Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
3,
Septem
ber
201
8,
pp. 1
86
~
193
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
3.
1
43
95
186
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Knowled
ge
-
Attitu
des
-
P
ractice
s
abou
t M
alari
a amon
g
Commu
niti
es
in
Souther
n
Benin
Germain
G. P
adon
ou
1
, Ju
dith G.
Gben
oudon
2
,
Raz
ak
i
Osse
3
, Alber
t
Sa
la
ko
4
,
Casi
mi
r Kp
anou
5
,
Herma
n
S
agb
ohan
6
, Vir
gile Gna
nguen
on
7
,
Frédéri
c O
k
e
-
A
gbo
8
, Ol
ivier
Ous
s
ou
9
,
Martin
Ak
ogb
et
o
10
1
,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Center
of
Ent
om
olog
ic
a
l
Rese
arc
h
of C
otonou
(CREC
),
Cotonou
,
B
enin
1,2
,10
Facul
t
y
of
S
ci
en
ce a
nd
Tech
nolog
y
of the
Univer
sit
y
of
Abo
m
e
y
C
al
av
i, Be
n
in
3
Univer
sit
y
of
A
gric
ult
u
re
of
Ket
ou,
Ketou
,
B
enin
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
17
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Sep 5
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Se
p 12
, 201
8
Mala
ri
a
stil
l
rem
ai
ns
the
m
ai
n
pu
bli
c
h
ea
l
th
probl
em
in
Beni
n.
W
e
expl
or
ed
the
determ
ina
nt
s
tha
t
infl
uen
ced
m
al
ari
a
treat
m
ent
as
well
as
prote
ct
iv
e
beha
viors,
to
ge
ner
ate
a
fr
amework
of
useful
id
ea
s
as
alter
n
at
iv
e
strategies
aga
inst
m
al
ar
ia.
A
cro
ss
-
sec
ti
onal
surve
y
of
t
he
knowledge,
at
titudes
and
pra
ctice
s
(KA
P)
was
conduc
t
ed
a
t
Hozin
,
Vakon
and
Agblang
and
an
districts
in
southern
reg
i
on
of
Beni
n.
Descri
pti
v
e
stat
isti
c
s
were
computed
and
m
ixe
d
logi
stic
r
egr
essi
on
hel
ped
ev
al
u
at
ing
th
e
relat
io
nship
bet
wee
n
f
req
uency
of
ea
ch
c
ategor
y
of
seve
rity
of
m
al
ari
a
and
se
x
group,
educ
a
ti
onal
l
evel
,
tre
a
tment,
m
ea
n
s
of
self
-
prote
ct
i
on
aga
inst
m
osq
uit
oes
and
ide
nt
i
fic
a
ti
on
of
the
ca
use
of
m
al
ar
ia
.
A
signif
i
ca
nt
proporti
on
750
(81.
3%
)
(
p<
0.
001)
o
f
par
ticipa
n
ts
stated
that
m
al
aria
was
ca
used
b
y
m
osquitoe
s.
The
responde
nts
who
m
ent
ione
d
sun
as
the
ca
use
of
m
al
ari
a,
hav
e
tri
vi
al
i
ze
d
m
ore
m
al
ari
a
i
n
a
proporti
on
of
about
59.
30%
(OR=
2.
67
[95%
CI
1.
61
-
4.
44]
)
f
oll
owed
b
y
those
who
have
rep
orte
d
th
e
caus
e
of
bod
y
we
akne
ss
(43.
68%
)
(OR=
2.
97
[95%
CI
1.
68
-
5.
28]
).
Poor
knowledge
justi
f
ies
the
tri
vi
al
i
zat
ion
of
the
disea
se
and
poo
r
m
ana
ge
m
ent
of
m
al
ari
a
con
tro
l
m
ea
ns.
Nati
on
al
Mala
r
ia
Control
Program
s
should
improve
a
cc
ess
to
educat
ion
,
espe
cially
for
wom
en
and
coul
d
he
lp
i
m
proving
pre
ve
nti
on
and
con
tro
l
beha
viou
rs
against
m
al
aria
in
comm
unit
ie
s.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Atti
tud
es
Com
m
un
it
ie
s
Kno
wled
ge
Ma
la
ria
Pr
act
ic
es
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ger
m
ai
n
Gil P
adon
ou
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Zo
ology, Fac
ul
ty
o
f Sci
ence a
nd Tec
hnology
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Abom
ey
Cal
avi,
Ento
m
olo
gical
Re
search
Cent
er
of
C
oton
ou, M
inist
ry o
f
H
e
al
th
Tel
:
00229 6
48
48595, C
otonou,
Be
nin
.
Em
a
il
:
pag
er
gil@y
ahoo.fr
1.
INTROD
U
CTIO
N
Ma
la
ria
is
the
m
os
t
deb
il
it
at
i
ng
diseases
i
n
Africa
an
d
has
a
high
negat
iv
e
so
ci
oec
onom
ic
i
m
pact
on
the
co
ntinent
[
1].
It
is
the
m
ai
n
public
heal
th
pro
blem
in
Be
nin
,
wh
e
re
the
entire
popu
la
ti
on
is
aff
ect
ed
by
high
m
a
la
ria
e
nd
em
ic
it
y.
Malaria
aff
ect
s
ab
ou
t
21.
3%
of
c
hildr
e
n
un
der
f
ive
ye
ars
and
69.2%
of
th
ose
five
ye
ars
an
d
ab
ove.
In
2015,
the
nu
m
ber
of
de
at
hs
due
to
Pla
sm
od
ium
viv
ax
was
betwee
n
1400
a
nd
14
900
i
n
su
b
-
Sa
ha
ran
A
fr
ic
a,
an
d
bet
ween
14
00
a
nd
12
90
0
i
n
ot
her
s
pa
rts
of
the
w
orl
d
[
2].
Since
20
07,
s
ever
al
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
been
i
ntr
oduce
d
an
d
a
re
c
urr
ently
us
ed
i
n
Be
nin
to
c
ontr
ol
m
al
aria
thro
ug
h
the
Pr
esi
den
t
’s
Ma
la
ria
In
it
ia
t
ive
(P
MI
),
a
pro
gr
am
of
the
Un
it
ed
Stat
es
Ag
e
ncy
for
In
te
rn
at
io
nal
Dev
el
opm
ent.
This
init
ia
ti
ve
inclu
des
the
us
e
of
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gi
es
ta
rg
et
in
g
t
he
par
a
sit
e
as
w
el
l
as
the
vect
or
a
nd
the
dia
gnos
ti
c
te
sts
of
m
al
ari
a.
Des
pite
these
effor
ts,
m
al
a
ria
is
sti
ll
a
m
ajor
pu
blic
hea
lt
h
prob
le
m
in
Be
nin
.
I
n
2013,
the
nu
m
ber
of
re
porte
d
c
onfirm
e
d
cases
of
m
alar
ia
in
Be
nin
was
1
044
23
5
an
d
the
nu
m
ber
of
re
ported
deaths
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge
-
Att
it
ud
es
-
Practic
e
s about M
alari
a amo
ng Co
m
muniti
es…
(
Ge
rma
i
n G. Pa
do
nou
)
187
was
1869
[
2].
Re
cent
stud
ie
s
condu
ct
e
d
in
so
ut
hern
Be
ni
n
ind
ic
at
e
that
m
isc
on
cepti
on
con
ce
r
ning
the
cause
of m
al
aria i
s h
igh (
70%)
am
on
g hea
ds o
f house
ho
l
d
[
3].
Othe
r
pote
ntial
factors
su
c
h
a
s
the
age
of
w
om
en,
high
le
vel
of
ins
tr
uction,
m
at
erial
means
of
th
e
hous
e
hold,
t
he
distance
from
sh
op
ping
ce
nte
rs
to
ho
us
eh
ol
ds
,
seaso
n
a
nd
weathe
r
wer
e
r
eported
as
im
po
rta
nt
factors
of
us
e
LLI
Ns
[4
]
.
M
oreo
ver,
the
use
of
m
al
aria
vector
c
ontrol
t
ools
f
or
ot
her
pur
po
s
es
has
ham
per
e
d
the
fig
ht
agai
nst
the
disease.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
the
Be
nin
ese
gove
rn
m
ent
is
sti
ll
co
m
m
itte
d
to
it
s
fig
ht
a
gainst
m
al
aria
and
ha
s
de
velo
pe
d
a
five
-
ye
a
r
plan
2011
-
2015.
H
oweve
r,
getti
ng
people
t
o
re
gul
arly
us
e
the
L
LIN
s
was
one
of
it
s
gr
eat
est
chall
e
ng
e
s.
A
stu
dy
repor
te
d
a
li
nk
between
s
ocio
-
eco
nom
ic
and
beh
a
vioral
fac
tors,
com
m
un
it
y
know
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tu
des
a
nd
pr
act
ic
es
with
m
al
ari
a
[
5],
but
i
n
B
enin,
the
re
is
a
la
ck
of
in
for
m
at
ion
on
t
he
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
t
he
pe
rce
ption
of
th
e
cause
of
m
al
aria
and
m
al
aria
treatm
ent
as
well
as
m
al
ari
a
pr
e
ve
ntion.
A
n
under
sta
nd
i
ng
of
keys
fact
ors
that
i
m
pact
m
al
aria
treatmen
t
and
pr
e
ve
nt
ion
be
hav
i
or
s
durin
g
epidem
ic
s
is
an
im
po
rtant
ste
p
i
n
the
design
a
nd
reali
za
ti
on
of
bette
r
con
t
ro
l
strat
eg
ie
s
of
the
m
alar
ia
epidem
ic
.
