Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.
2, N
o
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
20
13
,
pp
. 7
~
1
6
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
7
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
The Effectiveness of Teaching Programme Regarding
Prevention and Management Napki
n Dermatitis in Allahabad
Jem
y
E
l
i
z
abet
h J
o
sep
h
1
, Shi
ju M
a
thew
2
1
Dept. of
Emerg
e
ncy
Ped
i
atr
i
cs,
Ministr
y
of Health, King
Saud M
e
dical C
i
ty
2
Dept. of
Bio
t
echnolog
y
,
Mar
t
ho
ma Co
lleg
e
of
Scien
c
e and
Tech
nolog
y
Chaday
amangalam P.O.
, A
y
ur-
691534 India.
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Sep 2, 2012
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 10
, 20
12
Accepte
d
Ja
n 18, 2013
The neon
ates ar
e unique
in several way
s
in
comparison with old
e
r children
and adu
lts which render
th
em highly
su
scep
tib
le
to sev
e
re d
e
r
m
atologic
a
l
disorders. Infan
t
s are par
ticu
l
arl
y
at
risk for d
e
vel
oping diap
er der
m
atitis an
d
its
potenti
al con
s
equences
. It is
one of the m
o
s
t
com
m
o
n s
k
in problem
s
in
infants and
child
ren, affecting b
e
tween 7 and
35
per cen
t of inf
a
n
t
s at some
point. Th
e pres
ent stud
y
was
conducte
d to assess the effectiveness of
structured
teach
ing programme
on prev
en
tion
and management of napk
in
derm
atit
is in infants’ on m
o
thers resi
ding at Rural Naini,
Allahabad. Th
e
concep
tual fram
e
work set up for
the stud
y
is Conceptu
al framework based on
m
odified genera
l s
y
s
t
em
theor
y
. The m
odel which has four phase
s i.e. inpu
t,
throughput, output and f
eedb
a
ck,
and
con
t
ex
t provide com
p
rehension,
s
y
stematic and continuous ongoing frame
work
for program ev
aluation. I
n
this stud
y var
i
ou
s liter
a
tur
e
was r
e
viewed
which
i
n
cludes,
the
rese
arch d
e
sign
selected for
the stud
y
was pre
ex
perime
ntal research design of
on
e group pre-
test post-test d
e
sign. Th
e ind
e
penden
t
var
i
ab
le was
s
t
ructu
r
ed te
aching
programme and
dependen
t
va
r
i
ables were lev
e
l
of knowledge of
mothers in
pre-test and
post-test.
Keyword:
In
fants
K
now
ledg
e
M
a
nagem
e
nt
and
Pr
eve
n
t
i
o
n
Mo
th
er
Napk
in Derm
a
titis
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Jem
y
Elizabeth Jose
ph,
Dept
.
o
f
Em
ergency
Pedi
at
ri
cs, M
i
ni
st
ry
of
Heal
t
h
,
K
i
ng
Saud
Med
i
cal City
P.O.
Box
No
. 7
855
,
Riyadh
11
111
7,
K
i
ng
do
m
o
f
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia Tel
.
: +9
66-
534
1805
59
Em
a
il: j
e
m
y
sh
i
j
u
@g
m
a
i
l
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Diap
ers h
a
v
e
b
een
u
s
ed
fo
r care of b
a
b
i
es sin
ce decad
es to
p
r
even
t so
iling
and
fo
r so
cial
co
nv
en
ien
c
e. Th
e u
s
e
of d
i
ap
er
po
ses
a risk
o
f
d
e
v
e
lop
i
ng
d
i
ap
er d
e
rm
atitis.
Th
ese newer
typ
e
s o
f
d
i
ap
ers
redu
ce th
e i
n
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
d
i
aper d
e
rm
at
itis (
A
k
i
n
and
Sp
rak
e
r, 20
01).
Diap
er
d
e
rm
atitis
is o
n
e
o
f
the
m
o
st
com
m
on ski
n
di
so
rde
r
s
o
f
i
n
fant
s a
n
d c
h
i
l
d
re
n.
Di
ape
r
derm
at
i
t
i
s
i
s
a ge
neral
t
e
rm
use
d
t
o
des
c
ri
be a
n
y
i
n
fl
am
m
a
t
o
ry
ski
n
e
r
u
p
t
i
o
n t
h
at
de
vel
o
ps i
n
t
h
e
di
ape
r-c
ove
re
d re
gi
o
n
.
It
i
s
sy
no
ny
m
ous
wi
t
h
di
ape
r
ras
h
,
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis, an
d
n
a
ppy rash
.
D
i
ap
er d
e
rm
ati
tis u
s
u
a
lly affects in
fan
t
s and
todd
lers, althou
gh it can
affect a
n
y indi
vidual who
we
ars a
diape
r
.
The re
ported i
n
cide
nce and
age of onset vary worl
dwi
d
e, rel
a
t
e
d t
o
d
i
ffere
nces i
n
di
ape
r
use,
h
y
g
i
en
e, and
ch
ild
-r
ear
i
n
g
p
r
actices in
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
cou
n
t
r
i
es (
S
in
g
a
lav
a
n
i
ja an
d
Fr
ied
e
n, 1
9
9
5
)
D
i
agnosis o
f
di
ape
r
derm
at
i
t
i
s
i
s
base
d l
a
r
g
el
y
on t
h
e
phy
s
i
cal
exam
i
n
atio
n. Th
e
p
e
rtin
en
t ph
ysical ex
amin
atio
n
fo
cu
ses on
t
h
e ski
n
i
n
t
h
e
di
ape
r
area. Fi
ndi
ng
s vary
de
pen
d
i
n
g o
n
w
h
i
c
h su
bset
of
d
i
aper ras
h
i
s
m
o
st
pr
om
i
n
ent
(B
er
g,
19
9
8
)
A
st
u
d
y
was
co
n
duct
e
d i
n
De
pa
rt
m
e
nt
o
f
Derm
at
ol
ogy
,
W
a
ke
Fo
r
e
st
U
n
i
v
er
si
t
y
Sch
ool
o
f
M
e
d
i
ci
ne,
USA re
ga
rdi
n
g Cha
r
acteri
zation
of
diaper de
rm
atitis in the
United
St
ates. In the
United States, diape
r
d
e
rm
atit
is rep
r
esen
ts 10
to
20 p
e
rcen
t of all sk
in
d
i
so
rde
r
s
eval
uat
e
d by
t
h
e gene
ral
pe
di
a
t
ri
ci
an. Acc
o
r
d
i
ng t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
7 – 1
6
8
th
e 199
0-1
997 N
a
tion
a
l A
m
b
u
l
ato
r
y Med
i
cal Car
e
Su
rv
ey
, th
er
e
w
e
r
e
8
.
2
m
i
l
lio
n
p
e
d
i
atr
i
c v
i
sits fo
r
d
i
ap
er
d
e
rm
atit
is, an
d th
e calcu
lated risk
of d
e
v
e
lop
i
ng
d
i
ap
er
d
e
rm
at
itis
th
rough
ou
t ch
ildho
od w
a
s on
e in
fou
r
. In
infa
nts, the est
i
m
a
ted prevale
n
ce of
di
aper
derm
at
i
t
i
s
ran
g
es f
r
om
7 t
o
35 percent. Diaper derm
atitis
can
devel
o
p
as ea
r
l
y
as one
wee
k
of a
g
e,
b
u
t
t
h
e
peak
i
n
ci
de
nce
occu
rs
bet
w
een
9
an
d
1
2
m
ont
hs
(
W
a
r
d a
n
d
Fleisch
e
r
,
2000
).
