h
ealth
care
s
ervice]”
[
2
2
]
3
Cro
n
in
et al.
[
4
4
]
The
m
ai
n
var
i
ables
we
re
m
e
asur
e
d
by
s
uing
a
se
ve
n
-
po
i
nt
Likert
scal
e.
We
us
ed
posit
ive
se
ntence
s
to
ex
pr
es
s
the
al
l
ind
ic
at
or
s
.
Re
la
te
d
to
this
m
at
te
r,
it
sh
ou
ld
be
note
d
t
hat
the
use
of
po
sit
ive
se
nten
ces
i
n
expressi
ng
t
he
ind
ic
at
ors
of
per
cei
ved
sac
rifice
cause
d
t
he
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
per
c
ei
ved
sac
rifice
an
d
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
m
us
t
be
inter
pr
et
e
d
as
a
po
s
it
ive
relat
ion
s
hi
p
if
the
resu
lt
of
t
he
sta
ti
sti
c
al
te
sti
ng
sho
ws
that
the co
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
of the
relat
ion
s
hip
is
n
e
gative
and v
ic
e
ve
rsa.
2.2. S
amp
li
n
g
tech
nique
The
i
nten
ded
popula
ti
on
of
t
hi
s
stud
y
is
the
patie
nts
of
hea
lt
hcar
e
se
rv
ic
e
insti
tuti
ons
in
Bo
gor
a
nd
Be
kasi,
Ind
on
e
sia
.
D
ue
t
o
th
e
unkn
own
t
rue
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
po
pula
ti
on
of
t
he
pa
ti
ents
of
he
al
thcar
e
serv
ic
e
in
sti
tuti
on
s
a
nd
budg
et
and
op
e
rati
on
al
li
m
it
at
ion
,
we
em
plo
ye
d
co
nvenie
nce
sa
m
pling
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
[45].
Howe
ver,
it
sho
uld
be
note
d
that
si
nce
t
his
re
sear
ch
was
desi
gned
t
o
te
st
the
relat
ion
s
hip
s
a
m
on
g
var
ia
bles, the
use
of c
onve
nience sam
pling
t
echn
i
qu
e
in
t
hi
s r
esea
rch co
ul
d
sti
ll
b
e t
olera
te
d
[
46]
.
The
da
ta
colle
ct
ion
was
ca
rr
i
ed
out
thr
ough
su
r
vey.
T
he
s
urvey
was
perform
ed
in
two
healt
hcare
serv
ic
e
insti
tut
ion
s
in
Bo
gor
and
Be
kasi,
I
ndonesi
a.
T
he
r
esp
onde
nts
of
the
su
r
vey
are
the
patie
nts
of
the
healt
hcar
e
serv
ic
e insti
tuti
on
.
The parti
ci
pati
on
of t
he pati
ents in
the s
urve
y i
s co
m
plete
ly volu
ntary.
The
sam
ple
of
this
researc
h
is
162
patie
nts.
The
sam
ple
size
fu
lfil
ls
the
sam
ple
siz
e
req
ui
red
by
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
sis
too
l
e
m
pl
oyed
in
this
s
tud
y
(m
ulti
ple
reg
re
ssio
ns
a
naly
sis)
[47].
Table
2
s
ho
w
s
the
respo
nd
e
nts’ d
e
m
og
ra
phic
pr
of
il
e.
Table
2.
T
he
Resp
onde
nts’ D
e
m
og
ra
phic
Prof
il
e
Variable
Categ
o
ry
%
Ag
e
≤ 20
y
ea
rs old
10
21
-
3
0
y
ears old
2
8
.1
31
-
4
0
y
ears old
2
4
.4
41
-
5
0
y
ears old
1
9
.4
≥ 51
y
ea
rs old
1
8
.1
Occup
atio
n
Un
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
1
0
.5
Labo
r
1
4
.22
Stu
d
en
ts
1
5
.4
Go
v
ern
m
en
t e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
5
.5
Private e
m
p
lo
y
ee
2
7
.8
Entrep
reneu
r
2
6
.5
Edu
catio
n
Oth
er
5
.0
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
1
1
.2
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
6
3
.8
Dip
lo
m
a
8
.1
Bach
elo
r
1
1
.8
Mar
ital
statu
s
Sin
g
le
3
1
.1
Mar
ried
6
7
.7
Div
o
rced
1
.2
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Visit
1
-
3
ti
m
es
3
4
.6
3
-
6
ti
m
es
2
8
.4
7
-
1
0
ti
m
es
1
1
.1
> 10
ti
m
es
2
5
.9
2.3.