W
e,
therefore
,
inv
est
igate
d
the
pe
rcep
ti
on
of
th
e
cause
an
d
se
ver
it
y
of
m
al
a
ria
and
factors
that
influ
e
nce
d prot
ect
ive b
e
ha
viours agai
ns
t m
alar
ia
and tr
eat
m
ent of m
al
aria a
m
on
g pe
ople
in s
ou
t
hern Be
nin
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
st
ud
y
a
rea
inclu
des
th
ree
district
s;
H
ozin,
Va
kon
,
an
d
Agblan
ga
nd
a
n,
of
the
O
uem
e
reg
i
on
i
n
Be
nin
(
West
Africa
).
T
hese
district
s
hav
e
64
,
799
hous
e
ho
l
ds
with
62,
890
child
re
n
le
ss
than
5
ye
a
rs
old
acro
s
s
174
vil
la
ges
[3
]
.
The
incidence
of
m
al
aria
in
the
Ou
em
e
reg
ion
in
2006
wa
s
143.8
cases
/1,
00
0
per
s
ons,
m
akin
g
this
re
gion
t
he
sec
ond
hi
ghest
in
the
co
untry
[6
]
.
T
he
stud
y
ar
ea
is
ch
aracte
rized
by
a
su
b
-
equ
at
or
ia
l
cl
i
m
at
e,
with
2
rai
ny
season
s
(
A
pri
l
to
Ju
ly
and
Octo
ber
to
Novem
ber
)
an
d
2
dr
y
seaso
ns
(
Aug
ust
to
Se
ptem
ber
and
Decem
ber
t
o
Ma
rc
h).
T
he
ave
rag
e
te
m
p
eratur
e
s
per
m
on
t
h
a
re
betwe
en
26
to
31°C.
Eac
h
district
has
tw
o
ecolo
gical
zon
e
s:
a
plateau
area
an
d
a
swam
py
zon
e
wh
e
re
m
os
qu
it
o
-
br
ee
ding
sit
es
are
par
ti
cula
rly
abunda
nt du
rin
g
t
he rai
ny seas
ons.
Sam
pling
wa
s
done
base
d
on
so
ci
o
-
e
colo
gical
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
m
a
la
ria
pr
e
ven
ti
on
a
nd
m
anag
em
ent.
Ten
vill
ages
w
ere
ra
ndom
ly
s
el
ect
ed
in
eac
h
district
to
balance
the
m
ic
ro
-
cl
i
m
at
es
diff
e
ren
ces
that
be
obse
rv
e
d
bet
ween
t
he
vill
ages.
We
al
so
co
nduc
te
d
a
rand
om
sel
ec
t
ion
of
hous
es
wh
e
re
the
s
urv
ey
ha
s
been co
ndu
ct
e
d
to
ove
rco
m
e the selec
ti
on b
i
as. T
he
sam
ple size
co
m
pu
te
d usi
ng
(
1)
[
7]:
N
=
t
2
×
p
(
1
−
p
)
M
2
(1)
N=
sam
ple size
estim
at
ed
t=
95
%
confi
de
nce level
u
si
ng 1
.
9
a
s ty
pical
value
p= pre
valence
of m
al
aria est
i
m
at
ed
at
12.1
% in t
he
are
a [
8]
M=
m
arg
in er
r
or of
5%
us
in
g 0.0
5%
as
ty
pical
v
al
ue
Hen
ce
,
the
co
m
pu
te
d
sa
m
ple
siz
e
was
N=
154.
By
accounti
ng
for
s
uch
c
on
ti
nge
nc
ie
s
as
no
n
-
respo
ns
e
a
nd
r
ecordin
g
e
rrors,
5%
we
re
a
dded
to
the
c
ompu
te
d
value.
T
o
acc
ount
for
t
he
cl
ust
er
e
ff
e
ct
,
th
e
resu
lt
in
g
sam
ple
siz
e
was
m
ulti
p
li
ed
by
2
[9
]
thus,
the
fi
nal
sam
ple
size
was
308
in
di
vid
uals
per
district
.
Sam
ple
siz
e
c
al
culat
ion
us
in
g
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
m
et
ho
ds
t
hat
ta
ke
int
o
co
ns
i
der
at
io
n
inte
r
cl
us
te
rs
e
ff
ect
(inter
vill
ages
ef
fect
)
en
sure
th
e
va
li
d
sam
ple
that
represe
nts
a
s
m
uch
as
po
s
s
ible
the
popu
la
ti
on
f
or
in
fe
ren
ce
pur
po
se
.
This
cr
os
s
-
sec
ti
on
al
survey
was
co
nd
ucted
ov
e
r
f
our
we
eks
a
nd
i
nclu
ded
923
a
dult
s
(m
al
e
and
fem
al
e)
head
s
of
house
hold
or
re
pr
e
sentat
iv
e
ad
ult
hous
e
hold
m
e
m
ber
s
(
fam
i
ly
un
it
).
Qu
est
i
onnaires
we
r
e
adm
inist
ered
t
o
the
res
ponde
nt
by
trai
ned
inter
viewers.
Be
fore
the
adm
i
nistrati
on
of
quest
io
nn
ai
re
s,
a
ver
ba
l
inf
or
m
ed
con
s
ent
was
obta
in
ed
from
the
p
arti
ci
pan
ts.
T
hi
s
info
rm
at
ion
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
re
m
ai
ns
confide
ntial
and
is
not
acc
essible
to
non
-
m
e
m
ber
s
of
the
resea
rch
te
a
m
.
The
quest
io
nn
ai
re
inclu
de
d
hous
e
hold
dem
ogra
ph
ic
s,
c
om
m
on
knowle
dg
e
a
nd
healt
h
-
seeki
ng
be
havi
or
relat
ed
t
o
m
al
aria
and
th
e
us
e
of
LLI
Ns.
The
quest
io
nn
ai
re
al
so
helps
to
co
ll
ect
inform
ati
on
ab
out
knowle
dge
of
the
cause,
treat
m
e
nt,
a
nd
pr
e
ve
n
ti
on
of
m
al
aria.
Illi
te
r
at
e
su
bject
s
w
ere
inter
viewe
d
in
“
Ou
ém
è”
–
the
local
la
ng
ua
ge
of
t
he
Ou
em
e
reg
i
on.
A
fo
c
us
group
[
10
]
involvi
ng
op
i
nio
n
le
ade
rs
(
n=
10)
was
or
gani
zed
in
each
vi
ll
age
to
un
de
r
sta
nd
people'
s b
e
havi
or
s
relat
ed
t
o m
al
aria and
m
os
quit
oes
The
data
colle
ct
ed
we
re
c
ounterc
heck
e
d
be
fore
e
ntry
into
a
com
pu
te
r
us
ing
Mi
cr
osoft
Office
Exce
l
2010
f
or
wi
ndows.
Des
crip
ti
ve
sta
ti
sti
cs
an
d
cr
os
s
-
ta
bu
la
ti
ons
were
est
i
m
at
ed.
The
m
edian
-
unbias
e
d
est
i
m
ation
an
d
exact
co
nf
i
de
nce
inter
val
w
it
h
the
m
id
-
p
te
st
wer
e
us
e
d
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
odds
rati
o
to
detect
var
ia
ti
on
in
the
r
esp
onse
c
at
egories
f
requen
ci
es
.
We
us
e
d
the
m
ixed
lo
gisti
c
re
gressi
on
to
as
se
ss
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber 2
018:
18
6
–
193
188
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
f
re
quency
of
each
cat
egory
of
se
ver
it
y
of
m
al
aria
and
sex
gro
up,
e
du
cat
io
na
l
le
ve
l,
treatm
ent, m
ea
ns
of self
-
prote
ct
ion
a
gainst m
os
quit
oes
and
cause
of m
al
ari
a as
pr
e
dictors
.
Use
of
gen
e
ral
iz
ed
li
near
m
i
xed
re
gressi
on
was
m
ade
to
con
t
ro
l
any
un
consi
der
e
d
fac
tors
that
can
m
isl
ead
the
rel
at
ion
s
obser
ve
d.
Use
of
m
ult
ivariat
e
analy
s
is
was
m
ade
to
co
ntr
ol
both
possible
c
onf
ou
nd
i
ng
and
ef
fects
m
od
ifie
r
va
riables
.
All
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
sis
was
perform
ed
with
R
2.1
5.2
[11
]
.
A
95%
c
onfi
den
c
e
interval a
nd a
n al
ph
a
of
0.0
5 were
chose
n
to
ind
ic
at
e si
gn
i
f
ic
ance.
3.
RESU
LT
S
3.1. Kn
owle
d
ge ab
ou
t
Mal
ar
ia Gr
av
i
ty, T
reat
me
nt,
Me
an
s
o
f
Sel
f
-
Pr
ot
ec
tion A
nd Ca
use O
f M
ala
ri
a
The
stu
dy
da
ta
in
Table
1
show
s
that
923
pa
rtic
ipants
wer
e
int
erv
ie
wed
us
in
g
a
gen
e
ral
qu
e
sti
onnaire
.
Of
t
hese,
225(2
4.4%)
were
m
al
es,
al
l
heads
of
ho
use
ho
l
d
we
re
m
arr
ie
d
(
100%
)
wh
il
e
545(5
9.0%
)
ha
d
no
f
or
m
al
edu
cat
ion
(Ta
ble
1).
Ma
la
ria
as
trivia
l
disease
was
m
entioned
by
228
pa
rtic
ipants
(24.7%
)
w
her
e
as
371
(40.2%
and
324
(
35.
1%)
rec
ognize
d
m
al
aria
as
serio
us
an
d
pote
ntial
ly
fatal
disease
resp
ect
ively
.
