I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
42
2
~
42
6
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
422
J
o
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h
ttp
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ex
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p
h
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JP
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Dete
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Un
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2
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ev
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20
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2
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1
6
A
cc
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No
v
26
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2
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1
6
El
e
c
tro
p
lati
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w
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w
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r
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x
p
o
se
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b
y
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a
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d
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f
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m
e
lec
tro
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y
sis
p
ro
c
e
ss
d
u
rin
g
w
o
rk
.
Ch
ro
m
iu
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h
ig
h
ly
c
a
r
c
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o
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e
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ic
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d
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d
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h
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b
o
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y
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h
is
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ro
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m
a
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ra
te
R
e
a
c
ti
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e
O
x
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n
S
p
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ies
(ROS)
c
a
u
sin
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li
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p
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ti
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n
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n
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ti
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d
a
m
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h
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ly
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p
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l
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ise
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se
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6
e
lec
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lati
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g
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e
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s
in
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e
g
a
l
District
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s
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se
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h
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s
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in
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,
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DA
lev
e
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Bo
d
y
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a
ss
In
d
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<
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lt
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o
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d
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d
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ise
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m
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b
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:
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C
h
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m
Ma
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n
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Occ
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Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
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d
E
n
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
a
n
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S
c
ien
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e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Yu
lia
n
i Set
y
a
n
in
g
s
ih
,
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Fac
u
lt
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Dip
o
n
eg
o
r
o
,
J
l P
r
o
f
So
ed
ar
to
SH
T
em
b
alan
g
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Se
m
ar
a
n
g
-
5
0
2
7
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
E
m
ail:
j
o
elian
i_
k
e
s
j
a_
u
n
d
ip
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
h
r
o
m
iu
m
(
C
r
)
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
m
etal
p
lati
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
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s
co
ati
n
g
is
to
m
ak
e
m
etal
r
u
s
t
p
r
o
o
f
an
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
es
g
lo
s
s
[
1
-
2
]
.
C
r
(
VI
)
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
o
x
id
a
n
t
an
d
h
as
a
p
o
ten
t
ial
h
ea
lth
h
az
ar
d
.
E
lectr
o
p
latin
g
w
o
r
k
er
s
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
s
e
cto
r
m
a
y
in
h
ale
ch
r
o
m
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m
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n
t
h
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f
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s
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ticles
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h
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n
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th
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f
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tr
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t
f
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b
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(
V)
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d
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I
V)
.
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p
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ates
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w
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R
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.
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ca
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id
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a
n
d
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x
id
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D
N
A
d
a
m
ag
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[
3
-
6
]
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
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(
VI
)
ca
n
lead
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a
v
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y
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f
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A
m
u
tatio
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s
an
d
ch
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m
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a
m
ag
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n
d
o
x
id
ativ
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a
n
g
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s
in
p
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tein
s
[
7
]
.
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ip
id
p
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x
id
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ca
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b
r
ea
k
th
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m
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m
b
r
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p
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tain
P
UF
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(
P
o
ly
U
n
s
at
u
r
ated
Fatt
y
A
cid
s
)
.
T
h
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in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
m
alo
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d
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h
y
d
e
(
MD
A
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is
th
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m
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t
co
m
m
o
n
u
s
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ar
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s
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at
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ca
u
s
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tag
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ca
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MD
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th
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to
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ad
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ts
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a
n
o
s
i
n
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a
n
d
d
eo
x
y
ad
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s
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[
8
]
.
Ox
id
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v
e
DN
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d
a
m
ag
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f
o
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m
ca
n
b
e
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eter
m
i
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b
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m
ea
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g
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v
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s
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8
-
OHd
G
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n
t
h
e
u
r
in
e
[
9
]
.
8
-
OHd
G
lev
el
s
ar
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af
f
ec
ted
b
y
m
an
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
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as
s
p
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s
ex
,
ag
e,
ex
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ci
s
e,
alco
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l,
s
m
o
k
in
g
,
B
o
d
y
Ma
s
s
I
n
d
e
x
(
B
MI
)
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
Leve
ls
o
f U
r
in
a
r
y
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-
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miu
m
.
