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u
b
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th Science (IJ
P
HS)
Vol
.
4,
N
o
.
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,
D
ecem
b
er 20
1
5
, pp
. 31
5~
31
9
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
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0
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/
IJPHS
Double Burden of Maln
utriti
on amon
g Undergraduat
e
s i
n
Ogun State Nigeria
Ol
ad
oyi
n
b
o
C
a
th
eri
ne
A
1
, E
k
erette
Nkere
N
2
1
Departm
e
nt
of
Nutrition
and Di
etetics, Feder
a
l
Univer
sit
y
of
Ag
ricultu
re, Abeok
u
ta, Ogun State,
Nigeria
2
Department of Human
Ecolog
y
,
Nutrit
ion and
D
i
et
eti
c
s
,
Univ
er
sity
of U
y
o
Akwa-Ibom Nigeria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
l 22, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Sep
20
, 20
15
Accepted Oct 06, 2015
Coexisten
ce of u
nder and over n
u
trition
among the same population group is
referred
to
as th
e double burden
of malnut
rition. The ob
jectiv
e o
f
this stu
d
y
was to assess do
uble burden of
malnut
rition
among undergraduate students in
Ogun State Nig
e
ria. A cross-section
a
l stud
y
in
volving 1,115 (
37.8%) males
and 1,835 (62.2
%) female
s was conducted. Bo
d
y
mass index (
B
MI) was
derived from w
e
ight
and a h
e
ig
ht meas
urem
ent,
wais
t cir
c
um
fer
e
nce (W
C)
measurement was taken
to assess a
bdominal obesity
. SPSS version 16 was
us
ed for data
anal
y
s
is
. M
e
an age, he
ight
, weight and
BM
I were
23±0.05
y
ears, 1.63±0.001m,
60.99±0.22k
g and 22.8
0
±0.08kgm
-2
respectively
.
Mean WC was 82.21±
0.32cm and 80.55±0.
49cm among males
and fem
a
l
e
s
res
p
ect
ivel
y.
Bas
e
d
on BM
I, th
e P
r
eval
enc
e
of un
derweight
,
overweight
and
obesity
were 13.4%, 16.
9%
and
7.5% respectiv
ely
.
BMI did
not relate sign
ifican
tly
with b
o
th age (p
=0.4
64) and gender
(P=0.115)
.
About fifty
per
cent (50.64%)
of fe
males
and
12.36% males who were
overweight
and
obes
e
als
o
h
a
d ex
ces
s
abd
o
m
i
nal fa
t. P
r
eval
ence
of
abdominal obes
i
ty
was si
gnificantly
high
er among females (16.9%) than
m
a
les (2.5%),
(p=0.001)
. Respondents in thi
s
study
were
faced with
problem
s of bot
h under-nutr
ition
and ov
er-nutr
iti
on.
Keyword:
Abdo
m
i
n
a
l fat
D
oub
le bur
d
e
n
Ob
esity
Un
de
rg
rad
u
ate
s
Un
de
rwei
ght
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Olado
y
in
do
Cath
erin
e A,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Nut
r
i
t
i
on a
n
d
Di
et
et
i
c
s,
Fed
e
ral Un
iv
ersity o
f
Agricu
lt
u
r
e,
Abe
o
kuta, Ogun State,
Nige
ri
a.
Em
a
il: cath
b
a
dej
o
@yahoo
.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Th
e dou
b
l
e burd
e
n
of m
a
ln
utritio
n
is referred
to
as
th
e co
-ex
i
sten
ce of u
n
d
e
r- and
ov
er-nu
t
rition
o
ccurri
n
g
sim
u
ltan
e
o
u
sly with
in
a pop
u
l
atio
n [1
].
Bot
h
obesity
and underwei
ght
ha
ve been
ass
o
ciated with
t
h
e i
n
ci
de
nce
of
vari
ous
di
se
ases [2]
.
Un
d
e
r-
nut
ri
t
i
on a
n
d o
b
esi
t
y
are
bot
h am
ong t
h
e t
op t
e
n l
e
a
d
i
ng
ri
sk
factor
for the
global burde
n
of diseas
e [2].
Ove
r
weight and obesity occur
as a result of
energy im
balance i.e.
whe
n
cal
oric i
n
take e
x
cee
ds
energy expe
nditure [3],[4].