The
vali
dity
an
d
reli
ab
i
li
ty
analysis
of t
he
qu
es
tiona
re
This
resea
rch
e
m
plo
ye
d
fact
or
a
naly
sis
in
order
to
c
hec
k
the
co
ns
tr
uc
t
validit
y
of
t
he
resea
rch
qu
e
sti
on
a
re.
T
he
c
ut
off
val
ue
s
are
(
1)
Kais
er
Me
ye
r
Olki
n
(K
M
O)
val
ue
≥
0.5;
(
2)
p
va
lue
of
Ba
rtle
tt
Test
of
Spherici
ty
(BTS)
≤
0.0
5;
(
3)
Factor
loa
ding v
al
ue
(
for
each
ind
ic
at
or)
≥
0.
5
[
34
]
,
[
47
]
,
48]
.
Table
3
sho
ws
the
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IS
S
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IJPHS
V
ol. 6, No.
3,
Septem
ber 2
017 :
275
–
282
27
8
resu
lt
s
of
fa
ct
or
a
naly
sis.
Ba
sed
on
Table
3,
it
can
be
c
oncl
uded
that
al
l
var
ia
bles
f
ulfill
the constr
uct
va
li
dity
crite
ria.
Table
3.
T
he
Result
s of C
onstruct
Vali
dity
T
est
ing
Variables
&
I
n
d
icato
rs
KMO
BTS (
Sig
.
)
Facto
r
Load
in
g
Satisf
actio
n
0
.77
3
0
.00
0
a.
Ov
erall
satis
f
actio
n
0
.94
5
b.
The p
erfo
r
m
an
ce
of
health
care
servic
e exceed
s p
atien
ts‘
exp
ectatio
n
s
0
.95
1
c.
The p
erfo
r
m
an
ce
of
health
care
servic
e equ
als with
patie
n
ts’ wants
0
.95
3
I
m
ag
e
0
.71
0
0
.00
0
a.
The g
o
o
d
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
of
the h
ealth
care
service pro
v
id
er
0
.88
1
b.
The b
etter
i
m
ag
e
of
the h
ealth
care
ser
v
ice prov
id
er
co
m
p
ares w
ith
the o
th
e
r
h
ealth
care
servic
e
p
rov
id
ers
0
.95
5
c.
The g
o
o
d
i
m
ag
e of
the h
ealth
care
ser
v
ice prov
id
er
in
the
m
in
d
of
the o
th
er
p
atien
ts
0
.93
6
Perceived
Value
0
.72
5
0
.00
0
a.
Co
m
p
a
red with
ti
m
e
and
m
o
n
e
y
h
as
been
giv
en
,
th
e se
rvice was valu
ab
le
.
0
.90
2
b.
At the p
rice
has
be
en
paid
,
th
e servic
e was a
cceptab
le.
0
.89
0
c.
It
was
wo
rth tak
in
g
this
health
care
se
rvice r
ath
e
r
th
an
th
e oth
ers.
0
.85
7
Perceived
sac
rif
ice
0.
745
0
.00
0
a.
Total co
st
0.
896
b.
W
aitin
g
ti
m
e
0.
926
c.
Ef
f
o
rt
n
eeded
to o
b
tain
health
care
se
rvice
0.
932
Loyalt
y
0
.67
7
0
.00
0
a.
Say
po
sitiv
e thin
g
s ab
o
u
t the h
ealth
care
services
to o
th
er
s p
eo
p
le
0
.88
1
b.