.
.
.
(
Yu
lia
n
i S
etya
n
in
g
s
ih
)
423
L
e
v
el
o
f
8
-
O
Hd
G
i
n
u
r
in
e
as
a
b
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A
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[
1
1
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an
d
c
an
b
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u
s
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a
s
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n
in
d
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t
[
1
2
]
.
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h
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esear
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s
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m
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in
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s
m
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s
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a
m
o
n
g
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tr
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latin
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w
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r
k
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s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Su
bje
ct
a
nd
m
a
t
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ls
T
h
is
w
a
s
a
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o
b
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as c
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al,
C
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tr
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J
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v
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T
h
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w
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6
6
m
a
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w
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w
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alto
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tak
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n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
f
o
r
a
y
ea
r
,
d
u
e
to
ch
r
o
n
ic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
af
ter
o
n
e
y
ea
r
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
0
m
L
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
‟
u
r
in
e
w
er
e
co
llected
af
ter
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
u
r
in
e
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
co
n
tain
er
s
t
h
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
n
itric
ac
id
a
n
d
s
to
r
ed
in
a
p
o
l
y
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
co
n
tai
n
er
at
-
20
°
C
.
L
ev
el
s
o
f
u
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
f
la
m
eles
s
ato
m
ic
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
(
AA
S)
w
it
h
a
g
r
ap
h
ite
f
u
r
n
ac
e
(
GF
-
3
0
0
0
)
an
d
au
to
-
s
a
m
p
ler
(
P
A
L
-
3
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
m
alo
n
d
iad
e
h
y
d
le
v
el
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
T
io
b
ar
b
itu
r
ic
A
cid
R
ea
cti
v
e
Su
b
s
ta
n
ce
(
T
B
A
R
S
)
m
eth
o
d
.
S
m
o
k
in
g
h
ab
it
w
a
s
id
en
ti
f
ie
d
u
s
in
g
B
r
in
k
m
an
I
n
d
ex
.
T
h
e
lev
els
o
f
8
-
OHd
G
w
as
d
etec
ted
u
s
in
g
an
E
L
I
S
A
test
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
‟
s
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
(
C
US
A
B
I
O,
C
h
i
n
a)
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
w
as
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
y
u
r
in
ar
y
cr
ea
ti
n
in
e
le
v
els.
A
q
u
e
s
tio
n
er
w
as
u
s
ed
t
o
co
llect
w
o
r
k
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
ata
s
u
ch
as
ag
e,
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
s
tatu
s
(
B
MI
)
,
alco
h
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
r
in
k
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
Ch
i
s
q
u
ar
e
test
w
as
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
e
b
iv
ar
iate
d
ata
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
lev
el
s
in
u
r
in
e,
MD
A
le
v
el,
B
MI
,
s
m
o
k
in
g
h
ab
it
s
,
alco
h
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
r
in
k
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
lev
el
s
o
f
u
r
in
ar
y
8
-
OHd
G
.
L
o
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
w
as u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
u
r
i
n
a
r
y
8
-
O
Hd
G.
2
.
3
.
E
t
hica
l
a
pp
ro
v
a
l
E
th
ical
clea
r
a
n
ce
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
M
ed
ical
a
n
d
Hea
lt
h
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
E
th
ic
s
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
MH
R
E
C
)
,
M
ed
icin
e
Fac
u
lt
y
,
Gad
j
ah
Ma
d
a
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Dr
.
Sar
d
j
ito
Ho
s
p
ital
(
R
ef
: K
E
/
FK
/
993
/
E
C
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
B
iv
a
ria
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
‟
ag
e
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
b
et
w
ee
n
1
7
-
5
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
A
ll
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
d
id
n
o
t
u
s
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
o
tectiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
m
as
k
s
,
lo
n
g
-
s
lee
v
ed
s
h
ir
ts
o
r
b
o
o
ts
.
