I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h
Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Decem
b
er
202
1
,
p
p
.
8
4
3
~
8
4
9
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s
.
v
10
i
4
.
2
0
5
1
0
843
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Rev
iew
of
so
cia
l
m
edia
interven
tio
n in adult
popu
la
t
io
n during
CO
VI
D
-
1
9
pand
e
m
ic
bas
ed on
Pro
tect
io
n Mo
tiva
tio
n Theo
ry
M
uh
a
mm
a
d P
ri
m
a
Ca
k
ra
R
a
nd
a
na
1
,
Riz
m
a
A
dli
a
Sy
a
ku
ra
h
2
1
M
e
d
ica
l
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
S
riw
ij
a
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
P
a
lem
b
a
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
P
u
b
l
ic He
a
lt
h
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
S
riw
ij
a
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
P
a
lem
b
a
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
1
4
,
2
0
21
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ju
l
16
,
2
0
21
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
2
3
,
2
0
21
Du
rin
g
CO
V
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
b
a
sis
f
o
r
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
,
it
h
a
s
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
e
o
p
le
o
p
in
i
o
n
a
n
d
so
lv
e
m
a
n
y
issu
e
s
in
th
is
si
tu
a
ti
o
n
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
(P
M
T
),
th
re
a
t
a
n
d
c
o
p
in
g
a
p
p
ra
i
sa
l
we
re
p
re
d
icto
rs
to
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s
in
p
a
n
d
e
m
ics
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
i
m
ed
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
in
a
d
u
l
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
u
rin
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
M
T
.
T
h
is
re
v
ie
w
wa
s
c
re
a
ted
u
sin
g
P
re
f
e
rre
d
Re
p
o
rti
n
g
Item
s
f
o
r
S
y
st
e
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
ie
w
s
a
n
d
M
e
ta
-
A
n
a
l
y
sis
(
P
RIS
M
A
)
a
n
d
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
t
io
n
f
ro
m
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
a
tab
a
se
s
su
c
h
a
s
P
u
b
m
e
d
,
M
e
n
d
e
ley
a
p
p
,
Eu
ro
p
e
P
M
C,
Co
c
h
ra
n
e
Da
tab
a
se
s,
S
c
ien
c
e
Dire
c
t,
a
n
d
W
il
e
y
On
li
n
e
L
ib
ra
r
y
.
In
c
lu
si
o
n
c
rit
e
ria
c
o
n
sists
o
f
En
g
li
sh
st
u
d
ies
,
st
u
d
ies
re
late
d
to
t
h
e
to
p
ic
a
n
d
m
a
tch
w
it
h
re
q
u
ir
e
d
v
a
riab
les
.
T
h
e
re
a
re
f
i
v
e
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
ies
in
v
o
lv
in
g
a
to
tal
o
f
2
.
4
4
8
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
t
h
a
t
w
e
re
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
in
2
0
2
0
.
A
m
o
n
g
a
ll
c
a
teg
o
ries
b
a
se
d
o
n
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
stu
d
ied
,
it
w
a
s
sh
o
wn
th
a
t
c
y
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria,
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
se
v
e
rit
y
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
v
u
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
y
a
re
p
r
e
d
icto
rs
in
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia,
re
late
d
to
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s
d
u
rin
g
CO
V
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
.
Re
d
u
c
in
g
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
v
e
rlo
a
d
,
re
late
d
to
c
y
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
r
ia,
v
ia
th
e
c
lea
r
stru
c
tu
rin
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
re
li
a
b
le h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
.
He
n
c
e
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
n
g
p
e
o
p
le o
n
r
e
sp
o
n
sib
le
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
y
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
u
se
c
o
u
l
d
h
e
l
p
a
ll
e
v
iate
th
e
o
b
se
rv
e
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s f
ro
m
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
se
v
e
rit
y
a
n
d
v
u
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
OVI
D
-
19
Op
in
io
n
P
an
d
em
ic
P
M
T
So
cial
m
ed
ia
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
iz
m
a
A
d
lia
S
y
a
k
u
r
ah
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Fac
u
lt
y
Sri
w
ij
ay
a
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
J
l.
R
a
y
a
P
ale
m
b
an
g
-
P
r
ab
u
m
u
l
ih
KM
.
3
2
I
n
d
r
alay
a,
O
g
a
n
I
li
r
,
3
0
6
6
2
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: r
iz
m
a.
s
y
ak
u
r
ah
@
g
m
ail
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
b
e
g
i
n
s
in
W
u
h
an
,
C
h
i
n
a,
i
n
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
Dec
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
9
.
I
t is
q
u
ic
k
l
y
s
p
r
ea
d
to
s
o
m
e
citie
s
in
C
h
in
a
i
n
a
m
atter
o
f
ti
m
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
as
a
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
an
d
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
n
ce
r
n
o
n
3
0
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
i
c
h
as
m
ad
e
a
g
lo
b
al
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
le
m
th
a
t
h
as
h
ad
a
b
ig
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
w
a
y
p
eo
p
le
p
er
ce
iv
e
w
o
r
ld
an
d
ev
er
y
d
a
y
liv
es
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
as
b
ee
n
lab
elled
as
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
e
ase
b
y
W
HO.
A
t
t
h
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
illn
e
s
s
,
co
m
m
o
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
ar
e
f
ev
er
,
co
u
g
h
,
a
n
d
f
at
ig
u
e.
Me
a
n
wh
ile
s
p
u
t
u
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
h
ea
d
ac
h
e,
h
ae
m
o
p
t
y
s
is
,
an
d
d
iar
r
h
o
ea
ar
e
f
e
w
er
co
m
m
o
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
B
esid
e
t
h
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
h
a
s
an
e
f
f
ec
t o
n
h
u
m
a
n
’
s
p
h
y
s
ica
l
h
ea
lt
h
,
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
asp
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
h
e
alth
,
i
s
o
latio
n
,
a
n
d
s
tig
m
a
[
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
f
ilter
in
g
w
h
ile
ac
ce
p
tin
g
t
y
p
e
s
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
n
e
w
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
202
1
:
843
–
8
4
9
844
P
eo
p
le
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
to
ex
p
r
es
s
th
e
ir
ev
al
u
a
tio
n
s
a
n
d
f
ee
l
in
g
s
to
w
ar
d
t
h
is
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
lac
e
to
p
u
b
li
s
h
a
lo
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
n
e
w
s
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
tu
r
n
i
n
to
b
ig
g
e
s
t
s
o
u
r
c
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
9
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
r
elate
d
to
h
o
w
th
e
y
f
ee
l,
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
an
d
e
m
ic
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
m
a
k
e
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
v
er
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
d
ig
esti
n
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
p
eo
p
le
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
b
elief
s
[
1
1
]
.