Reco
m
m
en
d
the h
ealth
care
se
rvice p
rov
id
er
to
so
m
eo
n
e who
seek
s y
o
u
r
a
d
v
ice
0
.89
1
c.
Reu
se th
e health
ca
re
serv
ice
pro
v
id
er
if
the servi
ce is ne
ed
ed
0
.83
8
d.
Co
n
sid
er
th
e health
care
service
pro
v
id
er
as th
e f
irst cho
i
ce to travel
0
.83
8
Cronbac
h
Al
pha
analy
sis
w
as
perform
ed
to
exam
ine
the
reli
abili
ty
of
the
qu
est
i
on
a
re
.
Ta
ble
4
pr
ese
nts
the
Al
ph
a
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
each
va
riab
le
.
In
the
li
te
ratur
e
,
the
c
ut
off
value
of
the Al
ph
a
c
oeffici
en
t
that
is ge
ner
al
ly
u
s
ed
is
0.6 [
34
]
,
[
45
],
[
47
],
[
48
]
.
Based
on Ta
bl
e 4
,
all
v
a
riabl
es h
a
ve
al
ph
a
val
ue
ab
ove
0.6
.
Table
4.
T
he
Result
s of Rel
ia
bili
ty
Testi
ng
Variables
&
ind
ica
to
rs
Cro
n
b
ach Alp
h
a
Satisf
actio
n
0
.94
5
I
m
ag
e
0
.91
5
Perceived
v
alu
e
0
.85
9
Perceived
sac
rif
ice
0
.90
6
Loyalt
y
0
.88
3
2.4. M
ain
a
n
al
ys
is
In
order
to
ac
hi
eve
the
m
a
in
obj
ect
ive
of
thi
s
researc
h,
this
researc
h
pe
rfo
rm
ed
m
ult
iple
regressio
ns
analy
sis.
The
m
et
ho
d
was
app
li
ed
beca
us
e
this
researc
h
exam
ines
the
relat
ion
sh
i
ps
be
tween
tw
o
or
m
or
e
ind
e
pende
nt
m
et
ric
var
ia
bles
and
one
de
pe
nd
e
nt
m
e
tric
var
ia
ble.
Me
anwhil
e,
li
te
ratur
e
ha
s
rev
eal
ed
that
m
ul
ti
ple
reg
re
ssion
a
naly
sis
is
app
r
opriat
e
to
per
f
orm
that
ta
sk
[47].
Th
e
regressi
on
m
od
el
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
1.
T
he
validit
y
and
reli
abili
ty
tests
and
the
m
ulti
ple
reg
ressio
n
analy
sis
were
condu
ct
e
d
w
it
h
the
su
pp
or
t
of SP
S
S 16.
Figure
1. The
c
on
ce
ptu
al
m
odel
Patien
t loyalt
y
Patien
t
satis
f
actio
n
Perceived
valu
e
I
m
ag
e
Perceived
sac
rif
ice
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IJPHS
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Th
e
Eff
ect
o
f S
atisf
action, Pe
rcei
ved V
alu
e
, Im
age,
and Pe
rcei
ved
Sa
cr
if
i
ce…
(
Medi Y
armen
)
279
This
resea
rc
h
is
a
cro
ss
sect
ion
al
stu
dy.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
it
can
al
so
be
c
at
egorized
as
fiel
d
stu
dy
.
Diff
e
re
nt
with
pure
e
xperim
e
ntal
stu
dy,
t
he
natu
re
of
fiel
d
stud
y
is
m
or
e
f
ocuss
on
the
e
xter
nal
vali
dity
of
the
researc
h
tha
n
the
inter
nal
va
li
dity
[4
5].
T
hu
s,
t
he
existe
nc
e
of
c
onf
oundin
g
va
riable
m
ay
hap
pe
n
in
fiel
d
stud
y.