T
h
er
e
we
r
e
5
6
.
1
% o
f
wo
r
k
er
s
w
h
o
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
ea
l
w
ith
elec
tr
o
p
latin
g
b
at
h
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
o
o
m
a
s
i
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
d
y
ei
n
g
.
As
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
,
it
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
to
4
0
y
ea
r
s
.
U
r
in
ar
y
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
le
v
els
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
r
an
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
2
.
8
1
1
µg
/L
-
145
.
3
4
0
µg
/L
,
MD
A
le
v
els
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
„
u
r
in
e
w
er
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
0
1
6
μ
m
o
l/L
-
1
.
9
5
0
µ
m
o
l/L
.
W
h
ile
th
e
le
v
el
s
o
f
u
r
i
n
ar
y
8
-
OHd
G
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
.0
7
9
n
g
/
m
L
-
974
.
9
9
0
n
g
/
m
L
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
b
iv
ar
iate
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
er
e
we
r
e
5
1
.
5
1
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
s
e
u
r
in
ar
y
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
le
v
el
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
10
µg
/
L
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
7
2
.
7
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
MD
A
le
v
el
m
o
r
e
0
.
23
μ
m
o
l/
L
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
w
as
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
u
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
i
n
h
u
m
an
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
m
g
/L
-
0
.
5
m
g
/
L
[
1
3
]
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
also
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
to
s
m
o
k
e
d
u
r
in
g
w
o
r
k
(
5
3
.
0
3
%).
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
as
m
an
y
as
2
0
p
eo
p
le
(
3
0
.
3
0
%)
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
d
r
an
k
al
co
h
o
l
an
d
1
7
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
5
.
7
6
%
)
w
er
e
tak
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
r
i
n
k
.
B
i
v
ar
iate
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
lev
e
ls
o
f
u
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
,
MD
A
l
ev
els
in
th
e
u
r
i
n
e,
s
m
o
k
in
g
h
ab
it
s
,
alco
h
o
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
r
in
k
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lev
els
o
f
u
r
in
ar
y
8
-
OHd
G
(p
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
On
l
y
t
h
e
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
s
tat
u
s
(
B
MI
)
w
a
s
n
o
t
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
lev
e
ls
o
f
u
r
i
n
ar
y
8
-
OHd
G.
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
7
2
.
7
%
o
f
w
o
r
k
er
s
w
i
th
MD
A
lev
els
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
2
3
m
o
l/
L
a
n
d
5
4
.
5
%
o
f
w
o
r
k
er
s
w
h
o
h
a
d
8
-
OHd
G
le
v
el
s
g
r
ea
ter
2
4
.
5
n
g
/
m
L
.
MD
A
le
v
els
in
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
in
d
icato
r
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
o
x
id
ativ
e
s
tr
e
s
s
in
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt o
f
l
ip
id
p
er
o
x
id
atio
n
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
J
P
HS
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
6
:
42
2
–
42
6
424
T
ab
le
1
.
B
iv
ar
iat
e
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
b
et
w
ee
n
L
ev
e
ls
o
f
Ur
i
n
ar
y
C
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
,
MD
A
,
B
MI
,
S
m
o
k
i
n
g
,
A
lco
h
o
l
an
d
Su
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
Dr
i
n
k
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
w
ith
L
e
v
els
o
f
Ur
in
ar
y
8
-
O
Hd
G
V
a
r
i
a
b
e
l
s
N
(
%)
P
OR
9
5
%
C
I
U
r
i
n
a
r
y
C
h
r
o
mi
u
m
>
1
0
µ
g
/
L
<
1
0
µ
g
/
L
34
(
5
1
.
5
1
)
32
(
4
8
.
4
9
)
0
.
0
2
8
3
.
0
5
6
1
.
1
1
6
−
8
.
3
6
5
M
D
A
l
e
v
e
l
s
>
0
.
2
3
µ
m
o
l
/
L
<
0
.
2
3
µ
m
o
l
/
L
48
(
7
2
.
7
3
)
18
(
2
7
.