Misin
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
th
at
ca
n
s
p
r
ea
d
q
u
ick
l
y
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
is
o
n
e
o
f
W
HO
d
ec
lar
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fo
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
o
p
in
io
n
d
ata
w
il
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
b
asis
f
o
r
co
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
s
ch
e
m
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
th
r
ee
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
s
o
cial
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
Me
n
tio
n
ed
as
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
,
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
al
izat
io
n
t
h
at
e
x
p
lain
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
p
eo
p
le
to
ad
o
p
t
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
i
n
g
.
W
h
e
n
a
n
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
r
ec
eiv
e
s
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
an
o
th
er
p
er
s
o
n
o
r
a
g
r
o
u
p
b
ec
au
s
e
h
e
e
x
p
ec
ts
to
a
ch
iev
e
a
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
r
ea
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
,
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
W
h
en
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ad
o
p
ts
b
eh
av
io
r
o
r
ig
in
ated
f
r
o
m
an
o
t
h
er
p
er
s
o
n
o
r
a
g
r
o
u
p
in
ca
s
e
th
at
th
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
r
elate
d
w
it
h
a
s
a
tis
f
y
in
g
s
elf
-
d
e
f
in
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
t
h
is
p
er
s
o
n
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
,
id
en
tif
icat
io
n
ca
n
b
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
L
astl
y
,
w
h
ile
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
ac
ce
p
ts
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
h
i
s
v
al
u
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
eh
av
io
r
,
th
e
in
ter
n
a
lizatio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
to
o
cc
u
r
[
1
4
]
.
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
alr
e
ad
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
a
n
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
asp
ec
t
s
i
n
a
g
o
o
d
o
r
b
ad
w
a
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
n
e
w
n
o
r
m
al
in
ev
er
y
d
a
y
s
o
c
ial
li
f
e.
P
eo
p
le
ad
ap
tatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
eir
c
h
a
n
ce
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
,
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
w
ea
r
in
g
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
as
k
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
m
ed
icall
y
[
1
5
]
.
B
esid
es
t
h
at,
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
er
s
ca
n
b
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
b
y
f
e
w
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
th
eo
r
ies
to
ex
p
lai
n
p
er
s
o
n
-
le
v
el
at
tit
u
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
h
ea
lt
h
-
t
h
r
ea
ten
i
n
g
s
it
u
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ics
is
P
r
o
tectio
n
Mo
tiv
atio
n
T
h
eo
r
y
(
P
MT
)
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
r
ea
t
an
d
co
p
in
g
ap
p
r
ai
s
al
w
er
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
r
elate
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
er
io
u
s
n
e
s
s
i
n
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
is
ca
ll
ed
as
th
r
ea
t
ap
p
r
aisal.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
w
ell
t
h
e
y
ca
n
m
an
a
g
e
in
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
e
f
f
icac
y
is
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
a
s
co
p
in
g
ap
p
r
aisal.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
ese
r
esear
ch
g
ap
,
cy
b
er
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
as
in
ter
n
et
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
v
ar
iab
les b
y
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
to
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
th
at
b
ec
o
m
e
a
r
ea
s
o
n
w
h
y
it
h
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
to
ch
a
n
g
e
p
eo
p
le
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ev
en
s
o
lv
e
m
an
y
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
t
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
.
A
th
ir
d
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
u
s
er
s
in
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
w
er
e
ag
ed
am
o
n
g
2
5
u
n
til
3
4
y
ea
r
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Stati
s
ta©
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
er
s
in
th
i
s
r
an
g
e
ar
e
t
h
e
b
ig
g
es
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
u
s
er
s
g
lo
b
all
y
.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
t
h
en
ea
s
i
l
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
to
th
eir
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
f
r
ien
d
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
at
y
o
u
n
g
er
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
9
]
.
So
t
h
at,
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
zi
n
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
i
n
ad
u
lt p
o
p
u
latio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
b
ased
o
n
P
MT
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
cr
ea
ted
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
g
u
id
eli
n
e
s
o
f
P
r
ef
er
r
ed
R
ep
o
r
tin
g
I
te
m
s
f
o
r
S
y
s
te
m
ati
c
R
ev
ie
w
s
an
d
Me
ta
-
An
al
y
s
is
(
P
R
I
SM
A
)
.
P
an
d
em
ic
j
u
s
t
h
ap
p
en
i
n
ea
r
l
y
2
0
2
0
s
o
th
er
e
ar
e
o
n
l
y
s
e
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
in
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
th
er
e
w
as
n
o
li
m
itatio
n
s
i
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
w
h
ile
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
an
d
co
llectin
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
w
er
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
P
u
b
m
ed
,
Me
n
d
ele
y
a
p
p
,
E
u
r
o
p
e
P
MC,
C
o
ch
r
an
e
Da
tab
ases
,
Scie
n
ce
Dir
ec
t,
an
d
W
ile
y
O
n
li
n
e
L
ib
r
ar
y
u
s
in
g
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
"
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
"
o
r
“
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e”
an
d
"
o
p
in
io
n
ch
a
n
g
e"
an
d
"
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
"
o
r
"
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
"
.
On
ly
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
tex
t
s
b
ec
o
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
S
t
u
d
ie
s
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
i
n
t
er
v
en
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
an
d
e
m
ic
an
d
s
u
itab
le
w
i
th
d
eter
m
in
ed
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
ar
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
f
ad
u
lt,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
an
d
C
O
VI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
.
I
n
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
an
d
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
is
h
s
tu
d
ie
s
b
ec
o
m
e
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
L
iter
at
u
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Ma
y
2
0
2
0
.
Sa
m
e
ar
ticle
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
w
er
e
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
et
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
e
s
u
lt
s
.
T
itles
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
w
e
r
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
b
y
au
th
o
r
s
d
i
v
id
e
d
in
to
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Af
ter
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
th
e
co
m
p
lete
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
ar
ticle
s
w
a
s
s
cr
ee
n
ed
alo
n
g
to
in
cl
u
d
e
t
h
e
ar
ticles
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
r
ev
ie
w
.