I
n
or
der
to
reduce
the
eff
ect
of
co
unf
oundin
g
va
riab
le
,
we
on
ly
in
vo
l
ved
the
a
nt
ecedent
var
ia
bl
e
of
regressio
n
m
odel
that are
sup
porte
d by str
ong t
heoreti
cal
b
ac
kgr
ound.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
AL
YSIS
3.1. Des
cri
pt
i
ve
s
tatistics
Table
5
s
hows
the d
e
scripti
ve st
at
ist
ic
s o
f
the
constr
ucts
of
t
he researc
h. Al
l const
ru
ct
s
h
a
ve hig
h
m
ean v
al
ue
. T
he
c
onstruct
wi
th h
i
gh
e
st m
ea
n value is
p
e
rc
ei
ved
sacrifice
(5.70). F
ur
t
herm
or
e, i
m
age has the
lowe
r
m
ean
va
lue (5.
16).
Table
5.
T
he
Desc
riptive
Stat
ist
ic
s o
f
the Res
earch
V
a
riable
s
Variables
Mean
Stan
d
ard Deviatio
n
Loyalt
y
5
.19
0
.78
Satisf
actio
n
5
.18
1
.13
Perceived
valu
e
5
.37
0
.88
I
m
ag
e
5
.16
0
.99
Perceived
sac
rif
ice
5
.70
0
.89
3.2.
M
ultipl
e
regressio
n
analysis re
sult
The
r
esults
of
t
he
m
ulti
ple
regressio
ns
a
naly
sis
are
sho
wn
in
Table
6.
T
he
F
sta
ti
sti
c
value
is
16.39
6
with
p
-
value
(
p=
0.0
00)
l
ower
tha
n
0.0
5.
This
m
eans
th
at
the
reg
ressi
on
m
od
el
can
be
us
ed
to
predict
patie
nts’
l
oyal
ty
.
Table
6.
T
he
Result
s of M
ulti
ple Reg
ressio
ns
Ind
ep
en
d
en
t Var
iab
les
Un
stan
d
ardized
Co
ef
f
icien
ts
Beta
Stan
d
ardized
Co
ef
f
icien
ts
t
Sig
.
R
2
F (
p
v
alu
e)
B
Stan
d
ard Erro
r
(Co
n
stan
t)
2
.42
4
0
.38
9
6
.23
1
0
.00
0
2
9
.5 %
1
6
.39
6
(0.0
0
0
)
Satisf
actio
n
0
.07
6
0
.06
8
-
0
.11
0
1
.11
9
0
.26
5
p
erce
iv
ed
sacrifice
0
.09
7
0
.07
2
0
.11
1
1
.35
5
0
.17
7
p
erce
iv
ed
valu
e
-
0
.09
5
0
.09
0
0
.10
7
1
.05
1
0
.29
5
i
m
ag
e
0
.25
4
0
.07
7
0
.32
3
3
.31
7
0
.00
1
*
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
ia
b
le: L
o
y
alt
y
The
first
fin
din
g
of
t
his
res
earch
sho
wed
that
the
unsta
nd
a
r
dized
B
c
oeffici
ent
of
s
at
isfact
ion
is
po
sit
ive
(B
=
0.076
)
an
d
the
p
va
lue
is
higher
t
han
0.0
5
(
p
val
ue
=
0.265).
This
m
eans
sat
isfact
ion
does
n’
t
aff
ect
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
sign
ific
antly
.
This
fin
din
g
do
es
n’t
s
upport
th
e
fi
nding
of
the
prev
iou
s
resea
rch
e
s
carrie
d
ou
t
by M
oliner
[3] an
d Am
in an
d Na
sh
a
rud
di
n
[
2].
The
seco
nd
fi
nd
i
ng
of
this
researc
h
sho
w
ed
that
per
cei
ved
value
doe
sn
’t
af
fect
pat
ie
nt
loya
lty
sign
ific
a
ntly
(B
=
-
0.0
95,
p
value
=
0.295).
Th
is
fin
din
g
doesn
’t
suppo
rt
the
fin
di
ng
of
the
pr
evio
us
researc
hes
ca
rri
ed
out
by Ch
oi
et
a
l.