2
7
)
0
.
0
3
4
3
.
3
3
3
1
.
0
6
5
−
1
0
.
4
3
3
B
o
d
y
M
a
ss I
n
d
e
x
A
b
n
o
r
mal
N
o
r
mal
32
(
4
8
.
4
9
)
34
(
5
1
.
5
1
)
0
.
6
3
7
0
.
7
0
0
0
.
2
6
5
−
1
.
8
5
2
S
mo
k
i
n
g
H
a
b
i
t
H
e
a
v
y
smo
k
e
r
L
i
g
h
t
smo
k
e
r
3
5
(
5
3
.
0
3
)
31
(
4
6
.
9
7
0
.
0
2
9
3
.
4
5
5
1
.
2
5
1
−
9
.
5
3
9
D
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
o
f
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
Y
e
s
No
20
(
3
0
.
3
0
)
46
(
6
9
.
7
)
0
.
0
0
0
1
4
.
0
0
0
2
.
8
9
4
−
6
7
.
7
1
9
S
u
p
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
b
i
t
Y
e
s
No
17
(
2
5
.
7
6
)
49
(
7
4
.
2
4
)
0
.
0
1
7
5
.
7
2
7
1
.
4
5
8
−
2
2
.
4
9
7
U
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
as
in
d
icat
o
r
o
f
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
1
to
2
d
ay
s
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
te
s
t
[
1
4
]
.
A
ll
lev
els
o
f
u
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
iu
m
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
n
o
r
m
al
le
v
els
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
an
d
3
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
ad
a
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
co
n
ten
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
m
g
/
m
L
o
r
ex
ce
ed
s
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
lev
el
s
in
th
e
b
o
d
y
.
B
iv
ar
iate
test
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
a
n
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
u
r
in
ar
y
c
h
r
o
m
iu
m
l
ev
el
s
w
i
th
lev
e
ls
o
f
u
r
i
n
ar
y
8
-
OHd
G.
Z
h
an
g
s
tated
th
at
lo
w
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
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ad
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2
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2
3
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1
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[
2
4
]
.
T
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[
1
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4.
CO
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
5
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8806
I
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Vo
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5
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4
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Dec
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b
er
20
1
6
:
42
2
–
42
6
426
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ga
m
b
e
lu
n
g
h
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
rim
a
r
y
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
c
h
ro
m
e
-
p
latin
g
w
o
rk
e
rs
,”
T
o
x
ico
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
8
,
pp.
1
8
7
-
1
9
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
]
A
.
Ca
g
li
e
ri,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
i
n
h
a
led
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
o
n
d
if
f
e
re
n
t
e
x
h
a
led
b
re
a
th
c
o
n
d
e
n
sa
te
b
i
o
m
a
r
k
e
rs
a
m
o
n
g
c
h
ro
m
e
-
p
latin
g
w
o
rk
e
r
s
,
”
En
v
iro
n
He
a
lt
h
Per
sp
e
c
t
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
1
4
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
5
4
2
-
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
U.
H.
Da
n
ielso
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
tru
c
t
u
re
–
a
c
ti
v
it
y
re
latio
n
sh
ip
s
o
f
4
h
y
d
ro
x
y
a
lk
e
n
a
ls
in
th
e
c
o
n
ju
g
a
ti
o
n
c
a
taly
s
e
d
b
y
m
a
m
m
a
li
a
n
g
lu
tath
i
o
n
e
tran
sf
e
ra
s
e
s
,”
Bi
o
c
h
e
m J.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
7
,
p
p
.
7
0
7
–
7
1
3
,
1
9
8
7
.
[4
]
J.
A
i
y
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
(V
I)
w
it
h
g
lu
tath
i
o
n
e
o
r
w
it
h
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
p
e
ro
x
id
e
:
i
d
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
re
a
c
ti
v
e
in
term
e
d
iate
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
ro
le i
n
c
h
r
o
m
iu
m
(V
I)
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
,
”
He
a
lt
h
Per
sp
e
c
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
2
,
p
p
53
–
62
,
1
9
9
1
.
