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4
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20
24
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1
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ijp
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.
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esco
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co
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Lo
neliness
in
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s studen
ts:
r
e
v
iewed f
ro
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f
a
th
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nurturance
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ticle
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ly
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p
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rt
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Th
is
stu
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se
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a
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F
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y
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a
s stu
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ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fath
er
n
u
r
tu
r
an
ce
Par
en
tin
g
L
o
n
elin
ess
Ov
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
t
I
n
d
o
n
esia
T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
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ss
a
rticle
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d
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e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
E
r
s
a
L
an
an
g
San
ja
y
a
Facu
lty
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
itas
C
ip
u
tr
a
C
itra
L
an
d
C
B
D
B
o
u
lev
ar
d
,
Ma
d
e,
Sam
b
ik
er
e
p
,
Su
r
a
b
ay
a,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: e
r
s
a.
s
an
jay
a@
cip
u
tr
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
o
r
t
aim
e
d
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
C
en
tr
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Statis
tics
/
B
a
d
a
n
P
u
s
a
t
S
ta
tis
tik
(B
PS
)
[
2]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
8
.
9
6
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
4
.
1
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
r
is
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
p
o
s
itiv
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
itu
atio
n
p
er
s
is
t
s
wh
er
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
u
n
iv
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s
ities
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r
co
lleg
es
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n
o
t
e
v
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
[
3]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
Kem
en
d
ik
b
u
d
)
[
4]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
to
p
1
0
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
an
k
in
g
s
ar
e
s
till
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
lo
c
ated
o
n
th
e
is
lan
d
o
f
J
av
a
.
T
h
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
co
m
p
els
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
h
o
m
eto
w
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
eq
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al
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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th
e
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ea
s
o
n
wh
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in
d
iv
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als
leav
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ei
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p
lace
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f
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ig
in
to
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tu
d
y
in
a
r
ea
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
etter
q
u
ality
ed
u
c
atio
n
[
5]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
r
eg
u
lar
ly
f
ac
ed
with
a
n
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m
b
er
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s
ib
ilit
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esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
o
f
co
lleg
e.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
ey
m
u
s
t
u
n
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e
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g
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c
ca
s
io
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ally
p
r
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s
tacle
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ex
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l
o
r
in
g
th
e
n
ew
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
[
6]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
a
d
ap
tin
g
to
th
e
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
em
s
elv
es,
o
v
er
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ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
en
co
u
n
ter
s
itu
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s
wh
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th
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d
to
leav
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th
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f
am
ily
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
i
n
th
eir
h
o
m
eto
w
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
m
o
v
in
g
to
an
o
th
e
r
city
o
r
co
u
n
tr
y
ex
p
o
s
es
th
em
to
a
wid
er
s
o
cial
m
ilieu
,
as
well
as
h
ab
it
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
es
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
p
lace
o
f
o
r
ig
in
[
7]
.
T
h
e
u
n
f
am
iliar
s
o
cial
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
e
y
o
c
ca
s
io
n
ally
h
av
e
to
ad
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p
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to
ca
n
lead
to
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if
f
ic
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lties
f
o
r
r
eg
io
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al
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tu
d
en
ts
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
cial
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
h
in
d
er
s
th
em
f
r
o
m
s
ee
k
in
g
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
h
ase
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
ad
ju
s
tin
g
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
cial
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
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eli
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ess
am
o
n
g
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
8]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Lo
n
elin
ess
in
o
ve
r
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
r
ev
iew
ed
fr
o
m
fa
th
er n
u
r
tu
r
a
n
ce
(
E
r
s
a
La
n
a
n
g
S
a
n
ja
ya
)
1705
L
o
n
elin
ess
r
ef
er
s
to
a
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
is
u
n
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
a
s
o
cial
-
r
elate
d
d
esire
an
d
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
[
9]
.
I
n
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
,
lo
n
elin
ess
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
10]
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
1
]
,
u
n
p
leasan
t
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
12]
,
lead
in
g
to
s
u
icid
a
l
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
ti
-
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
,
h
atr
e
d
,
a
n
d
s
leep
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fag
an
et
a
l.