A
n
ev
al
u
a
tiv
e r
e
sear
ch
co
ndu
cted b
y
Th
e H
i
m
a
lay
a
Dr
ug
C
o
m
p
an
y Bang
alor
e, to
evaluvate the
efficacy and safety of "
D
iaper Rash Crea
m" in the
m
a
nagem
e
nt of i
n
fa
ntile irritant diaper
derm
at
i
t
i
s
.. Th
ere was a si
g
n
i
fi
cant
red
u
ct
i
on
of i
t
c
hi
ng i
n
1
0
ba
bi
es,
f
r
om
3t
h day
o
n
wa
r
d
s, a
nd al
l
t
h
e
in
fan
t
s were
reliev
e
d
of itch
i
ng
fro
m
th
e 5
t
h
d
a
y. Th
e
po
sitiv
e b
e
n
e
fits ob
serv
ed
in
th
is st
u
d
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
du
e to
th
e syn
e
rg
isti
c actio
n of t
h
e activ
e ingred
ien
t
s
o
f
t
h
e fo
rm
u
l
atio
n v
i
z. an
ti-i
n
fl
a
m
m
a
to
ry activ
ities,
an
tib
acterial activ
ities, w
o
und h
ealin
g
activ
ities, an
d
an
tiox
i
d
a
n
t
activ
ities. Th
erefo
r
e it can
b
e
co
n
c
l
u
d
e
d th
at
Diape
r
rash crea
m
is effecti
v
e a
n
d sa
fe in m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
di
a
p
er
de
r
m
at
it
i
s
(C
hat
t
e
rjee
an
d
Pram
ani
c
k
,
2
009
).
2.
MATE
RIAL
S AND METHODS
2.
1. C
o
ncep
tu
al
fr
amew
or
k (B
ert
al
an
ff
y a
nd J.W
Ken
n
y
)
:
C
once
p
t
u
al
fra
m
e
wor
k
pr
ovi
des
a
ce
rt
ai
n fram
e
of
re
ference for clinical
practice, research
a
nd
educat
i
o
n. C
o
ncept
u
al
fram
e
wo
r
k
i
s
t
h
e
conce
p
t
u
al
u
n
d
er pi
nni
ng
of
t
h
e st
udy
. C
once
p
t
u
al
f
r
a
m
ewor
ks
(t
he
oret
i
cal
f
r
a
m
ewor
ks
) are
a t
y
pe
of
i
n
termed
iate th
eo
ry
th
at
h
a
s t
h
e
po
ten
tial to
conn
ect to all aspects o
f
inquiry (e.g.,
problem
definition,
purpose, literature revi
ew, m
e
thodol
ogy
,
data collection and analysis).
C
once
p
t
u
al
f
r
a
m
ewor
ks act
l
i
k
e m
a
ps t
h
at
gi
ve co
here
nce t
o
em
pi
ri
cal
i
nqui
ry
. It
i
s
a set
of c
ohe
re
nt
i
d
e
a
s or
conce
p
ts organized in a
m
a
nner that
m
a
kes them
easy
t
o
com
m
uni
cat
e t
o
ot
hers
. A m
o
d
e
l
i
s
used t
o
d
e
not
e
sy
m
b
o
lic r
e
pr
esen
tatio
n of
con
cep
ts (
P
at
r
i
zi an
d N
e
r
i
,
19
96)
Th
e presen
t st
u
d
y
is in
ten
d
e
d
to
assess th
e effectiv
en
ess o
f
Stru
tured
teach
ing
p
r
og
ramme
in
ter
m
s
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
k
n
o
w
ledg
e of m
o
th
ers reg
a
rd
ing
pr
even
tio
n an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis in
i
n
fa
nt
s.T
h
e c
o
ncept
u
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r t
h
i
s
st
udy
was
bas
e
d
on
L
u
d
w
i
g
V
o
n
B
e
rt
al
an
ffy
i
n
19
6
8
.
G
e
nera
l
sy
st
em
t
h
eory
i
s
used wi
t
h
cert
a
i
n
m
odi
f
i
cat
i
on and
w
a
s prese
n
t
e
d i
n
t
h
e fo
rm
of fi
gu
re (Fi
g
ur
e 1.1
)
.
Acco
r
d
i
n
g t
o
gene
ral
sy
st
em
t
h
eory
, a sy
st
em
i
s
a set
of i
n
t
e
rrel
a
t
e
d c
o
m
ponent
s an
d
uni
t
s
i
n
t
e
ract
i
n
g wi
t
h
each othe
r in a boundary. T
h
e individual is capable of taking e
n
ergy
and
inform
ation from
the environm
ent
and re
vealing
them
to the e
nvi
ronm
en
t. Because
of this
exc
h
a
nge
, indi
vidual
is a
n
open system
. Syste
m
m
odel
consi
s
t
of
t
h
ree
p
h
ases
:
i
n
p
u
t
,
t
h
r
o
ug
hp
ut
,
o
u
t
p
ut
an
d
feed
-bac
k.
2.
2. Rese
arch
Appr
o
a
ch
An e
v
aluative
researc
h
approach usi
ng Pre-expe
rim
e
nt
al
d
e
si
gn
pre
-
t
e
st
(O1
)
an
d p
o
st
-t
est
(O2
)
w
a
s
adopted. E
v
al
uative
researc
h
a
p
pro
ach de
als with t
h
e question
of
how
well the
program
is
m
eeting t
h
e
objectives
. The prim
ary obje
c
tive of the evaluative research approac
h
is to
d
e
term
in
e t
h
e ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
a
gi
ve
n
pr
o
g
ram
or
p
r
oced
ure
i
s
effect
i
v
e.
Hence
t
h
e
e
v
aluative rese
arch a
p
proach
was c
o
nsidere
d
m
o
st
appropriate. The study is a
i
m
e
d at asses
s
ing the
effec
tiveness of struct
ure
d
teaching programme
on
p
r
ev
en
tio
n and m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s in
term
s o
f
g
a
i
n
in
k
nowledg
e
sco
r
e of m
o
th
ers.
2.
3. Rese
arch
Desi
gn
The resea
r
ch
d
e
si
gn sel
ect
ed
fo
r t
h
e st
udy
was p
r
e-e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
i
n
nat
u
re i
.
e., o
n
e gr
o
up
pre
-
t
e
st
p
o
s
t
-
test d
e
sign
. Th
is stud
y
was in
ten
d
e
d
to
find
ou
t
th
e g
a
in
i
n
k
nowledg
e by th
e
m
o
th
ers after
adm
i
ni
st
eri
ng
st
ruct
u
r
e
d
t
eac
hi
n
g
pr
og
ram
m
e
, wh
o
was s
u
b
j
ect
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e st
udy
.
T
hus
expe
ri
m
e
nt
al
gro
u
p
i
s
obs
er
ved
t
w
i
c
e
.
T
h
e e
ffect
of
t
r
eatm
e
nt
wo
ul
d
be e
q
ual
t
o
t
h
e l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
h
e
nom
eno
n
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e t
r
eat
m
e
nt
m
i
nus
the level
of the
phenom
ena be
fore treatm
e
nt.
In t
h
e st
udy a
pretest
was a
d
ministered by t
h
e m
eans of a
structure
d
know
l
e
d
g
e que
st
i
o
nnai
r
e.
T
h
e
structure
d
teaching programme on pr
e
v
ent
i
on a
nd m
a
nage
m
e
nt of
napkin de
rm
at
itis i
n
Infa
nts
was
planne
d
and
i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d f
o
r
3
0
m
i
nut
es
wi
t
h
t
h
e
hel
p
o
f
c
h
art
as A
V
ai
ds.
Aft
e
r
seve
n
d
a
y
s
a p
o
st
t
e
s
t
was
conducted by
using a sam
e
structur
ed
k
now
ledg
e
qu
estion
n
a
i
r
e. The c
o
llected data were analyzed by using
d
e
scri
p
tiv
e and in
feren
tial statistics.
2
.
4
.
Sett
ing
of
t
h
e
St
udy
Th
e selected
R
u
ral
Nain
i i
n
Allah
a
b
a
d to cond
u
c
t t
h
e st
u
d
y
.
2.