This leads
to e
x
cessive
accum
u
la
tion of fat in the
ad
ipo
s
e tissu
e of th
e bod
y and
th
is is
asso
ciated
with
an
d pred
ispo
ses t
o
th
e dev
e
lop
m
en
t o
f
Non
Comm
unicable Diseases (C
VD) s
u
ch as
Type 2
diab
etes, c
o
rona
ry heart disea
s
e, atheroscle
rosis
,
hy
pe
rch
o
l
e
st
er
ol
em
i
a
, st
roke,
hy
pert
e
n
si
o
n
,
di
ffe
rent
t
y
pe
s of cance
rs,
ast
h
m
a
, ot
her respi
r
at
ory
di
s
eases,
in
creased
m
o
rbid
ity an
d
m
o
rtality [2
]-[3
],[5
]-[9
]
.
On t
h
e
ot
he
r
han
d
,
u
nde
r-
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
on i
s
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
an out
co
m
e
of i
n
ade
q
uat
e
di
et
ary
i
n
t
a
ke a
nd
or
d
i
seases
[10
]
.
It lowers th
e
b
o
d
y
’s ab
ility to
resist
i
n
fect
io
n
wh
ich
leads to
long
er, mo
re
sev
e
re and m
o
re
fre
que
nt illness [10],[11]
. It has bee
n
desc
ribe
d as the unde
rlying
ca
us
e of child’s death associated wit
h
diarrhoea,
pne
u
m
onia, m
a
laria and m
easles [12].
.
I
n
creasi
n
gl
y
al
l
devel
o
p
i
ng c
o
unt
ri
es o
f
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d i
n
c
l
udi
n
g
Nig
e
ria h
a
v
e
bo
th
un
d
e
r-nu
tri
tio
n
an
d ov
er-nu
t
ritio
n pr
ob
lem
s
i.e. th
e do
ub
le burd
e
n
o
f
maln
u
t
ritio
n
[11
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS Vol. 4, No. 4, D
ecem
ber 2015
:
315 – 319
31
6
Ob
esity h
ith
erto
seen
p
r
edomin
an
tly in
d
e
v
e
lop
e
d
cou
n
tries h
a
s now
b
eco
m
e
a p
o
t
en
tial h
ealth
p
r
ob
lem
in
th
e d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
cou
n
t
ries wh
ere
u
n
d
e
r-n
u
t
ritio
n h
a
s
b
een
a
pro
b
l
em
d
e
sp
ite th
e prev
ailing
so
ci
o
econ
o
m
i
c si
t
u
at
i
on
[1
3]
.
Af
r
i
ca, a c
ont
i
n
ent
us
ual
l
y
sy
n
o
n
y
m
ous
wi
t
h
h
u
nge
r,
i
s
fal
l
i
ng
prey
t
o
o
b
esi
t
y
[
14]
.
The t
r
a
n
si
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
e d
o
u
b
l
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
m
a
l
nut
ri
t
i
on i
n
t
h
e
devel
opi
ng c
o
unt
ri
es of t
h
e wo
rl
d
has bee
n
l
i
n
k
e
d
to
unp
lann
ed urb
a
n
i
zatio
n, ind
u
s
t
r
ializatio
n
,
g
l
ob
ali
zatio
n an
d
econo
m
i
c
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t w
ith
ex
po
su
r
e
to
and
con
s
um
pt
i
on
o
f
hi
gh
fat
a
n
d r
e
fi
ne
d f
o
od
s, t
obacc
o,
al
co
ho
l
cons
um
pt
i
on
and
p
h
y
s
i
cal
i
n
act
i
v
i
t
y
[3]
-
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
-
[9]
.
The c
o
-e
xi
st
en
ce of
u
nde
r-
n
u
t
ri
t
i
on (
u
nde
rw
ei
ght
) a
n
d o
v
e
r
-
nut
ri
t
i
on
(o
v
e
rwei
ght
a
nd
o
b
esi
t
y
) an
d
t
h
ei
r at
t
e
nda
nt
im
pl
i
cati
ons
m
a
ke t
h
e do
u
b
l
e
b
u
r
d
en
p
h
e
nom
eno
n
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
arl
y
im
port
a
nt
. I
n
de
vel
opi
ng
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s, c
o
m
p
re
he
nsi
v
e
dat
a
on
pre
v
al
enc
e
of
obesi
t
y
i
s
scan
ty an
d
it is th
ou
gh
t th
at ob
esity is a d
i
sease
of
afflu
e
n
t
so
cieties o
n
l
y [3
]. In
Nig
e
ria th
ere are few d
a
ta to
su
ppo
rt th
e prev
alen
ce of bo
th
con
d
ition
s
am
o
n
g
me
m
b
er
s o
f
t
h
e en
tir
e
p
opu
latio
n
.