[
15]
in
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
2
8
.
9
7
5
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
h
is
s
u
r
v
ey
,
3
1
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
elt
lo
n
ely
.
Peltzer
&
Pen
g
p
i
d
[
1
6
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
o
f
th
e
3
1
.
4
4
7
r
esp
o
n
d
en
s
th
e
r
e
ar
e
1
0
,
6
%
f
e
lt lo
n
ely
.
B
asically
,
lo
n
elin
ess
is
a
s
itu
a
tio
n
in
wh
ich
a
p
er
s
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e
x
p
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ce
s
an
in
co
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s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
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d
esire
d
in
ter
p
er
s
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elatio
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s
h
ip
with
th
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in
ter
p
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o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
th
ey
p
r
esen
tly
h
a
v
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
lo
n
elin
ess
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
n
p
leasan
t
em
o
tio
n
al
s
en
s
atio
n
s
,
it
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
co
g
n
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
wh
at
Mo
t
t
a
[
1
8
]
d
escr
ib
e
d
,
wh
e
r
e
lo
n
elin
ess
d
em
an
d
s
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
‘
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
’
o
f
th
ei
r
s
o
cial
ties
th
at
d
o
n
o
t f
u
lf
ill ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
at
is
,
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ig
n
als th
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t m
atch
th
eir
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ev
e
n
tu
ally
b
e
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
th
at
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
h
a
s
is
s
u
es
in
s
o
cia
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
A
llen
et
a
l.
[
19]
,
h
u
m
an
s
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
b
elo
n
g
to
a
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Hu
m
a
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
em
o
tio
n
al
r
ea
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
n
d
u
ct
ar
e
s
o
tig
h
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
h
o
w
well
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
a
r
e
m
et.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
ac
tu
al
s
o
cial
ex
clu
s
io
n
,
l
o
n
eli
n
ess
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
[
2
0
]
.
I
t'
s
b
ec
au
s
e
a
p
r
etty
lo
n
el
y
e
x
is
ten
ce
ca
n
b
e
le
d
with
o
u
t f
e
elin
g
lo
n
ely
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
d
esp
ite
h
av
in
g
m
an
y
s
o
cial
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
s
,
o
n
e
ca
n
s
till
f
ee
l
alo
n
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
th
at
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
id
ea
th
at
o
n
e'
s
s
o
cial
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
b
ein
g
m
et
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
eir
s
o
cial
co
n
tacts c
an
also
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as lo
n
elin
ess
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
s
o
m
e
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
f
am
ili
es
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
h
el
p
in
g
s
o
m
eo
n
e
co
p
e
with
lo
n
elin
ess
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
f
am
ily
ac
tiv
ities
d
o
n
o
t
d
i
r
ec
tly
i
m
p
ac
t
lo
n
elin
ess
,
th
ey
d
o
h
av
e
an
in
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
[
22]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
h
m
u
d
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
,
s
elf
-
ev
al
u
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
in
clu
d
e
s
elf
-
esteem
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
a
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ce
r
tain
s
tu
d
ies,
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
ea
r
ly
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ex
ten
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
at
is
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
wh
o
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
f
a
m
ilial
ties
will
h
av
e
a
b
etter
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
an
d
wil
l
th
er
ef
o
r
e
f
ee
l
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
wh
en
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
co
u
l
d
r
esu
lt
in
lo
n
elin
ess
[
2
5
]
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
attem
p
t
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
f
am
ily
f
u
n
ctio
n
-
r
ela
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
lo
n
elin
ess
,
s
u
ch
as f
am
ily
co
h
esio
n
[
2
2
]
,
f
am
i
ly
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
[
26]
,
an
d
p
ar
en
t
-
c
h
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
2
7
]
,
b
u
t
it
h
asn
'
t
b
ee
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
eter
m
in
e
d
h
o
w
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
r
o
le
af
f
ec
ts
ad
o
lescen
t
s
o
litu
d
e.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
cr
u
cial
s
in
ce
m
o
th
e
r
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
d
o
m
in
ate
r
esear
ch
o
n
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
f
ath
er
’
s
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
esen
ce
will
also
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
o
f
a
f
ath
er
'
s
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
u
ch
as
i
)
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
h
is
ch
ild
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
en
tin
g
o
r
jo
in
t
ac
tiv
ities
;
ii
)
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
t
o
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
wil
lin
g
n
ess
to
b
e
p
r
esen
t
an
d
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
ch
ild
;
an
d
iii
)
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
m
o
r
e
clo
s
ely
r
elate
s
to
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
i
b
ilit
y
to
s
ee
th
at
th
e
ch
ild
is
c
ar
ed
f
o
r
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
ex
am
in
e
d
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
at
is
,
f
r
o
m
a
ch
ild
'
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
c
o
r
e
id
ea
o
f
[
3
1
]
is
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
c
h
ild
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
a
s
a
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
h
is
o
r
h
e
r
p
ar
en
ts
in
th
e
p
ast.