[10].
The
t
hird
fi
ndin
g
of
this
researc
h
s
how
ed
that
im
age
aff
ect
s
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
po
sit
ively
and
sign
ific
a
ntly
(
B
=
0.2
54,
p
va
lue
=
0.0
01).
This
fin
ding
s
uppo
rt
s
the
fi
nding
of
t
he
pr
e
vi
ou
s
resea
rc
hes
w
hich
te
ste
d
the im
pact
of im
age o
n l
oyal
ty
[
e.g
.
29
-
31]
.
The
f
ourt
h
fi
ndin
g
of
this
re
search
sho
wed
that
per
cei
ve
d
sacri
fice
do
esn’
t
a
ff
ect
pa
ti
ent
loya
lty
sign
ific
a
ntly
(
B
=
0.0
97,
p
va
lue
=
0.177).
This
fi
nd
i
ng
does
n’
t
s
upport
the
pre
vious
re
searche
s
on
pe
rceive
d
sacrifice
–
loya
lt
y, wh
ic
h are
carried
out i
n
t
he othe
r
c
on
te
xts th
a
n healt
hc
are se
rv
ic
e
[e.
g.
24
-
25]
.
3.3.
The
oret
ic
al i
mpli
cat
i
on
Re
centl
y,
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
has
been
ide
ntifie
d
to
be
an
im
po
rtant
fact
or
for
pu
blic
healt
hc
are
se
rv
ic
e
insti
tuti
on
s
[
6].
Thus,
the
m
anag
em
ents
of
public
healt
hcar
e
ser
vice
insti
tuti
on
s
nee
d
to
unde
rstan
d
the
factors
that
in
f
luence
patie
nt
loya
lt
y.
So
m
e
researc
hers
ha
ve
in
vestigat
ed
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
of
public
heal
thcare
serv
ic
e
insti
tut
ion
.
Howe
ver,
there
is
no
st
ud
y
that
in
vestigat
es
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
us
ing
a
m
od
el
that
inv
ol
ves
sat
isfact
ion
,
pe
rceive
d
value
,
im
age,
an
d
pe
rceive
d
sac
rif
ic
e.
Gi
ven
this
,
the
pa
per
f
ul
fill
s
the
gap
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol. 6, No.
3,
Septem
ber 2
017 :
275
–
282
280
li
te
ratur
e
by
de
velo
ping
an
d
te
sti
ng
a
pati
ent
loya
lt
y
m
od
el
that
incl
udes
sat
isfact
io
n,
value,
im
age,
an
d
per
cei
ved sacri
fice.
The
res
ults
of
this
researc
h
showe
d
tha
t
patie
nt
loyalty
is
on
ly
influ
e
nced
by
im
age
wh
il
e
sat
isfact
ion
,
pe
rceive
d
val
ue
,
an
d
pe
rceive
d
sacri
fice
do
no
t
a
ff
ect
patie
nt
loy
al
ty
.
The
posit
ive
im
pact
of
i
m
age o
n
loya
lt
y sup
ports the
p
re
vi
ous r
esea
rch
es [
e
.g. 26, 29
-
31, 4
9]. Me
anwhil
e, the
non
-
sig
nifica
nt im
pac
t
of
sat
isfact
io
n,
per
cei
ve
d
val
ue,
an
d
pe
rcei
ved
sac
rifice
on
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
m
ay
du
e
to
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
healt
hcar
e
se
r
vices.
Healt
hc
are
ser
vices
can
be
cat
eg
or
iz
e
d
as
cre
den
ce
se
rv
ic
e
so
that
the
serv
ic
e
perform
ance
is
diff
ic
ult
to
be
evaluated
by
the
patie
nts
[
27]
.
Me
an
wh
il
e
,
the
th
ree
co
nst
ru
ct
s
relat
e
to
the
patie
nt’s
eval
ua
ti
on
of
the
serv
ic
e
[
22
]
,
[
39
]
.