Th
er
ef
or
e th
is study ai
m
s
a
t
f
i
n
d
i
ng
th
e
p
r
evalen
ce of
un
der
w
ei
g
h
t
,
ove
r
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d obe
si
t
y
am
on
g un
de
rg
rad
u
at
es
i
n
O
g
u
n
St
at
e
Ni
ge
ri
a.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Stu
d
y De
sign
A cro
s
s-section
a
l d
e
scrip
tiv
e stu
d
y
of
2
950
app
a
ren
tly health
y
m
a
le a
n
d
fem
a
le (n
on
-p
regn
an
t
)
un
de
rg
rad
u
at
es
(m
al
e and fe
m
a
l
e
) of
Tai
S
o
l
a
ri
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
of E
d
ucat
i
o
n I
j
a
g
un
I
j
eb
u
-
Ode
O
g
un
st
at
e was
carri
ed
o
u
t
.
U
s
i
ng a
si
m
p
l
e
ran
d
o
m
t
echni
que,
t
e
n
(1
0
)
de
part
m
e
nt
s out
of
t
h
e
fo
u
r
(
4
)
col
l
e
ge
s
i
n
t
h
e
in
stitu
tio
n
were rand
o
m
ly se
lected
. Th
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s were
also
rando
m
l
y
selected
fro
m
th
ese d
e
p
a
rt
men
t
s.
In
fo
rm
ed co
ns
ent
o
f
t
h
e
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
was
o
b
t
ai
ned a
n
d
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
res
p
on
dent
s
we
re al
s
o
obt
ai
ne
d.
2.
1.
Ant
h
ropomet
ric measure
m
e
nts
Wei
g
ht
i
n
kg
was m
easured usi
n
g an el
ect
r
oni
c wei
ghi
ng
scal
e whi
l
e
hei
ght
i
n
m
e
t
e
rs
was m
easured
usi
n
g a st
a
d
i
o
m
e
t
e
r. B
ody
M
a
ss In
de
x (B
M
I)
was cal
cu
l
a
t
e
d [B
M
I
=
wei
g
ht
(
k
g
)
/
hei
g
ht
2
(m
2
)]
and
was
use
d
t
o
de
fi
ne
un
de
rwei
ght
(
B
M
I
<
18
.5
k
g
/
m
2
)
,
no
r
m
al w
e
ig
h
t
(
B
MI
= 18
.5
to 24
.99
)
,
ov
erw
e
igh
t
(
B
MI
=
25
t
o
2
9
.
9
9
)
,
obe
s
i
t
y
ty
pe I (B
M
I
= 30 t
o
3
4
.
9
9
)
, o
b
esi
t
y
t
y
pe II (B
M
I
=
35 t
o
39
.9
9) a
n
d m
o
rbi
d
o
b
esi
t
y
(B
M
I
>
40
).
Wai
s
t
ci
rcum
ference
(
W
C
)
was m
easured
usi
n
g a m
easuri
ng t
a
pe
. A
b
d
o
m
i
nal
obesi
t
y
was de
fi
ne
d
as a W
C
≥
102 c
m
an
d
≥
88 c
m
for m
e
n and wom
e
n, respe
c
t
i
v
el
y
(WH
O,
20
04
). T
h
e ri
sk of C
V
D an
d
t
y
pe 2
diabetes is i
n
creased i
n
m
e
n an
d wo
m
e
n
with
ab
do
m
i
n
a
l ad
ipo
s
ity.
2.
2.
Data anal
ysis
Statistical an
al
ysis was carried
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g St
atisti
cal Package
for Social
Sc
ien
ce (
S
PS
S)
v
e
r
s
io
n
15
.
Descri
pt
i
v
e st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s of m
e
an an
d st
a
nda
r
d
de
vi
at
i
o
n
s
were
use
d
to
exam
ine the age and
gende
r
specific
ant
h
ro
p
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
i
ndi
ces. C
h
i
-
s
qua
re an
d c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons we
re
al
so d
one
. P-
v
a
l
u
e < 0.
05
w
a
s con
s
i
d
ere
d
t
o
be
statistical
ly sig
n
i
fican
t.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
A
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
29
5
0
u
nde
rg
ra
dua
t
e
st
ude
nt
s pa
r
t
i
c
i
p
ated
in the stud
y
w
h
ich co
m
p
r
i
sed 111
5 (37
.
8
%
)
m
a
l
e
and 1
8
3
5
(6
2.