5. T
a
r
g
et
Po
pul
ati
o
n
Th
e targ
et pop
u
l
ation
fo
r
t
h
e p
r
esen
t study w
a
s m
o
th
er
s w
h
o
h
a
v
e
ch
i
l
d
b
e
low
o
n
e
year
o
f
ag
e
resid
i
ng
at R
u
ral Nain
i,
Allahab
a
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S I
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2-8
8
0
6
The Effectiveness
of Teac
hing
Pr
ogramme Rega
rd
i
n
g Preven
tio
n and
…
(
Jemy Elizabeth J
o
se
ph)
9
Fi
g
1. C
o
ncept
u
al
f
r
am
ewor
k
base
d
on
m
odi
fi
ed
ge
neral
sy
st
em
t
h
eory
(B
ert
a
l
a
m
ffy
& J
W
Ken
n
y
)
Gr
oup
Pr
e test
I
n
ter
v
ention
Post test
1 O
1
X
O
2
The sym
bols
used:
Gro
u
p
1
: Th
e m
o
th
ers
with
ch
ild
ren
belo
w
1
year
o
f
ag
e an
d resi
d
i
ng
at R
u
ral
Naini.
O1
:
P
re-t
est
,
c
o
l
l
ect
i
on
dem
ogra
phi
c
dat
a
,
asse
ssm
ent
of
pre
-
exi
s
t
i
n
g
k
n
o
wl
edge
sc
ores
o
f
m
o
t
h
ers
rega
rdi
n
g
p
r
e
v
ent
i
o
n
an
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
n
a
pki
n
derm
at
i
tis i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s.
X
:Stru
c
tured teach
i
ng
p
r
og
ramme o
n
prev
en
tio
n an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
o
f
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
at
itis in
in
fan
t
s
O2
:
P
ost
-
t
e
st
, as
se
ssm
ent
of
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e sc
ore
s
of
m
o
t
h
ers re
g
a
rdi
n
g
p
r
eve
n
t
i
on
an
d m
a
nage
m
e
nt
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
ati
tis in
in
fan
t
s.
2.
6. Sam
p
le and
S
a
mplin
g Technique
Th
e sam
p
le o
f
p
r
esen
t stud
y co
m
p
r
i
sed
of
60
m
o
th
er
s with
ch
ild
b
e
low one y
ear of age a
nd residing
at Ru
ral
Nai
n
i,
Allah
a
b
a
d.
Sam
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ad
op
ted
for selectio
n
o
f
sam
p
le is
n
o
n
-
probab
ilit
y
con
v
e
n
i
e
nce
sa
m
p
li
ng.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
7 – 1
6
10
Fi
g.
2.
Sc
hem
a
t
i
c
repre
s
ent
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
researc
h
pl
an
o
f
t
h
e
st
u
d
y
2.
7. Sel
ecti
o
n and
De
vel
o
pm
ent of
Ins
t
ru
ment/
T
o
ol
B
a
sed u
p
on t
h
e ob
ject
i
v
es o
f
prese
n
t
st
udy
,
a st
ruct
ure
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e q
u
es
t
i
onnai
r
e was
pre
p
are
d
, i
n
o
r
d
e
r to assess th
e
kn
owledge of m
o
th
ers reg
a
rd
ing
t
h
e
prev
en
tion
an
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rmatitis in
in
f
a
n
t
s.
Str
u
ct
u
r
ed
kn
ow
ledge qu
estion
n
a
i
r
e w
a
s dev
e
l
o
ped
t
o
assess the kno
w
l
ed
g
e
of
m
o
th
er
s r
e
g
a
r
d
i
ng
p
r
ev
en
tio
n and m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s.
2.8.
Data c
o
llection tech
niqu
e an
d In
stru
m
e
nt/Tool
The data
was
collected by using a structured knowl
e
dge
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
.
The t
o
ol
pre
p
a
r
ed
of t
h
i
s
st
udy
ha
d
t
w
o sect
i
ons:
Section A:
It
was d
e
v
e
lop
e
d fo
r th
e
p
u
rpo
s
e o
f
assessing
th
e sam
p
le ch
aracteristics. Th
e ite
m
s
in
clu
d
e
d
were
Age
,
ed
ucat
i
o
n
,
occ
upat
i
o
n,
p
e
r capi
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
com
e
of t
h
e fam
i
ly
, Type o
f
fam
i
l
y
, Sou
r
ce o
f
i
n
fo
r
m
at
i
on,
p
r
ev
iou
s
h
i
story o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rmati
tis in
th
eir
fam
i
ly.
Section B:
A stru
ctured
k
nowledg
e q
u
e
stio
nn
aire
on
p
r
ev
en
tion
and
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
at
itis is
b
a
sed
on
rev
i
ew o
f
research
an
d non
-research literatu
re and
o
p
i
n
i
on o
f
exp
e
rts was d
e
v
e
lop
e
d
.
Th
e
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
c
o
nt
ai
ned 3
0
que
st
i
ons
.
T
h
e
a
r
eas cove
re
d were:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
The Effectiveness
of Teac
hing
Pr
ogramme Rega
rd
i
n
g Preven
tio
n and
…
(
Jemy Elizabeth J
o
se
ph)
11
Gen
e
ral awaren
ess abo
u
t
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis i
n
infan
t
s: Con
s
ists o
f
7 ite
m
s
C
a
uses of
na
p
k
i
n
de
rm
at
it
i
s
:
C
onsi
s
t
s
o
f
3
i
t
e
m
s
C
l
i
n
i
cal
m
a
ni
fest
at
i
ons of
na
pki
n derm
at
i
t
i
s
:
C
onsi
s
t
s
o
f
3 i
t
e
m
s
Prev
en
tion
o
f
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
ati
tis: Co
n
s
ists
o
f
8
item
s
Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis : co
n
s
ists
o
f
9 ite
m
s
Scores
:
Th
ere was 30
ite
m
s
.
Each
ite
m
h
a
s
fou
r
o
p
tion
s
in wh
ich
on
ly on
e was th
e correct respo
n
se an
d
all
othe
r three
we
re distracters.
Each
c
o
rrect response is a
w
a
r
de
d “one” m
a
rk a
nd
for inc
o
rrect res
p
onse
“zero”
mark. Ma
xim
u
m
score for
questionnai
re
wa
s 30 a
n
d m
i
nim
u
m
“zero”.
Grade
Percentage:
I
n
a
d
eq
ua
t
e
(<5
0
%
)
;
M
o
derat
e
(5
0
-
7
5
%
);
A
d
e
quat
e
(
>
75
%)
Relia
bility:
R
e
liab
ility o
f
an
in
stru
m
e
n
t
is th
e
d
e
gree
o
f
co
n
s
isten
c
y wit
h
wh
ich
it m
e
a
s
u
r
es th
e attri
b
u
t
e it is
su
ppo
sed
to
measu
r
e. Reliab
ility o
f
th
e to
o
l
was assesse
d
by co
llectin
g
d
a
ta fro
m
6
m
o
th
ers resi
d
i
ng
in
Ru
ral
Naini, Allaha
bad. Split
hal
f
m
e
thod with Karl
Pearson’s
form
ula was
us
ed to test the
re
liability of the
tool.
r=
2
2
)
(
)
(
)
)(
(
y
y
x
x
y
y
x
x
Th
e
reliab
ility o
f
th
e t
o
o
l
was 0
.
90
.
It
was st
atistical
ly sig
n
i
fican
t an
d thu
s
reliab
l
e.
3.
DAT
A COLL
ECTION
P
R
OCED
U
R
E
3.
1. Pre
te
st
The investigat
or c
o
llected
da
ta by struct
ure
d
knowle
d
ge questionnaire
from
each responde
nt,
which
requ
ire
kn
owled
g
e
reg
a
rd
ing
t
h
e Prev
en
tion
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
at
itis in
in
fan
t
s.
3.2. I
m
plementation
of s
t
ruc
t
ured te
aching pr
ogramme
After preteststruct
u
re
d
teachi
ng programme was adm
i
nistered
re
gardi
ng the Preve
n
tion a
nd
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s to
6
0
m
o
th
ers i
n
th
e exp
e
rim
e
n
t
al group
.
3.
3. Pos
t
test
After t
h
e
7
th
day of im
ple
m
e
n
tation
of,structure
d teach
i
n
g programm
e
posttest was c
a
rried out by
th
e inv
e
stig
ator
b
y
u
s
i
n
g th
e
sa
m
e
str
u
ctur
ed kn
ow
ledg
e
questio
nn
air
e
.
4.