A
teen
o
r
ad
u
lt'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
will
al
s
o
ch
an
g
e
if
th
ey
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
eir
f
ath
er
as
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
esen
t
in
th
eir
liv
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
id
ea
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i
)
t
h
e
f
ath
er
'
s
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
d
iv
er
s
if
ie
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
o
m
an
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
th
at
ca
n
b
e
to
u
c
h
ed
;
ii
)
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
n
o
t
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
th
e
f
at
h
er
s
p
en
d
s
with
th
e
ch
ild
,
is
wh
at
m
atter
s
m
o
s
t
to
th
em
.
ii
i
)
T
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
a
th
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ch
ild
ca
r
e
,
an
d
iv
)
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
ts
ar
e
b
est
s
ee
n
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
a
ch
ild
w
h
o
is
a
teen
ag
e
r
o
r
a
d
u
lt
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t in
th
e
ir
ea
r
ly
life
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
alsh
et
a
l.
[
32]
,
f
ath
er
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
am
ily
p
atter
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
u
ild
a
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
th
at
is
r
elate
d
to
th
em
.
W
h
en
co
n
f
r
o
n
te
d
with
a
cr
is
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
,
an
ad
o
lescen
t's
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
will
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
f
ath
er
in
th
eir
liv
es
[
3
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Z
h
o
n
g
[
34]
,
Activ
e
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
en
g
ag
em
en
t b
etwe
en
f
ath
er
s
an
d
t
h
eir
in
f
an
ts
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
'
in
ter
n
al
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
el'
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
s
till
s
an
'in
n
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
'
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
eir
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
u
ch
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
h
elp
estab
lis
h
'secu
r
e
attac
h
m
en
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
'
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
s
o
cio
em
o
tio
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
2
]
,
[
35]
,
a
f
ath
er
'
s
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
a
d
o
lescen
t
li
f
e
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
c
o
r
r
elate
d
w
ith
ad
o
lescen
t
s
elf
-
esteem
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
it
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
a
ch
ild
'
s
lo
n
e
lin
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
a
f
ath
er
'
s
r
ejec
ti
o
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
an
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
36]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it's
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
f
ath
er
s
'
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
h
as
litt
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ad
o
lescen
t
l
o
n
elin
ess
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
a
f
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
is
th
at
p
ater
n
ity
h
as a
n
im
p
ac
t o
n
o
v
e
r
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
7
0
4
-
1
7
1
0
1706
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
Ov
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
city
,
th
e
is
lan
d
,
an
d
ab
r
o
a
d
wer
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
m
atch
ed
t
o
a
p
r
ed
ete
r
m
in
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
an
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
1
0
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
was
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
Gr
e
en
wh
er
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
g
ettin
g
th
e
i
d
ea
l
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
s
im
p
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
1
0
4
+
m
(
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
a
r
iab
le)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
th
er
e
is
1
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
v
a
r
iab
le
s
o
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
eq
u
i
r
es a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
1
0
5
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
[
37]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
lin
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
s
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
Usi
n
g
G
o
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
ill
in
all
item
s
with
o
u
t
m
is
s
in
g
an
y
th
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
ev
er
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ata
en
tr
y
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
b
ias.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
co
m
p
leted
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
s
o
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
n
co
m
p
lete
it
co
m
f
o
r
t
ab
ly
an
d
h
o
n
estl
y
.