2%
) fem
a
le st
ude
nt
s
of t
h
e Tai
Sol
a
ri
n
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
o
f
Ed
ucat
i
on
I
j
ag
un
I
j
eb
u-
O
d
e i
n
O
g
un
state. Table
1
shows
the m
ean a
g
e,
weight,
height, BM
I a
n
d waist circum
ference of the students. T
h
e m
ean
age,
hei
g
ht
an
d wei
ght
of t
h
e st
ude
nt
s we
r
e
23
±
0
.
05y
ear
s
,
1.
6
3
±
0
.
0
01m
and
6
0
.
9
9
±
0
.
2
2
k
g
re
spect
i
v
el
y
.
The
mean
BMI
w
a
s 2
2
.80±
0.08k
gm
-2
and wai
s
t
c
i
rcum
ference a
m
ong m
a
l
e
s and fem
a
l
e
s were
82
.2
1
±
0
.
3
2
cm
an
d
80
.5
5
±
0
.
4
9
cm
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
I
n
Ta
bl
e
2,
fr
om
t
h
e t
o
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
er o
f
resp
on
de
nt
s,
1
3
.
4
% we
re
un
de
r
w
ei
g
h
t
,
62
.1
% ha
d
no
rm
al
wei
ght
, 16
.9
% we
re o
v
er
-wei
ght
wh
i
l
e
7.5%
we
re
obe
se o
u
t
o
f
whi
c
h 0
.
6
%
wer
e
m
o
rb
id
ly o
b
e
se. Altho
ugh
not statistica
lly si
g
n
i
fican
t th
ere
were
h
i
gh
er rat
e
s o
f
un
d
e
rweig
h
t
,
ov
erweight an
d
obe
si
t
y
am
ong
t
h
e fem
a
l
e
stude
nt
s. T
h
e
r
e
was n
o
si
gni
fi
cant
di
f
f
ere
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e b
o
d
y
m
a
ss i
ndex ca
t
e
go
ry
am
ong
t
h
e m
a
l
e
an
d
fem
a
l
e
unde
r
g
ra
duat
e
s
(p
=
0.
46
4)
.
Table
3 s
h
ows
that the
pre
v
a
l
ence of
obe
sity as
d
e
term
in
ed
acco
r
d
i
ng
to th
e
waist circu
m
feren
c
e
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on
was
11
.5%
.
T
h
e p
r
e
v
al
ence
was
16
.9%
a
m
ong fem
a
l
e
and
2.
5% am
o
ng t
h
e m
a
l
e
stude
nt
s.
There
was a si
gni
ficant di
ffe
rence in
the prevalence of obesity
as
m
easur
ed
by
t
h
e acc
um
ul
at
i
on of e
x
cess
abd
o
m
i
nal
fat
am
ong
m
a
l
e
and
fem
a
l
e
st
udent
s (
p
=
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Doub
le Bu
rd
en o
f
Mu
lnu
t
rition
a
m
on
g Und
e
rg
ra
dua
te
s in
Ogun
S
t
a
t
e Ni
g
e
ria (Olad
o
y
i
n
bo
C
a
th
eri
n
e)
31
7
Tabl
e 1.
M
e
a
n
age, hei
g
ht
, we
i
ght
, wai
s
t
ci
rc
um
ference
a
n
d
B
M
I
Gender
Age (
Y
ear
s
)
Height (m
)
W
e
ight (
kg)
W
a
ist
(
c
m
)
Body
m
a
ss ci
rcu
m
f
e
rence
index (
k
g
m
-2
)
Male
M
ean
23.
16
1.
65
62.
10
82.
21
22.
77
SE
0.
088
0.
002
0.
368
0.
316
0.
139
N
1115
1115
1115
1115
1115
Fe
m
a
l
e
M
ean
23.
24
1.
63
60.
30
80.
55
22.
80
SE
0.
070
0.
002
0.
279
0.
486
0.
106
N
1835
1835
1835
1835
1835
Total
M
ean
23.
25
1.
63
60.
99
81.
17
22.
80
SE
0.
549
0.
002
0.
223
0.
325
0.
084
N
2950
2950
2950
2950
2950
Tabl
e
2. B
ody
m
a
ss i
nde
x cat
ego
r
y
by
ge
n
d
e
r
Body m
a
ss
Index
Male
Fe
m
a
le
Total
P
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
Under
-
w
eight
154 (
5
.
2
)
242 (
8
.
2
)
396 (
13.
4)
0.
464
Norm
al weight
702 (
23.
8)
1131 (
38.
3)
1833 (
62.
1)
Over
weight
178 (
6
.
0
)
322 (
10.
9)
500 (
16.
9)
Obesity
T
y
pe
I
57 (
1
.
9
)
107 (
3
.