T
h
e
ar
ticles
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
w
er
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
y
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
w
er
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
tab
l
e
is
th
e
n
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
m
ai
n
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
e
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
,
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
co
u
n
tr
y
,
s
t
u
d
y
d
esig
n
,
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize,
s
a
m
p
le
ag
e
r
an
g
e,
s
a
m
p
le
s
e
x
,
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
m
aj
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
I
SS
N:
2
252
-
8
806
R
ev
iew
o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
in
terven
tio
n
in
a
d
u
lt p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
P
r
ima
C
a
kra
R
a
n
d
a
n
a
)
845
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
w
e
r
e
6
6
s
tu
d
ies
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
P
u
b
m
ed
,
Me
n
d
ele
y
ap
p
,
E
u
r
o
p
e
P
MC,
C
o
ch
r
an
e
Data
b
ases
,
Sc
ien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
an
d
W
ile
y
On
l
in
e
L
ib
r
ar
y
,
o
f
w
h
ich
4
9
w
er
e
ex
clu
d
ed
a
f
ter
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
u
p
licatio
n
,
titl
e
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
leav
i
n
g
1
7
p
o
ten
tial
l
y
r
el
ev
an
t
s
t
u
d
ies
to
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
o
r
f
u
ll
-
te
x
t
as
s
ess
m
en
t.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
1
7
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
ies,
1
2
w
er
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
d
u
e
to
eith
er
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
is
h
s
t
u
d
ies,
i
n
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
o
r
ir
r
elev
an
t
to
p
ics.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
f
iv
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
atc
h
th
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Flo
w
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
io
n
al
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
a
to
tal
o
f
2
,
4
4
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
at
w
er
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
I
r
aq
i
Ku
r
d
is
tan
,
J
o
r
d
an
,
Fin
la
n
d
,
E
g
y
p
t
an
d
I
n
d
ia.
Ou
t
o
f
f
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
ies,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
ies
s
h
ar
ed
s
i
m
ilar
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
b
ein
g
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tl
y
f
e
m
ale
(
5
1
.
2
–
7
8
.
6
%)
an
d
l
ev
e
l
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
g
r
ad
u
ate
(
5
0
.
6
-
9
0
%).
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
8
–
2
9
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
te
g
o
r
i
ze
d
as
a
n
ad
u
l
t.
On
l
y
o
n
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
at
is
Face
b
o
o
k
(
8
2
.
6
%)
as sh
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
[
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
s
t
u
d
ies
No
S
t
u
d
y
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
D
e
si
g
n
S
a
mp
l
e
si
z
e
(
n
)
A
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
i
n
y
e
a
r
s (%)
S
e
x
(
%)
L
e
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
%)
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms
(
%)
1
A
h
mad
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
I
r
a
q
i
K
u
r
d
i
st
a
n
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
5
1
6
18
-
3
5
(
6
5
.
1
%)
M
a
l
e
(
5
7
%)
F
e
mal
e
(
4
3
%)
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
(
5
0
.
6
%)
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
(
8
2
.
6
%)
2
K
a
r
a
sn
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
Jo
r
d
a
n
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
4
8
6
≤
2
5
(
3
6
.
8
%)
F
e
mal
e
(
7
8
.
6
%)
M
a
l
e
(
2
1
.
4
%)
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
(
5
2
.
1
%)
N
/
A
3
F
a
r
o
o
q
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
2
2
5
≤
2
5
(
3
9
.
5
%)
F
e
mal
e
(
6
5
.
3
%)
M
a
l
e
(
3
2
.
4
%)
P
r
e
f
e
r
n
o
t
t
o
t
e
l
l
(
2
.
2
%)
N
/
A
N
/
A
4
A
b
d
e
l
h
a
f
i
z
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
Eg
y
p
t
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
5
5
9
18
-
2
9
(
4
8
.
1
%)
F
e
mal
e
(
6
2
.
3
%)
M
a
l
e
(
3
7
.
7
%)
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
(
5
2
.
2
%)
N
/
A
5
R
o
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
I
n
d
i
a
C
r
o
ss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
6
6
2
2
9
.
0
9
±
8
.
8
3
F
e
mal
e
(
5
1
.
2
%)
M
a
l
e
(
4
8
.
6
%)
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
9
0
%)
N
/
A
Ma
j
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
w
er
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
s
ix
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
t
h
at
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
e
f
f
icac
y
.
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
ev
id
en
c
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
v
ie
w
,
it
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
ev
er
it
y
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
m
o
s
t
th
i
n
g
s
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
t
h
at
ex
p
lain
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
-
lev
el
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l r
esp
o
n
s
es i
n
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
202
1
:
843
–
8
4
9
846
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
i
n
ad
u
lt p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
CO
VI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
b
ased
o
n
P
M
T
No
S
t
u
d
y
S
a
mp
l
e
si
z
e
(
n
)
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
,
me
a
n
(
S
D
)
C
y
b
e
r
c
h
o
n
d
r
i
a
,
me
a
n
(
S
D
)
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
se
v
e
r
i
t
y
,
me
a
n
(
S
D
)
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
me
a
n
(
S
D
)
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
me
a
n
(SD)
R
e
sp
o
n
se
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
me
a
n
(SD)
1
A
h
mad
e
t
a
l
.
5
1
6
2
.
7
4
(
0
.
6
2
)
a
2
.
6
8
(
0
.
6
3
)
a
N
/
A
N
/
A
N
/
A
N
/
A
2
K
a
r
a
sn
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
4
8
6
N
/
A
3
.
7
9
(
1
,
2
6
)
a
2
.
9
3
(
0
.
3
3
)
a
2
.
6
5
(
0
.
7
3
)
a
4
.
4
8
(
0
.
7
9
)
a
4
.
4
7
(
0
.
7
9
)
a
3
F
a
r
o
o
q
e
t
a
l
.
2
2
5
3
.
1
5
(
0
.
8
5
)
a
2
.
9
6
(
0
.
7
7
)
a
3
.
4
7
(
0
.
6
3
)
a
3
.
3
1
(
0
.
8
4
)
a
3
.
9
0
(
0
.
8
0
)
a
4
.
4
0
(
0
.
5
8
)
a
4
A
b
d
e
l
h
a
f
i
z
e
t
a
l
.
5
5
9
9
4
(
1
6
.
8
%)
b
N
/
A
4
8
1
(
8
6
%)
b
4
8
6
(
8
6
.
9
%)
b
N
/
A
N
/
A
5
R
o
y
e
t
a
l
.
6
6
2
N
/
A
2
9
6
(
4
4
.
7
%)
b
2
0
2
(
3
0
.