W
h
en
f
illi
n
g
in
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata,
th
er
e
ar
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t'
s
city
o
f
o
r
ig
in
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
wh
er
e
th
ey
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
ese
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
n
o
t ser
io
u
s
,
wh
i
ch
is
u
s
u
ally
in
d
icate
d
b
y
an
s
wer
s
th
at
all
ten
d
to
b
e
t
h
e
s
am
e.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
d
ata
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
ed
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
J
ASP
s
o
f
twar
e,
n
am
ely
v
er
s
io
n
0
.
1
7
.
1
.
0
,
t
o
m
ak
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ea
s
ier
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
o
f
twar
e
en
ab
led
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
co
llected
d
ata.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
two
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
ca
les:
th
e
n
u
r
tu
r
an
t
f
ath
er
in
g
s
ca
le
(
NFS)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
R
ev
is
ed
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
alif
o
r
n
ia,
L
o
s
An
g
eles
(
UC
L
A
)
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ca
le
to
ass
es
s
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
e
NFS
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
n
am
e
b
y
Fin
ley
&
Sch
war
tz
[
31]
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
item
s
m
er
g
ed
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
u
n
id
im
e
n
s
io
n
al)
with
o
u
t
an
y
n
e
g
ativ
e
item
s
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
o
f
f
er
s
f
i
v
e
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices,
an
d
an
ex
am
p
le
s
tatem
en
t
is
,
'
T
o
w
h
at
ex
t
en
t
d
o
y
o
u
b
eliev
e
y
o
u
r
f
ath
er
en
jo
y
s
h
is
r
o
le
as
a
p
ar
e
n
t?'
Mo
v
in
g
o
n
to
t
h
e
R
-
UC
L
A
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ca
le
[
38]
,
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
2
0
item
s
m
er
g
ed
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al)
,
w
ith
1
0
n
eg
ativ
e
item
s
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
f
o
u
r
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
n
ev
e
r
)
t
o
4
(
o
f
ten
)
.
An
ex
am
p
le
s
tatem
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
ca
le
is
'
I
co
n
s
id
er
m
y
s
elf
a
s
o
ciab
le
p
er
s
o
n
'
.
Valid
ity
test
s
wer
e
also
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ca
les
u
s
in
g
v
alid
ity
ev
id
en
ce
b
ased
o
n
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
n
am
ely
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a.
B
ased
o
n
C
FA,
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
in
th
e
NFS
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
ea
ch
item
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
.
7
2
9
to
.
9
0
2
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t
ca
n
ad
eq
u
ately
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
n
u
r
tu
r
a
n
ce
v
ar
ia
b
le.
As
f
o
r
th
e
R
-
UC
L
A
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ca
le
,
ch
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
a
f
ter
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
wh
er
e
f
o
u
r
item
s
h
ad
to
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
d
u
e
to
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
<0
.
3
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
2
0
-
item
R
-
UC
L
A
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ca
le
b
ein
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
o
n
ly
1
6
item
s
.
Af
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
,
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
was
also
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
'
s
alp
h
a
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
v
alid
ity
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ased
o
n
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
with
NFS
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
with
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
.
9
4
7
a
n
d
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
7
1
7
t
o
.
8
7
0
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
R
-
UC
L
A
lo
n
elin
ess
s
ca
le
s
h
o
ws
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
o
f
.
8
7
5
,
with
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
3
2
6
to
.
6
5
1
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt’
s
info
rma
t
i
o
n
Ou
t
o
f
th
e
to
tal
1
0
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
4
3
.
9
3
%
ar
e
m
ale
an
d
5
6
.
0
8
%
ar
e
f
em
ale.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ag
e,
6
9
.
1
6
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
th
e
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
8
-
2
1
y
ea
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
2
9
.
9
1
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
2
-
2
5
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
0
.
9
4
%
in
th
e
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
6
-
2
9
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
en
,
wh
en
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
w
h
at
ex
te
n
t
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
m
ig
r
ated
,
th
er
e
ar
e
4
4
.