6
)
164 (
5
.
6
)
Ob
esity
Typ
e
II
1
5
(0
.5
)
2
3
(0
.8
)
3
8
(1
.3
)
Mo
rb
id
o
b
e
sity
9
(0
.3
)
1
0
(0
.3
)
1
9
(0
.6
)
Tabl
e 3. A
b
d
o
m
i
n
al
obesi
t
y
by
ge
n
d
er
Gender
Norm
al
Excess
abdo
m
i
nal
fat
Total
P
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
Fem
a
le
1524 (
83.
1)
310 (
16.
9)
1835 (
1
0
0
)
0.
001
M
a
le
1087 (
97.
5)
28(
2.
5)
1115 (
1
0
0
)
T
o
tal
2611 (
88.
5)
338 (
11.
5)
2949 (
1
0
0
)
There
was
n
o
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
e
e
n age
o
f
t
h
e s
t
ude
nt
s an
d B
M
I (P=
0.
10
1
)
. Al
so t
h
ere
was n
o
si
gni
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
ons
h
i
p bet
w
ee
n ag
e and wai
s
t
ci
rcum
ference (
P
= 0.4
8
4
)
. H
o
we
ve
r, t
h
ere
was a
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
e
e
n B
M
I
an
d
w
a
i
s
t
ci
rcum
ference as
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
4.
Ab
o
u
t
hal
f
(5
0
.
6
4
%)
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
wei
g
ht
a
n
d
obe
se st
u
d
e
n
t
s
al
so
had
ex
ces
s ab
d
o
m
i
nal
fat
am
ong t
h
e
fem
a
l
e
st
udent
s whe
r
eas,
12
.
3
6
%
of
o
v
er
w
e
i
ght
an
d o
b
e
s
e
m
a
l
e
s had abd
o
m
i
nal
obe
si
t
y
. Out
of t
h
e 10
m
o
rbi
d
l
y
o
b
es
e, 8
(
8
0
%
)
h
a
d e
x
cess a
b
d
o
m
i
nal
fat
am
on
g t
h
e fem
a
l
e
st
ud
ent
s
w
h
i
l
e
out
of t
h
e
2
42
un
de
rwei
ght
,
onl
y
2 (
0
.
0
08
%)
had
exces
s
ab
dom
i
n
al
fat
.
O
u
t
of t
h
e
1
5
4
u
n
d
er
wei
g
ht
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
n
o
n
e
had
excess a
b
dom
inal
fat
w
h
i
l
e
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
9
wh
o
ha
d m
o
rbi
d
ob
esi
t
y
, 8(
88
%)
h
a
d e
x
cess a
b
do
m
i
nal
fat
.
Tabl
e
4.
B
o
dy
m
a
ss i
ndex cat
ego
r
y by
waist circum
ference category
Gender
Under
W
e
ight
Nor
m
al
weight
Over
weight
Obesity
Typ
e
I
Obesity
Typ
e
II
Mo
rb
id
obesity
To
tal
P
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
Fe
m
a
le
0.
001
Nor
m
al
240 (
13.
1)
1056 (
57.
5)
183 (
10)
34 (
1
.
9
)
9 (
0
.
5
)
2 (
0
.
1
)
1524 (
83)
E
x
cess Abdo
m
i
nal fat
2 (
0
.
1
)
75 (
4
.
1
)
139 (
7
.
6
)
73 (
4
.
0
)
14 (
0
.
8
)
8 (
0
.
4
)
311 (
17)
To
tal
242 (
13.
2)
1131(
6
1
.
6
)
322 (
17.
6)
107 (
5
.
8
)
23 (
13.
0)
10 (
0
.
5
)
1834 (
1
0
0
)
Male
0.
004
Nor
m
al
154 (
13.
8)
695 (
62.
3)
173 (
15.
5)
43 (
3
.
9
)
10 (
0
.
9
)
1 (
0
.
1
)
1076 (
96.
5)
E
x
cess Abdo
m
i
nal fat
0 (
0
)
7 (
0
.
6
)
5 (
0
.
4
)
14 (
1
.
3
)
5 (
0
.
4
)
8 (
0
.
7
)
39 (
3
.
5
)
T
o
tal 154
(
13.
8)
702 (
63.
0)
178 (
16.
0)
57 (
5
.
1
)
15 (
1
.
3
)
9 (
0
.
8
)
1115 (
1
0
0
)
3.
1.
Discussions
Th
e m
a
in
ai
m
o
f
t
h
is stud
y was to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
data th
at sup
port th
e o
c
cu
rren
ce o
f
bo
th
un
d
e
r-n
u
t
ritio
n
and
ove
r-nutrition am
ong undergraduate stud
ents in
Ogun State Nigeria.