[5
]
D.
Ba
g
c
h
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
y
to
to
x
icity
a
n
d
o
x
id
a
t
iv
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
d
iffe
re
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
,
”
T
o
x
ico
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
8
0
,
p
p
.
5
–
22
,
2
0
0
2
.
[6
]
T
.
J.
O‟Brie
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
lex
i
ti
e
s
o
f
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
c
a
rc
in
o
g
e
n
e
sis
:
ro
le
o
f
c
e
ll
u
lar
re
sp
o
n
se
,
re
p
a
i
r
a
n
d
re
c
o
v
e
ry
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
,”
M
u
ta
t.
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
3
,
p
p
.
3
–
36
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
R.
S
h
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
o
n
t
h
e
imm
u
n
e
s
y
ste
m
,
”
FE
M
S
Imm
u
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
M
icr
o
b
io
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
34
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
0
2
.
[8
]
J.
L
.
M
a
rn
e
tt
,
“
L
ip
id
P
e
ro
x
id
a
ti
o
n
-
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
b
y
m
a
lo
n
d
ial
d
e
h
y
d
e
,
”
M
u
t
Res
,
v
o
l.
4
2
4
,
p
p
.
83
-
95
,
1
9
9
9
.
[9
]
Ka
sa
i
H
.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
D
N
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
,
8
-
h
y
d
ro
x
y
d
e
o
x
y
g
u
a
n
o
c
in
e
,
a
s
m
a
r
k
e
rs
o
f
c
e
ll
u
lar
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
d
u
rin
g
c
a
rc
in
o
g
e
n
e
sis
,
”
M
u
ta
t
Res
,
v
o
l.
3
8
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
–
63
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
0
]
Am
e
s B.
N
., “
En
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s o
x
id
a
t
iv
e
DN
A d
a
m
a
g
e
,
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
c
a
n
c
e
r
,
”
Fre
e
Ra
d
ic R
e
s Co
mm
u
m
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
–
8
,
1
9
8
9
.
[1
1
]
X
.
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
r
o
n
ic
o
c
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
to
h
e
x
a
v
a
len
t
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
c
a
u
se
s
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
e
lec
tro
p
lati
n
g
w
o
rk
e
r
s
,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
11
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
P.
Ka
k
k
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bio
l
o
g
ica
l
m
a
r
k
e
rs
f
o
r
m
e
tal
to
x
icit
y
,
”
En
v
iro
n
T
o
x
ico
l
a
n
P
h
a
rm
a
c
o
l
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
9
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
49
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
3
]
M
.
I.
G
re
e
n
b
e
rg
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Oc
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l,
I
n
d
u
strial
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
tal
T
o
x
ico
lo
g
y
,
”
se
c
o
n
d
e
d
it
io
n
,
P
h
il
a
d
e
l
p
h
ia
,
M
o
sb
y
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
4
]
Ag
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
T
o
x
ic
S
u
b
tan
c
e
s
a
n
d
Dise
a
se
Re
g
istr
y
(
A
T
S
DR)
,
“
T
o
x
ico
lo
g
ica
l
P
r
o
f
il
e
f
o
r
Ch
ro
m
iu
m
,
”
US
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
He
a
lt
h
Hu
m
a
n
S
e
rv
ice
s,
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
e
rv
ice
.
Ag
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
T
o
x
ic
su
b
sta
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
Dise
a
se
R
e
g
istr
y
,
A
tl
a
n
ta
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
Y.
S
e
ty
a
n
in
g
sih
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
tec
ti
o
n
u
ri
n
a
ry
8
-
h
id
ro
x
y
d
e
o
x
y
g
u
a
n
o
sin
e
(8
-
OH
d
G
)
lev
e
ls
a
s
a
b
io
m
a
rk
e
r
o
f
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
h
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
try
w
o
rk
e
rs e
x
p
o
se
d
to
c
h
r
o
m
iu
m
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
23
,
p
p
.
290
-
2
9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
M
.