P
arti
ci
pan
ts
of
the
f
ocu
s
gro
up
co
ns
ide
re
d
m
al
aria
ver
y
dan
ge
r
ou
s
,
espe
ci
al
ly
in
hous
e
ho
l
ds
with
c
hildr
e
n
and
ide
ntifie
d
m
al
aria
as
a
se
ver
e
disease
.
T
he
tw
o
m
ajor
t
reatm
ents
avail
able
f
or
any
pa
ti
ent
wer
e
tra
diti
onal
m
edici
ne
and
m
od
er
n
m
edici
ne.
A
bout
579(6
2.7%
)
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
use
m
od
ern
m
e
dicine
wh
e
reas
344
(
37.3%)
us
e
tr
aditi
on
al
m
edici
ne
(
p<
0.001)
as
s
how
n
in
Table
1.
Fo
c
us
gro
up
discu
ssio
n
sh
owe
d
that
se
lf
-
treat
m
ent
was
fr
e
quent.
R
easo
ns
f
or
sel
f
-
m
edicat
ion
include
d
a
bili
ty
to
rec
ognize
m
al
aria
and
hi
gh
t
reatm
ent
cost
at
he
al
th
facil
i
ti
es.
W
e
fou
nd
t
ha
t
var
io
us
a
nti
-
m
al
aria
dr
ugs
su
c
h
as
c
hloro
qu
i
ne
,
qu
i
nin
e,
(full
m
eaning
CT
A
)
an
d
antipy
reti
cs
su
ch
as
as
pirin
a
nd
pa
ra
cet
a
m
ol
us
ed
t
o
treat
m
al
aria
wer
e
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
com
m
ercial
ph
arm
aci
es
or
dru
g
sto
res
in
r
ur
al
vill
ages
or
ci
ti
es.
Alte
rn
at
ive
an
d/or
herbal
rem
edies
us
ed
for
treat
m
ent
of
m
al
aria
infu
s
ion
of
e
xtracts
from
le
aves
an
d
roots
of
the
acac
ia
plants,
ci
trus,
ci
tron
el
la
,
m
ang
oe
s,
pa
paya,
eucaly
ptu
s
a
nd
neem
.
Do
sag
e
of
anti
-
m
al
arial
was
decide
d
base
d
on
pe
op
le
'
s
exp
e
rience
.
He
ads
of
hous
e
hold
us
ua
ll
y
adm
inist
er
antima
la
rial
m
edication
befor
e
t
o
look
f
or
treat
m
ent
i
n
nearby
healt
h
f
aci
li
ti
es
in
case
of
fail
ure.
Pre
fer
e
nce
to
sta
rt
m
al
aria
treatm
ent
with
al
te
rn
at
ive
an
d
/or
herbal
m
edici
nes
be
f
or
e
res
or
ti
ng
to
m
od
er
n
m
edici
ne
was
hi
g
h
am
ong
pa
rtic
ipant.
O
f
t
he
923
res
po
nd
e
nts
intervie
wed,
a
sig
nificant
propo
rtion
of
622
(
67.
4%)
re
sp
on
de
nts
ha
ve
insect
ic
ide
-
t
reated
nets
a
nd
1
25
(13.5%
)
hav
e
ordina
ry
nets
(
p<
0.0
01)
.
Des
pite
the
a
vaila
bi
li
t
y
of
m
os
quit
o
nets
in
t
he
a
rea,
only
136
(
14.7%)
respo
nd
e
nts
use
d
in
sect
ic
ide
-
treat
ed
no
te
s
a
nd
s
pr
ay
s
(do
uble
che
ck
this)
.
A
bout
40
(4.
3%)
sta
te
d
t
ha
t
they
us
e
d
bur
ning
of
local
herbs
to
pr
e
ve
nt
m
o
sq
uit
o
bites.
A
sign
ific
a
nt
propo
rtion
750
(
81.3%)
(
p<
0.0
01)
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
sta
te
d
that
m
os
quit
oes
wer
e
t
he
cause
of
m
al
ar
ia
.
Howev
e
r,
86
(
9.3
%)
an
d
87
(9.4
%
)
at
tribu
te
d
the cau
se
of
m
al
aria t
o
the
s
un a
nd fro
m
b
od
y weak
ness
r
es
pecti
vely
.
Table
1.
D
em
og
ra
phic
Cha
rac
te
risti
cs and
R
esp
onde
nts'
K
nowle
dg
e
and
P
racti
ces a
bo
ut
Ma
la
ria Me
asu
res
Variables
Ag
b
lan
g
a
n
d
an
(
%)
Ho
zin
(
%)
Vak
o
n
(%)
(N=30
8
)
Total
(%
)
(N
=9
2
3
)
P
-
v
alu
e
(N=30
7
)
(N=30
8
)
Sex
gro
u
p
Fe
m
ale
2
3
2
(75
.6)
2
3
3
(75
.6)
2
3
3
(75
.6)
6
9
8
(75
.6)
<0
.00
1
Male
7
5
(24
.4)
7
5
(24
.4)
7
5
(24
.4)
2
2
5
(24
.4)
Edu
catio
n
al
lev
el
No
1
8
5
(60
.3)
1
8
0
(58
.4)
1
8
0
(58
.4)
5
4
5
(59
.0)
<0
.00
1
Yes
1
2
2
(39
.7)
1
2
8
(41
.6)
1
2
8
(41
.6)
3
7
8
(41
.0)
Mar
ital
statu
s
Mar
ried
3
0
7
(100)
3
0
8
(100)
3
0
8
(100)
9
2
3
(100)
Malar
i
a gravit
y
Tr
iv
ial
7
8
(25
.4)
7
6
(24
.7)
7
4
(24
)
2
2
8
(24
.7)
<0
.00
1
Seriou
s
1
2
5
(
4
0
.7)
1
2
3
(39
.9)
1
2
3
(
4
0
)
371
(40
.2)
Fatal
1
0
4
(33
.9)
1
0
9
(35
.4)
1
1
1
(36
)
3
2
4
(35
.1)
Tr
eat
m
en
t
Mod
erne
m
ed
icin
e
2
0
1
(65
.5)
2
0
6
(66
.9)
1
7
2
(55
.8)
5
7
9
(62
.7)
<0
.00
1
Tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ici
n
e
1
0
6
(34
.5)
1
0
2
(33
.1)
1
3
6
(44
.2)
3
4
4
(37
.3)
Means
of
self
pro
tectio
n
again
st
m
o
sq
u
ito
es
Bu
rn
lo
cal herbs
1
4
(4.6
)
1
2
(3.9
)
1
4
(4.5
)
4
0
(4.3
)
<0
.00
1
ITN
2
0
5
(66
.8)
2
0
9
(67
.9)
2
0
8
(67
.5)
6
2
2
(67
.4)
Ordin
ary Nets
4
3
(14
)
4
1
(13
.3)
4
1
(13
.3)
1
2
5
(13
.5)
Ins
ecticid
e sp
ra
y
s
4
5
(14
.7)
4
6
(14
.9)
4
5
(14
.6)
1
3
6
(14
.7)
Cau
se o
f
m
al
aria
Mos
q
u
ito
e
2
5
6
(83
.4)
2
3
7
(76
.9)
2
5
7
(83
.4)
7
5
0
(81
.3)
<0
.00
1
Su
n
2
3
(7.5
)
4
6
(14
.9)
1
7
(5.5
)
8
6
(9.3
)
W
eakn
ess
2
8
(9.1
)
2
5
(8.1
)
3
4
(11
.0)
8
7
(9.4
)
IT
N=
Ins
ecticid
e
-
t
r
eated n
ets
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge
-
Att
it
ud
es
-
Practic
e
s about M
alari
a amo
ng Co
m
muniti
es…
(
Ge
rma
i
n G. Pa
do
nou
)
189
3.2.
Associ
ati
on
s
be
tween
Tr
ivial
Pe
rceptio
n
of
Ma
l
aria
a
nd
Sex
Gr
oup,
Educ
a
ti
on
al
Le
vel,
Tr
eat
me
nt
,
M
eans
of Sel
f
-
P
rot
ec
tion a
nd
Cause
o
f
Mal
aria
Wo
m
en
ha
ve
trivia
li
zed
the
disease
in
a
propo
rtion
of
about
31.
95%
aga
inst
2.2
2%
f
or
m
en
(p
<
0.0
001)
show
n
i
n
Ta
ble
2
.
It
w
as
ob
se
rv
e
d
t
hat
pa
rtic
ipants
with
f
or
m
al
edu
cat
e
d
wer
e
20
ti
m
es
le
ss
li
kely
to
trivia
li
ze
the
diseas
e
com
par
ed
t
o
the
no
n
-
e
duc
at
ed.
T
he
pro
portio
n
of
the
trivia
li
zat
ion
of
t
he
disease
am
on
g
the
edu
cat
ed
is
abo
ut
2.6
5%
ver
s
us
40%
a
m
on
g
une
ducat
ed
(p
<
0.0
001)
s
how
n
in
Table
2.
Am
on
g
t
hose
who
c
onside
r
m
al
aria
as
a
tri
vial
disease
,
th
ere
was
no
difference
bet
wee
n
them
in
te
rm
s
of
the
us
e
of
m
od
e
rn
or
t
r
aditi
onal
m
edical
treatm
ents
(
p=
0.061).
Th
os
e
who
re
ported
us
i
ng
s
pr
ay
(O
R=
1.38
[95%
CI
0.5
7
-
3.3
1])
as
a
m
eans
to
fi
gh
t
a
gain
s
t
m
os
qu
it
o
bit
es
we
re
th
os
e
w
ho
t
rivial
iz
e
m
a
la
ria
the
m
os
t,
fo
ll
owe
d
by
th
os
e
who
us
e
local
pla
nts.