The
res
p
onde
nts in this study were
m
o
st
ly
y
oung
adul
t
s
as i
n
di
cat
ed by
t
h
e m
ean age
obt
ai
n
e
d. T
h
e m
ean
hei
g
ht
, wei
ght
and B
M
I f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
study are com
p
ara
b
le with the res
u
lts of
Adu et al
[15] where the mean heig
ht
, w
e
i
ght
an
d B
M
I were
1.
63
±
0
.
23m
, 6
4
.
0
0
±
9.
09
k
g
a
n
d
2
4
.
5
3±
3.
3
4
kgm
-2
. The
values for the
mean waist ci
rcum
ference
(WC)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS Vol. 4, No. 4, D
ecem
ber 2015
:
315 – 319
31
8
obt
ai
ne
d f
r
om
t
h
i
s
st
udy
was
sim
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e val
u
es obt
ai
ned
by
Am
ol
e et al., [9]
w
h
ere t
h
e
m
ean W
C
am
on
gst
m
a
l
e
s was 8
4
.
1
±
1
2.
7cm
, 90
.4
±1
4.
6cm
am
on
gst
fem
a
l
e
and
8
7
.
6
±1
4.
1c
m
over t
h
e
ent
i
re g
r
o
u
p
of
ad
ul
t
s
i
n
O
gbo
m
o
sh
o N
i
g
e
r
i
a.
Ad
u et
al
.,
[
15]
rep
o
rt
e
d
15%
fo
r u
n
d
er
wei
g
h
t
am
ong
u
nde
r
g
ra
d
u
at
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
o
ut
h
-
West
Ni
ge
ri
a.
The
sam
e
study howe
v
er reported a
pre
v
alence
of
5
3
%
o
v
e
r
wei
ght
an
d
6%
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
am
ong
t
h
e sam
e
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on a
n
d t
h
i
s
i
s
si
m
i
lar t
o
t
h
e res
u
l
t
s obt
ai
ne
d i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
.
I
n
a st
udy
ca
rr
i
e
d o
u
t
am
ong
ad
ul
t
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on i
n
Nort
her
n
Ni
geri
a,
31
.6%
of t
h
e
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on we
re ei
t
h
er o
v
er
wei
g
ht
or o
b
ese an
d 6
.
6
%
un
de
rwei
ght
[2
]
.
The c
o
e
x
istence of both under-nutrition a
n
d ove
r-nutriti
on am
ong
res
p
ondents i
n
t
h
is study is
ob
vi
o
u
s
.
The
Wo
rl
d
Heal
t
h
Or
ga
ni
zat
i
on r
e
po
rt
ed t
h
at
w
h
i
l
e
un
de
r-
nut
r
i
t
i
on an
d i
n
fect
i
ous
di
seases c
ont
i
n
u
e
t
o
pose se
ri
o
u
s
heal
t
h
chal
l
e
nge
s i
n
l
o
w
-
i
n
com
e
count
ri
e
s
, ove
r
w
ei
g
h
t
and
obesi
t
y
assum
e
im
port
a
nt
and
maj
o
r risk
facto
r
s
fo
r card
iov
a
scu
l
ar
d
i
seases in
t
h
e sam
e
settin
g
s
; co
nstitu
tin
g
th
e fi
fth
lead
ing
risk
for
gl
o
b
al
deat
h
s
[
16]
.
Ove
r
-
n
ut
r
i
t
i
on w
h
i
c
h
has
been
re
gar
d
ed
as an al
i
e
n p
h
e
nom
eno
n
[
1
7]
i
n
m
a
ny
devel
opi
n
g
co
un
tries lik
e
Nig
e
ria h
a
s risen
to
th
e po
in
t
o
f
b
eco
m
i
n
g
a p
u
b
lic h
ealth
issu
e wh
ile un
dernu
t
ritio
n
still p
o
s
es
a typical challenge
.
It
has
been
re
po
rt
ed t
h
at
co
m
posi
t
i
on of
d
i
et
s and
di
et
ar
y
habi
t
s
am
ong Ni
geri
a
n
s ha
ve cha
n
ge
d
t
o
wa
rds
i
n
c
r
ea
sed
fre
q
u
ency
of
f
o
o
d
c
o
ns
u
m
pti
on,
cant
e
e
n
or
rest
a
u
ra
nt
eat
i
ng,
s
n
acki
n
g
as
wel
l
as
l
o
we
r
i
n
t
a
kes o
f
f
r
ui
t
s
and
ve
get
a
bl
es [1
8]
. Thi
s
o
f
co
urse c
o
ul
d
expl
ai
n t
h
e hi
gh
rat
e
of
o
v
e
r
wei
ght
an
d
o
b
esi
t
y
obs
er
ved
am
ong
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
i
n
t
h
e st
udy
.