8
6
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
m
i
g
r
ated
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
city
.
Nex
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
4
6
.
7
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
m
ig
r
ated
to
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
i
s
lan
d
,
an
d
8
.
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
m
ig
r
ated
to
a
f
o
r
eig
n
co
u
n
tr
y
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
lo
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
liv
in
g
awa
y
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
to
tal
o
f
1
0
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
3
4
.
5
8
%
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
liv
in
g
awa
y
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
o
n
e
y
ea
r
.
Nex
t,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
1
5
.
8
9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
liv
in
g
awa
y
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
two
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
1
8
.
6
9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
liv
in
g
awa
y
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
3
0
.
8
4
%
h
av
e
b
ee
n
liv
in
g
a
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
f
o
u
r
y
ea
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
5
3
.
2
7
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ch
o
o
s
e
to
liv
e
alo
n
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
tim
e
o
f
m
ig
r
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Lo
n
elin
ess
in
o
ve
r
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
r
ev
iew
ed
fr
o
m
fa
th
er n
u
r
tu
r
a
n
ce
(
E
r
s
a
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n
a
n
g
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a
n
ja
ya
)
1707
1
6
.
8
2
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
o
p
t
to
liv
e
with
f
r
ien
d
s
o
r
with
r
elativ
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
1
3
.
0
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ch
o
o
s
e
to
m
ig
r
ate
an
d
liv
e
with
th
eir
p
a
r
en
ts
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
a
s
s
o
cia
t
io
n bet
wee
n
f
a
t
her
nu
rt
ura
nce
a
nd
lo
n
elines
s
L
in
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
f
at
h
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
test
o
f
f
at
h
er
n
u
r
tu
r
an
ce
o
n
l
o
n
elin
ess
A
n
o
v
a
(
p
)
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
2
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
C
o
e
f
.
N
u
r
t
u
r
a
n
t
F
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
<
.
0
0
1
0
.
1
5
2
-
0
.
4
0
0
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
a
d
o
lescen
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
f
at
h
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
n
e
g
ativ
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
Fath
er
's
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
p
ar
en
tin
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
1
5
.
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
l
o
n
elin
ess
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
b
y
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al.
T
h
is
m
e
an
s
th
at
th
e
s
m
aller
a
n
ad
o
lescen
t'
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t i
n
th
e
p
a
r
e
n
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
e
l
ik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
lo
n
e
lin
ess
.
Fro
m
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
ei
r
f
ath
e
r
'
s
p
r
esen
ce
in
th
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
t
h
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
E
s
s
en
tially
,
lo
n
elin
ess
is
an
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
at
m
an
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
u
n
d
er
g
o
.
Ab
o
u
t
8
0
%
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
u
n
d
er
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
ten
d
to
f
ee
l
lo
n
ely
,
with
th
e
lev
el
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
ea
r
ly
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
,
an
d
th
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
o
ld
ag
e
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
is
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
e
x
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
e
r
s
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
jo
b
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
s
o
f
o
r
th
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
er
s
,
b
o
th
f
a
m
ily
an
d
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
o
n
e'
s
lik
elih
o
o
d
t
o
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
lo
n
elin
ess
[
4
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
u
r
ea
u
et
a
l.