DAT
A AN
AL
YSIS
The a
n
alysis of the
data re
quires a num
b
er of cl
osely related operations
suc
h
as establi
s
hm
ent of
categ
ories, th
e ap
p
licatio
n
of th
es
e categories to
raw d
a
ta th
rou
g
h
cod
i
ng
, tabu
lation
and
th
en
drawing
statistical inferences. T
h
e dat
a
obtaine
d was
analyzed in
t
e
rm
s of achi
e
vi
ng t
h
e
ob
ject
i
v
es of t
h
e st
u
d
y
usi
n
g
d
e
scri
p
tiv
e and in
feren
tial statistics.
4.
1.
St
ati
s
ti
cal
An
al
ysi
s
o
f
th
e D
a
t
a
Or
ga
ni
zat
i
on
o
f
dat
a
i
n
m
a
st
er s
h
eet
.
Fre
que
nci
e
s a
n
d
perce
n
t
a
ges
t
o
be
use
d
f
o
r a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
dem
o
g
r
a
phi
c c
h
ar
a
c
t
e
ri
st
i
c
s.
C
a
l
c
ul
at
i
ons o
f
m
ean, st
anda
r
d
de
vi
at
i
on
of
pret
est
an
d
pos
t
t
e
st
scores o
f
m
o
t
h
ers re
ga
r
d
i
n
g p
r
ev
ent
i
o
n
an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
at
itis in
in
fan
t
s.
App
licatio
n
o
f
p
a
ired
t-test to
ascertain
wheth
e
r th
e
r
e is s
i
gnifica
nt diffe
r
ence i
n
the mean knowle
dge
score
o
f
pret
est
an
d
po
st
t
e
st
v
a
l
u
es.
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
on
of
chi
-
s
qua
re t
e
st
t
o
fi
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e ass
o
ci
at
i
on
bet
w
ee
n dem
ogra
p
hi
c vari
a
b
l
e
s wi
t
h
p
o
st
t
e
s
t
score
s
o
f
m
o
t
h
ers r
e
ga
rdi
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
an
d
m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
na
p
k
i
n
der
m
at
it
i
s
i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s wi
t
h
sel
ect
e
d
dem
ogra
phi
c v
a
ri
abl
e
s.
5.
RESULTS
The
data was c
o
llected from
60 m
o
thers.
Dat
a
was
c
o
l
l
ect
ed
fr
om
t
h
e expe
r
i
m
e
nt
al
gro
u
p
bef
o
re
an
d
after the a
d
ministration
of
struct
ure
d
teaching progra
mme. The coll
ected information wa
s organized,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
7 – 1
6
12
t
a
bul
at
ed
, anal
y
s
ed and i
n
t
e
r
p
ret
e
d by
usi
n
g desc
ri
pt
i
v
e an
d
inferen
tial statistics. Th
e
co
llected
in
fo
rmatio
n
was
or
ga
ni
zed
and
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
un
de
r t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
ree sect
i
ons:
Section I:
As
s
e
ssm
ent
of l
e
vel
of k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e o
f
m
o
t
h
ers rega
rdi
ng
pre
v
ent
i
on a
n
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
Nap
k
i
n
derm
atitis in infants
be
fore a
n
d a
f
ter a
d
m
i
nis
t
ration
of struc
t
ure
d
teachi
n
g
programm
e.
Section II
:
C
o
m
p
ar
iso
n
of
p
r
e-
test
and
po
st-
t
est
m
o
th
er
’
s
kn
ow
ledg
e
scor
es r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tion
and
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s.
Section III
:
A
ssoci
at
i
on
bet
w
een l
e
vel
o
f
po
st
-t
est
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e sc
ores
of m
o
t
h
ers
r
e
g
ar
di
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
on a
n
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of Napk
in d
e
rmatitis in
in
fan
t
s with
selected
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
variab
les.
Fig
.
3
.
Sch
e
m
a
tic rep
r
esen
tatio
n of
d
a
ta an
alysis
Section I :
Thi
s
sect
i
on re
vea
l
s t
h
e l
e
vel
of kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e o
f
m
o
t
h
ers rega
rd
i
ng p
r
e
v
ent
i
o
n
and m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
napkin de
rm
atitis in infa
nts
be
fore a
n
d af
ter c
o
nducting structure
d
teachi
n
g programm
e.
Tabl
e1
.As
s
ess
m
ent
of
m
o
t
h
ers’
p
r
et
est
l
e
ve
l
of
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
re
gar
d
i
n
g
pre
v
ent
i
o
n
an
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
na
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is in
infan
t
s
n
=
6
0
L
e
vel of knowledg
e
Pr
etest
Fr
equency %
Adequate knowled
g
e (
>
75 %)
M
oder
a
te knowledge (
50-
75%)
I
n
adequate knowledge (
<
50 %)
0
37
23
0%
61.
6%
38.
4%
Tabl
e 1
i
n
di
cat
es t
h
e f
r
eq
u
e
ncy
an
d
perc
ent
a
ge
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
of m
o
t
h
e
r
s’ l
e
vel
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e i
n
pret
est
.
M
a
jo
ri
t
y
of 3
7
(
6
1.
6
%
) ha
d m
oder
a
t
e
kn
owl
e
d
g
e
rega
rdi
n
g
p
r
e
v
ent
i
o
n a
n
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
i
n
i
n
fant
s. O
f
23(
3
8
.
3
%)
m
o
t
h
ers had
i
n
ade
quat
e
k
n
o
wl
e
dge re
ga
rdi
ng p
r
e
v
ent
i
on a
n
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
The Effectiveness
of Teac
hing
Pr
ogramme Rega
rd
i
n
g Preven
tio
n and
…
(
Jemy Elizabeth J
o
se
ph)
13
Tabl
e
2.
Asses
s
m
e
nt
of m
o
t
h
ers’
aspect
wi
s
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
s
c
ores
re
gar
d
i
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
ati
tis in
in
fan
t
s i
n
pretest n
=
6
0
S.No.
Knowledge
var
i
able
M
a
x
i
mu
m
score
Mean
Mean%
SD
I
General a
w
areness
about napkin
der
m
a
titis
7
3.63
51.9%
1.36
II
Causes of napki
n derm
a
titis
3
1.76
58.88%
.78
III Clinical
m
a
nifestat
ions
of
na
pkin der
m
a
titis
3
1.83 61.1%
.74
IV
Prevention of napkin de
rm
atitis
8
4.23
52.9%
1.44
V
Manage
m
e
nt of na
pkin derm
a
titis
9
4.33
48.1%
1.74
Over
all
30
15.
8
52.
66%
3.
68
The a
b
ove Ta
ble 2 i
ndicate
s
assessm
ent of m
o
ther
s
’
a
s
pect
wi
se
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
sco
r
e
s
rega
r
d
i
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
an
d
m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
na
p
k
i
n
de
r
m
at
it
i
s
i
n
chi
l
dre
n
i
n
pret
est
.
T
h
e
ove
ral
l
m
ean pe
rcent
a
ge
was
52
.6
6%
. T
h
e
m
ean pe
rce
n
t
a
ge
of
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e i
n
t
h
e
as
pec
t
of
gene
ral
a
w
arenes
s a
b
o
u
t
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
it
i
s
was
51.9%. T
h
e mean pe
rcenta
ge
in the aspect
of ca
uses
of
na
pki
n de
rm
at
it
i
s
was 5
8
.
8
8%.
The m
ean perc
ent
a
ge
in
th
e asp
ect of clin
ical
man
i
festatio
n
s
of n
a
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
at
itis
was 61
.1
%. Th
e m
ean
p
e
rcen
tag
e
in
th
e asp
ect of
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis was 5
2
.9
%. Th
e m
ean
p
e
rcen
tag
e
in
the asp
ect of m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
nap
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is was
4
8
.1%.
Tabl
e
3.