Ba
se
d
on
inform
ation
econom
ic
s
sig
naling
the
ory
,
unde
r
cred
e
nce
se
rv
i
ce
co
ns
um
ption
,
a
c
us
tom
er
te
nds
to
us
e
c
re
dib
le
sig
n
al
prov
i
ded
by
the
pro
du
ce
r
[
25
-
26]
.
O
n
oth
e
r han
d, im
age is a
ty
pe of
a sig
nal that m
ay
incr
ease
cus
t
om
er ex
pected
u
ti
li
ty
v
al
ue
[
25
-
26]
.
Anothe
r
e
xp
la
nation
m
ay
co
m
e fr
om
co
nsu
m
er b
eha
vior li
te
ratur
e.
The
c
on
s
um
er b
eha
vi
or
li
te
rature
has
re
vealed
t
hat
co
ns
um
er
te
nds
to
use
he
ur
ist
ic
way,
s
uc
h
as
reli
es
on
ly
on
ser
vice
pro
vid
er
’s
im
a
ge,
in
their
purc
hasin
g
decisi
on
re
ga
rd
i
ng
c
red
e
nc
e
serv
ic
es
c
on
s
um
ption
[28].
This
m
ay
m
ak
e
the
patie
nt
does
n’t
evaluate
the
overall
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
he
al
thcare
ser
vi
ce
as
well
as
the
val
ue
of
t
he
ser
vices
a
nd
the
sacrifice
they
ha
ve
to
p
e
rfo
rm
durin
g
t
heir
c
onsu
m
ption.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
non
-
sig
nifi
cance
ef
fect
of
sat
isfact
ion,
per
cei
ved
valu
e,
and
per
cei
ve
d
sacrifice
m
ay
al
so
be
exp
la
ine
d
from
the
pe
rsp
ect
i
ve
of
c
us
tom
er
nee
ds
.
The
patie
nt
m
ay
o
nly
e
m
ph
asi
ze
on
t
he
ou
tc
om
e
di
m
e
ns
io
n
of
the
he
al
thcare
ser
vice,
wh
ic
h
is
healt
hier
after
the
y
ob
ta
in
the
serv
i
ce.
T
his
m
a
y
m
ake
the
patie
nt
doe
sn
’t
serio
us
ly
consi
der
the
e
m
ot
ion
al
at
m
os
phere
of
the
he
al
thcare
se
rv
i
ce,
that
is
t
he
root
of
sat
isfact
ion
,
and the
sacri
fice t
hey h
a
ve
t
o per
form
as w
el
l as the
value o
f
th
e ser
vice they
ob
ta
in
.
3.4.
M
ana
ger
ial
i
mpli
ca
ti
on
The
res
ults
of
this
researc
h
giv
e
m
anageria
l
i
m
plica
t
i
on
s
for
pu
blic
healt
hcar
e
m
anag
ers
i
n
est
ablishin
g
pa
ti
ent
loya
lt
y.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
s
how
that
publi
c
healt
hcar
e
se
rv
ic
e
insti
tuti
on
s
hould
m
anag
e
it
s
i
m
age
eff
ect
ively
.
Fu
rthe
rm
or
e,
the
m
anag
em
ents
of
public
healt
hcar
e
se
rv
ic
e
insti
tuti
ons
shou
l
d
em
p
hasize
on m
ark
et
ing
a
nd ope
rati
on
al
strat
egy that ca
n
im
pr
ove the
im
age of
the
ins
ti
tuti
on
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
resea
rc
h
has
trie
d
t
o
te
st
the
influ
e
nce
of
sat
isfact
io
n,
per
cei
ve
d
val
ue,
im
age,
and
per
cei
ve
d
sacrifice
on
pa
ti
ent
loya
lt
y.
This
is
i
m
po
rt
ant
beca
us
e
th
ere
is
lim
i
te
d
li
te
ratur
e
on
th
e
top
ic
.
Ba
se
d
on
the
data
analy
sis,
this
researc
h
f
ound
that
i
m
age
influ
e
nces
patie
nt
loya
lt
y
po
sit
ively
.