V.
Ra
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
ro
tec
ti
v
e
ro
l
e
o
f
v
it
a
m
in
E
o
n
n
ick
e
l
a
n
d
/
o
r
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
in
d
u
c
e
d
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
in
th
e
m
o
u
se
o
v
a
r
y
,
”
Fo
o
d
C
h
e
m T
o
x
ico
l
,
v
o
l
.
47
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
8
–
1
3
7
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
7
]
No
rd
b
e
rg
J.
a
n
d
A
rn
e
r
E.
S
.
, “
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
sp
e
c
ies
,
a
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
ts,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
m
m
a
li
a
n
th
io
re
d
o
x
in
sy
ste
m
,
”
Fre
e
Ra
d
ic B
io
l
M
e
d
,
v
o
l.
31
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
7
-
1
3
1
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
8
]
Nie
lse
n
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
las
m
a
M
a
lo
n
d
ial
d
e
h
y
d
a
s
b
io
m
a
rk
e
r
f
o
r
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
S
tres
s
:
Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
in
terv
a
l
a
n
d
Ef
f
e
c
ts
o
f
L
i
f
e
-
st
y
l
e
F
a
c
to
rs
,
”
Cli
n
C
h
e
m
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
43
(
7
),
p
p
.
1
2
0
9
-
1
2
1
4
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
9
]
Hira
n
o
T
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
8
-
H
y
d
ro
x
y
g
u
a
n
in
e
in
DN
A
b
y
A
g
in
g
a
n
d
Ox
id
a
ti
v
e
S
tres
s
,”
i
n
Cu
tl
e
r
RG
,
P
a
c
k
e
r
L
,
Be
rtran
J,
M
o
ri
A
,
e
d
it
o
rs.
Ox
i
d
a
ti
v
e
S
tre
ss
a
n
d
Ag
in
g
,
Birk
h
a
u
s
e
r
V
e
rlag
,
Ba
se
l,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
p
p
.
69
–
76
,
1
9
9
5
.
[2
0
]
B.
P
.
P
a
tel
a
n
d
U.
M
.
Ra
w
a
l
,
“
T
o
b
a
c
c
o
,
a
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
e
n
z
y
m
e
s,
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
,
a
n
d
g
e
n
stic
su
sc
e
p
ti
b
i
li
ty
in
o
ra
l
c
a
n
c
e
r
,
”
Am.
J
.
Cli
n
.
On
c
o
l
,
v
o
l.
31
,
p
p
.
4
5
4
-
4
5
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
1
]
M.
L
o
d
o
v
ici
a
n
d
E
.
Big
a
g
li
,
“
Bio
m
a
r
k
e
rs
o
f
in
d
u
c
e
d
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
a
ss
iv
e
s
m
o
k
in
g
d
a
m
a
g
e
,
”
In
t
J
En
v
Res
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
8
7
4
-
8
8
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
2
]
D.
Zi
e
c
h
a
n
d
F
ra
n
c
o
R
.
,
“
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
O
x
y
g
e
n
S
p
e
c
ies
(ROS)
–
In
d
u
c
e
d
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
n
d
e
p
ig
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
o
n
s
in
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
rc
in
o
g
e
n
e
sis
,
”
M
u
t
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
7
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
L
e
c
o
m
te
E
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
a
lc
o
h
o
l
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
n
b
lo
o
d
a
n
t
io
x
id
a
n
t
n
u
treie
n
ts
a
n
d
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
s
in
d
ica
to
rs
,”
Am,
J
Cli
n
Nu
tr
,
v
o
l.
40
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
-
61
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
4
]
W
HO
,
“
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
Oc
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
He
a
lt
h
S
e
rv
ice
s
in
th
e
P
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
o
f
W
o
rk
A
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
H
e
a
lt
h
,
”
Re
p
o
rt
o
n
a
W
HO
Co
n
su
lt
a
ti
o
n
T
u
rk
u
,
C
o
p
e
n
h
a
g
e
n
,
1
9
8
7.
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