Asses
s
m
e
nt
of m
o
t
h
ers’
p
o
st
t
e
st
l
e
vel
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
rega
rdi
n
g
p
r
event
i
o
n a
n
d
m
a
nagem
e
nt
n
a
pki
n
d
e
rm
atit
is in
infan
t
s
n
=
6
0
L
e
vel of knowledg
e
Post T
e
st
Fr
equency %
Adequate knowled
g
e (
>
75 %)
M
oder
a
te knowledge (
50-
75%)
I
n
adequate knowledge (
<
50 %)
39
21
0
65%
35%
0%
The ab
o
v
e Tab
l
e 3 sho
w
s t
h
e
fre
que
ncy
an
d
perce
n
t
a
ge
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
of m
o
t
h
ers
’
l
e
vel
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
p
o
st
t
e
st
m
a
j
o
ri
t
y
of
t
h
em
39
(
65%
%)
had
adeq
uat
e
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e re
ga
rdi
ng
p
r
eve
n
t
i
o
n
and m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis
in
in
fan
t
s, 2
1
(3
5
%
) h
a
d
m
o
d
e
rates
k
nowledg
e
reg
a
rd
i
n
g
prev
en
tion
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
r
m
ati
tis in
in
f
a
n
t
s an
d no
on
e
h
a
d
in
ad
eq
u
a
te
kn
ow
ledg
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g pr
even
tion
an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
ati
tis in
in
fan
t
s.
Tabl
e 4. As
pec
t
-wi
s
e
c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
o
f
p
o
st
t
e
st
l
e
ve
l
of
m
o
th
er’s k
nowledg
e reg
a
rd
ing
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
and
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s
n
=
60
No
Knowledge var
i
able
M
a
xim
u
m
scor
e
M
ean
M
ean%
SD
I
Gener
a
l awar
eness about
nap
k
in
derm
atitis
7 5.
2
74%
1.
18
II
Causes of napki
n derm
a
titis
3
2.35
78.33%
.61
III
Clinical m
a
nifestations
o
f
napkin
derm
atitis
3 2.
55
85%
.
50
IV
Prevention of napkin de
rm
atitis
8
5.97
74.6%
.97
V
Manage
m
e
nt of na
pkin derm
a
titis
9
6.26
69.63%
1.19
Over
all
30
22.
55
75.
16%
2.
59
The a
b
ove Ta
ble 4 i
ndicate
s
assessm
ent of m
o
ther
s
’
a
s
pect
wi
se
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
sco
r
e
s
rega
r
d
i
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
on a
n
d
m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
na
pki
n de
r
m
at
it
i
s
i
n
chi
l
d
re
n i
n
p
o
st
t
e
st
. The
ove
ral
l
m
ean perce
n
t
a
ge wa
s
75
.1
6%
. T
h
e
m
ean pe
rce
n
t
a
ge
of
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e i
n
t
h
e
as
pec
t
of
gene
ral
a
w
arenes
s a
b
o
u
t
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
it
i
s
was
74
.2
8%
. The
m
ean perce
n
t
a
ge i
n
t
h
e aspec
t
of ca
uses
of
n
a
pki
n de
rm
at
it
is was
78
.3
3%
.
The m
ean perc
ent
a
ge
in
th
e asp
e
ct of clin
ical m
a
n
i
festatio
n
s
of
nap
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atiti
s was 85
%. The m
ean
p
e
rcentag
e
in th
e aspect o
f
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
it
i
s
was
7
4
.
5
8
%
. T
h
e m
ean
perce
n
t
a
ge
i
n
t
h
e as
pect
of
m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
was
69
.1
6%
.
SECTIO
N-I
I
:
This section
deals with the com
p
arison
of
pret
est and posttest knowledge scores of mothe
r
s
rega
rdi
n
g
p
r
e
v
ent
i
o
n
an
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
n
a
pki
n
derm
at
i
tis i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s.
The Ta
ble 5
s
h
ows t
h
at the
com
p
arison be
tween
pre
a
nd p
o
sttest k
nowled
g
e
scor
es of
m
o
th
er
s r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
Gene
ral awareness about napkin
derm
atitis (aspect
1) s
h
owe
d
that ;Pretest knowle
dge sc
ore was
(3.63
)
,Po
s
ttest k
nowledg
e sore was (5
.2
), Paired
‘t’ test
val
u
e (7.45) indicates there
is a significa
nt diffe
r
ence
b
e
tween
p
r
e
and
p
o
s
ttest k
nowledg
e
sco
r
es o
f
m
o
th
ers
regard
i
n
g Gen
e
ral
awaren
ess ab
ou
t n
a
pk
in
d
e
rmatitis.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
7 – 1
6
14
Tabl
e
5. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
m
o
t
h
ers’
p
r
et
est
an
d
p
o
st
t
e
st
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
sc
ores
re
gar
d
i
n
g
pre
v
e
n
t
i
on a
n
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s.
n
=
60
No
Knowledge
var
i
able
Max
.
score
Pre test
Post test
Mean%
Paired t value
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Pretest
Post
test
I
Gener
a
l awar
eness
about
napkin derm
atitis
7 3.
63
1.
36
5.
2
1.
18
51.
9%
74%
7.
45*d
f-
59
II
Causes of napki
n d
e
rm
a
titis
3
1.76
.78
2.35
.61
58.88%
78.33%
4.131*
df-5
9
III
Clinical m
a
nifestations
of
napkin derm
atitis
3 1.
83
.
74
2.
55
.
50
61.
1%
85%
6.
90*d
f-
59
IV
Prevention of napk
in derm
atitis
8
4.23
1.44
5.97
.97
52.
9%
74.6%
8.43*d
f-59
V
M
a
nagem
e
nt of napkin
derm
atitis
9
4.
33
1.
74
6.
26
1.
19
48.
1%
69.
63%
8.
222*
df-
5
9
Over
all
30
15.
8
3.
68
22.
55
2.
59
52.
66%
75.
16%
15.
06*
df-
5
9
No
te: Si
g
n
i
fican
t
-
*
,
No
n-
Signif
i
can
t
-
**
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
b
e
t
w
een
pre a
n
d p
o
st
t
e
st
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e sc
ores
of m
o
t
h
ers
re
gar
d
i
n
g C
a
u
s
e
s
of
na
pki
n
d
e
rm
atit
is (aspect 2
)
sh
owed
th
at; Pretest kn
owledg
e
sc
ore was (1.76),
Posttest
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge so
re
wa
s (2
.3
5)
,
Pair
ed‘
t
’
test
v
a
lu
e
(
4
.131
)
in
d
i
cates th
er
e is a sig
n
i
f
i
can
t
d
i
ff
er
en
ce
betw
een
p
r
e and
po
sttest know
ledg
e
score
s
o
f
m
o
t
h
ers re
gar
d
i
n
g
C
a
uses o
f
na
p
k
i
n
derm
atit
is. Co
m
p
ariso
n
between
p
r
e and
po
sttest kn
owledg
e
score
s
o
f
m
o
thers
rega
r
d
i
n
g
C
l
i
n
i
cal
m
a
ni
fest
at
i
ons
of
n
a
pki
n de
rm
at
iti
s (aspect
3
)
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
;
Pret
est
k
now
ledg
e scor
e w
a
s
(
1
.83)
,
Po
sttest kn
ow
l
e
d
g
e
sor
e
w
a
s
(2.55
)
, Paired
‘t
’ test v
a
lu
e (6
.9
0) ind
i
cates th
ere is
a significant
diffe
re
nce
between pre a
n
d
posttest
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
sc
or
es o
f
m
o
t
h
er
s re
gar
d
i
n
g
C
l
i
n
i
cal
man
i
festatio
n
s
of n
a
pk
i
n
d
e
rm
at
itis.
Co
mp
ariso
n
b
e
tween
p
r
e an
d posttest k
now
ledg
e
scores o
f
m
o
th
ers
reg
a
rd
i
n
g Prev
en
tion of
n
a
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atiti
s (asp
ect
4
)
sh
owed
that; Pretest kno
wledg
e
sco
r
e
was
(4.23
)
,
Posttest k
n
o
w
l
e
dge s
o
re was
(5.