[
41]
,
lo
n
elin
ess
its
elf
is
a
m
e
ch
an
is
m
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
e
n
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
ee
ls
in
s
ec
u
r
e,
wh
er
ein
im
p
licitly
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
ec
o
m
es
h
ig
h
ly
v
ig
ilan
t
ab
o
u
t
s
o
cial
th
r
ea
ts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
h
ea
lth
in
ess
o
f
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
eir
p
ar
e
n
ts
[
42]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
ch
ild
wh
o
lack
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
war
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wit
h
th
eir
p
a
r
en
ts
,
b
o
th
f
ath
er
an
d
m
o
th
er
,
will
ten
d
to
f
ee
l
in
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
lack
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
o
th
er
s
[
41]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
l
o
n
ely
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ten
d
t
o
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
eir
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
m
o
r
e
th
r
ea
te
n
in
g
,
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
ess
im
is
tic
ab
o
u
t
life
ev
e
n
ts
,
an
d
te
n
d
to
h
av
e
n
eg
ativ
e
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
o
th
er
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
4
4
]
,
wh
e
r
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
ca
n
h
av
e
a
l
o
wer
r
is
k
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as
lo
n
elin
ess
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
o
r
s
elf
-
esteem
d
u
e
to
p
ar
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
[
41]
also
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
wh
o
ar
e
i
n
d
icate
d
t
o
f
ee
l
l
o
n
ely
ten
d
to
h
av
e
less
s
atis
f
a
cto
r
y
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
th
eir
f
ath
er
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
was
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
in
in
te
r
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
er
f
a
m
ily
m
em
b
er
s
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
f
at
h
er
n
u
r
tu
r
an
ce
is
al
s
o
ev
alu
ated
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
wi
th
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
ea
r
ly
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
cia
l
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
an
id
ea
l
p
ar
tn
er
[
45]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es a
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
f
ee
l m
o
r
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
t in
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
m
war
m
an
d
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
with
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
f
ath
er
in
a
ch
ild
'
s
life
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
a
ct
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
s
elf
[
22]
.
E
s
s
en
tially
,
Qian
et
a
l
.
[
22]
also
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
f
at
h
er
in
a
ch
ild
'
s
life
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
c
h
ild
'
s
l
o
n
elin
ess
,
b
u
t
r
ath
e
r
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
c
o
n
tin
u
e
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
f
r
o
m
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
to
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
[
24]
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ates
th
at
g
r
o
win
g
u
p
in
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
f
am
ily
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
f
ath
er
in
o
n
e'
s
life
,
will
r
e
s
u
lt
in
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
[
25]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
ch
ild
will
also
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
eq
u
ate
s
elf
-
esteem
wh
en
a
teen
ag
er
p
er
ce
iv
es
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
ir
f
ath
er
in
t
h
eir
life
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
f
ath
er
s
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
is
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e,
will
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
teen
ag
er
s
an
d
ad
u
lts
to
m
an
ag
e
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
th
at
m
a
y
ar
is
e
with
in
th
em
s
elv
es
later
in
life
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
g
r
o
wth
o
f
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
al
s
o
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
aw
ar
en
ess
o
f
ch
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
t
h
eir
lif
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
ei
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
wit
h
Z
h
en
g
et
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
,
wh
o
s
tates
th
at
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
ar
e
r
elev
an
tly
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
d
b
y
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
ey
h
av
e
to
liv
e
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
lace
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
an
d
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
also
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
m
u
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
p
er
ce
iv
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
.
Kr
is
tian
a
et
a
l.
[
47]
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
les
s
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
n
o
n
-
m
ig
r
a
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
la
ck
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
n
eg
ativ
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
also
m
ak
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
esp
ec
ially
o
v
er
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
in
d
it
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
estab
lis
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
e
r
s
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
O’
Dea
an
d
Ster
n
[
4
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
a
an
d
o
t
h
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
0
6
I
n
t J
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
7
0
4
-
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7
1
0
1708
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
tu
d
y
in
g
in
th
e
USA
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
h
o
m
esick
n
ess
,
lo
n
elin
ess
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
ar
is
e
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
lo
w
s
o
cial
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
o
v
e
r
s
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
lo
n
elin
es
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
s
to
b
e
lo
wer
if
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
h
av
e
a
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
eir
f
am
ily
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
n
elin
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
ad
o
lescen
ts
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
lack
o
f
an
atta
ch
m
en
t
f
ig
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
a
m
ily
[
49]
.
A
war
m
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
p
ar
en
t
-
ch
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
will
im
p
ac
t
a
ch
ild
's
ab
ilit
y
to
estab
lis
h
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
er
s
,
as
well
as
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
i
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
th
eir
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
50]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
attac
h
m
en
t
to
th
e
f
am
ily
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
will
af
f
ec
t
a
ch
ild
'
s
s
o
cial
ab
ilit
ies
,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
lo
n
elin
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
51]
.