5
%)
b
4
7
7
(
7
2
%)
b
N
/
A
N
/
A
a
:
me
a
n
,
S
D
b
:
n
,
%
3
.
1
.
Cy
berc
ho
nd
ria
An
o
b
s
es
s
iv
e
o
n
li
n
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
f
o
r
h
ea
lt
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ce
r
tai
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
lled
as
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
[
2
4
]
.
C
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
te
r
m
is
o
r
ig
i
n
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
a
m
e
“
c
y
b
er
”
a
n
d
“h
y
p
o
ch
o
n
d
r
iasi
s
”,
it
i
s
s
h
ap
e
o
f
h
y
p
o
ch
o
n
d
r
i
asis
li
n
k
to
e
ac
h
o
th
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
e
t
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e,
e
v
e
n
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
it
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
A
t
ti
m
es
o
f
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
ce
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
o
f
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
to
ap
p
ea
r
.
N
e
w
w
o
r
r
ies
co
u
ld
b
e
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
b
y
c
y
b
er
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia
b
ec
au
s
e
n
e
w
d
i
s
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
an
d
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
lin
e
w
i
th
s
i
m
ilar
s
ca
r
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Stre
s
s
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
wh
ich
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
en
ta
l
d
is
tr
e
s
s
f
o
r
w
h
o
d
id
ex
ag
g
er
ated
o
r
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
h
ea
l
th
-
r
elate
d
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
eir
i
n
ter
n
et
,
w
ill o
n
l
y
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
d
ep
r
e
s
s
ed
o
r
s
ca
r
e
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
n
e
g
ati
v
e
f
r
a
m
i
n
g
is
u
s
u
all
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
c
y
b
er
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia,
in
t
h
is
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
h
as
a
s
s
i
s
ted
r
elate
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
r
ea
l
s
ev
er
it
y
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Misi
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
cid
e
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
c
r
ed
ib
le
o
f
f
icial
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
f
r
o
m
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ac
co
u
n
t
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
ia
h
a
s
ask
ed
f
a
m
o
u
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
u
c
h
as
Face
b
o
o
k
,
Yo
u
T
u
b
e,
T
ik
T
o
k
,
Sh
ar
eC
h
at
an
d
T
w
itter
to
p
u
b
lis
h
r
ig
h
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
as
it
can
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
p
an
ic
a
m
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Oth
er
s
t
u
d
y
al
s
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
n
t
h
is
r
ev
ie
w
w
h
ic
h
p
r
esen
ted
p
eo
p
le’
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
h
ea
lt
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
c
y
b
er
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
ir
d
o
f
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
co
n
d
u
cted
h
ea
lt
h
-
r
elate
d
in
ter
n
et
s
ea
r
ch
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
as
cy
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
w
i
th
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
o
ld
ag
e
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
h
ad
h
ea
lt
h
an
x
ie
t
y
[
3
7
]
.
C
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
ca
n
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
a
n
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
w
h
ich
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as h
ea
lt
h
b
elief
f
a
cto
r
s
[
3
8
]
.
3
.
2
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
w
h
ich
p
er
h
ap
s
lead
to
P
MT
is
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
e
v
er
it
y
[
3
9
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
o
f
th
e
g
iv
e
n
s
it
u
atio
n
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
i
n
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
l
th
is
s
u
es
o
r
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
f
u
el
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
i
a.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
g
e
n
er
all
y
is
ca
u
s
ed
n
eg
at
iv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
u
n
s
av
o
r
y
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
’
s
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
r
ea
t
ap
p
r
aisal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
c
h
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
i
n
th
e
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
m
i
n
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
P
MT
d
u
r
in
g
A
/
H1
N1
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
3
.
3
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
v
uln
er
a
bil
it
y
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
ta
k
en
h
ea
lt
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
[
4
7
]
.
W
h
en
p
eo
p
le
f
ac
e
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
e
h
ea
lt
h
-
r
elate
d
r
is
k
s
,
th
e
y
f
ee
l
s
w
o
r
r
y
,
co
n
ce
r
n
,
o
r
d
r
ea
d
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
a
s
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
cli
n
e
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
at
th
e
w
o
r
s
t
an
d
f
ea
r
f
u
l
r
ep
o
r
t
f
ir
s
t,
esp
ec
i
all
y
o
n
o
n
l
in
e
s
ea
r
c
h
[
2
1
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ea
r
c
h
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
[
4
8
]
-
[
5
0
]
.
Stu
d
ies
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
e,
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
U
K,
a
n
d
T
h
e
Net
h
er
lan
d
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
als
w
h
o
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
to
b
e
at
r
is
k
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
to
m
o
ti
v
ate
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
L
o
w
lev
e
l
o
f
a
p
p
r
aised
th
r
ea
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
m
i
g
h
t
p
r
ev
en
t
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
h
ea
l
th
ca
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
to
p
ar
tic
ip
ate
in
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
4
6
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
e
ta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
ize
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
t
w
o
i
t
e
m
s
w
er
e
m
in
o
r
to
m
id
d
le
an
d
b
ar
el
y
e
x
p
ec
ted
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
a
ls
o
b
eh
av
io
r
if
co
n
tr
asted
to
t
h
e
ite
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
I
SS
N:
2
252
-
8
806
R
ev
iew
o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
in
terven
tio
n
in
a
d
u
lt p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
P
r
ima
C
a
kra
R
a
n
d
a
n
a
)
847
3
.
4
.
L
i
m
it
a
t
io
ns
L
i
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
al
s
o
p
r
esen
t
w
h
ich
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
b
e
tak
e
n
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t.
First
an
d
f
o
r
e
m
o
s
t,
a
d
ata
w
h
ich
c
o
llected
w
as
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
o
th
at
d
id
no
t
to
o
v
alid
f
o
r
an
y
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ti
m
e.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
it
i
s
a
f
ac
t
t
h
at
o
v
er
lo
ad
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
as
f
elt
g
r
ea
ter
at
th
e
s
tar
ted
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
w
h
ile
u
n
s
p
ec
if
i
c
o
f
s
itu
at
io
n
w
er
e
h
ea
v
ier
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
a
li
m
ited
ar
ea
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
icall
y
an
d
s
o
ciall
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
llec
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
ti
m
e,
t
h
er
e
w
as
a
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
i
t
m
a
k
es
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
f
r
e
s
h
r
esear
ch
es
w
h
ich
i
s
r
ea
d
y
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
i
t
h
as
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
a
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
af
f
ec
ted
h
ar
d
l
y
b
y
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
ies
i
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
etter
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
r
esear
c
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
o
r
e
cr
ed
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
e.