C
o
m
p
arat
i
v
el
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
i
t
i
s
easi
e
r t
o
c
o
r
r
ec
t
un
der
-
nut
ri
t
i
on
by
sim
p
l
e
m
easur
es,
ove
rwei
g
h
t
an
d
o
b
esi
t
y
r
e
sul
t
f
r
om
co
m
p
l
e
x
m
echan
i
s
m
s
i
nvol
vi
n
g
b
o
t
h
bi
ol
o
g
i
cal
an
d
envi
ro
nm
ent
a
l fact
ors w
h
i
c
h
m
a
kes i
t
di
ff
i
c
ul
t
t
o
m
a
nage an
d reve
rs
e t
h
e con
d
i
t
i
on [1
9]
. Tackl
i
ng t
h
e
p
r
ob
lem
o
f
over
w
ei
g
h
t
and
ob
esity at th
is y
o
ung
er ag
e
wil
l
p
r
ev
en
t it from
track
ing
i
n
to
o
l
d
e
r ag
e
where it
coul
d c
o
m
pou
nd
heal
t
h
ch
al
l
e
nge
s ass
o
ciated
with a
g
eing.
Alth
oug
h
t
h
e d
i
fference was n
o
t
statistically sig
n
i
ficant, m
o
re girl
s were a
ffect
ed by
b
o
t
h
un
de
rwei
ght
a
nd
o
v
er
wei
g
ht
t
h
an t
h
e m
a
l
e
s. It
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
tak
e
in
to
con
s
i
d
eratio
n
th
at,
females
co
nstitu
ted
abou
t th
ree qu
arters o
f
th
e
stud
y particip
an
ts, a facto
r
th
at cou
l
d
tak
e
adv
a
n
t
ag
e of th
e sam
p
le size
in
o
b
s
erv
i
ng
bo
th
und
er and
o
v
e
r-nu
tritio
n. Fin
d
i
ng
s in
gen
d
e
r d
i
fferences in
th
e p
r
evalen
ce o
f
ov
erweigh
t
an
d ob
esity is
co
nsisten
t
across m
o
st f
i
n
d
i
ng
s. Repo
r
t
s
h
a
v
e
sh
own
th
at
th
e fem
a
le g
e
nder is an as important
pre
d
i
c
t
o
r
o
f
o
v
er
wei
g
ht
a
n
d
o
b
esi
t
y
am
on
g i
n
di
vi
dual
s
[1
3]
,[
2
0
]
-
[
21]
.
The
reas
on
f
o
r t
h
i
s
m
a
y
not
b
e
far
f
et
che
d
as b
ody
c
o
m
posi
t
i
on i
s
a
ffect
ed
by
seve
ral
factors i
n
cluding gende
r; the fem
a
le gender ass
o
ciate
d
wi
t
h
great
er
st
ora
g
e
of
b
o
d
y
f
a
t
[2
2]
.
Waist circ
um
f
e
rence
,
a m
a
rker
of visce
r
al obesity,
h
a
s
b
e
en
im
p
licated
in
pred
icting
several chro
n
i
c
co
nd
itio
ns
in
clu
d
i
ng
d
i
ab
etes
m
e
l
litu
s
[23
]
, h
i
gh
b
l
ood
p
r
essure [24
]
, h
eart d
i
seases
[25
]
an
d o
t
her
cardi
ovasc
ular
diseases [5]. High waist
ci
r
c
um
ference i.e
.
a waist circ
u
m
ference o
f
≥
10
2cm
for
m
e
n a
nd
≥
88cm
for
w
o
m
e
n has
bee
n
i
m
pli
cat
ed as a ri
sk fact
or
fo
r CV
D
an
d
d
i
ab
etes [5
].
Per
e
z-Cueto et al [26] in a
st
udy
am
ong
1
5
-
1
9 y
ear
ol
d
Jam
a
i
cans rev
eal
ed t
h
at
hi
gh
wai
s
t
ci
rcum
ference
was
1
0
%
an
d t
h
i
s
re
s
u
l
t
s
i
s
si
m
ilar to
th
e find
ing
s
o
f
t
h
is stud
y.