Ho
we
ve
r,
this
researc
h
al
so
fou
nd that sat
is
facti
on, perce
i
ved v
al
ue,
a
nd
per
cei
ved sacri
fice d
o n
ot in
fluen
ce
p
at
ie
nt loyal
ty
sign
ific
antly
.
Eve
n
th
ough
t
his
re
searc
h
ha
s
ge
ner
at
e
d
i
nteresti
ng
fi
nd
i
ngs,
we
ad
dr
e
ss
ed
s
om
e
lim
it
a
ti
on
s.
First,
we
em
plo
ye
d
conve
nience
s
a
m
pling
te
ch
ni
qu
e
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
we
perform
ed
the
data
co
ll
ect
ion
only
in
tw
o
healt
hcar
e
insti
tuti
on
s
i
n
Bo
gor
a
nd
Be
ka
si,
Ind
on
esi
a
.
Th
us,
the
researc
h
resu
lt
s
m
ay
not
be
ge
ne
rali
zed
int
o
oth
e
r
c
on
te
xts.
Seco
nd,
t
his
r
esearch
only
i
nclu
ded
f
our
va
riables
(sati
sf
act
ion
,
pe
rceiv
ed
value
,
im
age,
an
d
per
cei
ved
sacri
fice)
as
the
pr
edict
or
s
of
pat
ie
nt
loya
lt
y.
The
R
2
is
29.
5%
.
H
ence
,
we
pre
dict
the
re
are
sti
ll
oth
e
r
antece
de
nt
var
ia
bles
of p
at
ie
nt
loya
lt
ie
s.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
lim
it
ation
s,
w
e
su
ggest
incl
udin
g
ot
her
s v
ar
ia
bles
in
the
resea
rc
h
m
od
el
and
i
nvolv
i
ng
m
or
e
healt
hcar
e
se
rv
ic
e
insti
tuti
on
to
te
st
the
m
od
el
in
the
fu
t
ur
e
researc
h.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Chang,
C.
-
W
.
;
Tseng,
T.
-
H
.
;
W
oodside;
A.G.;
,
“
Configura
l
al
gorit
hm
s
of
pat
i
ent
sati
sfa
ct
io
n,
par
ticipation
in
dia
gnostic
s
,
and
tre
at
m
en
t
decisi
ons'
infl
u
enc
es
on
hospita
l
lo
y
a
l
t
y
”,
Journal
of
Serv
ices
Marke
t
ing
,
vol
.
27
no.
2,
pp.
91
-
103
,
201
3
[2]
Am
in,
M.
;
Nas
har
uddin,
S.Z
.
;
,
“
Hos
pit
al
ser
vic
e
qu
alit
y
and
it
s
eff
ects
on
p
at
i
ent
sa
ti
sfac
to
n
and
beh
avi
our
al
int
ention”
,
Cl
inical
Gov
ernanc
e:
An
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
,
vo
l. 1
8
no.
3,
pp.
238
-
254,
2013
[3]
Moline
r,
M.A
.
;
,
“
Lo
y
al
t
y
,
per
ce
iv
ed
val
u
e,
an
d
rel
a
ti
onship
q
ual
ity
in
he
al
th
c
are
servi
ce
s”
,
J
ournal
of
Serv
ice
Manage
ment
,
vo
l.
20
no.
1,
pp.
7
6
-
97,
2009
[4]
Aurie
r,
P
.
;
N'
G
oal
a
,
G.
;
,
“
Th
e
diff
eri
ng
and
m
edi
at
ing
role
s
of
trust
and
r
el
a
ti
onship
comm
itm
ent
in
serv
i
c
e
rel
a
ti
onship
m
aintena
n
ce
and
de
vel
opm
ent
”
,
Jou
rnal
of
the
Ac
ad
emy
of
Marke
tnig
Sci
ence
,
vol
.
38
no.
3,
June,
pp.
303
-
325,
2010
[5]
Bruhn,
M.;
,
Relati
onship
Mark
et
ing:
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