L
ast
l
y
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
ar
tic
le
d
id
n
o
t p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
r
ee
v
ar
iab
les
w
h
ich
is
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
-
e
f
f
icac
y
,
an
d
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Si
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
an
d
in
ter
t
w
i
n
ed
in
ac
ti
v
ities
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
cr
is
is
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
to
d
ir
ec
tly
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
te
h
e
alth
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
p
u
b
lic
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
Ou
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
x
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
it
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
cy
b
er
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ev
er
it
y
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
m
o
s
t t
h
i
n
g
s
i
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
th
at
e
x
p
lain
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
-
le
v
el
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
in
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
R
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
clea
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
tr
u
s
ted
h
ea
l
th
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
t
h
e
ef
f
o
r
t
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
Sid
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
a
s
e
v
er
e
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
e
m
ic
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
m
a
y
b
e
r
aised
s
u
ch
as
c
y
b
er
ch
o
n
d
r
ia
ca
n
b
e
alle
v
iated
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
p
r
o
m
o
t
in
g
a
les
s
o
n
to
p
eo
p
le
o
n
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
y
a
n
d
h
ea
lt
h
y
ca
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
n
e
g
at
iv
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
f
o
r
m
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
e
v
er
it
y
an
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
T
.
W
u
,
K.
L
e
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
Leu
n
g
,
“
No
w
c
a
stin
g
a
n
d
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
d
o
m
e
stic
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sp
re
a
d
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
9
-
n
Co
V
o
u
t
b
re
a
k
o
rig
in
a
ti
n
g
in
W
u
h
a
n
,
C
h
in
a
:
a
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
stu
d
y
,
”
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
2
5
,
p
p
.
6
8
9
–
6
9
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(2
0
)3
0
2
6
0
-
9.
[2
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
W
HO
Dire
c
to
r
-
G
e
n
e
ra
l’s
sta
te
m
e
n
t
o
n
IHR
Em
e
rg
e
n
c
y
Co
m
m
it
tee
o
n
No
v
e
l
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
(2
0
1
9
-
n
C
o
V
),
”
2
0
2
0
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
d
irec
to
r
-
g
e
n
e
ra
l/
sp
e
e
c
h
e
s/d
e
tail/
w
h
o
-
d
irec
to
r
-
g
e
n
e
ra
l
-
s
-
sta
te
m
e
n
t
-
on
-
i
h
r
-
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
-
c
o
m
m
it
tee
-
on
-
n
o
v
e
l
-
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
-
(2
0
1
9
-
n
c
o
v
)
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ju
n
.
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
).
[3
]
S
.
A
.
T
a
b
ish
,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic :
th
e
c
risis
a
n
d
th
e
l
o
n
g
e
r
-
ter
m
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic :
th
e
c
risis
a
n
d
t
h
e
lo
n
g
e
r
-
ter
m
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,”
J
.
Ca
rd
io
l.
C
u
rr
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
4
1
‒
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
4
0
6
/j
c
c
r.
2
0
2
0
.
1
3
.
0
0
4
7
2
.
[4
]
A
.
L
.
P
e
d
ro
sa
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Em
o
ti
o
n
a
l,
Be
h
a
v
io
ra
l,
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
Fro
n
t
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
Oc
to
b
e
r,
p
p
.
1
–
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/f
p
sy
g
.
2
0
2
0
.
5
6
6
2
1
2
.
[5
]
N.
Ch
e
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ep
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
ica
l
a
n
d
c
li
n
ica
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
9
9
c
a
se
s
o
f
2
0
1
9
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
iru
s
p
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia
i
n
W
u
h
a
n
,
Ch
i
n
a
:
a
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
,
”
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
2
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
7
–
5
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(
2
0
)
3
0
2
1
1
-
7.
[6
]
W
.
G
u
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cli
n
ica
l
Ch
a
ra
c
t
e
risti
c
s
o
f
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
2
0
1
9
in
Ch
in
a
,
”
T
h
e
n
e
w
En
g
l.
J
.
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
8
-
1
7
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
6
/NEJ
M
o
a
2
0
0
2
0
3
2
.
[7
]
J.
T
o
ra
les
,
M
.
O.
Hig
g
in
s,
J.
M
.
Ca
sta
ld
e
ll
i
-
m
a
i
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
V
e
n
tri
g
l
io
,
“
T
h
e
o
u
t
b
re
a
k
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
a
n
d
it
s
im
p
a
c
t
o
n
g
lo
b
a
l
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
o
c
.
Psy
c
h
i
a
try
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
–
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
2
0
7
6
4
0
2
0
9
1
5
2
1
2
.
[8
]
K.
S
h
a
h
,
D.
Ka
m
ra
i,
H.
M
e
k
a
l
a
,
B.
M
a
n
n
,
K.
De
sa
i,
a
n
d
R.
S
.
P
a
tel,
“
F
o
c
u
s
o
n
M
e
n
tal
He
a
lt
h
Du
rin
g
th
e
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
(COV
ID
-
1
9
)
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
A
p
p
ly
in
g
L
e
a
rn
in
g
s
f
ro
m
th
e
P
a
st
Ou
tb
re
a
k
s,”
Cu
re
u
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
7
7
5
9
/cu
re
u
s.
7
4
0
5
.
[9
]
N.
P
a
p
p
o
t
a
n
d
H.
P
a
p
p
o
t,
“
T
e
le
m
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
e
-
He
a
lt
h
S
o
lu
t
io
n
s f
o
r
COV
ID
-
1
9
:
P
a
ti
e
n
ts’
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
T
e
lem
e
d
.
e
-
HEAL
T
H
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
–
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
9
/
tm
j.
2
0
2
0
.
0
0
9
9
.
[1
0
]
V
.
S
e
v
il
la,
“
S
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
COV
ID
-
1
9
,
”
Glo
b
.
Ko
mu
n
ika
J
.
Ilm
u
S
o
s.
d
a
n
Ilmu
P
o
li
t.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
–
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
1
]
A
.
M
ian
a
n
d
S
.
Kh
a
n
,
“
Co
r
o
n
a
v
i
ru
s :
t
h
e
sp
re
a
d
o
f
m
isin
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
,
”
BM
C
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
8
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
–
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/s1
2
9
1
6
-
0
2
0
-
0
1
5
5
6
-
3.
[1
2
]
A
.