L
ac
k
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
an
attac
h
m
en
t
f
ig
u
r
e,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
f
ath
er
,
will
lead
to
a
ten
d
en
c
y
f
o
r
a
ch
ild
to
f
ee
l
lo
n
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
ath
er
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
o
n
e'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
f
o
r
m
war
m
an
d
in
tim
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
wit
h
o
th
e
r
s
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
if
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
a
ch
ild
a
n
d
th
eir
f
at
h
er
is
n
o
t
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
,
th
e
c
h
ild
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
f
ath
er
ca
n
h
elp
r
e
d
u
ce
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
lik
e
lo
n
e
lin
ess
[
52]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
also
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
a
f
ath
er
'
s
lack
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
co
p
es
with
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
[
36]
th
at
a
f
ath
er
'
s
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
a
c
h
ild
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
l
o
n
elin
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
wh
at'
s
in
ter
esti
n
g
is
th
at
m
ater
n
al
r
ejec
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ad
o
lescen
t
lo
n
elin
ess
.
W
an
g
an
d
Yao
[
36]
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
wh
en
a
f
ath
er
f
ig
u
r
e
is
ab
s
en
t
in
a
c
h
ild
'
s
life
,
th
e
ch
ild
ten
d
s
to
g
r
o
w
with
an
x
ieties
a
n
d
s
o
cial
f
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
u
ltima
tely
lead
s
an
ad
o
lescen
t,
wh
o
h
a
s
g
r
o
wn
f
r
o
m
s
u
ch
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
to
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
u
n
p
leasan
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
lead
s
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
a
d
is
tan
t
an
d
co
n
f
licted
p
ar
en
t
-
c
h
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ten
d
s
to
m
ak
e
a
ch
ild
f
ee
l
u
n
wo
r
th
y
o
f
h
av
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
is
also
lead
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
v
iew
th
ei
r
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
with
a
n
x
iety
an
d
lack
o
f
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
[
42]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
th
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
with
in
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
av
i
n
g
a
war
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
p
ar
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
f
ath
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wit
h
th
e
f
ath
er
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
h
o
w
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
v
iews
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
also
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
m
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
f
ath
e
r
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
r
elatio
n
to
o
t
h
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
r
o
le
in
th
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ch
il
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
lin
k
in
g
with
o
t
h
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
ia
b
les,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
o
f
f
ath
er
s
in
th
e
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
an
d
t
h
e
ch
ild
'
s
ag
e.
T
h
is
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
en
r
ich
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
f
ath
er
'
s
r
o
le
n
o
t o
n
ly
with
in
th
e
f
am
ily
b
u
t a
ls
o
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
B
.
X
.
D
u
n
g
,
“
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
t
o
d
a
y
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
Re
s
o
u
rce
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
M
a
y
2
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1
,
d
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i
:
1
0
.
4
6
8
2
7
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e
j
h
r
ms
.
v
5
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2
.
1
0
5
6
.
[
2]
M
.
I
.
M
a
h
d
i
,
“
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
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s
8
.
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mi
l
l
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o
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2
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2
1
,
”
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a
t
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e
si
a
.
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2
0
2
2
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
J
u
n
.
0
6
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
d
a
t
a
i
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
.
i
d
/
r
a
g
a
m/
d
e
t
a
i
l
/
j
u
ml
a
h
-
m
a
h
a
si
sw
a
-
i
n
d
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si
a
-
me
n
c
a
p
a
i
-
8
9
6
-
j
u
t
a
-
p
a
d
a
-
2
0
2
1
[
3]
M
.
W
i
n
e
d
a
r
,
A
.
M
u
l
y
a
n
i
n
g
t
y
a
s,
a
n
d
A
.
A
ssag
a
f
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
3
0
/
i
j
h
e
.
v
8
n
4
p
1
0
.
[
4]
F
.
R
.
F
.
,
“
2
0
b
e
s
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
w
e
b
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
r
a
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19]
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20]
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21]
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22]
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23]
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24]
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[
25]
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[
26]
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27]
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[
28]
D
.
R
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W
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[
29]
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[
30]
E.
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M
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V
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[
31]
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S
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[
32]
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