Amo
l
e et al
. [9] also showed that th
e pre
v
al
ence of high waist
ci
rcum
ference
was
33
.8
% am
on
g a
d
ul
t
s
i
n
O
g
b
o
m
o
sh
o.
Sev
e
r
a
l f
act
o
r
s h
a
v
e
b
e
en
id
en
tif
ied
t
o
p
r
edisp
o
s
e to abdomin
al ad
ipo
s
ity. Th
ese in
cl
ud
e
p
h
y
sical
i
n
act
i
v
i
t
y
, cons
um
pt
i
on of
fast
fo
od a
n
d swee
t
e
ned
beve
ra
ge
s, ur
ba
ni
zat
i
o
n
and
great
e
r
so
ci
o eco
nom
i
c
st
at
us
[27]-[28]. T
h
ese factors m
a
y cont
ri
bu
te to th
e
h
i
gh
p
r
evalen
ce of
ov
erweigh
t
and
obesity o
b
s
erv
e
d in
th
is
st
udy
.
Al
t
h
ou
g
h
t
h
e fa
ct
or
s c
ont
ri
b
u
t
i
ng t
o
t
h
e hi
gh
pr
eval
ence o
f
a
b
d
o
m
i
nal
obe
si
t
y
was not
asse
ssed
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
, l
o
w i
n
t
a
ke o
f
f
r
ui
t
s
and
ve
get
a
bl
e
s
, hi
g
h
c
ons
u
m
pti
on o
f
s
w
eet
ened
dri
nks
, snac
ki
n
g
,
br
eakfast
skipping a
r
e c
h
aracteristic of
yo
un
g adu
lts
wh
o are th
e
respo
n
d
e
n
t
s in th
is
stu
d
y
.
There
was a si
gni
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p bet
w
ee
n b
o
d
y
m
a
ss inde
x a
nd
wai
s
t
ci
rcum
ferenc
e (P=0
.0
0
1
)
am
ong t
h
e fe
m
a
l
e
s. Abo
u
t
hal
f
o
f
t
h
e fe
m
a
l
e
st
udent
s (5
0.
6
4
%)
wh
o
were o
v
e
r
wei
ght
an
d
obese
al
so ha
d
excess ab
d
o
m
i
nal
fat
whi
l
e
0.
00
8% o
f
t
h
e st
ude
nt
s w
ho
we
re un
de
rwei
ght
had exce
ss ab
dom
i
n
al
fat
.
Am
ong
t
h
e m
a
l
e
unde
r
g
ra
d
u
at
es, 1
2
.
5
% of t
h
e
ove
r
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d o
b
e
s
e al
so ha
d exc
e
ss abd
o
m
i
nal
fat
(P=
0
.
0
0
4
)
.
B
a
sed
on
p
r
o
v
e
n
evi
d
ence
, car
di
o
-
m
e
t
a
bol
i
c
ri
sk
m
a
y
be be
tter controlled
when t
h
era
p
e
u
tic
m
easures a
r
e taken
fro
m
p
a
ti
en
ts’ BM
I in
co
m
b
in
atio
n with th
eir waist circu
m
feren
ce
(h
ttp
://www.myh
ealth
ywaist.o
rg
/filead
m
i
n
/
p
d
f/3
%
20
Abdo
m
i
n
a
l%2
0
O
besity.p
d
f
).
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Both under-nutrition a
n
d ove
r-nu
trition are existing am
ong t
h
e
responde
nts i
n
this study.
Un
de
rwei
ght
,
Over
wei
ght
and o
b
esi
t
y
are pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
especi
al
l
y
am
ong t
h
e
fem
a
l
e
un
de
rg
rad
u
at
es
. Fem
a
l
e
st
udent
s seem
t
o
have a hi
g
h
er
pr
eval
ence
of o
b
e
si
t
y
t
h
an t
h
ei
r m
a
l
e
count
er
part
s
.
Nut
r
i
t
i
on e
duc
at
i
on as a m
eans
of i
n
t
e
r
v
ent
i
on i
s
ur
ge
nt
l
y
nee
d
ed t
o
c
u
r
b
t
h
e i
n
creasi
n
g t
r
e
n
d
o
f
ove
r
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d ob
esity in
Nig
e
ria wh
ere
th
e pro
b
l
em
o
f
u
n
d
e
r-n
u
t
ritio
n h
a
s b
e
en
a n
i
gh
tm
are.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Doub
le Bu
rd
en o
f
Mu
lnu
t
rition
a
m
on
g Und
e
rg
ra
dua
te
s in
Ogun
S
t
a
t
e Ni
g
e
ria (Olad
o
y
i
n
bo
C
a
th
eri
n
e)
31
9
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