W
o
n
g
k
o
b
lap
,
M
.
A
.
V
a
d
il
l
o
,
a
n
d
V
.
Cu
rc
i
n
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
g
M
e
n
tal
He
a
lt
h
Diso
rd
e
rs
in
th
e
Era
o
f
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia :
S
y
st
e
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
J
.
M
e
d
.
In
ter
n
e
t
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/j
m
ir.
7
2
1
5
.
[1
3
]
A
.
G
o
u
g
h
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
we
e
t
f
o
r
Be
h
a
v
io
r
Ch
a
n
g
e
:
Us
in
g
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia
f
o
r
t
h
e
Diss
e
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
M
e
ss
a
g
e
s,”
J
M
IR
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l.
S
u
rv
e
il
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
.
6
3
1
3
.
[1
4
]
P
.
S
.
A
d
ler
a
n
d
C.
X
iao
li
n
g
,
“
Co
m
b
in
in
g
c
re
a
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l:
U
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
in
larg
e
-
sc
a
le
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
c
re
a
ti
v
it
y
,
”
Acc
o
u
n
t
in
g
,
Or
g
a
n
.
S
o
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
–
8
5
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
o
s.2
0
1
1
.
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Re
m
u
z
z
i
a
n
d
G
.
R
e
m
u
z
z
i,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
n
d
Italy
:
w
h
a
t
n
e
x
t
?
”
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
3
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
5
–
1
2
2
8
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
202
1
:
843
–
8
4
9
848
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(2
0
)3
0
6
2
7
-
9.
[1
6
]
K.
Ha
o
a
n
d
T
.
Ba
su
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
is
th
e
f
irst
tru
e
so
c
ial
-
m
e
d
ia
‘in
f
o
d
e
m
ic,’”
M
IT
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Re
v
ie
w
,
2
0
2
0
.
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
re
v
ie
w
.
c
o
m
/2
0
2
0
/0
2
/
1
2
/
8
4
4
8
5
1
/
th
e
-
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
iru
s
-
is
-
th
e
-
f
irst
-
tru
e
-
so
c
ial
-
m
e
d
ia
-
in
f
o
d
e
m
ic/
(a
c
c
e
s
se
d
M
a
y
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
).
[1
7
]
P
.
Bu
b
e
c
k
,
W
.
J.
W
.
Bo
tze
n
,
a
n
d
J.
C.
J.
H.
Ae
rts,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
R
isk
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Oth
e
r
F
a
c
to
rs
th
a
t
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
F
lo
o
d
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
Be
h
a
v
io
r
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
P
riv
a
te
,
”
Ri
sk
An
a
l.
A
n
In
t
.
J
.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
1
–
1
4
9
5
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
j.
1
5
3
9
-
6
9
2
4
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
1
7
8
3
.
x
.
[1
8
]
E.
T
e
a
sd
a
le,
L
.
Ya
rd
le
y
,
W
.
S
c
h
lo
tz,
a
n
d
S
.
M
ich
ie,
“
T
h
e
im
p
o
rt
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
p
in
g
a
p
p
ra
isa
l
in
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
ra
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic f
lu
,
”
Br.
J
.
He
a
lt
h
Ps
y
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
–
5
9
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
j.
2
0
4
4
-
8
2
8
7
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
2
0
1
7
.
x
.
[1
9
]
A
.
R.
A
h
m
a
d
a
n
d
H.
R.
M
u
ra
d
,
“
T
h
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia
o
n
P
a
n
ic
Du
rin
g
t
h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
Ira
q
i
Ku
rd
istan
:
On
li
n
e
Qu
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
S
tu
d
y
,
”
J
.
M
e
d
.
In
ter
n
e
t
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
1
9
5
5
6
.
[2
0
]
R.
Ka
ra
sn
e
h
,
S
.
A
l
-
a
z
z
a
m
,
S
.
M
u
,
O.
S
o
u
d
a
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
w
a
m
d
e
h
,
“
M
e
d
ia’s
e
ff
e
c
t
o
n
sh
a
p
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
risk
p
e
r
c
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
o
f
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
sts,”
Res
.
S
o
c
.
Ad
m.
P
h
a
rm
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
7
–
1
9
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
s
a
p
h
a
rm
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
4
.
0
2
7
.
[2
1
]
A
.
F
a
ro
o
q
,
S
.
L
a
a
to
,
a
n
d
A
.
K.
M
.
N.
Isla
m
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
On
li
n
e
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
n
S
e
lf
-
Iso
latio
n
I
n
te
n
ti
o
n
Du
rin
g
t
h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
Cro
ss
-
S
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
.
M
e
d
.
In
ter
n
e
t
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
1
9
1
2
8
.
[2
2
]
A
.
S
.
A
b
d
e
lh
a
f
iz
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
o
f
E
g
y
p
ti
a
n
s
to
w
a
rd
s
th
e
No
v
e
l
C
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
(COV
ID‑1
9
),
”
J
.
Co
mm
u
n
it
y
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
8
1
–
8
9
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
0
9
0
0
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
8
2
7
-
7.
[2
3
]
D.
Ro
y
,
S
.
T
rip
a
th
y
,
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
N.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
a
n
d
V
.
K
a
u
sh
a
l,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
,
a
n
x
iety
&
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
n
e
e
d
in
In
d
ian
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
Asia
n
J
.
Psy
c
h
ia
tr.
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
A
p
ril
,
p
.
1
0
2
0
8
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
j
p
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
2
0
8
3
.
[2
4
]
T
.
A
.
F
e
rg
u
s
a
n
d
L
.
H.
Ru
s
se
l
l,
“
Cy
b
e
r
c
h
o
n
d
r
ia’s
Ov
e
rlap
w
i
th
He
a
lt
h
A
n
x
iet
y
a
n
d
Ob
se
ss
i
v
e
-
Co
m
p
u
lsiv
e
S
y
m
p
to
m
s:
A
n
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
L
a
ten
t
S
tru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
S
c
a
le
In
terr
e
latio
n
s,”
J
.
An
x
iety
Diso
rd
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
,
p
p
.
8
8
–
9
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ja
n
x
d
is.
2
0
1
6
.
0
1
.
0
0
9
.
[2
5
]
H.
Zh
e
n
g
,
S
.
J.
S
i
n
,
H.
K.
Kim
,
a
n
d
Y.
T
h
e
n
g
,
“
Cy
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria :
a
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
i
e
w
,
”
In
ter
n
e
t
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
7
7
–
6
9
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
INT
R
-
03
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
1
4
8
.