Pa
rtic
ipants
who
us
e
ordina
ry
m
os
qu
it
o
nets
(O
R=
0.31
[
95%
C
I
0.12
-
0.80
]
)
a
nd
im
pr
egnat
ed
nets
(
OR=
0.6
0
[
95%
CI
0.2
7
-
1.3
2])
we
re
le
ss
li
kely
to
trivia
li
ze
the
disease
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
bl
e
2
.
T
rivial
iz
at
ion
of
m
al
aria
was
hi
gh
am
on
g
res
ponde
nts
who
m
entione
d
the
s
un
as
t
he
cause
of
m
al
aria,
59
.
30%
(O
R=
2.6
7
[95%
CI
1.6
1
-
4.4
4])
fo
ll
owed
by
tho
se
who
ha
ve
re
po
rted
bo
dy
wea
kn
e
ss
as
th
e cau
se
of
m
al
aria (43.6
8%
)
(
OR=
2.
97 [9
5%
C
I 1.
68
-
5.
28
]
)
.
Table
2.
Assoc
ia
ti
on
s
o
f Tri
vial Perce
ption o
f
Ma
la
ria
Variables
N
Total
Tr
iv
ial
p
erce
p
tio
n
(%)
Aju
st. OR
CI
-
9
5
%(OR)
Pr
(W
ald
t
est)
Pr
(L
R test
)
Sex
gro
u
p
Fe
m
ale
223
698
3
1
.95
1
.00
-
-
<0
.00
0
1
Male
5
225
2
.22
0
.06
[
0
.02
-
0
.1
6
]
<0
.00
0
1
Edu
catio
n
al
lev
el
No
218
545
4
0
.00
1
.00
-
-
<
0
.00
0
1
Yes
10
378
2
.65
0
.05
[
0
.03
-
0
.1
1
]
<0
.00
0
1
Tr
eat
m
en
t
Mod
erne
m
ed
icin
e
142
579
2
4
.53
1
.00
-
-
0
.06
1
1
5
6
Tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ici
n
e
86
344
2
5
.00
1
.46
[
0
.98
-
2
.1
7
]
0
.06
1
1
5
Means
of
self
pro
tectio
n
ag
ain
st
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
Bu
rn lo
cal herbs
14
40
3
5
.00
1
.00
-
-
0
.00
0
2
3
9
ITN
140
622
2
2
.51
0
.60
[
0
.27
-
1
.3
2
]
0
.20
3
4
4
Ordin
ary Nets
22
125
1
7
.60
0
.31
[
0
.12
-
0
.8
0
]
0
.01
.54
6
Ins
ecticid
e sp
ra
y
s
52
136
3
8
.24
1
.38
[
0
.57
-
3
.3
1
]
0
.47
6
8
2
Cau
se o
f
m
al
aria
Mos
q
u
ito
e
139
750
1
8
.53
1
.00
-
-
<0
.00
0
1
Su
n
51
86
5
9
.30
2
.67
[
1
.61
-
4
.4
4
]
0
.00
0
1
4
7
W
eakn
ess
38
87
4
3
.68
2
.97
[
1
.68
-
5
.2
8
]
0
.00
0
1
9
8
CI=
Co
n
f
id
en
ce I
n
tervals
,
Aju
st.
OR
=
Adju
sted
Odd
s rat
io
and
IT
N=
Ins
ecti
cid
e
-
treated nets
3.
3
.
Associ
ati
on
s
be
tween
Perce
pt
io
n
Seri
ou
s
of
Ma
l
aria
a
nd
Sex
Gro
up,
Educa
ti
onal
Le
vel,
Tr
eat
me
nt
,
Me
an
s
of Sel
f
-
P
rot
ec
tion a
nd
Cause
o
f
Mal
aria
A
par
ti
ci
pa
nt’
s
sex
was
not
a
deciding
fa
ct
or
in
the
rec
ogniti
on
of
m
al
aria
as
a
seriou
s
il
lness
(p
=
0.6
3631).
It w
as o
bse
r
ved
that l
it
erate res
pondents c
on
si
der
e
d
m
or
e
m
a
la
ria as a ser
i
ou
s d
ise
ase c
ompar
e
d
to
il
li
te
rate
res
pondents
with
a
pro
portion
of
44
.
59
%
ve
r
su
s
33.
86%
(p<0.
0001)
sho
w
n
i
n
Ta
ble
3
.
Th
os
e
who
re
ported
us
in
g
m
od
er
n
m
edici
ne
to
tr
eat
m
al
aria
wer
e
m
or
e
li
kely
to
recog
nize
m
al
aria
as
a
s
erio
us
disease
43.
70%
com
par
ed
to
34
.
30%
of
those
wh
o
us
e
d
tr
aditi
on
al
m
edi
ci
ne
(O
R
=
0.71
[0
.
53
-
0.95
]
p=
0.021
)
.
Th
os
e
w
ho
us
e
the
sp
ray
as
a p
re
ve
ntive
m
e
asur
e
a
gainst m
os
qu
it
o
bites were
le
ss
li
kel
y
to
recogn
iz
e
m
al
aria
as
a
se
ve
re
dis
ease
(
OR
=0
.46
[
0.30
-
0.71
]
p=
0.000
4.13)
c
om
par
ed
to
th
ose
w
ho
us
e
d
ins
ect
ic
ides
treat
ed
nets
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
bl
e
3.
T
he
caus
e
,
w
hich
e
ncourages
rec
ogniti
on
of
m
al
aria
as
sever
e
i
n
re
sp
on
de
nts
is
one
that
identifie
s
the
m
os
qu
it
o
as
th
e
vector
of
m
a
la
ria
transm
issio
n
in
a
pro
portion
of
41.
60%,
against
sun
tr
ackin
g
37.21
%
(
OR
=
0.60
[
0.37
-
0.9
7],
p=
0.0
38779
4)
a
nd
body
wea
kn
es
s
31.
03
%
(
O
R=
0.53
[
0.32
-
0.8
8],
p=0.01
43490)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber 2
018:
18
6
–
193
190
Table
3.
Assoc
ia
ti
on
s
of
Seri
ous Pe
rce
ption
of Mal
aria
Variables
N
Total
Seriou
s
p
erce
p
tio
n
(
%)
Aju
st.OR
CI
-
9
5
%(OR)
Pr
(W
ald
t
est)
Pr
(L
R test
)
Sex
g
rou
p
Fe
m
ale
291
698
4
1
.69
1
.00
-
-
0
.63
6
3
1
Male
80
225
3
5
.56
0
.92
[
0
.65
-
1
.3
0
]
0
.63
6
3
1
Edu
catio
n
al
lev
el
No
243
545
4
4
.59
1
.00
-
-
<0
.00
0
1
Yes
128
378
3
3
.86
0
.54
[
0
.40
-
0
.7
2
]
<0
.00
0
1
Tr
eat
m
en
t
Mod
erne
m
ed
icin
e
253
579
4
3
.70
1
.00
-
-
0
.02
1
8
6
Tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ic
i
n
e
118
344
3
4
.30
0
.71
[
0
.53
-
0
.9
5
]
0
.02
1
8
6
0
Means
of
self
pro
tectio
n
again
st
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
Bu
rn lo
cal herbs
15
40
3
7
.50
0
.81
[
0
.41
-
1
.5
9
]
0
.53
2
6
3
0
0
.00
0
3
1
ITN
258
622
4
1
.48
1
.00
-
-
Ordin
ary Nets
62
125
4
9
.60
1
.44
[
0
.96
-
2
.1
5
]
0
.07
4
2
7
8
Ins
ecticid
e sp
ra
y
s
36
136
2
6
.47
0
.46
[
0
.30
-
0
.7
1
]
0
.00
0
4
.1
3
Cau
se o
f
m
al
aria
Mos
q
u
ito
e
312
750
4
1
.60
1
.00
-
-
0
.01
0
4
8
Su
n
32
86
3
7
.21
0
.60
[
0
.37
-
0
.9
7
]
0
.03
8
7
7
9
4
W
eakn
ess
27
87
3
1
.03
0
.53
[
0
.32
-
0
.8
8
]
0
.01
4
3
4
9
0
CI =
Co
n
f
id
en
ce I
n
tervals
,
Aju
st.
O
R
= Adju
sted
Odd
s ratio an
d
I
TN=
Ins
ecticid
e
-
tr
eated n
et
s
3.
4
.
Associ
ati
on
s
between
P
erce
pt
io
n F
atal of
M
ala
ri
a
a
nd
Se
x
Gr
oup, Educ
a
tiona
l L
evel, Tre
atment,
Means
of Self
-
Prot
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
C
au
se
of
M
ala
ri
a
More
m
en
(62.22%)
rec
ogniz
ed
m
al
aria
as
a
fatal
disease
t
han
w
om
en
(26.36%)
(
p
<
0.0
001)
sho
wn
in
Table
4
.
T
he
le
vel
of
ed
ucati
on
was
a
factor
favo
rin
g
the
rec
og
niti
on
of
m
al
aria
as
a
fatal
dise
ase
in
respo
nd
e
nts.
A
pro
portio
n
of
63.
49%
(
O
R=
8.44
[
5.9
7
to
11.
93
]
p
<
0.000
1)
ed
ucate
d
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
adm
i
tt
ed
that
m
a
la
ria
is
a
fatal
disease
com
par
ed
to
a
pro
portion
of
15.41%
for
non
ed
ucate
d
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
.
Me
di
ci
nal
pr
act
ic
es
an
d
m
al
aria
treatmen
t
m
eans
were
no
t
decisi
ve
i
n
the
rec
ogniti
on
of
m
al
aria
a
s
a
fatal
disea
se
in
t
he
stud
y
popula
ti
on
s
(
p>
0.0
5)
.