9
7),
Paire
d
‘t’ test va
lue
(8.43) i
ndicate
s
there is a signi
ficant diffe
r
ence
b
e
tween
pre and
po
sttest k
nowledg
e scores
o
f
m
o
th
er
s regard
i
n
g
Prev
en
ti
o
n
o
f
n
a
p
k
i
n
derm
at
itis.Co
m
p
a
rison
b
e
tw
een
pr
e and
po
sttest kn
ow
ledg
e scor
es
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
r
e
g
a
rdi
ng M
a
nage
m
e
nt
of na
p
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
(aspect
5
)
sh
owed
th
at; Pretest k
nowledg
e score
was
(4.33), P
o
sttest knowle
dge sore
was (6
.26
)
, Paired‘t’ test valu
e
(8.222) i
ndicat
es there is a
s
i
gnifica
nt difference
be
tw
een
pr
e an
d po
sttest k
n
o
w
l
edge sco
r
es of
mo
th
er
s
rega
rdi
ng M
a
n
a
gem
e
nt
of na
pki
n de
rm
ati
t
i
s.The
ove
ral
l
pret
est
k
n
o
wl
e
dge sc
ore
of t
h
e res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
was
id
en
tified
as
1
5
.33(52
.66
%
),po
sttest
k
nowled
g
e
sco
r
es is 22
.5
5(
75
.16%
);this di
ffe
re
nce
was statisticall
y
an
alyzed
with
p
a
ired
‘t’ test an
d
calcu
lated
‘t’ v
a
lue
w
a
s 15
.0
6. Th
is
w
a
s f
o
u
n
d
on
signif
i
can
t. H
e
n
ce
H
1
is
accepted.
SECTIO
N-I
V
The Ta
bl
e 6:
R
e
prese
n
t
s
t
h
e chi
-
sq
ua
re
val
u
e c
o
m
put
ed fo
r ass
o
ci
at
i
on o
f
p
o
st
t
e
st
l
e
vel
of
k
nowledg
e and
Fam
ily h
i
sto
r
y of
n
a
p
k
i
n
derm
at
itis. Th
ere ex
ist a sign
ifican
t asso
ciatio
n b
e
t
w
een
p
o
st-test
k
nowledg
e level an
d edu
cation
a
l statu
s
o
f
the m
o
th
ers (
=8
.1
4, p
<
0.05
). Th
er
e
ex
is
t a
signi
ficant ass
o
c
i
ation
bet
w
ee
n
post
-
t
e
st
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
l
e
vel
an
d s
o
u
r
ce of
i
n
fo
rm
at
ion
(
=13
.
4
0
,
P<0
.
05
). Th
ere ex
ist no
si
gn
ifican
t
associ
at
i
o
n
bet
w
een
occ
upat
i
on a
n
d p
o
st
-t
e
s
t
l
e
vel
of t
h
e
m
o
t
h
ers (
=
2.71
, P>0
.
05
).Th
er
e is
n
o
signif
i
can
t
associ
at
i
on
bet
w
een
post
-
t
e
st
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e l
e
v
e
l
and perca
p
i
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
co
m
e
of
m
o
t
h
ers
(
= 1.99
, P>0
.
0
5
)
.
There
exist no significa
nt ass
o
ciation
betwe
e
n age
and
p
o
st-test k
nowled
g
e
lev
e
l of the
m
o
th
ers
(
= 3
.
52,
P>0.05). T
h
ere exist
no significant ass
o
ciation
bet
w
een
po
st-test
k
nowled
g
e
lev
e
l and typ
e
o
f
fam
i
l
y
(
=
1.
32
, P>
0.
0
5
)
There
e
x
i
s
t
n
o
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
ass
o
ci
at
i
o
n
bet
w
e
e
n
po
st
-t
est
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
l
e
vel
and
Fam
i
l
y
hi
st
ory
o
f
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
ati
tis (
=
2.93,
P>0.
05).He
nce
H2 acce
pted a
m
ong dem
o
gra
phic
varia
b
les
suc
h
as E
d
ucational
status and Source of inform
ation a
b
out na
pkin de
rm
atitis.H2 was
rej
ecte
d
am
ong dem
ographi
c variables
such
as
age
,
occ
upat
i
on,
pe
rcapi
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
com
e
o
f
t
h
e fam
i
l
y
,
Ty
pe
of
fam
i
ly
an
d Any
fam
i
l
y
hi
st
ory
of
n
a
pk
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is.
Tabl
e
6.
Ass
o
c
i
at
i
on o
f
p
o
st
t
e
st
l
e
vel
o
f
fa
m
i
ly
hi
st
ory
n
=
60
Sl. No
Variable
Cate
gor
y
Total No
%
Moderate
Adequate
Value
No %
No
%
1
Fam
i
ly
histor
y of
napkin derm
atitis
a)
Pr
esent 5
8.
4
0
0%
5
100%
2.
93
b)
Absent
55
91.
6
21
38.
2%
34
61.
8%
df
1
NS
No
te:
S-Sign
i
f
ican
t,
NS-Non sign
ifican
t at
5
% (P<0
.05
)
lev
e
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
The Effectiveness
of Teac
hing
Pr
ogramme Rega
rd
i
n
g Preven
tio
n and
…
(
Jemy Elizabeth J
o
se
ph)
15
6.
DIS
C
USSI
ON
A
c
h
i
l
d
wi
t
h
n
a
pki
n derm
at
i
tis
m
a
y
devel
o
p ery
t
he
m
a
, oede
m
a
, i
n
t
e
nse
pr
uri
t
u
s
,
e
x
u
d
at
i
o
n
,
cr
ust
i
n
g
and scal
i
n
g. It
m
a
y
cause delay
i
n
t
h
e achi
e
vem
e
nt
of
dev
e
l
opm
ent
a
l
m
i
lest
ones
.
It
m
a
y
be associ
at
ed wi
t
h
allergic rhinitis, asthm
a
and
im
m
unode
ficiency. P
r
oper
education should be
give
n to t
h
e m
o
thers to
m
a
ke
t
h
em
vi
gi
l
a
nt
t
o
wa
rds t
h
e
pre
v
e
n
t
i
on a
nd m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
na
p
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s. A
st
r
u
ct
u
r
ed
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
was
use
d
t
o
col
l
ect
t
h
e dat
a
.
A
p
r
e
ex
peri
m
e
nt
al
one
g
r
ou
p
pre
-
t
e
st
post
-
t
e
st
d
e
si
gn
was use
d
t
o
a
ssess t
h
e k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e o
f
60
sam
p
l
e
s (
m
ot
hers
), o
n
p
r
e
v
ent
i
on a
nd m
a
nagem
e
nt
of
nap
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is in
in
fan
t
s v
i
a
n
o
n
-
prob
ab
ility co
n
v
en
ien
ce sam
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
. After the ad
m
i
n
i
stratio
n
o
f
p
r
e-test
structure
d
teaching programme regard
ing
pre
v
e
n
tion a
nd
m
a
nagem
e
nt of
na
pki
n de
rmatitis in infa
nts was
adm
i
ni
st
ered and
post
-
t
e
st
was con
duct
e
d aft
e
r 7 day
s
usi
n
g
sam
e
st
ruct
ure
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e q
u
est
i
o
nnai
r
e t
o
fi
n
d
out t
h
e e
ffectiveness.
1.
The
pre
s
ent
fi
ndi
ng
s re
veal
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
al
l
m
ean perc
ent
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
pre
-
t
e
st
k
n
o
wl
edge
sc
ore
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
th
ers was l
e
ss (5
2.76
%)
with
th
e i
n
d
i
vid
u
a
l co
m
p
on
e
n
t
m
ean perce
n
t
a
ge
val
u
es
b
e
i
ng as
fol
l
ow
s:
51
.9
% i
n
Ge
n
e
ral
aware
n
ess
abo
u
t
na
pki
n derm
at
i
t
i
s
, 58.
88
% i
n
causes
of na
p
k
i
n
der
m
at
it
i
s
, 61.
1%
i
n
cl
i
n
i
cal
m
a
ni
fest
at
i
ons o
f
n
a
pki
n de
rm
at
it
i
s
, 52.
9% i
n
pre
v
ent
i
o
n
o
f
na
pki
n de
r
m
at
it
i
s
, 48.