[2
6
]
M
.
V
ism
a
ra
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Is
c
y
b
e
r
c
h
o
n
d
ria
a
n
e
w
tran
sd
iag
n
o
stic
d
ig
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
u
lsiv
e
s
y
n
d
ro
m
e
?
A
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,
”
Co
mp
r.
Psy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
9
9
,
n
o
.
M
a
y
,
p
.
1
5
2
1
6
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
o
m
p
p
sy
c
h
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
5
2
1
6
7
.
[2
7
]
V
.
L
.
S
.
T
a
rc
e
v
ic
a
n
d
E.
L
.
A
.
Bo
u
jao
u
d
e
,
“
Cy
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria,
c
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
,
c
y
b
e
rsu
icid
e
,
c
y
b
e
rs
e
x
:
‘n
e
w
’
p
sy
c
h
o
p
a
th
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
ry
?
”
W
o
rld
Psy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
7
–
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
A
.
M
.
No
rr,
B.
J.
A
lb
a
n
e
se
,
E.
M
a
ry
,
N.
P
.
A
ll
a
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
B
.
S
c
h
m
id
t,
“
A
n
x
iet
y
s
e
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
d
in
t
o
lera
n
c
e
o
f
u
n
c
e
rtain
ty
a
s
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
risk
fa
c
t
o
rs
f
o
r
c
y
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria,”
J
.
Af
fec
t.
Diso
rd
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
4
,
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
,
p
p
.
6
4
–
6
9
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
jad
.
2
0
1
4
.
1
1
.
0
2
3
.
[2
9
]
A
.
L
o
o
s,
“
Cy
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria:
T
o
o
m
u
c
h
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
h
e
a
lt
h
a
n
x
io
u
s
p
a
ti
e
n
t
?”
J
.
C
o
n
su
m.
He
a
lt
h
In
ter
n
e
t
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
–
4
4
5
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/1
5
3
9
8
2
8
5
.
2
0
1
3
.
8
3
3
4
5
2
.
[3
0
]
V
.
S
tarc
e
v
ic
a
n
d
D.
Be
rle,
“
Cy
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria :
to
w
a
rd
s
a
b
e
tt
e
r
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
e
x
c
e
ss
iv
e
h
e
a
lt
h
-
re
late
d
in
tern
e
t
u
se
,
”
Exp
e
r
t
Rev
.
Ne
u
ro
t
h
e
r.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
–
2
1
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
1
]
V
.
L
a
,
T
.
P
h
a
m
,
M
.
Ho
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
“
P
o
li
c
y
Re
sp
o
n
se
,
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
Jo
u
rn
a
li
sm
f
o
r
th
e
S
u
sta
in
a
b
i
li
ty
o
f
th
e
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
y
ste
m
Am
id
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
Ou
tb
re
a
k
:
T
h
e
V
ietn
a
m
L
e
ss
o
n
s,”
Sus
ta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
2
9
3
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
2
]
S
.
L
a
a
to
,
A
.
K.
M
.
N
.
Isla
m
,
M
.
N.
Isla
m
,
a
n
d
E.
W
h
e
lan
,
“
W
h
a
t
d
riv
e
s
u
n
v
e
rif
ied
in
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
s
h
a
rin
g
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
COV
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic ?
,
”
Eu
r.
J
.
In
f.
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
–
3
0
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
6
0
0
8
5
X
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
7
0
6
3
2
.
[3
3
]
A
.
Ge
ss
e
r
-
Ed
e
lsb
u
rg
,
A
.
Dia
m
a
n
t,
R.
Hijaz
i,
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
M
e
sc
h
,
“
Co
rre
c
ti
n
g
m
isin
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
b
y
h
e
a
lt
h
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
d
u
ri
n
g
m
e
a
sle
s o
u
tb
re
a
k
s : A
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t,
”
PL
o
S
On
e
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
e
0
2
0
9
5
0
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
4
]
A
.
De
p
o
u
x
,
S
.
M
a
rti
n
,
E.
Ka
ra
f
il
lak
is,
R.
P
re
e
t,
A
.
W
il
d
e
r
-
S
m
it
h
,
a
n
d
H
.
L
a
rso
n
,
“
T
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
p
a
n
ic
trav
e
ls
fa
ste
r
th
a
n
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
o
u
tb
re
a
k
,
”
J
.
T
ra
v
e
l
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
0
3
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
jt
m
/t
a
a
a
0
3
1
.
[3
5
]
M
.
Ra
f
la,
N.
J.
C
a
rso
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
De
jo
n
g
,
“
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
I
n
tern
e
t :
W
h
a
t
M
e
n
tal
He
a
lt
h
Cli
n
icia
n
s
Ne
e
d
t
o
Kn
o
w
,
”
Cu
rr
.
Psy
c
h
ia
try
Rep
.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
4
7
2
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
1
9
2
0
-
0
1
4
-
0
4
7
2
-
x.
[3
6
]
N.
Jo
k
ić
-
Be
g
ić,
U.
M
ik
a
c
,
D.
Ču
rž
ik
,
a
n
d
C.
S
.
Jo
k
ić,
“
T
h
e
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
h
o
rt
C
y
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
r
ia S
c
a
le (S
CS
),
”
J
.
P
sy
c
h
o
p
a
t
h
o
l.
Beh
a
v
.
Asse
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
6
2
–
6
7
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
7
]
D.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cy
b
e
rc
h
o
n
d
ria
:
Im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
o
n
l
in
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
a
n
x
iety
a
s
d
e
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
,
”
Arc
h
.
M
e
d
.
He
a
l
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
–
1
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
1
0
3
/am
h
s.a
m
h
s_
1
0
8
_
1
9
.
[3
8
]
S
.
L
a
a
to
,
A
.
K.
M
.
N.
Isla
m
,
M
.
N.
Isla
m
,
a
n
d
E.
W
h
e
lan
,
“
Wh
y
d
o
P
e
o
p
le
S
h
a
re
M
isin
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic?
”
a
rXiv P
re
p
r.
a
rXiv
,
n
o
.
A
p
ril
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
a
rx
iv
.
o
rg
/ab
s/2
0
0
4
.
0
9
6
0
0
.
[3
9
]
S
.
Dry
h
u
rst
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
ro
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
rld
,
”
J
.
Ri
sk
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
7
–
8
,
p
p
.
9
9
4
–
1
0
0
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
6
9
8
7
7
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
5
8
1
9
3
.