Th
os
e
who
pointed
the
m
osqu
it
os
as
the
c
ause
of
m
al
aria
(39.8
7%)
ar
e
m
or
e
li
kely
to
reco
gniz
e
that
m
a
la
ria
is
a
fatal
dis
ease.
I
n
co
ntra
st,
tho
se
that
do
not
rec
ogniz
e
m
al
aria
as
a
fatal
disease ass
ocia
te
d
m
al
aria t
ran
sm
issi
o
n
with
the s
un
3.49
%
(
OR=
0.1
8 [0.0
5
to
0.59]
p
<0
.
004763
).
Table
4.
Assoc
ia
ti
on
s
of
Fata
l Perce
ptio
n of
Ma
la
ria
Variables
N
Total
Fatal
p
erce
p
tio
n
(%)
Aju
st.OR
CI
-
9
5
%(OR)
Pr
(W
ald
t
est)
Pr
(L
R test
)
Sex
gro
u
p
Fe
m
ale
184
698
2
6
.36
1
.00
-
-
<0
.00
0
1
Male
140
225
6
2
.22
2
.73
[
1
.88
-
3
.9
7
]
<0
.00
0
1
Edu
catio
n
al
lev
el
No
84
545
1
5
.41
1
.00
-
-
<0
.00
0
1
Yes
240
378
6
3
.49
8
.44
[
5
.97
-
1
1
.93
]
<0
.00
0
1
Tr
eat
m
en
t
Mod
erne
m
ed
icin
e
184
579
3
1
.78
1
.00
-
-
0
.06
6
6
8
Tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ic
i
n
e
140
344
4
0
.7
1
.38
[
0
.98
-
1
.9
5
]
0
.06
6
6
8
1
Means
of
self
pro
tectio
n
again
st
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
Bu
rn lo
cal herbs
11
40
2
7
.5
1
.00
-
-
0
.34
4
0
6
ITN
224
622
3
6
.01
1
.68
[
0
.48
-
2
.5]
0
.26
5
5
3
Ordin
ary Nets
41
125
3
2
.8
1
.09
[
0
.47
-
2
.9
2
]
0
.83
9
8
4
Ins
ecticid
e sp
ra
y
s
48
136
3
5
.29
1
.17
[
0
.67
-
4
.2
1
]
0
.74
0
9
9
Cau
se o
f
m
al
aria
Mos
q
u
ito
e
299
750
3
9
.87
1
.00
-
-
0
.01
0
3
5
Su
n
3
86
3
.49
0
.18
[
0
.05
-
0
.5
9
]
0
.00
4
7
6
3
W
eakn
ess
22
87
2
5
.29
0
.69
[
0
.38
-
1
.2
5
]
0
.22
1
6
1
9
CI =
Co
n
f
id
en
ce I
n
tervals
,
Aju
st.
O
R= Ad
ju
sted
Odd
s ratio an
d
I
TN=
Ins
ecticid
e
-
tr
eated n
et
s
4.
DIS
CUSSI
ONS
This
stu
dy
ai
m
ed
to
assess
the
pe
rcep
ti
on
of
the
ca
us
e
and
seve
rity
of
m
al
aria
and
factors
tha
t
influ
e
nce
d
pro
te
ct
ive
beh
a
vio
rs
a
gainst
m
a
la
ria
and
treat
m
ent
of
m
a
la
ria
a
m
on
g
pe
opl
e
in
so
ut
hern
Be
nin
.
Our
fin
ding
in
dicat
es
that
a
m
ajo
rity
of
r
es
pondents
we
re
wo
m
en
(75.6
%).
I
ndeed
,
th
e
fem
a
le
is
co
ns
ide
red
the
one
that
sta
ys
at
ho
m
e
wh
il
e
the
m
al
es
re
m
ai
n
in
the
fiel
d
accor
ding
t
o
the
m
or
es
in
so
ut
hern
Be
ni
n.
This
fin
ding
c
ou
l
d
be
e
xp
la
ine
d
by
the
r
ole
of
w
om
en
in
sta
yi
ng
ho
m
e
and
pr
ov
i
ding
ca
re
to
child
ren.
Me
n
wer
e
le
ss present
du
e to
far
m
w
ork
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge
-
Att
it
ud
es
-
Practic
e
s about M
alari
a amo
ng Co
m
muniti
es…
(
Ge
rma
i
n G. Pa
do
nou
)
191
The
high
le
vel
695(7
5.3)
of
th
e
responde
nts
per
cei
ved
se
ve
rity
and
fatal
ity
of
m
al
aria
in
the
pr
ese
nt
stud
y,
j
ust
ify
the
rate
of
us
i
ng
IT
N
(
80.
9%).
These
fin
ding
s
are
sim
il
ar
with
oth
er
st
udie
s
wh
ic
h
sho
we
d
that
ma
la
ria
was
t
he
m
os
t
seriou
s
disease
in
the
com
m
un
ity
with
m
or
e
i
m
pact
than
try
panos
om
ia
s
is
[1
2].
In
Ni
ger
ia
,
an
oth
e
r
stu
dy
re
ported
m
al
aria
as
a
c
omm
o
n
healt
h
pro
ble
m
of
pr
e
gna
nt
w
om
en
wit
h
lo
w
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
pr
act
ic
e
[13].
Ot
herwise,
th
e
pr
ese
nt
stud
y
s
howe
d
that,
sel
f
-
trea
t
m
ent
was
c
omm
on
. T
his
was
c
onsist
ent w
it
h fin
di
ng
s
of
oth
e
r
st
ud
ie
s
in
T
ogo [
14
]
,
Tan
za
nia
[
15
]
a
nd In
dia [16
]
.
The
lo
w
util
iz
at
ion
of
healt
h
facil
it
ie
s
ob
se
rv
e
d
in
this
stu
dy
m
ay
be
ass
ociat
ed
with
th
e
absen
ce
of
dru
gs
or
doct
ors,
high
treat
m
ent
cost
,
po
or
sta
ff
at
ti
tud
e
long
wait
ing
ti
m
e
and
distan
ce
from
ho
m
e
[17].
Anothe
r
reas
on
is
t
he
c
onvul
sive
m
anifestat
ion
s
of
m
al
aria
w
hich
m
akes
people
belie
ve
in
a
s
piritual
or
i
gin
a
m
on
g
ho
us
eh
old
hea
ds
.
Indeed,
in
A
fr
ic
a,
co
n
vu
lsi
ons
are
c
omm
on
l
y
tr
eat
ed
as
s
piritual
issu
es
[18]
.
The
tra
diti
on
al
m
edici
ne
cha
racteri
zed
by
the
use
of
inf
usi
on
of
t
he
le
aves
a
nd
roots
of
t
he
acac
ia
plants
,
ci
trus,
ci
tr
on
el
la
,
m
angoes,
pa
paya,
eu
cal
yp
tus
an
d
neem
in
va
rio
us
c
om
bin
at
ion
s
is
facil
it
a
te
d
by
the
f
ree
avail
abili
ty
of
these
plants
i
n
the
wild
w
hos
e
ecolo
gy
favo
rs
their
dev
el
opm
ent.
Other
s
fin
dings
re
port
ed
the
con
t
rast in
Tan
zania w
he
re
he
al
th f
aci
li
ti
es w
ere
m
os
t use
d
to
treat
m
al
aria [19].
LLI
Ns
a
re
on
e
the
m
os
t
rec
ognize
d
m
et
ho
ds
agai
ns
t
m
os
quit
oes
i
n
the
present
a
nd
othe
r
stu
dies
i
n
Be
nin
[3
]
.
T
he
high
le
vel
of
knowle
dge
of
m
os
qu
it
o
bite
as
m
a
la
ria
cause
(81.3%
)
(
p
<
0.001
),
is
c
onsist
ent
with
that
has
be
en
repor
te
d
by
oth
e
r
stu
dies
w
hich
ha
ve
s
howe
d
that
pe
op
le
w
ho
kn
ow
the
m
echan
ism
s
of
m
al
aria
transm
issi
on
w
ou
l
d
be
nef
it
from
healt
h
ed
ucati
on
ca
m
paign
s
an
d
vecto
r
c
ontr
ol
inter
ven
ti
ons
[20].
Howe
ver,
m
is
con
ce
ptio
ns
a
bout
m
a
la
ria
s
ti
ll
exist
a
m
on
g
res
pondents
in
this
stud
y,
accor
ding
to
resu
lt
s
repor
te
d
by
pr
evio
us
stu
dies
[3,
21
]
.
T
o
be
eff
ect
ive
he
al
th
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
s
hould
perm
anen
tl
y
be
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
to incr
e
ase c
om
m
un
it
y awar
eness
a
bout m
al
aria. Th
e
str
ong
trivia
li
zat
ion
of
m
al
aria seen
in
w
om
en
(
31.
95
%)
m
or
e
than
i
n
m
en
(
2.22
%
)
(
p
<0
.00
01)
c
ou
ld
be
justi
fied
by
the
hi
gh
f
reque
ncy
of
w
om
e
n
with
the
ir
sic
k
childre
n
at
the
po
i
nt
wh
e
re
they
are
accust
om
ed
to
the
disease.
Ot
herwise
the
instr
uction
le
vel
of
wom
en
is
lowe
r
than
m
e
n
an
d
m
a
y
aff
ect
their
capa
ci
ty
to
identif
y
the
sign
s
an
d
sym
pto
m
s
o
f
m
a
la
ria
and
their
knowle
dge
of
avail
able treat
m
ent.