1
%
i
n
m
a
nagem
e
nt of na
pki
n de
rm
atitis. This shows that th
ere i
s
inade
quate
knowle
dge am
ong m
o
thers in
all
aspect
s re
gar
d
i
ng
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
and m
a
nage
m
e
nt
of
nap
k
i
n
de
rm
at
it
i
s
i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s. Lac
k
of
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
of
m
o
t
h
ers rega
r
d
i
ng
pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
an
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
was i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d by
researc
h
er
i
n
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
st
u
d
i
es whi
c
h i
s
sim
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e prese
n
t
st
udy
. A st
udy
wa
s con
duct
e
d i
n
De
part
m
e
nt
of
Derm
at
ol
ogy
,
Ni
ne
wel
l
s
Ho
s
p
i
t
a
l
,
Du
n
d
ee,
UK
rega
r
d
i
n
g
pare
nt
al
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
of t
opi
cal
t
h
era
p
i
e
s i
n
t
h
e
t
r
eatm
e
nt
of c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
na
p
k
i
n de
rm
at
it
i
s
. Po
or a
d
here
nc
e wi
t
h
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
i
s
a m
a
jor ca
use
of t
r
eat
m
e
nt
failu
re in
n
a
pkin
d
e
rm
at
itis.
Reaso
n
s g
i
v
e
n are m
u
ltifacto
r
ial, and
in
clude fear
o
f
real or im
ag
in
ary sid
e
-
effects,
un
der-p
rescrib
i
n
g
, failu
re to
ren
e
w p
r
escrip
ti
o
n
s
o
n
ti
m
e
, lack
o
f
tim
e, an
d
ch
ild
refu
sal
o
f
th
er
ap
y.
Mo
st i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
, how
ev
er
,
is
lack
o
f
k
now
ledg
e
ab
ou
t treatm
e
n
t
, in
p
a
rtic
ul
ar t
h
e
use of
t
opi
cal
cort
i
c
ost
e
roi
d
(
T
C
S
) t
h
e
r
apy
.
We co
n
duct
e
d
a quest
i
o
n
n
aire-b
ased
stud
y to d
e
term
in
e th
e lev
e
l o
f
u
s
e and
knowledge of comm
only p
r
escri
b
ed
TC
S
pre
p
arat
i
o
ns
am
ong
st
m
o
t
h
ers o
r
carer
s of
10
0 chi
l
d
r
e
n
atten
d
i
ng
p
a
ed
iatric ou
tp
atien
t
clin
ics. Th
e stud
y result sh
o
w
ed
th
at th
e
m
o
th
ers h
a
d
inad
equate
k
now
ledg
e
r
e
gar
d
i
n
g th
e t
o
p
i
cal co
r
ticoster
o
id
th
er
ap
y
(
L
ub
ec,
20
05)
2.
The study re
vealed that there
was a co
nsi
d
era
b
l
e
i
m
provem
e
nt
i
n
th
e k
nowledg
e of
m
o
th
ers after th
e
adm
i
nistration of structured
teachi
n
g programm
e
and was
statistica
lly established as
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
.C
o
m
pari
son
bet
w
een
p
r
e an
d
po
st
t
e
st
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e sc
ores
of m
o
t
h
ers
rega
rdi
n
g
Ge
n
e
ral
aware
n
ess a
b
out napkin
derm
atitis (aspect 1) showed that ;Prete
st knowledge score was (3.63),P
os
ttest
k
nowledg
e so
re was (5
.2
),Paired
‘t’ test
v
a
lu
e (7
.45
)
indicates there
is
a sign
ificant differe
nce betwee
n
pre an
d p
o
st
t
e
st
kno
wl
ed
ge
score
s
of m
o
t
h
ers re
ga
rdi
n
g
General
awa
r
eness ab
o
u
t
n
a
pki
n derm
at
i
t
i
s
.
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
be
t
w
een
pre a
nd
post
t
e
st
k
n
o
wl
edge sc
o
r
es o
f
m
o
t
h
ers rega
rd
i
ng C
a
u
s
es o
f
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
it
i
s
(
a
sp
ect
2
)
show
ed
t
h
at; Pr
etest k
n
o
w
ledg
e sco
r
e
w
a
s
(
1
.76)
, Po
sttest kn
ow
ledg
e so
r
e
was (
2
.35)
, Pair
ed
‘
t
’
t
e
st
val
u
e
(
4
.
1
31
) i
ndi
cat
es t
h
ere
i
s
a si
gni
f
i
cant
di
f
f
ere
n
c
e
bet
w
e
e
n
p
r
e
and
p
o
st
t
e
st
kn
owl
e
dge
sc
ore
s
o
f
m
o
th
er
s r
e
g
a
rdin
g
Cau
s
es
o
f
n
a
pk
in d
e
r
m
ati
tis. Co
m
p
ar
ison
b
e
tw
een
pr
e
an
d po
sttest kn
ow
ledg
e scores
of m
o
t
h
ers re
gar
d
i
n
g C
l
i
n
i
cal
m
a
ni
fest
at
ions
of
nap
k
i
n
derm
at
it
i
s
(aspect
3) s
h
o
w
ed t
h
at
;
Pre
t
est
k
now
ledg
e scor
e w
a
s
(
1
.83
)
, Po
sttest k
now
ledg
e sor
e
w
a
s (2
.5
5)
, Pai
r
ed‘t
’ t
e
st
val
u
e (6.
9
0) i
ndi
ca
t
e
s
there is a
signi
f
icant
diffe
re
nce betwee
n
pre
and
postte
st kn
ow
ledg
e scores
of
m
o
th
er
s reg
a
rd
ing
Clin
i
c
a
l
man
i
festatio
n
s
o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
atitis.
Co
m
p
ar
iso
n
betw
een pr
e and
p
o
sttest kn
ow
ledg
e scor
es of
m
o
th
er
s reg
a
rd
ing
Pr
even
tio
n
of
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
ati
tis (asp
ect 4
)
sh
owed
th
at; Pretest k
n
o
wledge sco
r
e
was (4.23
)
, Po
sttest k
nowledg
e sore
was (5
.9
7), Paired‘t’ test v
a
lue (8
.43
)
ind
i
cates th
er
e i
s
a si
gni
fi
ca
nt
di
f
f
e
r
ence
bet
w
ee
n
pre a
nd
p
o
st
t
e
st
k
nowledg
e scores of m
o
th
ers reg
a
rd
ing
Prev
en
tion
o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
atitis.
Co
m
p
ariso
n
b
e
tween
p
r
e
an
d
p
o
s
ttest k
nowled
g
e
scores o
f
m
o
th
ers
reg
a
rdin
g
Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis (asp
ect 5
)
sho
w
ed
t
h
at;
Pr
etest k
now
led
g
e
sco
r
e
w
a
s (
4
.3
3)
, Po
sttest k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
so
r
e
w
a
s (6
.26
)
, Pair
ed‘
t
’
test v
a
lu
e (
8
.222)
indicates there is a signifi
ca
nt
di
ffe
re
nce bet
w
een
pre a
n
d p
o
st
t
e
st
kn
o
w
l
e
dge sc
o
r
es o
f
m
o
t
h
ers rega
rd
i
n
g
Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis.
Th
e o
v
erall
p
r
etes
t k
nowled
g
e
score of th
e
respon
d
e
n
t
s
was id
en
tified
as 15
.3
3(5
2
.66%)
,
p
o
s
ttest
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
scor
es is 22
.5
5(
75.16%);this difference wa
s statistically
analyze
d
with
paired ‘t
’ test and
cal
cu
lated
‘t
’ v
a
l
u
e was
1
5
.
0
6.
Thi
s
wa
s f
o
un
d o
n
si
gni
fi
cant
.
He
nce
H
1
i
s
accepted.
Th
is
resu
lt
was supp
orted b
y
si
m
ilar stu
d
y
co
ndu
cted in
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Ped
i
atrics,
Un
iversity of
B
o
l
o
gna
, It
al
y
regar
d
i
n
g a
n
educat
i
o
nal
p
r
o
g
ram
for m
o
t
h
e
r
s o
f
y
o
u
ng c
h
i
l
d
re
n af
fect
ed by
na
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is. To
i
m
p
r
ov
e th
e quality o
f
life o
f
ch
ild
ren
and
famil
i
es affected b
y
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rmati
tis th
ey h
a
ve
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
an
ed
ucatio
n
a
l p
r
og
r
a
m to
th
e
m
o
th
er
s o
f
young
ch
ild
r
e
n
aff
ected
b
y
th
e d
i
sease. Th
e pro
g
r
a
m
co
nsists of si
x
m
eetin
g
s
at week
ly in
terv
als invo
lv
ing a p
e
d
i
atric allerg
ist, a
d
e
rmato
l
o
g
i
st, and
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
7 – 1
6
16
p
s
ycho
log
i
st.