[4
0
]
C.
Ru
d
isil
l,
“
Ho
w
d
o
w
e
h
a
n
d
le
n
e
w
h
e
a
lt
h
risk
s?
Risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
,
o
p
ti
m
ism
,
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
re
g
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
H
1
N
1
v
iru
s,”
J
.
Ri
sk
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
5
9
–
9
8
0
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
6
9
8
7
7
.
2
0
1
2
.
7
6
1
2
7
1
.
[4
1
]
W
.
V
a
n
De
r
W
e
e
rd
,
D.
R
.
M
.
T
i
m
m
e
r
m
a
n
s,
D.
J.
M
.
A
.
Be
a
u
jea
n
,
J.
Ou
d
h
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
J.
E.
v
a
n
S
tee
n
b
e
rg
e
n
,
“
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
tru
st,
risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
l
p
u
b
li
c
to
a
d
o
p
t
p
r
o
tec
ti
v
e
m
e
a
su
re
s
d
u
rin
g
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
z
a
A
(H1
N1
)
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
th
e
Ne
th
e
rla
n
d
s,”
BM
C
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
I
SS
N:
2
252
-
8
806
R
ev
iew
o
f so
cia
l m
ed
ia
in
terven
tio
n
in
a
d
u
lt p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
P
r
ima
C
a
kra
R
a
n
d
a
n
a
)
849
[4
2
]
T
.
W
ise
,
T
.
D.
Zb
o
z
in
e
k
,
G
.
M
ich
e
li
n
i,
C.
C.
Ha
g
a
n
,
D.
M
o
b
b
s,
a
n
d
T
.
W
ise
,
“
Ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
lf
-
re
p
o
rted
p
r
o
tec
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
irst
we
e
k
o
f
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
th
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,”
R.
S
o
c
.
Op
e
n
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
2
0
0
7
4
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
3
]
D.
Ch
o
i,
W
.
Yo
o
,
G
.
No
h
,
a
n
d
K.
P
a
rk
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia o
n
risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s d
u
rin
g
th
e
M
ERS
o
u
t
b
re
a
k
in
S
o
u
t
h
Ko
re
a
,
”
C
o
mp
u
t.
Hu
m
a
n
Beh
a
v
.
,
v
o
l.
7
2
,
p
p
.
4
2
2
–
4
3
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
c
h
b
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
0
0
4
.
[4
4
]
S
.
El
-
t
o
u
k
h
y
,
“
P
a
rsin
g
S
u
sc
e
p
ti
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
S
e
v
e
rit
y
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
s
o
f
He
a
lt
h
Risk
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s,”
J
.
He
a
lt
h
C
o
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
–
5
1
1
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
8
1
0
7
3
0
.
2
0
1
4
.
9
8
9
3
4
2
.
[4
5
]
G
.
S
h
a
rif
irad
,
P
.
Ya
rm
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
,
M
.
A
li
,
M
.
S
h
a
rif
a
b
a
d
,
a
n
d
Z.
Ra
h
a
e
i,
“
De
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
f
o
r
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
f
lu
e
n
z
a
A
/H1
N1
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
th
e
o
ry
a
m
o
n
g
fe
m
a
le
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
Isf
a
h
a
n
,
Ira
n
,
”
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
He
a
lt
h
Pr
o
mo
t.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
Ja
n
u
a
ry
,
p
p
.
3
6
–
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
1
0
3
/2
2
7
7
-
9
5
3
1
.
1
2
7
5
5
6
.
[4
6
]
A
.
Bish
,
L
.
Ya
rd
le
y
,
A
.
Nic
o
ll
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
ich
ie,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
a
ss
o
c
iat
e
d
w
it
h
u
p
tak
e
o
f
v
a
c
c
in
a
ti
o
n
a
g
a
in
st
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
f
lu
e
n
z
a
:
A
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Va
c
c
in
e
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
3
8
,
p
p
.
6
4
7
2
–
6
4
8
4
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
v
a
c
c
in
e
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
6
.
1
0
7
.
[4
7
]
M
.
Bu
lt
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
risk
,
a
n
x
iet
y
,
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
ra
l
re
sp
o
n
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
l
p
u
b
li
c
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
e
a
rl
y
p
h
a
se
o
f
th
e
In
f
lu
e
n
z
a
A
(
H1
N1
)
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
th
e
Ne
th
e
rlan
d
s
:
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
re
e
c
o
n
se
c
u
ti
v
e
o
n
li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
s,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
8
]
N.
M
a
h
f
u
z
a
,
R.
A
.
S
y
a
k
u
ra
h
,
a
n
d
R.
C
it
ra
,
“
A
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
u
se
o
f
g
o
o
g
le
tren
d
s
a
s
a
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
risk
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
d
u
rin
g
COV
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
IJ
PHS
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
9
–
4
0
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s
.
v
9
i4
.
2
0
5
1
2
.
[4
9
]
L
.
Am
e
li
a
a
n
d
R.
A
.
S
y
a
k
u
ra
h
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
si
s o
f
p
u
b
li
c
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
to
w
a
rd
s i
m
m
u
n
e
s
y
ste
m
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
u
rin
g
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
u
sin
g
g
o
o
g
le
tren
d
s,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
IJ
PHS
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
41
4
–
4
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s.v
9
i4
.
2
0
5
1
8
.
[5
0
]
M
.
Ch
a
n
d
ra
a
n
d
R
.
S
y
a
k
u
ra
h
,
“
P
o
ten
ti
a
l
u
se
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
l
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
n
li
n
e
se
a
rc
h
d
u
rin
g
CO
V
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
f
o
r
p
re
d
ictin
g
a
n
d
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
p
u
b
li
c
re
sp
o
n
se
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
IJ
PHS
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
406
–
4
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s.v
9
i4
.
2
0
5
4
7
.
[5
1
]
P
.
Ba
b
c
ick
y
a
n
d
S
.
S
e
e
b
a
u
e
r,
“
Un
p
a
c
k
in
g
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
:
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
a
s
e
p
a
ra
te
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
non
-
p
r
o
tec
ti
v
e
ro
u
te
in
p
riv
a
te
f
l
o
o
d
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
Un
p
a
c
k
in
g
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
:
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
a
se
p
a
ra
te
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
ro
u
te
in
p
riv
a
te
f
lo
o
d
,
”
J
.
R
isk
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
3
–
1
5
2
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/1
3
6
6
9
8
7
7
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
4
8
5
1
7
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.