Ed
ucati
on
pla
ys
an
im
po
rta
nt
r
ole
in
m
alar
ia
kn
ow
le
dge
an
d
a
doptio
n
of
seri
ou
s
m
easur
e
s
of
it
s
con
t
ro
l.
O
ver
a
ll
,
m
oth
ers
of
childre
n
have
ver
y
lo
w
le
vels
of
instr
uctio
n
in
Be
nin.
T
he
Be
ni
n
Mi
ni
stry
of
Ed
ucati
on
le
ad
s
a
fa
vora
ble
struggle
t
o
prom
ote
t
he
ed
uc
at
ion
of
girls
w
hich
will
be
the
m
oth
ers
of
ou
r
childre
n.
It’s
t
he
lo
w
en
ro
ll
m
ent r
at
e obse
rved am
on
g wom
en
who ju
sti
f
y t
hat 6
2.2
2% m
en
recog
nize m
al
aria
as
a
fata
l
disease
than
wo
m
en
(26.36%)
(
p
<
0.000
1).
A
stu
dy
co
nducted
i
n
r
ur
al
Ethi
op
i
a
identifi
ed
li
te
racy
a
s
a
sig
nificant
fa
ct
or
f
or
w
om
e
n
t
o
belie
ve
t
ha
t
m
a
la
ria
can
be
pr
e
ve
ntable
[22].
F
urt
he
rm
or
e
,
the
inst
ru
c
ti
on
of
young
girls
w
ho
are
f
uture
m
oth
e
rs
is
li
kely
a
key
el
e
m
ent
to
i
m
pr
ove
chil
dr
e
n
healt
h
t
hroug
h
direct
te
a
chin
g
of
healt
h
know
le
dg
e
[
23
]
.
Mo
reover
,
these
da
ta
sh
ow
that
e
du
cat
e
d
were
20
tim
es
le
ss
li
k
el
y
to
trivia
l
iz
e
the
disease
tha
n
non
-
e
ducat
e
d
an
d
th
os
e
who
us
e
ne
ts
are
those
who
trivia
li
ze
the
le
ast
disease.
The
le
vel
of
e
du
cat
io
n
was
a
factor
favor
i
ng
t
he
rec
ogni
ti
on
of
m
al
ari
a
as
a
fatal
disease
in
res
pond
e
nts.
A
propo
rtion
of
63.
49%
(O
R
=8.44
[
5.97
to
11.
93
]
p
<0
.00
01)
e
ducat
ed
a
dm
i
t
that
m
al
a
ria
is
a
fatal
di
sease
com
par
ed
to
a
propo
rtion
of
15.41%
am
ong
no
n
-
e
du
c
at
ed.
Sim
il
arly
,
p
rev
i
ou
s
repo
rts
ind
ic
at
ed
that
bes
t
m
al
aria
pr
act
ic
es
are
directl
y
associat
ed
wi
th
the
le
vel
of
instru
ct
i
on
[24]
an
d
that
th
e
increasi
ng
le
vel
of
instru
ct
io
n
is
a
protect
ive ele
m
ent ag
ai
ns
t m
al
aria m
or
bid
it
y [25].
In
a
no
t
her
st
udy
in
Hait
i,
high
le
vel
of
knowle
dg
e
on
the
r
ol
e
of
vecto
rs
in
m
al
aria
transm
issi
on
a
nd
low
ow
ner
s
hip
and
use
of
LL
IN
s
wer
e
ob
se
r
ved
[26].
But
in
an
oth
e
r
stu
dy
con
duct
e
d
in
Me
xico,
ar
ound
half
of
the
popula
ti
on
ha
ve
li
nke
d
m
a
la
ria
with
m
os
qu
it
o
bites
even
th
ough
the
m
ajo
rity
of
vill
ager
s
own
a
nd
us
e
ITN
s
durin
g
a
ll
the
ye
ar
[2
7].
In
al
l
instances
the
heal
th
edu
c
at
ion
of
childr
en
at
an
early
age,
woul
d
con
t
rib
ute
fa
vora
bly
to
t
he
s
uccess
of
the
fig
ht
agai
ns
t
m
al
aria.
In
the
present
stu
dy
the
res
ponden
ts
w
ho
me
ntion
ed
s
un
as
the
cau
se
of
m
al
aria,
ha
ve
tri
viali
zed
m
or
e
m
a
la
ria
(
OR=2.6
7
[95%
C
I
1.61
-
4.4
4])
fo
ll
owe
d
by
th
os
e
w
ho
ha
ve
repor
te
d
the
ca
us
e
of
bo
dy
w
eakn
e
ss
(
OR=
2.97
[95%
CI
1.68
-
5.28
]
)
.
But
tho
se
who
pointe
d
th
e
m
os
qu
it
oe
s
as
the
cause
of
m
al
aria
(3
9.8
7
%)
are
th
os
e
t
hat
best
rec
ogni
ze
m
al
aria
as
a
fatal
disease.
T
his
fi
nd
i
ng
was
al
so
ob
se
rv
e
d
in
oth
er
stu
dies
that
dem
on
strat
ed
that
people
do
no
t
ta
ke
si
gn
ifi
cant
pr
e
ve
ntive
m
e
asur
e
s
agai
ns
t
vecto
rs
eve
n
if
their
do
no
t
pe
rceive
the
m
os
qu
it
o
as
the
r
esp
on
s
i
ble
of
m
al
aria
transm
issi
on
[2
2].
The
im
po
rta
nc
e
giv
e
n
t
o
t
he
sever
it
y
of
t
he
disease
dep
e
nd
s
on
t
he
knowle
dg
e
of
t
his
di
sease.
P
oor
knowle
dge
jus
ti
fies
the
trivia
li
zat
ion
of
the
disease
an
d
increase
s
m
a
la
ria
cases
a
m
on
g
the
le
ast
educat
ed.
A
stu
dy
cond
u
ct
ed
in
Mvo
m
ero
dist
rict
,
Tan
zania,
by
Mb
oe
ra
[
28
]
re
port
ed
that
pe
op
le
with
low
know
le
dg
e
on
m
al
aria
have
two
ti
m
es
mo
re
m
al
aria
cases
in
their
ho
us
e
ho
l
ds
com
par
ed
t
o
th
os
e
with
hi
gh
knowle
dge.
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
ob
se
r
vations
of
t
he
prese
nt
stud
y
on
treat
m
ent
and
pr
e
ve
ntion
be
hav
i
or,
is
sim
i
la
r
with
the
resu
lt
s
of
oth
e
r
stud
ie
s
[29]
th
at
repor
te
d
go
od
knowle
dge
about
m
al
aria
as
a
pr
ec
onditi
on
of
an
a
ppr
opriat
e
treatm
ent
and
pr
e
ve
ntive
m
e
asur
e
s
I
ndeed
,
the
res
ponde
nts
w
ho
re
ported
us
in
g
m
od
e
rn
m
edici
ne
to
tre
at
the
disease
increas
ing
ly
recog
nized
m
a
la
ria
as
a
serious
disea
se
in
a
pr
op
or
t
ion
of
43.
70%
against
34.
30%
for
tho
se
w
h
o
us
e
d
tra
diti
on
al
m
edici
ne
(
OR=0.71
[
0.5
3
-
0.95
]
p=
0.021).
It
is
im
po
rtant
to
recall
that
m
od
ern
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber 2
018:
18
6
–
193
192
m
edical
pr
act
ic
es
obser
ve
d
i
n
thes
e
res
po
ndents
are
sel
f
-
m
edicat
ion
.
T
he
dru
g
s
ources
are
th
e
street
sel
le
rs
.
Self
-
treat
m
ent
base
d
on
dru
gs
fr
om
of
fici
al
stores
has
bee
n
re
ported
by
sever
al
aut
hors
in
m
al
aria
-
end
em
ic
countries
[
15]
.
Self
-
m
edicat
i
on
c
ou
l
d
be
a
sso
ci
at
ed
with
the
ob
se
rv
e
d
fail
ur
e
to
co
ntr
ol
m
al
aria
des
pite
sever
al
m
et
hods
us
e
d
by
th
e
Nati
onal
Ma
la
ria
Con
t
ro
l
Program
of
Be
nin
.
Self
-
m
edicat
ion
c
oul
d
al
so
con
t
rib
ute
to
the
d
evel
opm
ent
of
dru
g
resist
ance.
Howe
ver,
sel
f
-
m
edicat
ion
cannot
be
c
om
ple
te
l
y
incrim
inate
d,
because
it
of
t
en
co
ntri
bu
te
s
to
savin
g
li
ve
s.
It
has
t
o
be
im
pr
ov
e
d
by
ed
ucati
ng
t
he
r
ur
al
com
m
un
it
y
on
the
c
orrect
use
of
dru
gs
[
30
]
.
Po
te
ntial
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s
of
this
stu
dy
in
cl
ud
e
oth
e
r
possible
determ
inants
of
m
a
la
ria
knowle
dge
su
c
h
a
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
edu
cat
ion
,
a
nd
com
m
un
i
cat
io
n,
reas
on
s
f
or
non
-
us
e
of
m
os
qu
it
o
nets
,
th
e
pro
portio
n
of
nets
that
hu
ng
a
nd
eco
nom
i
c
co
nd
it
io
ns
of
the
popula
ti
on
that
wer
e
not
asses
sed.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
data
were
colle
ct
ed
fro
m
ho
us
e
ho
l
ds
on
ly
.
I
n
fact
,
t
his
stu
dy
had
s
pecific
go
al
s
,
w
hich
is
to
sh
ow
the
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
bet
ween
the
tri
viali
zat
ion
of
m
alar
ia
,
il
li
te
racy
and
c
on
t
ro
l
pra
ct
ic
es.