Th
e stud
y resu
lt sho
w
ed
that th
e edu
catio
n
a
l
p
r
og
ramme was effect
iv
e (Malev
ille and
Cap
b
e
r
n
, 1
985)
3.
The associ
at
i
o
n bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
dem
ograp
hi
c vari
a
b
l
e
s and
post
-
t
e
st
kn
ow
l
e
dge sco
r
es of m
o
t
h
ers wa
s
calcu
lated
u
s
ing
t
e
st
at
0.
0
5
%
(5
% l
e
vel
)
.
The
dem
o
g
r
a
phi
c
va
riables
analyzed i
n
the study we
re a
g
e
,
educat
i
o
nal
st
a
t
us,
occu
pat
i
o
n, Pe
rca
p
i
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
com
e
of t
h
e fam
i
l
y
, So
urces
o
f
i
n
fo
rm
ati
on,
A
n
y
Family h
i
sto
r
y o
f
napk
in d
e
rmati
tis, typ
e
of fam
i
l
y
.T
h
e
re
ex
ist a sign
ifican
t asso
ciatio
n b
e
tween
po
st-test
k
now
ledg
e level an
d edu
cati
o
n
a
l statu
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
ers (
=8
.1
4,
p<
0.
05
).
The
r
e e
x
i
s
t
a si
g
n
i
f
i
can
t
association bet
w
een post-test
knowledg
e level an
d
source o
f
inform
atio
n
(
=1
3.
4
0
, P<
0.
05
). T
h
ere e
x
i
s
t
no si
gni
fi
ca
nt
associ
at
i
on
bet
w
een
occ
upat
i
on a
nd
p
o
st
-t
es
t
l
e
vel
of t
h
e m
o
t
h
e
r
s (
= 2.
7
1
,
P>
0.
05
).T
h
e
r
e
i
s
no si
gni
fi
ca
nt
associ
at
i
o
n
bet
w
ee
n p
o
st
-t
est
kn
owl
e
d
g
e
l
e
vel
and
pe
r
capi
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
com
e
of t
h
e
fam
i
ly
(
=
1.
99
, P>0
.
0
5
)
. T
h
ere e
x
i
s
t
no s
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
asso
ci
at
i
on bet
w
ee
n age an
d p
o
st
-t
est
kn
owl
e
dg
e
lev
e
l of th
e
m
o
th
ers (
= 3
.
52
, P>0
.
05)
. Th
er
e ex
ist
no
sign
if
icant
asso
ciatio
n b
e
tween
p
o
s
t
-
test
k
now
ledg
e level o
f
m
o
th
er
s
an
d typ
e
of
f
a
mil
y
(
=
1
.
32, P>0.05)
Th
ere ex
ist
no si
gnificant associat
ion
bet
w
ee
n p
o
st
-t
est
kn
owl
e
dge
l
e
vel
of m
o
t
h
ers an
d A
n
y
F
a
m
i
ly
hi
st
ory
of
nap
k
i
n
der
m
at
it
i
s
(
= 2.93,
P>0.
05). He
nc
e H2 acce
pted am
ong
de
m
ogra
p
hic varia
b
les such as E
du
cational status and S
o
urce
of
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on abo
u
t
na
p
k
i
n
derm
at
i
t
i
s
.H2
was re
ject
ed
am
ong
dem
o
g
r
ap
hi
c va
ri
abl
e
s suc
h
as age,
occu
pat
i
o
n,
pe
rcapi
t
a
m
ont
hl
y
i
n
com
e
of t
h
e fam
i
l
y
, Ty
pe of fam
i
l
y
and
Any
fam
i
l
y
hi
st
ory
of
nap
k
i
n
d
e
rm
atit
is.
7.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
The foc
u
s of s
t
udy was c
o
nducted to as
sess
the e
ffective
n
ess of st
ruct
ured
teaching
programm
e
on
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
and
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
a
p
k
i
n
derm
at
itis in
i
n
fan
t
s am
o
n
g
m
o
th
ers resi
d
i
ng
at Rural Nain
i
,
Allahaba
d. T
h
e study invol
v
ed selection of
60 m
o
thers by the non-probab
ility conve
nience sa
m
p
ling
tech
n
i
qu
e and
co
llectio
n
of
data b
y
str
u
ctu
r
ed
kn
ow
ledg
e
q
u
e
stio
nn
air
e
. O
n
e gr
oup
pre-
test p
o
s
t-
test
d
e
sign
and e
v
aluative
researc
h
approach
was a
d
opted to con
duct
t
h
e st
udy
.
Da
t
a
was anal
y
z
e
d
an
d i
n
t
e
r
p
ret
e
d by
usi
n
g
descri
pt
i
v
e an
d i
n
fe
rent
i
a
l
st
at
i
s
ti
cs. The co
ncl
u
si
o
n
s
were
dra
w
n o
n
t
h
e
basi
s o
f
t
h
e st
u
d
y
fi
n
d
i
n
gs, i
t
i
n
cl
ude
s:
The
present
study
re
vealed that th
e m
a
j
o
r
ity o
f
m
o
th
er
s
had
i
n
ad
equ
a
te
k
now
ledg
e
r
e
gar
d
i
n
g pr
ev
en
ti
on
an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
p
k
i
n
d
e
rm
at
itis in
in
fan
t
s.
After a
d
m
i
nis
t
ration
of structured teachi
n
g pr
ogramme, m
o
ther’s
knowledge
on preve
n
tion a
n
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
n
a
pk
in d
e
rm
a
titis in
in
fan
t
s in
creased
.
Th
e
p
r
esen
t
stu
d
y
shows th
at th
ere is sign
ifican
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nce b
e
tw
een pre-
test and
po
st-
t
est kn
ow
ledge
sco
r
es
o
f
m
o
thers in exp
e
rimen
t
al group
reg
a
rd
ing
p
r
ev
entio
n
an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
a
pk
in
d
e
rm
at
itis
in
infa
nts. Hence
H1
is
acce
pted.
The prese
n
t study shows that
there
i
s
si
gni
f
i
cant
associ
at
i
on
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e Po
st-
t
est kn
ow
ledg
e scor
es
o
f
m
o
t
h
ers gr
o
u
p
rega
r
d
i
n
g
pre
v
ent
i
o
n a
n
d m
a
nagem
e
nt
o
f
nap
k
i
n
de
rm
at
it
i
s
i
n
i
n
fa
nt
s
w
i
t
h
dem
ogra
p
h
i
c
varia
b
les s
u
ch
as Source
of inform
ation a
n
d Educational status. He
nce H2 is
accepted.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Akin F, Spraker M. Effects of breat
h
a
ble d
i
sposable diap
ers. [ho
m
epage
on the I
n
ternet]
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from: URL: ht
tp
://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pubmed.co
m
[2]
Singalav
a
nij
a
S, Frieden IJ. Di
aper derm
at
itis
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epage on
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e
rnet]
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e
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l
e f
r
om
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w
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e
.
c
om
[3]
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tiol
o
g
y
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a
thop
h
y
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y
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at
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epage on
th
e Int
e
rnet]
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ed 1988 Mar
]
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l
e f
r
om
:
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feg.m
e
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e.
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m
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a
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her AB. Chara
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ted
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y
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e
rker
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otic
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rm
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i
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e
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t irr
itant
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at
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ited 1
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]
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.
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eat
m
e
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er r
a
s
h
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a
rfen
a
c lip
id oin
t
m
e
nt
(bufexam
ac)
. A
s
t
ud
y
b
y
Aus
t
ri
a
n
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a
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ici
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n
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l
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L:
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[8]
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e
rmatit
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