Currentl
y,
a
pa
rt
of
m
os
qu
it
o
nets
distri
bute
d
to
protect
against
m
al
ari
a
are
unf
or
tu
na
te
ly
us
ed
for
oth
e
r
pur
po
ses
,
su
c
h
as
fishing,
protect
ion
of
a
gri
cultural
cr
op
s
and
it
is
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
to
ha
ve
m
or
e
info
rm
at
i
on
on
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
es,
a
nd
pra
ct
ic
es
of
pe
ople
reg
a
rd
i
ng
m
al
aria
in
orde
r
to
pro
pose
ef
fici
ent
so
luti
ons
for
a
good
us
e
of do
nated
m
os
quit
o nets.
Our
st
ud
y
re
ve
al
ed
that
m
oth
ers
’
e
ducat
io
n
is
f
undam
ental
to
the
su
c
cess
of
t
he
m
easur
e
s
f
or
m
al
aria
con
tro
l.
W
it
h
global
eff
ort
s
to
co
ntr
ol
m
al
aria,
pr
og
ram
s
sh
ou
l
d
not
on
ly
fo
cu
s
on
del
iverin
g
equ
i
pm
ent
bu
t
on
their
m
ai
ntenan
ce
with
m
essages
of
a
war
e
ness
f
or
beh
a
vioral
cha
ng
e
c
onduci
ve
to
th
e
reducti
on
of
m
orb
idit
y
and
m
or
ta
li
ty
du
e
to
m
al
aria.
Pr
omoti
ng
girls'
edu
cat
ion
shou
l
d
be
associat
ed
goal
of
m
al
aria
con
tr
ol
program
s.
Pr
act
ic
al
pr
e
ve
ntive
c
on
t
ro
l
and
treat
m
ent
of
m
al
aria
a
re
m
or
e
li
kely
to
be
eff
ect
ive
whe
n im
ple
m
ented by w
om
en
with a
bette
r k
nowled
ge o
f
m
alar
ia
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Desp
it
e
high
l
evels
of
know
le
dg
e
a
bout
m
al
aria
am
on
g
r
esp
onde
nts,
si
gn
i
ficant
gap
s
relat
ing
t
o
pr
act
ic
es
a
nd
m
isc
on
cepti
on
s
sti
ll
rem
a
in.
Poor
kn
ow
le
dge
j
ust
ifie
s
the
trivia
li
zat
ion
of
the
disease
and
ba
d
m
anag
em
ent
of
m
al
aria
con
tr
ol
m
eans.
Ba
sed
on
the
fi
nd
i
ngs
in
this
stud
y,
Nati
onal
Ma
la
ria
C
on
t
ro
l
Pr
og
ram
s
sh
ould
i
m
pr
ove
acce
ss
to
edu
cat
io
n,
esp
eci
al
ly
f
or
w
om
en
and
cou
l
d
help
in
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
prev
entiv
e
and co
ntr
ol
be
hav
i
or agai
ns
t
m
al
aria a
m
on
gst
the c
omm
un
it
ie
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
S
We
tha
nk
the
Ce
nter
of
E
ntom
olo
gical
Re
search
of
Cot
onou
w
hich
fina
nc
ia
ll
y
su
ppor
te
d
this
st
ud
y
.
We als
o
tha
nk
the po
pu
la
ti
ons
of Hozi
n,
Va
kon an
d A
gb
la
ngan
da
n for thei
r
c
ollaborat
io
n.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ramirez
,
J.
L
.
;
Garve
r,
L
.
S.;
Dim
opoulos,
G.,
“
Chal
l
enge
s
and
Approa
ches
for
Mos
quit
o
Ta
rg
et
ed
Malari
a
Control
”
Curr
ent
Mol
ec
ular
Me
d
ic
in
e
,
vol. 9, no.
2,
pp
.
116
–
130
,
2009.
[2]
W
HO
,
“
W
orld
Mala
ri
a
Repo
rt 2015”,
W
orld
Hea
l
th
Organi
zati
on,
2015
.
[3]
Padonou,
G.
L
.
;
Gbedji
ss
i,
H.
S
.
;
Bankol
e
;
Nouk
po,
H.
;
Yadoul
e
ton,
A.
;
Akogbet
o,
M.
C.
,
“
Stud
ying
Ph
y
sic
al
and
Sociol
ogical
En
vironment
of
M
al
ar
ia
to
Im
plem
ent
a
n
Indoor
Insec
ticide
Spra
y
ing
Campaign
i
n
Ouem
e
Regi
on,
Beni
n
”
Journal
o
f
Pub
li
c
Heal
th and E
pid
emiol
o
gy
,
vo
l. 3, no. 13
,
pp
.
116
–
130
,
2
011.
[4]
Matovu,
F.,
Goo
dm
an,
C.
,
W
ise
m
an,
V.,
Mw
en
gee
,
W
.
,
“
How
Equi
ta
b
le
is
Bed
Net
Ow
ner
ship
and
Util
isa
ti
on
i
n
Ta
nz
ani
a
?
A
Pra
ct
i
ca
l
Appl
ic
a
ti
o
n
of
the
Princi
p
l
es
of
Horiz
ontal
and
Vert
i
ca
l
Eq
uity
”
Malaria
Jo
urnal
,
vol.
8
,
no.
109,
2009
.
[5]
Esse,
C.
,
Utzi
ng
er,
J.
,
Ts
channen,
A
.
B
.
,
Raso,
G
.
,
Pfeiff
er
,
C.
,
G
ran
ado,
S.
,
et
al.
,
“
Socio
and
Cu
lt
ura
l
As
pec
ts
of
Mala
ri
a and
Its
Co
ntrol
in
Cen
tr
al
Co
te
D
'
lvo
ire
”
Malaria
Journal
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
224
,
2008.
[6]
Ministe
re
de
la Sant
e
,
Annua
ire
Des Sta
ti
st
ique
s
Sanit
ai
r
es
,
2007.
[7]
W
a
y
ne
,
D.
W
.
,
“
Biosta
ti
scs:
A
F
oundat
ion
f
or
A
naly
s
is
in
the He
al
th
Scie
n
ce
s”
,
J
ohn
W
il
e
y
,
Sons
Inc
,
2005
.
[8]
Ministe
re
de
la Sant
e
,
“
Annuair
e des
statistique
s s
ani
t
ai
res”
,
2011
.
[9]
Seck,
I
.
,
Fall,
I
.
S.,
Fa
y
e
,
A.
,
Ba,
O.
,
Tal
-
Di
a
,
A.,
“
Connai
ss
anc
es,
attit
ud
es
et
pr
at
iqu
es
d
es
femm
es
sur
le
pal
udism
e,
d
ans
la
zone rura
l
e
d
e
Poponguine, Se
nega
l
,
”
M
ede
c
ine Tr
opic
ale
,
vo
l.
68,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
62
9
–
633
,
2008.
[10]
R.
Krueg
er ,
“
Focus Groups: A
P
rac
t
ic
a
l
Guid
e
fo
r
Applie
d
R
ese
ar
ch,
”
Thousand
Oaks:
Sage
,
1994
.
[11]
R
Deve
lopment
Core
Team
,
R
A
la
n
guage
and
envi
ronm
ent
for
stat
isti
cal
computing,
2
.
11.
1
ed.
Vienna
Aus
tria
,
2010,
ht
tps:/
/ww
w.gbi
f.
org/
tool
/8
1287/r
-
a
-
l
anguage
-
and
-
env
iron
m
ent
-
for
-
stat
ist
i
ca
l
-
computing.
[12]
Adedotun,
A.
A.,
Moren
ike
j
i,
O.
A.,
Odaibo
,
A
.
B.
,
“
Know
le
d
ge,
At
ti
tud
es
an
d
Prac
tices
a
bo
ut
Mala
r
ia
in
an
Urban
Com
m
unity
in
South
-
W
este
rn
Niger
ia
”
Jou
rnal
of Ve
ct
or B
orne
Diseases
,
v
ol.
47
,
no.
3,
pp.
155
–
159
,
2010
.
[13]
Kaona
,
F.
A.
,
Masaninga
,
F.
,
Ric
km
an
,
L
.
R.
,
Mukun
y
and
el
a
,
M.,
“
Slee
ping
Sickne
ss
and
Ts
et
se
Aw
are
n
ess:
a
S
oci
ologi
c
al
S
tu
d
y
amo
ng
the
T
ambo
and
La
m
by
a
of
th
e
N
orth
ern
Lua
ngwa
V
al
l
e
y
,
Z
ambia,”
Cent
ral
Af
ri
can
Journal
of
Me
d
i
ci
ne
,
vo
l. 37, no. 9,
pp.
298
–
301
,
1991.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge
-
Att
it
ud
es
-
Practic
e
s about M
alari
a amo
ng Co
m
muniti
es…
(
Ge
rma
i
n G. Pa
do
nou
)
193
[14]
Dem
ing,
M.
S.
,
Ga
y
i
bor,
A.,
Murph
y
,
K.,
Jones,
T
.
S.
,
Kars
a,
T.,
“
Hom
e
T
rea
tment
of
Feb
ril
e
Chil
dr
en
w
i
th
Antimala
ri
al
Dr
ugs
in
Togo
,
”
B
ull
etin
o
f
th
e
Wo
rld He
alt
h
Or
ganizati
on
,
vol. 67, no. 6,
pp.
695
–
7
00
,
1989
.
[15]
Kinung'
hi
,
S.
M.,
Mashaur
i,
F.,
Mw
anga
,
J.
R.
,
Nnko,
S.
E.,
K
aa
t
ano,
G
.
M.
,
Mali
m
a
R.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Know
le
dge,
Atti
tude
s
and
P
rac
t
ic
es
abou
t
Mala
ri
a
among
Com
m
unit
ie
s:
Com
par
ing
Epidem
ic
and
Non
-
Epi
demic
Pron
e
Com
m
unit
ie
s of
Muleba
Distr
ic
t
,
North
-
weste
rn T
anz
an
ia,”
BMC Publ
ic Health
,
v
ol.
10,
no.
395,
2
010.
[16]
P.
T
y
ag
i,
A.
Ro
y
,
and
M.
S.
Ma
lhot
ra
,
“
Know
le
dge,
Aw
are
nes
s
a
nd
Pr
ac
ti
c
es
towar
ds
Mala
ria
i
n
Comm
unit
ie
s
of
Rural
,
Sem
i
Rural
and
Border
ing
Area
s
o
f
Ea
st
Delhi
(Indi
a)”
Jou
rnal
of
Ve
ct
or
B
orne
Diseases
,
vol.
42,
no.
1,
pp
.
30
–
35
,
2005
.
[17]
Igun,
U.
A.,
“
Wh
y
W
e
Seek
T
re
at
m
ent
Here
:
R
e
ta
il
Pharm
acy
a
n
d
Cli
nical
Prac
t
i
c
e
in
Maiduguri,
Niger
ia
”
So
ci
al
Sci
en
ce
&
Me
dic
ine
,
vo
l. 24, no. 8,
pp.
689
–
695
,
1987.
[18]
W
inc
h,
P.
J.,
W
agman,
J.
A.,
K
hat
ib
,
R.
A.,
L
ynch,
M.
C.
,
Ma
ss
i,
M.,
“
Ide
nti
f
ic
a
ti
on
and
C
ha
rac
t
eri
z
ation
of
Tra
di
ti
ona
l
Hea
l
ers
Specialize
d
in
the
T
r
ea
tmen
t
of
Sever
e
M
a
la
r
i
a
in
Kongw
a
Distruct,
Ta
n
za
ni
a
”
Tr
opic
a
l
Me
dicine
&
Inte
rnational
Hea
lt
h
,
vol
.
79
,
no
.
11
,
pp.
1014
–
1023
,
2001.
[19]
Maz
igo,
H.
D.
,
Obas
y
,
E
.
,
Mau
ka,
W
.
,
Man
y
ir
i
,
P.,
Zi
ng
a,
M.
,
Kw
eka
,
E.
J.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Know
le
dge
,
Attitudes,
a
nd
Prac
tices
abo
ut
Mala
ri
a
and
Its
Control
in
Rura
l
Northwest
T
anzani
a
,
”
Malaria
R
ese
arch
and
Tr
e
atment
,
vol
.
201
0,
Artic
l
e
ID
7942
61,
9
page
s,
201
0.
[20]
Padonou,
G.
G.,
Sezon
li
n
,
M.
,
Os
se
R.
,
Ai
zoun
,
N.
,
Oke
-
Agbo
,
F.,
Ous
sou,
O.,
et
al.
“
Im
pac
t
o
f
Three
Ye
a
rs
of
La
rge
Sc
ale
Ind
oor
Residua
l
Sp
ra
y
ing
(IRS)
an
d
Insec
ticide
Tr
ea
t
ed
Ne
ts
(IT
Ns
)
Inte
rve
nti
on
s
on
Insec
ti
c
id
e
R
esista
nc
e
in
An
ophel
es
gambia
e
s.l
.
in
Ben
in,
”
P
aras
it
es
and
V
ectors
,
vol. 5, no.
72,
2012
.
[21]
Knoblauc
h,
A.
M.,
W
inkl
er
,
M.
S.,
Arc
h
er,
C
.
,
Dival
l
,
M.
J.
,
O
wuor,
M.,
Yapo
,
R.
M.
,
e
t
a
l.
“
T
he
E
pid
emiolog
y
of
Mala
ri
a and
Ana
emia
in
t
h
e
Boni
kro
Mining
Ar
ea,
Cen
tral
Côt
e
d’
Ivoire
,
”
Ma
laria
Journal
,
vol
.
13,
no.
194,
2014.
[22]
Yene
neh,
H.
,
Gy
orkos,
T
.
W
.
,
Jos
eph,
L.,
Pickering,
J.,
T
edl
a
,
S.,
“
Antimala
ri
al
Drug
Util
ization
B
y
W
om
en
I
n
Et
hiopia
:
A
Know
le
dge
-
Att
it
ude
s
-
Prac
ti
c
e
Stud
y
,”
Bulletin
of
th
e
World
Healt
h
Or
ganizati
on
,
vol.
71,
no.
6
,
pp
.
763
–
772
,
1993
.
[23]
Hw
ang,
J.,
Grav
es,
P.
M.,
Jim
a,
D.,
Reithinge
r
,
R.
,
Kac
hur
,
S.
P.
,
“
Know
le
dge
o
f
Mala
ria
a
nd
Its
As
socia
ti
on
W
ith
Mala
ri
a
-
Relat
ed
Beha
viors
–
Result
s
From
The
Mala
ri
a
Indic
a
to
r
Surve
y
,
Et
h
iop
ia
,
2007,
”
Pl
os
One
,
vol.
5,
no.
7,
Artic
l
e
ID
e1169
2
,
2007
.
[24]
Sulta
na
,
M.,
Sheikh
,
N.
,
Mahum
ud
,
R.
A.,
Man
y
iri
,
P.,
Z
inga,
M.,
Kw
eka
,
E.
J.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Preva
le
nc
e
and
As
socia
ted
Dete
rm
ina
nts
of
Mala
ri
a
Para
sit
es
among
Ken
y
an
Chil
dre
n
,
”
T
ropical
Me
di
ci
n
e
and
Healt
h
,
vol.
45,
no
.
25,
doi:
10.
1186
/s41182
-
017
-
0066
-
5,
2017
.
[25]
Koram
,
K.,
Ben
net
t
,
S.,
Adiama
h,
J.,
Gree
nwoo
d,
B.
,
“
Socio
-
E
c
onom
ic
Dete
rm
ina
nts
are
not
M
aj
or
R
isk
Fact
or
s
For
Sever
e
Mala
ria
In
Gam
bia
n
Chil
dre
n
”
Tr
ansacti
ons
of
the
Roy
al
Soc
ie
t
y
of
Tr
opic
al
Me
dicine
and
Hygie
n
e
,
vol.
89
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
151
–
154
,
1985
.
[26]
Kea
ti
ng
,
J.,
Ei
se
le
,
T.
P.
,
Bennet
t,
A.,
Johns
on,
D.,
Mac
in
t
y
re
,
K.,
“
A
Descri
ption
of
Mala
ri
a
-
R
el
a
te
d
Know
le
d
ge,
Perc
eptions,
a
nd
Prac
tices
in
the
Artiboni
t
eva
l
ley
of
H
ai
t
i
:
Im
plications
for
Malaria
Contro
l
”
Ame
rican
Journal
o
f
Tr
opic
al
Me
d
ic
i
ne
and
H
ygi
en
e
,
vol.
78
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
262
–
269
,
2008
.
[27]
Rodrigue
z
,
A.
D.,
Penilla
,
R.
P.,
Henr
y
-
Rodrigu
ez
,
M.
,
Hem
ingwa
y
,
J.,
Franc
isco,
B.
A.
,
Herna
ndez
-
Avil
a,
J.
E
.
,
“
Know
le
dge
and
Bel
ie
fs
about
M
al
ar
ia
Tr
ansm
iss
ion
and
Prac
tice
s
f
or
Vec
tor
Control
In
Southern
Mexic
o,
”
Salud
Publ
ic
a
de
Me
xico
,
vo
l. 45, no.
2
,
pp.
110
–
116
,
20
03
.
[28]
Mboera
,
L
.
E.
,
Sha
y
o
,
E.
H.,
Senkoro
,
K.
P.,
Rum
isha,
S
.
F,,
Mlozi
,
M.
R.
S.,
Ma
y
al
a
,
B.
K.,
“
Know
le
dge
,
Perc
eptions
and
Prac
t
ic
es
o
f
Fa
rm
in
g
Com
m
uni
ti
es
o
n
Li
nk
ages
Bet
wee
n
Mal
a
ria
a
nd
Agri
cul
t
ure
in
Mvom
ero
Distric
t
,
T
anzani
a,
”
A
ct
a
Tr
opic
a
,
vol
.
113
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
139
–
144
,
20
10.
[29]
Hlongwana
,
K.
W
.
,
Maba
so,
M.
L.
H
.
,
Kunen
e,
S.,
Govende
r
,
D.
,
Maha
ra
j,
R.
,
“
Com
m
unit
y
Kno
wledge
,
At
ti
tud
e
s
a
nd
Prac
tices
(
KAP
)
on
Mala
ri
a
i
n
Sw
az
iland
:
A
Countr
y
E
ar
m
ark
ed
f
or
Mal
ari
a
El
imina
t
ion
,
”
Malaria
Journal
,
vol.
8
,
no
.
29
,
20
09
.
[30]
Ns
agha
,
D.
S
.
,
Njunda,
A
.
L
.
,
Kam
ga,
H.
L
.
,
Ns
agha
,
S.
M
.
,
Nguedia
As
sob,
J.C
.
,
W
i
y
son
ge,
C
.
S
.
,
et
al.
,
“
Know
le
dge
and
Prac
ti
c
es
Rel
at
ing
to
Mala
r
ia
In
A
Sem
i
-
Ur
ban
Area
o
f
Cameroon
:
Choic
e
s
and
Source
s
o
f
Antimala
ri
al
s,
Self
-
Tr
ea
tmen
t
a
n
d
Resista
n
ce
,”
P
an
Af
ri
can
M
edical Journal
,
vol. 9, no. 8,
2011.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.